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Chapter 7 and 17 The Immune system and Development and Aging

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IMMUNE SYSTEM

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l FIGHTS OFF DISEASES l 2 TYPES OF DEFENSES 1. NON-SPECIFIC- GENERAL INFLAMMATION AND ATTACK 2. SPECIFIC- HIGHLY ACCURATE- ANTIBODIES AND T-CELLS

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ANTIGEN l ANY FOREIGN SUBSTANCE THAT IS CAPABLE OF ACTIVATING THE IMMUNE SYSTEM l USUALLY SMALL PARTICLES ON THE SURFACES OF INVADING CELLS AND VIRUSES l POLLEN AND MOLD CAN BE ANITGENS FOR THOSE WITH ALLERGIES

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LYMPHATIC SYSTEM l LYMPHOID VESSELS AND ORGANS 1. COLLECT EXCESS CLEAR FLUID (plasma that leaks out of blood vessels) AND RETURN IT TO BLOODSTREAM 2. TINY LYMPH VESSELS ABSORB FATS IN THE SMALL INTESTINE 3. HELPS FIGHT DISEASE

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LYMPH VESSELS l FOUND THROUGHOUT THE BODY l CONTAIN ONE WAY VALVES, MUSCULAR CONTRACTION PUMPS FLUID EDEMA= TOO MUCH FLUID l LYMPH IN VESSELS EVENTUALLY DRAINS INTO 2 LARGE VEINS IN THE BASE OF THE NECK

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LYMPHOID ORGANS Lymph NODES- A CAPSULE LINED WITH IMMUNE CELLS SPLEEN- CAPSULE FILLED WITH BLOOD AND IMMUNE CELLS THYMUS- where T LYMPHOCYTES MATURE RED BONE MARROW- MAKES ALL BLOOD CELLS

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NON-SPECIFIC DEFENSES l FIGHTS CANCER CELLS AND PATHOGENS- VIRUSES AND OTHER ORGANISMS THAT CAUSE DISEASE l SKIN, MUCOUS MEMB., STOMACH- PREVENTS ENTRY l INTERFERON- A CHEMICAL THAT IS PRODUCED BY A VIRAL INFECTED CELL- TELLS OTHER CELLS TO MAKE ANTIVIRAL CHEMICALS

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BROKEN SKIN l INFLAMMATORY Reaction BRADYKININS from damaged cells l STIMULATE PAIN RECEPTORS l STIMULATE MAST CELLS which make HISTAMINES which dilate capillaries and make them leaky l MACROPHAGES crawl out of the dilated capillaries and destroy invaders

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SPECIFIC DEFENSES l B- CELLS l T- CELLS

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B-CELLS l MATURE IN RED BONE MARROW l PRODUCE SPECIFIC PROTEINNS CALLED ANTIBODIES WHICH BIND TO ANTIGENS- this either KILLS the PATHOGEN OR MARKS IT FOR ATTACK by T-cells l PLASMA CELLS MAKE ANTIBODIES MEMORY CELLS ARE DORMANT but CAN BE REACTIVATED

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SPECIFICITY l THOUSANDS OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF B-CELLS l EACH TYPE HAS A SPECIAL ANTIGEN RECEPTOR l WHEN A CELLS ANTIGEN BINDS- IT DIVIDES INTO PLASMA CELLS (which make antibodies) AND MEMORY B CELLS

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T CELLS l MATURE IN THE THYMUS l SOME DIRECTLY ATTACK CELLS THAT BEAR ANTIGENS, OTHERS STIMULATE B CELLS l ALSO HAVE SPECIFIC RECEPTORS l Must be presented with the antigen by an antigen presenting cell (APC) l CLONAL SELECTION PRODUCES KILLER T CELLS AND MEMORY T

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ACTIVE IMMUNITY to DISEASE l FROM INFECTION OR VACCINATION l TRIGGERS IMMUNE RESPONSE BY B AND T CELLS- MAKES MEMORY B, T l NEXT EXPOSURE= secondary exposure MEMORY B AND T CELLS DIVIDE VERY QUICKLY AND AN INFECTION CAN BE FOUGHT OFF QUICKLY l Most of the time you dont ever feel sick

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IMMUNIZATION l VACCINES CONTAIN PARTICLES OF THE PATHOGEN OR A WEAKENED OR KILLED PATHOGEN= ANTIGEN l SMALL POX- ERADICATED by vaccine in 1970s, but possible terrorist weapon l TETANUS, DIPHTHERIA, HEP. B, FLU, MEASLES, MUMPS, RUBELLA, POLIO

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PASSIVE IMMUNITY l ANTIBODIES FROM ANOTHER SOURCE ARE GIVEN TO A PERSON l FOUND IN MOTHERS MILK OR MADE BY ANOTHER ORGANISM AND INJECTED l NO MEMORY CELLS= SHORT TERM IMMUNITY

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ALLERGIES l OVERACTIVE IMMUNE SYSTEM l SPECIAL BAD TYPE E ANTIBODIES ARE SOMETIMES PRESENT ON CERTAIN MAST CELLS l IF AN ALLERGEN MATCHES THE E ANTIBODIES THEN THE MAST CELL RELEASES HISTAMINE- WHICH CAUSES LEAKY CAPILLARIES- RUNNY NOSE itching etc.

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ALLERGY RELIEF l SHOTS- INJECT SMALL AMOUNTS OF ALLERGEN l TRIGGERS GOOD ANTIBODIES TO BE MADE l GOOD ANTIBODIES NEUTRALIZE ALLERGEN BEFORE IT CAN ATTACH TO BAD TYPE E ANTIBODIES

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TRANSPLANT REJECTION l FOREIGN TISSUES OR ORGANS HAVE FOREIGN CHEMICALS ON SURFACES OF THE CELLS l THE BODY NATURALLY ATTACKS THESE ANTIGENS l IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE DRUGS MUST BE GIVEN IN ORDER TO PREVENT REJECTION

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AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES l The immune system attacks your own cells l MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS- BODY ATTACKS ITS OWN NERVE CELL COVERINGS l LUPUS BODY ATTACKS ITS OWN DNA l RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS- JOINTS l TYPE 1 DIABETES- CHILDS BODY DESTROYS INSULIN MAKING CELLS IN THE PANCREAS

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DEVELOPMENT AND AGING

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FERTILIZATION l THE UNION OF THE SPERM NUCLEUS AND THE EGG NUCLEUS l PRODUCES A DIPLOID CELL CALLED A ZYGOTE l TAKES PLACE IN THE OVIDUCTS

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STEPS 1. SPERM COME IN CONTACT WITH THE OUTSIDE LAYER OF THE EGG 2. ACROSOMAL ENZYMES ARE RELEASED- EATS THROUGH OUTER LAYER of egg 3. SPERM NUCLEUS ENTERS EGG CELL 4. SPERM & EGG NUCLEI FUSE

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AFTER FERT. l ZYGOTE BEGINS TO DIVIDE l CELLS GROW (INCREASE IN SIZE) l CELLS DIFFERENTIATE- CELL SHAPE CHANGES ACCORDING TO THE FUNCTION IT IS ASSIGNED

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PLACENTA l TISSUE THROUGH WHICH THE EMBRYO RECEIVES NUTRIENTS AND GETS RID OF WASTES l NO BLOOD TO BLOOD CONTACT- EMBRYO HAS ITS OWN BLOOD AND HEART UMBILICAL CORD- PIPE THAT CONNECTS EMBRYO TO PLACENTA

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EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT l 0-2 MONTHS (60 DAYS) l END OF 1ST MONTH- TAIL, LIMB PADDLES, HEART BEATS, LIVER PRODUCES BLOOD CELLS l END OF 2ND MONTH- TAIL GONE, ALL ORGANS ARE PRESENT FETAL DEVELOPMENT- 3-9 MONTHS (61+ DAYS)

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BIRTH l FETUS PRODUCES ANDROGENS l PLACENTA CONVERTS ANDROGENS INTO ESTROGEN WHICH CAUSES THE UTERUS TO CONTRACT l 3 STAGES

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STAGE 1 l MUCOUS PLUG PUSHED OUT OF CERVICAL CANAL l AMNIONIC MEMBRANE BREAKS (water breaks) l CERVIX DILATES

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STAGE 2 l STRONG CONTRACTIONS l BABY USUALLY COMES OUT HEAD FIRST EPISIOTOMY- AN INCISION THAT ENLARGES THE VAGINA l UMBILICAL CORD IS CUT l BABYS FIRST BREATH

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STAGE 3 l AFTER SEVERAL MINUTES THE PLACENTA (afterbirth) IS EXPELLED

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LACTATION l AFTER DELIVERY THE MOTHERS PITUITARY PRODUCES PROLACTIN l 1ST FEW DAYS- COLOSTRUM IS PRODUCED- THIN YELLOW MILKY FLUID THAT IS RICH IN PROTEINS AND ANTIBODIES l IF CHILD IS BREAST FED- TRUE MILK WILL BE PRODUCED NEXT

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AGING l PROGRESSIVE CHANGES FROM AGE 20 THAT CONTRIBUTE TO INFIRMITY, DISEASE AND DEATH (a depressing definition isnt it?)

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THEORIES GENETIC- CELLS CAN ONLY DIVIDE 50 TIMES, MUTATIONS, FREE RADICALS GENERAL WEARING OUT- EX. TYPE 2 DIABETES EXTERNAL FACTORS- DIET, HARMFUL CHEMICALS LEAD TO CELL DEATH

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EFFECTS l SKIN- LESS ELASTIC, FAT CONTENT DECREASES, LOOSE and WRINKLED l DECREASED ELASTICITY- OF SKIN, BLOOD VESSELS, LUNGS l FATTY PLAQUES- PARTIALLY CLOG BLOOD VESSELS l POOR CIRCULATION= LESS BLOOD AND NUTRIENTS TO ALL OTHER ORGANS (EX. LIVER, KIDNEYS)

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NERVOUS SYSTEM l REACTION TIME INCREASES l DECREASED BLOOD FLOW CAN STARVE NEURONS WHICH DIE EASILY

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REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM FEMALES- AFTER MENOPAUSE- NON FERTILE MALES- SPERM ARE PRODUCED UNTIL DEATH