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Chapter 7Chapter 7
Comprehension: Theory and Strategies
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© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Copyright Pearson Allyn & Bacon 2010
Chapter 7 Anticipation GuideChapter 7 Anticipation Guide
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Process of ComprehendingProcess of Comprehending
• Schema Theory
• Situation Model Theory
• Role of Reasoning
• Role of Attention
• Role of Surface Features
• Developmental Nature
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Comprehension StrategiesComprehension Strategies• Preparational
• Organizational
• Elaboration
• Rehearsing
• Metacognitive
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Comprehension StrategiesComprehension Strategies(Continued)(Continued)
• Strategy Instruction– Introducing the strategy– Demonstrating and modeling the strategy– Guided practice– Independent practice and application– Assessment and reteaching– Ongoing reinforcement and implementation
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Comprehension StrategiesComprehension Strategies(Continued)(Continued)
• Teaching Preparational Strategies– Activating prior knowledge– Setting purpose and goals– Previewing– Predicting
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Comprehension StrategiesComprehension Strategies(Continued)(Continued)
• Teaching Organizational Strategies– Comprehending main idea– Constructing main idea– Determining relative importance of information– Organizing details
• Sequencing• Following directions
– Summarizing
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Comprehension StrategiesComprehension Strategies(Continued)(Continued)
• Teaching Elaboration Strategies– Making inferences
• Using QAR• Difficulties in applying• Applying skills in classroom• It Says-I Say-And So• Macro-Cloze• Difficulties in drawing conclusions
– Imaging– Question generation– Other strategies
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Figure 7.6: It SaysFigure 7.6: It Says——I SayI Say——And So ChartAnd So Chart
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Comprehension StrategiesComprehension Strategies(Continued)(Continued)
• Teaching Monitoring Strategies– Knowing where and how to use (metacognition)– Knowing oneself as a learner– Regulating– Checking – Repairing– Click and clunk
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Figure 7.8: Metacognitive StrategiesFigure 7.8: Metacognitive Strategies
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Comprehension StrategiesComprehension Strategies(Continued)(Continued)
• Use Process Questions and Think-Alouds to Assess Comprehension
• Scheduling Strategy Instruction– Various models and scheduling– Gradual Release of Responsibility model
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Closing the Gap By Making Closing the Gap By Making ConnectionsConnections
• Comprehension Increases Through Use of Causal Relationships
• Comprehension Strategies for Bilingual Learners– Translating information– Transferring information
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Social-Constructivist Nature of Social-Constructivist Nature of ComprehensionComprehension
• Reciprocal Teaching– Uses predicting, questioning, clarifying,
summarizing
• Questioning the Author– Emphasizes content
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Integration of StrategiesIntegration of Strategies
• Several Strategies Are Applied Simultaneously
• Takes Time to Learn Strategies
• Strategies Learned at One Level May Need to Be Refined at Higher Level
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Making Strategy Instruction WorkMaking Strategy Instruction Work
• Base on Student Need
• Teacher Repeatedly Models and Explains
• Teacher Adapts Instruction
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Importance of Affective FactorsImportance of Affective Factors
• Attentive
• Active
• Reflective
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Explicit versus Nonexplicit Explicit versus Nonexplicit InstructionInstruction
• Better Readers Infer Strategies
• Struggling Readers Need Explicit Instruction
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Tools for the ClassroomTools for the Classroom
• Emphasize Higher-Level Thinking
• Provide Struggling Readers with Appropriate Level Materials & Instruction
• Review Essential Standards
• Use Ongoing Assessment