Chapter 7 Marine Animals sans Backbone

Chapter 7Chapter 7

Marine Animals Marine Animals sanssans Backbone Backbone

Where are we in geologic time?Where are we in geologic time?

So are, we’ve moved from bacteria to plankton, and through some alage (seeweed).Now we’ll examine primative animals without vertebrae.

How are we related??How are we related??

Introduction Introduction

• Most (97%) of the amazing life which is located Most (97%) of the amazing life which is located within the oceans, or anywhere else, doesnwithin the oceans, or anywhere else, doesn’’t have a t have a backbone!backbone!

• In every class of invertebrate we can find a marine In every class of invertebrate we can find a marine example…convenient, eh?example…convenient, eh?

Summary of InvertebratesSummary of Invertebrates

• Sponges-spongeSponges-sponge• Cnidarians- Cnidarians- ““jellyfishjellyfish”” • Comb Jellies- comb jelliesComb Jellies- comb jellies• Symmetrical Worms-flat, round, segmented wormsSymmetrical Worms-flat, round, segmented worms• Molluscs-snails, clams, oysters, scallops, Molluscs-snails, clams, oysters, scallops,

octopuses octopuses • Arthropods-copepods, shrimp, and lobsterArthropods-copepods, shrimp, and lobster• Echinoderms- seastars, brittlestarsEchinoderms- seastars, brittlestars

1. Sponges1. Sponges

• Phylum – Poriferia “pore bearers”Phylum – Poriferia “pore bearers”

• Loose aggregation of specialized cells.Loose aggregation of specialized cells.

• Cells do not actually form organs or tissues, but do Cells do not actually form organs or tissues, but do serve similar functions, keeping the animal(s) serve similar functions, keeping the animal(s) alive.alive.

Porifera-Sponges Porifera-Sponges (the pore bearers)(the pore bearers)

Spicules are like calcium carbonate or silica re-bar for sponges, providing support for a larger congregation.

SpongesSponges

• Of the 6,000 known nearly Of the 6,000 known nearly all are marine.all are marine.

• Do they Do they ““sits and thinks, or sits and thinks, or do they just sits??do they just sits??””

• Sponges are Sponges are sessile sessile and and remain permanently remain permanently attached to the substrate attached to the substrate they alight upon.they alight upon.

Sponges: CompositionSponges: Composition

• Ostia (tiny pores) – allow water to enter and Ostia (tiny pores) – allow water to enter and circulate through series of canals where plankton circulate through series of canals where plankton and organic particles are filtered and eatenand organic particles are filtered and eaten

• If cells separated, can even regroup and form If cells separated, can even regroup and form new spongenew sponge

• Flexible skeletal frame (spicules) gives spongy Flexible skeletal frame (spicules) gives spongy texturetexture




• Spicules are transparent and made of siliceous Spicules are transparent and made of siliceous or calcareous supporting structures of different or calcareous supporting structures of different shapes and sizesshapes and sizes

• Skeleton made of protein spongingSkeleton made of protein sponging• Spicules, spongin, or bothSpicules, spongin, or both


• Wandering cells, Wandering cells, amebocytesamebocytes, secrete spicules , secrete spicules and sponging, transport and store food particles, and sponging, transport and store food particles, and transform into other types of cells to and transform into other types of cells to quickly repair damagequickly repair damage



Still, if you carve Still, if you carve ‘‘em up, they come back for more!!em up, they come back for more!!

ItIt’’s more amazing than that. If you mix groups of sponges together, s more amazing than that. If you mix groups of sponges together, they will usually reorganize into their original groups. they will usually reorganize into their original groups.

Sponges: FeedingSponges: Feeding

• Outer surface covered with flat cells called Outer surface covered with flat cells called pinacocytes and pore cells (pinacocytes and pore cells (porocytesporocytes) which ) which allows water to enterallows water to enter

• Water pumped into larger feeding chamber lined Water pumped into larger feeding chamber lined with collar cells (with collar cells (choanocyteschoanocytes))

• Each choanocytes have flagellum that creates Each choanocytes have flagellum that creates currents and a thin collar that traps food particles, currents and a thin collar that traps food particles, which is ingested by body of cellwhich is ingested by body of cell

Suspension feeding: natural water purificationSuspension feeding: natural water purification

Sponges: FeedingSponges: Feeding

• Water leaves through Water leaves through osculumosculum, large opening at , large opening at top of spongetop of sponge

http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RmPTM965-1cv=RmPTM965-1c

Sponges: ReproductionSponges: Reproduction

• AsexuallyAsexually• If piece breaks off, it can form new spongeIf piece breaks off, it can form new sponge

• SexuallySexually• Specialized collar cells or amebocytes can turn into Specialized collar cells or amebocytes can turn into

gametesgametes

• Large nutrient rich egg and smaller sperm with Large nutrient rich egg and smaller sperm with flagellumflagellum


• Most are hermaphroditesMost are hermaphrodites

• Some have separate male Some have separate male and female organismsand female organisms

• Typically utilize broadcast Typically utilize broadcast spawningspawning

• Egg retained inside body Egg retained inside body until fertilizationuntil fertilization


• Early development takes place insideEarly development takes place inside

• Flagellated sphere of cells (larva), Flagellated sphere of cells (larva), parenchymulaparenchymula, is planktonic, is planktonic

• Settles and metamorphosis into juvenileSettles and metamorphosis into juvenile

Reproduction: Asexual vs. sexualReproduction: Asexual vs. sexual

Damage to a sponge can actually promote asexual reproduction, asDamage to a sponge can actually promote asexual reproduction, as““partsparts”” can land elsewhere and form new sponges. can land elsewhere and form new sponges.

General Sponge TypesGeneral Sponge Types

Sponges fall into several basic categories, mostly depending on Sponges fall into several basic categories, mostly depending on Shape, ranging from tropics to poles:Shape, ranging from tropics to poles:

branchingbranching

tubulartubular

roundround

encrustingencrusting

glassglass

boring (destructive)boring (destructive)

Hawaiian encrusting spongeHawaiian encrusting sponge

Sclerosponge (CaCOSclerosponge (CaCO33))

Ceratoporella nicholsoniCeratoporella nicholsoni

Sponges: DiversitySponges: Diversity

• BranchingBranching and and TubularTubular – volcano-like masses – volcano-like masses

• EncrustingEncrusting – thin and brightly colored on rocks – thin and brightly colored on rocks

• Glass – anchored in deep water sedimentsGlass – anchored in deep water sediments• Siliceous spicules (lace like)Siliceous spicules (lace like)

• Boring – bore into calcium carbonate (oysters Boring – bore into calcium carbonate (oysters and corals)and corals)

• Sclerosponges (coraline) – calcium carbonate Sclerosponges (coraline) – calcium carbonate skeleton forms beneath body of spongeskeleton forms beneath body of sponge

Sponges: DiversitySponges: Diversity

• Bath spongesBath sponges• Harvested in Gulf of Mexico and MediterraneanHarvested in Gulf of Mexico and Mediterranean

• Spongin are the fibers that remain after the death of Spongin are the fibers that remain after the death of the spongethe sponge

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Chapter 7 Marine Animals sans Backbone