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Chapter 7 Memory
Memory
• Process by which we recollect prior experiences, information, skills learned in the past
3 Types of Memory
Episodic
Special events, happening to or in the present of the person
Flash bulb– We photograph
many details everyday to recall events.
Generic memory
– general knowledge– Usually do not
remember when we acquired the information
– Most information learned in school
Procedural Memory
• Skills, procedures you have learned
• Once skills are learned unlikely to forget
Section 2 3 processes of memory
3Processes of
Memory
encode store Retrieve information
1st process-Encoding
• Information is changed (encoded) into a form that can be stored
• Visual codes– see them as a mental picture
• Acoustic codes– repeating out loud (auditory code) (_7_)
• Semantic codes (bone-dog)– (relating to meaning) words, sentences,
numbers
2nd process-Storage
• Maintenance rehearsal– repeating information over and over again to keep
from forgetting. (Phone numbers, addresses)
• Elaborative Rehearsal– put the word into sentences (used in education)
• Organizational– everything is put in files, files can be expanded,
• Filling errors– subject to errors, not a perfect system
3rd process Retrieval
• Locate stored information and returning it to conscious thought.
– Context-Dependent Memory
– State-Dependent Memory
Context-dependent memories
• Are dependent on the place– Park– church– School– Memories are encoded at the place
State-dependent memory
• Emotional state influences memories
• Moods and emotion that you were in or feeling help bring back memories
Section 3
3 stages of Memory
1st stage- Sensory Memory
• Immediate, initial recording of information that enter through our senses
Sensory Memory
Iconic memoryVisual stimuli called
Icon are held in sensoryMemory. Snapshots
Eidetic memoryAbility to remember visual Stimuli over long periods
Photographic memory
Echoic memoryMental races of sounds Called echoes are held
here. Are easier to remember.
2nd stage-Short-term Memory
Can disappear after 10-12 seconds unless transferred to long term memory.
Dialing a phone number helps you remember it
Primacy Effect
• Tendency to recall the
first items in a series of items
Recency Effect
• Tendency to recall the
last items in a series of items
Chunking Interference
• Organization of items into familiar or manageable units
• Can put in short-term memory 7 items
• Takes the places of information that is already in short-term memory
3rd stage-Long-term memory
• Must take certain steps to store it in long term memory
• No limit to how much can be stored
Reconstructive Schemas
• Memories are reconstructed from bits and pieces of our experiences.
• People will interpret information differently
• Mental representations that we form of the world by organizing information into knowledge
Section 4
Forgetting and Memory improvement
Forgetting and Memory Improvement
3 Basic Memory
Tasks
RecognitionIdentifying objects
or events that you have encountered
before
RecallBring it back to mind
reconstruct
RelearningCan relearn something
faster
Different kinds of forgetting
• Repression (Freud)
–Forget things on purpose
Amnesia
• Infantile
– Forgetting of earlier events
• Anterograde
– Memory loss caused by trauma
• Retrograde
– Period leading up to a traumatic event
Improving Memory
• Drill and practice
• Relate to things you already know
• For unusual association (lion- cats)
• Construct links
• Use mnemonic devices (Homes)