Chapter 7 The Nervous System Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Label an anatomical diagram of

Chapter 7The Nervous

System

Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website.

• Label an anatomical diagram of the nervous system.

• Dissect and define common medical terminology related to the nervous system.

• Build terms used to describe nervous system diseases and disorders, diagnostic procedures, and therapeutic treatments.

Objectives


• Pronounce and spell common medical terminology related to the nervous system.

• Understand that the processes of building and dissecting a medical term based on its prefix, word root, and suffix enable you to analyze an extremely large number of medical terms beyond those presented in this chapter.

Objectives


• Interpret the meaning of abbreviations associated with the nervous system.

• Interpret medical records containing terminology and abbreviations related to the nervous system.

Objectives


Nervous System

• The body system that transmits nerve impulses between parts of the body and regulates the body’s responses to internal and external stimuli.


Major Structures of the Nervous System

• central nervous system (CNS)—consists of the brain and spinal cord

• peripheral nervous system (PNS)—made up of all nerve tissue outside the brain and spinal cord

Unless otherwise noted, illustrations and diagrams ©Body Scientific International, LLC.


Major Functions and Structures of the Nervous System

• neuron—basic functional cell of the nervous system; sends and receives neural impulses between parts of the body and the brain


Major Functions and Structures of the Nervous System

• neurotransmitters—carry electrical impulses across the synaptic cleft between neurons


Major Parts of the Brain


Major Parts of the Brain

• cerebrum—largest part of brain; controls voluntary movement; is “seat” of higher-level mental processes

• cerebellum—coordinates voluntary muscles, fine-motor movement, and equilibrium

• brain stem—connects brain to spinal cord; controls cardiovascular and respiratory activities; relays sensory and motor information to/from cerebellum

• diencephalon—directs nerve impulses to/from the cerebrum


Anatomy and Physiology Vocabulary

Key Term Definitionbrain stem structure that connects the brain to the spinal

cord; relays sensory and motor information to and from the cerebellum; also controls life-sustaining, involuntary functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing

central nervous system (CNS)

the part of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord

cerebellum the part of the brain that coordinates voluntary muscle activity and equilibrium (balance)

cerebrum the largest part of the brain; controls higher-level mental processes and voluntary movement

diencephalon “relay station” of the brain, which directs nerve impulses to and from the cerebrum and also controls involuntary homeostatic activity


Anatomy and Physiology Vocabulary

Key Term Definitionnervous system the system of the body that transmits nerve

impulses between parts of the body and regulates the body’s responses to internal and external stimuli

neurologist physician who specializes in the study and treatment of nervous system diseases and disorders

neurology the study of the nervous system

neuron the basic functional cell of the nervous system; responsible for sending and receiving nerve impulses between parts of the body and the brain

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

the part of the nervous system made up of all nerve tissue outside the brain and spinal cord


Word Elements: Prefixes

Prefix Meaning

a-, an- not; without

dys- painful; difficult

hemi- half

hyper- above; above normal

poly- many; much

quadri- four


Word Elements: Combining Forms

Combining Form Meaning

angi/o blood vessel

cephal/o head

cerebr/o cerebrum

cerebell/o cerebellum

cran/o, crani/o skull; cranium

encephal/o brain

hydr/o water

mening/o, meningi/o meninges (membranes covering the brain and spinal cord)


Word Elements: Combining Forms

Combining Form Meaning

myel/o spinal cord

neur/o nerve

path/o disease

pleg/o paralysis

psych/o mind

radicul/o nerve root

spin/o spine; backbone

vascul/o blood vessel


Word Elements: Suffixes

Suffix Meaning

-al pertaining to

-algia pain

-ar pertaining to

-ary pertaining to

-asthenia weakness

-cele hernia; swelling; protrusion

-eal pertaining to

-esthesia sensation; feeling

-gram record; image

-graphy process of recording an image



Suffix Meaning

-ia condition

-ic pertaining to

-ical pertaining to

-itis inflammation

-logist specialist in the study and treatment of

-logy study of

-malacia softening

-metry measurement

-oma tumor; mass



Suffix Meaning

-osis abnormal condition

-pathy disease

-phasia speech

-plasty surgical repair

-rrhaphy suture

-sclerosis hardening

-tomy incision; cut into

-us structure; thing


Pronounce It

anesthesia ĂN-ĕs-THĒ-zē-ă

aphasia ă-FĀ-zē-ă

cephalalgia SĔF-ă-LĂL-jē-ă

cephalic sĕ-FĂL-ĭk

cerebral SĔR-ĕ-brălORsĕ-RĒ-brăl

cerebrospinal SĔR-ĕ-brō-SPĪ-năl

cerebrovascular SĔR-ĕ-brō-VĂS-kū-lăr

cranial KRĀ-nē-ăl


Pronounce It

craniotomy KRĀ-nē-ŎT-ō-mē

dysphasia dĭs-FĀ-zē-ă

encephalitis ĕn-SĔF-ă-LĪ-tĭs

encephalomyelopathy ĕn-SĔF-ă-lō-MĪ-ĕ-LŎP-ă-thē

hemiplegia HĔM-ē-PLĒ-jē-ă

hydrocephalus HĪ-drō-SĔF-ă-lŭs

meningeal mĕ-NĬN-jē-ăl

meningitis MĔN-ĭn-JĪ-tĭs

myelogram MĪ-ĕ-lō-grăm


Pronounce It

neural NŪ-răl

neuralgia nū-RĂL-jē-ă

neurologist nū-RŎL-ō-jĭst

neurology nū-RŎL-ō-jē

neuropathy nū-RŎP-ă-thē

psychology sī-KŎL-ō-jē

quadriplegia KWAH-drĭ-PLĒ-jē-ă

radiculitis ră-DĬK-ū-LĪ-tĭs


Diseases and Disorders

• cerebral aneurysm—a bulge or ballooning of an artery in the brain due to thinning and weakening of the arterial wall



• cerebral embolism—sudden blockage of an artery in the brain due to a thrombus or other foreign matter



• cerebral vascular attack—sudden blockage of an artery in the brain due to a thrombus or other foreign matter



• cerebral palsy—group of neurological disorders caused by damage to the brain and nervous system during embryonic development or soon after birth



• concussion—a traumatic brain injury (TBI) caused by a severe blow or jolt to the head



• dementia—group of cognitive disorders caused by slow death of cerebral neurons and deteriorating mental function

• encephalitis—inflammation of brain caused by bacterial or viral infection

• epilepsy—nerve cells in brain transmit abnormal signals, producing seizures

• meningitis—inflammation of meninges, the three-layer membrane that surrounds and protects the brain and spinal cord



• migraine headache—recurring episode of moderate or severe throbbing pain, typically on one side of the head



• Parkinson’s disease—chronic, degenerative neurological disorder marked by muscle tremors and rigidity



• transient ischemic attack (TIA)—blood flow to section of brain is briefly interrupted; causes no permanent damage; warning sign that a stroke might occur


Procedures and Treatments

• Babinski reflex—normal reflex in infants; great toe moves toward top surface of foot and other toes fan out when heel is stroked by small object. Presence of reflex in adults indicates damage to nerve pathways connecting brain and spinal cord.



• cerebral angiography—diagnostic procedure that uses contrast agent and X-rays to evaluate condition of vessels that supply blood to brain



• computerized tomography (CT)—uses X-rays and a computer to scan and display cross-sectional images of internal body structures in multiple planes



• electroencephalogram (EEG)—measures electrical activity of the brain; confirms epilepsy diagnosis; diagnoses sleep disorders, dementia, and other brain disorders

AJ Photo /Science Source



• finger-to-nose test—neurological test used to evaluate physical coordination

• Kernig’s sign—inability to extend legs; aids in diagnosing meningitis



• lumbar puncture—diagnostic or therapeutic procedure that involves inserting a needle into the lumbar region to extract cerebrospinal fluid



• magnetic resonance angiogram—test that provides vital information about the condition and function of blood vessels, which cannot be obtained from X-rays, ultrasound tests, or computerized tomography scans

• Romberg’s sign—test that measures sensory ataxia, defective muscle coordination resulting from loss of input from the senses of sight and equilibrium


Analyzing the Intern Experience

Let’s read aloud and discuss this chart note (page 307 of text).

Documents

Chapter 7 The Nervous System Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. May not be posted to a publicly accessible website. Label an anatomical diagram of