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Chapter 7South America: Shaped by its history
Section 1: The Chibcha People
VocabularyA Spanish legend about a place of great riches
(Disney movie The Road to El Dorado)
Corn
A grain that can be ground into flour
The small ruling group of a society who inherit their positions
A political unit
El Dorado
Maize
Quinoa
Nobles
District
The Legend of El DoradoIn the highlands of the Andes Mountains hundreds of years ago, a sacred ceremony took place. Gold dust was sprinkled over the body of a king. He was placed in a boat and rowed out to the center of a sacred lake. Objects made of gold surrounded him in the boat. He plunged into the water, washing the gold off into the lake. The gold objects were thrown into the water after him.
This ceremony was carried out by the Chibchas. They used this ceremony to offer gifts of gold to the gods. The Spanish, who came to South America in the 1500s, called this ceremony El Hombre Dorado. This means the “golden man”. The ceremony gave rise to the legend of El Dorado. For years, Spanish explorers searched for the land of the great riches. But, it was never found.
Who Were the Chibchas?Ancestors of this group migrated from North & Central AmericaLived primarily on Isthmus (?) of Panama and Northern South America1300—estab. a thriving civilization
Andes Highlands was ideal place to settleLand space & fertile soilTemperatures were moderate & plenty of
rainSettled in what is modern day Colombia
Still most populated part of the continent today
Where They Lived
Homeland was suited for farmingBeans, squash & potatoes grew wellAlso raised maizeCotton crops provided clothing
Mined for emeralds & saltUsed emeralds to trade for other goods
that are not available in the region
Farming & Mining
Life Among the ChibchasLived in small villages of just a few hundred peopleChief homes set apart from other villagersLived in circular homes
cone shaped roofs w/ clay floorsClothing was simple
men & women wore 2 pieces of white cloth, 1 wrapped around their upper body & 1 wrapped around their lower body
Chiefs painted red & black on their clothes
Wove cotton, made jewelry & other craftsTraded goods in the market for money
Wanted to specifically trade for gold
Village Life
Work & Trade
Ruled by a small # of noblesRight to rule passed down thru families
Warriors were a special groupNobles selected warriors from among the
common peopleHad more privileges then commoners did
Territory was divided into districts1 ruler governed each district & held all
powerRulers: demanded taxes, labor & goods wore lots of jewelry & expensive
clothes carried around on gold couches
Zipa: leader of most powerful district, ruled from a thrown of gold
Chibcha Society
Ruling the Chibchas
Worshipped things in natureConsidered lakes to be sacredSun & moon
Offered gifts to the godsEx. Gold & Cotton
Priests were chosen from the noblesMaintained temples to the GodsLed religious ceremonies
Religious Practices
What Happened to the Chibchas?
1536: Spanish king sent Gonzalo Jimenez de Quesada to work in South American coloniesQuesada headed into homeland of the ChibchasZipa led unsuccessful attacks on Quesada & his men
Zipa went into hiding & was killedGroups of Chibchas kept fighting the Spanish
efforts were not organized
In a few years, the Spanish had taken control of the land1538: turned Chibcha capitol into the Spanish
capitol of BogotaChibcha culture was completely changed by arrival of the Spanish
converted many to ChristianityChibcha language declined and Spanish became
the official 1
Today:People of mixed Chibcha & Spanish ancestry live
Section 2The Incas: People of the Sun
VocabularyCapitol of the Incan Empire
Emperor of the Incas, who expanded their empire
Official count of all the people in an area
Knotted strings on which the Incas recorded information
A pipe or channel that carries water from a distant source
Cuzco
Topa Inca
Census
Quipu
Aqueduct
The Rise of the Incas1200: Settled in CuzcoMost Incas were farmers
Grew maize & other cropsTake over the entire Cuzco Valley
Did this by conquest & wars
1438: Pachacuti became ruler of the IncasName—”he who shakes the Earth”Conquered the people of the AndesDemanded loyalty from the people he
conqueredHe would force them off land if not &
replace them with people who would be
Topa Inca took over (Pachacuti’s son)Expanded the empire
Incan CivilizationExcellent farmers, builders & managers
Cuzcocapitol & center of the gov’t Spanish compared it to an extravagant
Spanish city
Carefully organizedEmperor chose nobles to govern each province
Conducted a census so that people could be taxedOfficials collected crops as taxesVillagers had to work on gov’t building projectsGov’t took care of poor, sick & elderlyDidn’t have a written language
Quipus: had a main cord with several colored strings attached, each color represented a dif. Item
Knots of different sizes stood for #’s
Government & Records
Roads, Bridges & Aqueducts
Built more than 14,000 miles of roadsBuilt on some of the most mountainous
roads in the worldHelped Incas govern
Runners used roads to deliver messagesArmies used the roads for speedy travel
Needed bridges to cover the deep gorgesSwift rivers flow through the gorgesBuilt rope bridges to pass through the
obstacleBuilt canals & aqueducts to carry water to dry areas
Ex. 1 carried water from 500 miles awayAllowed Incans to irrigate land
Incan Buildings Masters of building w/ stoneConstructed cities, palaces, temples & fortresses (?) w/o modern toolsUsed hammers & chisels
Able to perfectly fit together stones w/o the help of cement
Even today a piece of paper cannot be fit b/w themMachu Picchu is still standing today
Buildings & stairs carved into a mountainside
Roads cut into bare rock
Religion Worshipped many GodsPracticed human sacrifice
Inti was the Sun God1 of most importantBelieved Inti was their parent & they
referred to themselves as “children of the sun”
Viracocha was the creator of all the people of the Andes according to Incan belief
The Quechua:Descendants of the Incas
Descendants of Inca live in present day PeruThey speak Quechua (Incan language)
Live in the high Andes MountainsMight be isolated from modern life but
they are heavily influenced by itEx. Religion combines Catholicism w/
traditional Incan practices
Grow enough food to feed only their familiesUse similar farming methods to those of
earlier IncansContinue weaving traditionsStill wear some traditional clothing as well
Section 3European Conquest
Vocabulary
Conquistador who conquered the Incas
Italian explorer sponsored by Spain who landed in the West Indies in 1492
One of the conquerors who claimed & ruled land in the Americas for the Spanish government in the 1500s
Incan emperor in the early 1530s
Latin America, a person of mixed Spanish & Native American ancestry
A large farm or plantation
Fransisco Pizarro
Christopher Columbus
Conquistador
Atahualpa
Mestizo
Hacienda
Europeans Arrive in the Americas
1400s—Spain & Portugal were searching for new trade routes to Asia
Asia contained spices & silks (could be traded for huge profit in Europe)
Columbus thought he could reach Asia by sailing west across the Atlantic
He asked Portugal to sponsor him, they said NO
Queen Isabella of Spain agreed to sponsor himSet sail in August of 1492
He reached land on October 12—he believed he had reached the East Indies in Asia
Called the people he met Indians
Columbus Reaches America
Columbus MakesHis Discovery
Spain & Portugal were now in a race to explore more of America
1494—2 nations signed Treaty of Tordesillas
Set an imaginary line (the Line of Demarcation)
Gave Spain right to settle & trade West of the line, Portugal could do the same East of the lineThis treaty is why the language of Brazil is Portuguese
Dividing a Continent
The Success of Conquistadors
Spanish rulers did not pay for expeditions to find riches in America
They gave the conquistadors the right to hunt for treasure & to settle the land they found
Conquistadors agreed to give the Spanish 1/5 of what they foundQuickly conquered some of largest civilizations in Latin America
Fransisco Pizarro went after the Incan Empire1531—brought 180 Spanish soldiers to conquer the
landAtahualpa didn’t pay much attention to his small
group b/c he was fighting a civil war against his brother1532—Pizarro invited Atahualpa & his people to a
feast
3000 Incans went to this feastPizarro tricked them & captured Atahualpa, Spanish
gunfire killed many of the Incans1534—the emperor was killed & Incan empire was conquered
Conquistadors Con’t…Leaders of America had no clue what the conquistadors were doing
Spanish had guns, cannons & horses which scared the Native AmericansEuropeans carried diseases such as smallpox
They were a huge threat to Native Americans who had never encountered these thingsDue to local rivalries Native Americans were willing to help the Spanish conquer their rivals in different tribes
Colonization
1600s—Spain had claimed much of the AmericasClaimed land from southern South
America into present-day US1667—France took control of Northern South America & Portugal claimed Brazil
European settlers came into South AmericaSome came as missionaries sent by the
Catholic Church to spread ChristianitySome came to look for gold & other
richesSome simply wanted to settle & farm
If Native Americans resisted then Europeans conquered them
European Settlers Arrive
Spain controlled largest portion of the AmericasKing of Spain divided the territory up into
provincesAppointed viceroys—representatives who
ruled the provinces in the king’s nameOther Spaniards helped the viceroys rule
Council in Spain that resided over the colonial rulers to make sure they didn’t become too powerful1 of most important provinces was Peru, capitol was Lima
Spanish social classes determined where people lived in Lima
Most powerful lived in center of the city (either Spanish or of Spanish descent)
Mestizos lived on the outskirts of the city (poor)
Native Americans con’t to live in countrysideSpanish forced Native Americans to work on haciendas
Spain Organize
s Its Empire
Settlers received encomiendasRights to demand taxes or labor from
Native AmericansWhen silver was discovered Native Americans were forced to mine as well
Many died from overwork, malnutrition & diseaseFirst 50 years of Spanish rule
Native American population declined from 25 million to 3 million
Spanish needed more workers so they imported slaves from Africa (millions were brought in)
Colony of PortugalMost settlers remained near coastThey took land from Native Americans for sugar plantations & cattle ranchesDependent on forced labor from enslaved Africans as well
The Effect of European Rule
Brazil
Section 4Independence
VocabularyOverthrow of a government, with another taking its place
A person with Spanish parents who was born in South America
South American revolutionary leader
South American revolutionary leader
Military officer who rules a country very strictly
Revolution
Criollo
Simon Bolivar
Jose de San Martin
Caudillo
The Seeds of Revolution1825—most of the continent was independent
No longer ruled by EuropeansBecame inspired by 2 revolutions
1.) American Revolution which led to the establishment of the US
2.) French Revolution in 1789 to overthrow current gov’tCriollos paid attention to these events
Best educated & wealthiest in Spanish colonies but had little power
Liked the idea that people could govern themselvesOnly people born in Spain could hold gov’t positionsPeople were frightened by idea of revolution1791—slave revolt in Haiti
Slavery ended & formerly enslaved ppl governed themselves
Criollos didn’t want this, they wanted independence but power for themselves
South American Independence
Simon Bolivar
Bolivar the Liberator
Born in Venezuela in 1783Was a criollo
Family was 1 of richest & most importantStudied in Europe
Became committed to independence in South America
1807—joined the fight for Venezuelan independence1813—became leader of independence movement1814—forced into exile when Spanish retook Venezuela
spent his time planning gov’ts for future independent countries
August1819—returned to South Americaled an attack against Spanish in New
Granada1822—Bolivar’s troops had freed a large area from Spanish rule
Criollo as wellStepped in to help when Argentina begin it’s fight for freedomTook great care of his troops
He suffered when they suffered kind of thing1817—Martin & his troops passed over Andes Mtns into Chile
Bold action took Spanish by surpriseDefeated Spain in a matter of monthsDeclared the independence of Chile
Planned a surprise attack on Peru from the seaSpanish was not prepared & were
defenselessJuly 1821—San Martin seized the capitol of Peru
San Martin Fights for Freedom
San Martin and Bolivar met to discuss the fight for independence
Historians don’t know what happened at the meeting but afterwards San Martin gave up his command
Bolivar was left to fight aloneBolivar drove the remaining Spanish forces out & seized power1825—he was president of Gran Colombia & dictator of Peru
Became independent w/o fighting a warEarly 1800s there was a war in Europe
French armies invaded Spain & PortugalPortugal’s royal family fled to Brazil
1821—king returned to Portugal & left his son in chargeDom Pedro took more power then king expected
Declared Brazil independent in 1822Quietly, 3 yrs later, Portugal admitted
they were
An Important Meeting
Brazil Takes a Different
Route
Even though independence was achieved there was still many challenges
Set up new governments & constitutionsEconomic difficultiesParts of countries needed to be rebuilt
Bolivar dreamed of uniting South America like the US
Dream was impossible due to layout of landBolivar retired in 1830
Set the standard for South American leaders
Independence Brings
Challenges
Section 5: From Past to Present
Vocabulary
A ruler with complete power
To send products from one country to be sold in another
To bring products into one country from another
Money owed by one country to other countries
A particular administration or government
Dictator
Export
Import
Foreign Debt
Regime
A Troubled PastMany problems w/ roots in colonial past still remain today
Criollos gained power after independenceMost mestizos & Natives remained poor
Slaves did not have much opportunity to better their livesCaudillos ruled many South American countries
ignored the constitutionsbecame dictators
Life changed little for ordinary peopleExports & Imports became important to South America in past and present
Export: farm products, mineralsImport: manufactured goods
Colonial Legacy
Foreign companies begin to invest in South America
built seaports & railroads to export products
were interested in taking resources 1903—US wanted to build a canal across the Isthmus of Panama
benefit American trade & NavyColombia refused permissionPresident Roosevelt backed a revolt by the
people of Panama against Colombia (US now allowed to build it)1904—Roosevelt claimed US had right to keep law and order there
Said US could force South America to pay their debtsUS intervened for next 20 years in South America
Foreign Involvement
The Struggle Continues
Groups wanted to improve conditions for the poor
1930s & 40s—reformers wanted to divide land more equally & diversify the economies1960s & 70s—military regimes seized power
ruled harshly—censored press, outlawed political parties, imprisoned or killed those who opposed1980s—elected governments replaced harsh regimes
some elected leaders still abused their powerStill facing problems today
Countries had borrowed money to improve economies
spent money but were not bringing in as muchTo make up difference they borrowed money from wealthy countriesWorld Bank & International Monetary Fund
offered money under strict conditions (many unfair)
The Beginnings
of Reform
Foreign Debt
South American countries are trying to improve their economies through trade
Organization of American States (OAS) supports free trade agreements to make it easier to trade b/w North & South AmericaEfforts to improve economy continues today
Looking Toward the
Future