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Chapter 7 study guide
Functions of the nervous system
o sending signals to other cells throughout the body
i.e. releasing hormones
o control the body by using sensory receptors
define (structure, function)
o CNS = central nervous system
made up of the brain and spinal cord (dorsal cavity)
Integrative and control centers
o PNS = peripheral nervous system
cranial nerves and spinal nerves
communication lines between the CNS and the rest of the body
o Somatic = voluntary
somatic motor
conducts impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles
o Autonomic = involuntary
Somatic motor
Conducts impulses from the CNS to cardiac muscles, smooth muscles, and glands
o Parasympathetic
Converses energy
Promotes “housekeeping” functions during rest
o Sympathetic
mobilizes body systems during activity (“fight or flight”)
o Afferent = sensory division
Somatic and visceral sensory nerve fibers
conducts impulses from receptors to the CNS (towards)
o Efferent = motor division
Motor nerve fibers
Conducts impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles
o Neurons vs. neuralgia
Neurons have TWO processes called axons and dendrites… glial cells only have one
Neurons CAN generate action potentials… glial cells do NOT have chemical synapses
Neurons HAVE synapses that use neurotransmitters… glial cells do NOT have chemical
synapses
There are many MORE glial cells in the brain compared to the number of neurons
Neurons = cells of the nervous system that are specialized to carry “messages” through an
electrochemical process
o Have specialized extensions called dendrites and axons
Dendrites bring information to the cell body
Axons take information away from the cell body
o Neurons communicate with each other through and electrochemical process
o Contain some specialized structures (synapses) and chemicals (neurotransmitters)
o Structure and function of the Neuron
Dendrites
Bring information to the cell body
Usually many dendrites per cell
No myelin insulation
Branch near the cell body
Axon
Take information away from the cell body
Generally ONE axon per cell
Can have myelin
Branch further from the cell body
Cell body
The metabolic center of the neuron
Myelin sheath
Wrapped membranes that enclose the axon
Schwann cells
Specialized supporting cells that wrap themselves around the axon
Synapse (syn = to clasp or join)
Contains a small gap separating neurons
Consists of…
o Presynaptic endings that contain neurotransmitters, mitochondria, and
other cell organelles
o A postsynaptic ending that contains receptor sites for neurotransmitters
o A synaptic cleft or space between the presynaptic and post synaptic
endings
Motor neuron
Human brain
o Cerebellum
o Medulla
o Oblongata
o Pons
o Cerebrum
o Spinal cord
o Gyrus
o Suculus
o Fissure
o Frontal lobe
o Parietal lobe
o Temporal lobe
o Occipital lobe
Parts of a typical reflex
o Stimulus
o Receptor
o Sensory neuron
o Effector
o Associative/interneuron
o Motor neuron
