Chapter 7 Notes AP Human

7/24/2019 Chapter 7 Notes AP Human

1/11

Chapter 7 Notes

a. Ethnicity Identity with a group of people who share the cultural traditions of a homeland

b. Race Identity with a group of people who share a biological ancestor

I. Where Are Ethnicities Distributed?

A. Distribution of Ethnicities in the United tates

a. !he two most numerous ethnicities in the U are "ispanic or #atinos $%&'( and AfricanAmericans $%)'(.

%. *lustering of Ethnicitiesa. Ethnic groups may li+e in a particular region and they may li+e in particular

neighborhoods.

- Regional *oncentration of Ethnicities "ispanic or #atino,

a. *lustered in outhwest $-ostly in Ariona/ 0ew -e1ico/ !e1as/ and

*alifornia(.

b. 2"ispanic3 is coined by the U go+ernment in %45). African Americans,

a. *lustered in outheast $Alabama/ 6eorgia/ #ouisiana/ -aryland/ outh

*arolina/ and -ississippi(.

b. 0ew England has less than %'.

Asian Americans,

a. *lustered in the West $"awaii and *alifornia(

American Indians and Alas7a 0ati+es,

a. -ost numerous in the outhwest and 8lains.

- *oncentration of Ethnicities in *itiesa. African Americans and "ispanics are highly clustered in urban areas.

b. !hey are mostly together in specific cities. $i.e. Detroit/ *hicago(

c. In %4%9/ when Detroit:s auto production was e1panding/ ; of the city were

immigrants.

d.


2/11

e. During the -iddle Ages/ sla+ery was replaced by a feudal system where

serfs had to wor7.

f. !he height of sla+e trade was between %5%9 and %%9 $%9 million(g.


3/11

c. Racist A person who belie+es in racism

%. Race in the United tates

White

Blac7/ African American/ or 0egro

American Indian or Alas7a 0ati+e

Asian Indian

*hinese


4/11

II. Why "a+e Ethnicities Been !ransformed into 0ationalities?a. 0ationality Identity with a group of people who come from the same country

A. Rise of 0ationalities

o 0ationality determines where a citien is born $i.e. !he Unitedtates(.

o Ethnicity identifies groups with distinct ancestry $i.e. African

Americans(.

o Race distinguishes colors $i.e. blac7s(.

a. !he United tates forged a nationality through the Declaration of Independence

and the Bill of Rights.

%. 0ation>tates

a. !o preser+e and enhance distincti+e cultural characteristics/ ethnicities see7

to go+ern themsel+es.b. 0ation>tate A state whose borders coincides with the ethnicity.c. elf>Determination !he concept that ethnicities ha+e the right to go+ern

themsel+es.

- Denmar7, !here Are 0o 8erfect 0ation>tatesa. !he territory occupied by the Danish ethnicity closely corresponds with the

state of Denmar7.b. 0early all Danes spea7 the same language and nearly all of the world:s

spea7ers of Danish li+e in Denmar7.c. %9' of Denmar7:s population consist of the ethnic minorities of !ur7ey

and Gugosla+ia.d. Denmar7 also controls the


5/11

c. 0ationality can ha+e a negati+e impact. In a nation>state/ they usually ha+e

negati+e images of other nation>states.

d. *entripetal


6/11

- 0ew *entral Asian tatesa. In !ur7menistan and Ube7istan/ the leading ethnic group has an

o+erwhelming maority. Both are -uslims and were captured in the %4th

century.

b. Haa7hstan/ the largest/ is a recipe for ethnic conflict. !he Haa7hs are

-uslim/ while the Russians are rthodo1 *hristians.c. !ai7istan should be stable but has been in a ci+il war.

=. Russia, 0ow the #argest 0ultinational tate

a. )4 nationslities are in Russia.

b. ome located at the boarders and others in central Russia.

c. !here are a lot of independence mo+ements / especially with the *hechens.d. *hechens declared independence. Russia ingnored them and sent in an army.

If they were to become independent/ so would others. !hat area also contains

petroleum.

). !urmoil in the *aucasusa. It is the sie of *olorodo/ between the Blac7 and *aspian eas.

b. Aeris/ Armenians/ and 6eorgians are the maor ethnicities. Each nation wants

their own state.

- Aerbaiana. Aeris came from !urn7ish in+aders.b. 4%' of their population li+es in 0a7hiche+an/ and piece of land separated

from Aerbaian.

c. Aeris hold positions of responisbilty in Iran/ but Iran does not teach the

Aeri language.

- Armeniaa. !hey li+ed under the rule of !ur7ish -uslims.b. "undreds of thousands of Armenians were 7illed by the !ur7s and were

forced to migrate.

c. After WWI/ the allies created Armenia/ but the surrounding neighbors to7

control o+er it. In %4=%/ !ur7ey and !he o+iet Union di+ided Armenia

between them.d. It is the most ethnically homogeneous country in the region.

e. Aerbaian and Armenia went to war o+er the part of Aerbaian.

- 6eorgiansa. -ore di+erse/ unrest.

b.


7/11

b. Harl -ar1 wrote that nationalism was a means for dominant social classes to maintain

power o+er wor7ers and that wor7ers would identify with other wor7ing class people

instead of with an ethnicity.

c. Writers and artists were conformed to a style 7nown as 2socialist realism/3 which

emphasied *ommunist +alues.

d. Ethnic Identity has became more important that nationality.

e. !he o+iet Unior/ Gugosla+ia/ and *echloslo+a7ia were dismantled because of

minority ethicities opposing the go+ernment. $Russians in o+iet Union/ erbs in

Gugosla+ia/ ans *echs in *echloslo+a7ia(

f. !hey wanted complete nation>states.

III. Why Do Ethnicities *lash?

A. Ethnic *ompetition to Dominate 0ationality

a. ub>aharan Africa

%. Ethnic *ompetition in the "orn of Africa

a. *ountries of Dibouti/ Ethiopia/ Eretrea/ and omalia- Ethiopia and Eritrea

a. Eritrea became an Italian colony in %49. Ethiopea was captured by Italy

in the %4)9s.

b. After WWII/ Ethiopia regained independence and the U0 awarded Eritrea

to Ethiopea. !hey e1pected that Ethiopia would let Eritrea go+ern

themsel+es/ but instead/ Ethiopea dissol+ed the use of their maor language/

!igrinya.c. !he Eritreans rebelled in a ci+il war $)9 years(.

d. Eritrea won and became an independent country in %44%. !here was then a

dispute about the boarder and Ethiopa won that in =999.e. During the first years of independence/ Eritrea e1perienced a stron sence of

nationality.

f. E+en with the loss of Eritrea/ Ethiopia remained a comple1 multiethnic

state. Until the %449s/ it was controlled by *hristian Amharas. !he romo

$-uslim( are the strongest ethnic group in the outh.

- udana. e+eral ci+il wars ha+e been raged since the %49s between the Arab north

and other thnicities in the east/ south/ and west.

o outh, !he Blac7 *ristain outh fought a ci+il war between %4)

and =99&/ which resulted in outh udan/ a country of its own.o West, Blac7 -uslim groups fought against the go+ernment in =99).

!he U considers the mass murders and rapes by the udanese

troops to be genocide.

o East, Ethnicities fought against the go+ernment with the help of

Eritrea because of the profits of oil.

- omaliaa. omalia should face fewer conflicts. !hey are o+erwhelmingly unni

-uslim and spea7 omali.


8/11

b. !he population is di+ided into clans and when the dictatorship collapsed in

%44%/ e+eral maor clans wanted to separate including the state of

omaliland in the north/ 8untland in the northeast/ 6almudug in the center/

and outhwestern omalia in the south.c. !he U tried to help by sending in troops to protect food deli+ery to

refugees and women but when peace tal7s between the clans collapsed in%44C/ the U withdrew.

d. Islamist militias too7 control o+er much of the country between =9C and

=99. Eritrea was with them and Ethiopea was against them. !he U also

opposed the Islamists/ saying that their leaders are terrorists and lauched an

airstri7e in =995 causing se+eral hundred thousand refugees. Islam

withdrew/ but then too7 control again in =99.

=. Ethnic *ompetition in #ebanon

a. #ebonon has C milion people in a C/999 sFuare country.

b. #ebabon has recently been damaged by fighting between ethnic groups in the

%459s.

c. It is di+ided by 9' -uslims and )4' *hristians. 0o census has been ta7ed since

%4)=.

d. #ebanon:s di+ersity appears to be religious instead of ethnic.e. When #ebanon became independent in %4C)/ it reFuired each religion to be present

in the *hamber of Deputies. !he president was a -aronite *hristian/ the premier a

unni -uslim/ the spea7er a hiite -uslim/ and the foreign minister a 6ree7

rthodo1 *hristian.

f. Different religion groups li+e in different regions of the country. -aronites in the

west and east/ unnies in the northwest and hiites in the south and east. During

the ci+il war/ each religious group formed its own militia.

B. Di+iding Ethnicities Among -ore !han ne tate

%. India and 8a7istan

a. When the British ended their rule on the India ubcontinent in %4C5/ they di+ided

the colony into two irregularly shaped countries/ India and 8a7istan.

b. East 8a7istan became the independent state of Bangledesh in %45%.

c. !he people li+ing in the two areas of 8a7istan were primarily -uslim and the

people li+ing in India were primarly "indu.

d. After Brisish too7 o+er India in the %99s/ a thre>way struggle began with "indus/

-uslims/ and the British rulers.

e. When -ahatma 6andhi was assassinated/ it ended the abiliy to li+e together/

peacefully.

f. About %5 million people caught on the wrong side of the religion boundary were

forced to migrate in the %4C9s. Both types of refuges were murdered while

migrating.

g. 8a7istan and India ha+e ne+er agreed on a boundary location in the region of

Hashmir. -uslims/ who compromise a maority/ attac7 the Indian troops. India

blames 8a7istan for the unrest and will not gi+e up Hashmir. 8a7istan says the


9/11

people of Hashmir should +ote and 8a7istan feels confident that they will choose

to be a part of 8a7istan.

h. India also has =& million i7hs who are angry that they were not gi+en a state.

=. inhalese and !amil in ri #an7a

a. ri #an7a is home to = principle ethnicities/ the inhalese and !amil. !hey ha+e

been in a war between %4) and =994.b. inhalese compromise =' of the island and migrated from 0orthern India to the

outhern part of the island in the & thcentury. #ater/ they were con+erted to

Buddhism.c. !amils consist of %C' of the population and migrated across the 8al7 trait to the

0orthern part of the island in the )rdcentury. !hey are "indus.

d. When it became independent in %4C/ the inhalese ha+e dominated the

go+ernment and the !amils feel they suffer from discrimination. A rebellion began

in %4) with suppot from !amils li+ing in other countries.e. After their defeat in =994/ the !amils fear their ethnic identity. !he inhalese

leaders made Buddhism the official religion and inhala the official language.

I@. What Is Ethnic *leansing?

a. Ethnic *leansning 8rocess in which a more powerful ethnicity forces out a lesser ethnicity

in order to creat a homogenous region

b. Ethnic cleansing has primarily happened in Europe and Africa.

A. Ethnic *leansing in Europe

a. !he largest forced migration came during WWII $%4)4>%4C&(.

b. When a portion of eastern 6ermany became part of 8oland/ the 6ermans were forced

to migrate out.

%. *reation of -ultiethnic Gugosla+ia

a. !he Bal7an 8eninsula has been a hotbed of unrest. 0orthern portions were

claimed by the Austro>"ungarian Empire/ southern porions were ruled by the

ttomans.b. In une %4%C/ the heir to the throne of Austria>"ungary was assassinated by a

erb who wanted independence in Bosnia. !his started WWI. After WWI/

Gugosla+ia was created for the la+ics.

c. 2Gugosla+ia has 5 neighbors/ republics/ & nationalities/ C languages/ )

religions/ = alphabets and % dinar3

e+en neighborsa. ) democracies, Austria/ 6reece/ and Italyb. C communists, Albania/ Bulgaria/ "ungary/ and Romania

i1 republics,

a. Bosnia J "erego+ina/ *roatia/ -acedonia/ -ontenegro/ erbia/ and

lo+enia.


10/11

a. *roatian/ -acedonian/ erbian/ and le+ene.

!hree religions,

a. Roman *atholic in the 0orth. $*roats and lo+enes(

b. rthodo1 in the East. $erbs and -acedonians(

c. Islam in the outh. $Bosnians and -ontenegrens(

!wo alphebets,

a. *roatian and lo+ene were written in the Roman alphabet.b. -acedonian and erbian were written in *yrillic.

c. erbian and *roation are the same languages/ but with different

alphabets.

ne dinar,

a. ne type of currency 7ept them united.

=. Destruction of -ultiethnic Gugosla+ia

a. Ri+alries resurfaced in the %49s when !ito died and the country went

ban7rupt.

b. When Gugosla+ia was one country/ the si1 republics were fine. But when thecountry split into fi+e separate countries/ wthnicities fought to redefine the

boundaries.

- Ethnic *leansing in Bosniaa. !he population of Bosnia J "erego+nia was C' Bosnian -uslim/ )5'

erb/ ad %C' *roat.

b. Bosnian -uslim was considered an ethnicity instead of a nationality.

Rather than li+e in a country dominated by -uslims/ the erbs and *roats

fought for portions for their own countries.

c. erbs and *roats engaged in ethnic cleansing of Bosnian -uslims. !his

allowed them to connect with erbia and *roatia.d. Bosnia J "erego+nia was split into three sections/ each dominated by

*roats/ -uslims/ and erbs. !he Bosnian *roat and -uslim regions

formed a federation/ but the erb region becam independent in e+erything

but its name.

- Ethnic *leansing in Hoso+oa. After the brea7up of Gugosla+ia/ erbia remained a multiethnic country.b. erbia was gi+en control of Hoso+o when Gugosla+ia was created in the

early %=thcentury.c. When Gugoslo+ia bro7e up/ erbia too7 control of Hoso+o and used ethnic

cleansing to get rid of the Albanian maority.d. !he U and Western European countries were outrage so they formed the

0oth Atlantic !reaty rganiation $0A!( and launched an air attac7 o+er

erbia. It ended when erbia agreed to withdraw all of its soldiers from

Hoso+o. Hoso+o became independent in =99/ but only 9 countries

recognie its independence. Russia does not.

- Bal7aniationa. Bal7anied A small geographic area that could not successfully be

organied into one or more states because it was inhabited by more than

one ethnicities with antagonisms between them


11/11

b. Bal7aniation !he process by which a state brea7s down through

conflicts among ethnicities

B. Ethnic *leansing in *entral Africa

a. Ethnic cleansing is widespread in Africa because the boundaries do not math the

boundaries of ethnic groups. During the late %4thcentury/ European countries di+ided

the land with little regard for distribution of ethnicities.b. !he most important unit of African society was the tribe rather than the state. !here

are se+eral thousand ethnicities $tribes( with a common language and religion.

c. When the European colonies in Africa became independent states in the %4&9s/ the

boundaries typically matched those of the Europeans which split tribes up.d. A maor conflict e1ists between the "utus and !utsis. !he "utus were famers in

present>day Rwanda and Burundi. !he !utsis were herders who migrated there C99

years ago. !he !utsis to7 control of Rwanda and made the "utus their surfs.

e. When Rwanda gained independence in %4=/ they were ably to +ote and since they

were the maority/ they won. nce in power/ they 7illed many !utsis. !his is ethnic

cleansing. !he !utsis who sur+i+ed launched a conter attac7 and too7 control of

Rwanda. Recently/ they ha+e been calm.f. !he Democating Republic of *ongo has also been in a war. It is thought to ha+e been

the deadliest war since WWII.g. !utsis were able to o+erthrow *ongo:s longtime president/ oseph -obutu in %445.

"e was wealth from minerals while impo+erishing the rest of the country. After

succeeding him/ #aurent Habila relied of the !utsis and allowed them to 7ill some of

the "utus. When Habila split with the !utsis/ they supported the rebels and

assassinated him in =99%. "is son tried to negotiate a peace with the rebels/ but

fighting still continues/ especially in the east.

Documents

Chapter 7 Notes AP Human