Chapter 8: Ionic Compounds - Neshaminy School District / · PDF file · 2009-08-27210 Chapter 8 Ionic Compounds CHAPTER 8 What You’ll Learn ... Thus transition elements also commonly

210 Chapter 8

Ionic Compounds

CHAPTER 8

What Yoursquoll LearnYou will define a chemicalbond

You will describe how ionsform

You will identify ionicbonding and the character-istics of ionic compounds

You will name and writeformulas for ioniccompounds

You will relate metallicbonds to the characteristicsof metals

Why Itrsquos ImportantThe world around you is com-posed mainly of compoundsThe properties of each com-pound are based on how thecompound is bonded Thesalts dissolved in Earthrsquosoceans and the compoundsthat make up most of Earthrsquoscrust are held together byionic bonds

The rock surface the climbersrsquoequipment the atmosphere andeven the climbers are composedalmost entirely of compoundsand mixtures of compounds

Visit the Chemistry Web site atchemistrymccom to find linksabout ionic compounds

10240024

7852397

81 Forming Chemical Bonds 211

DISCOVERY LAB

Materials

Onionrsquos Fusible Alloy250-mL beakerlaboratory burner orhot plate

Celsius thermometer

An Unusual Alloy

Most metals that you encounter are solids Can a metal melt at atemperature below the boiling point of water You will use a

metal alloy called Onionrsquos Fusible Alloy to answer this question

Safety PrecautionsUse caution around the heat source and theheated beaker and its contents

Procedure

1 Carefully place a small piece of Onionrsquos Fusible Alloy into a 250-mLbeaker Add about 100 mL of water to the beaker

2 Heat the beaker and its contents with a laboratory burner or a hotplate Monitor the temperature with a thermometer When thetemperature rises above 85degC carefully observe the Onionrsquos FusibleAlloy Record your observations Remove the beaker from the heatwhen the water begins to boil Allow the contents to cool beforehandling the Onionrsquos Fusible Alloy

Analysis

What is unusual about Onionrsquos Fusible Alloy compared to other met-als Onionrsquos Fusible Alloy contains bismuth lead and tin Comparethe melting points of these metals to the melting point of OnionrsquosFusible Alloy

Objectivesbull Define chemical bond

bull Relate chemical bond for-mation to electronconfiguration

bull Describe the formation ofpositive and negative ions

Vocabularychemical bondcationanion

Section 81 Forming Chemical Bonds

Ascending to the summit of a mountain peak a rock climber can survey thesurrounding world This world is composed of many different kinds of com-pounds ranging from simple ones such as the sodium chloride found in theperspiration on the climberrsquos skin to more complex ones such as the calciteor pyrite found in certain rocks How do these and thousands of other com-pounds form from the relatively few elements known to exist

Chemical BondsThe answer to this question lies in the electron structure of the atoms of theelements involved and the nature of the attractive forces between these atomsThe force that holds two atoms together is called a chemical bond Chemicalbonds may form by the attraction between a positive nucleus and negativeelectrons or the attraction between a positive ion and a negative ion

In previous chapters you learned about atomic structure electron arrange-ment and periodic properties of the elements The elements within a groupon the periodic table have similar properties Many of these properties are dueto the number of valence electrons These same electrons are involved in theformation of chemical bonds between two atoms

7706119

Recall that an electron-dot structure is a type of diagram used to keep trackof valence electrons and is especially useful when illustrating the formationof chemical bonds Table 8-1 shows several examples of electron-dot struc-tures For example carbon has an electron configuration of 1s22s22p2 Itsvalence electrons are those in the second energy level as can be seen in theelectron-dot structure for carbon in the table

Recall from Chapter 6 that ionization energy refers to how easily an atomloses an electron The term electron affinity indicates how much attraction anatom has for electrons Noble gases having high ionization energies and lowelectron affinities show a general lack of chemical reactivity Other elementson the periodic table react with each other forming numerous compoundsThe difference in reactivity is directly related to the valence electrons

All atoms have valence electrons Why does this difference in reactivityof elements exist Noble gases have electron configurations that have a fulloutermost energy level This level is full with two electrons for helium (1s2)The other noble gases have electron configurations consisting of eight elec-trons in the outermost energy level ns2np6 As you will recall the presenceof eight valence electrons in the outer energy level is chemically stable andis called a stable octet Elements tend to react to acquire the stable electronstructure of a noble gas

Formation of positive ions Recall that a positive ion forms when an atomloses one or more valence electrons in order to attain a noble gas configura-tion To understand the formation of a positive ion compare the electron con-figurations of the noble gas neon atomic number 10 and the alkali metalsodium atomic number 11

Note that the sodium atom has one 3s valence electron it differs from thenoble gas neon by that single valence electron If sodium loses this outervalence electron the resulting electron configuration will be identical to thatof neon Figure 8-1 shows how a sodium atom loses its valence electron tobecome a positive sodium ion A positively charged ion is called a cation

Neon 1s22s22p6

Sodium 1s22s22p63s1

212 Chapter 8 Ionic Compounds

Figure 8-1

In the formation of a positiveion a neutral atom loses one or more valence electrons Notethat the number of protons isequal to the number of elec-trons in the uncharged atombut the ion contains more pro-tons than electrons making theoverall charge on this ion positive

Group 1A 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A 8A

Li Be B C N O F NeDiagram

Electron-Dot Structures

11 electrons (11)

11 protons (11)

10 electrons (10)

11 protons (11)

Sodium atom ionizationenergy

Sodium ion (Na) electron

Table 8-1

1649376

By losing an electron the sodium atom acquired the stable outer electronconfiguration of neon It is important to understand that although sodium nowhas the electron configuration of neon it is not neon It is a sodium ion witha single positive charge The 11 protons that establish the character of sodiumstill remain within its nucleus

Reactivity of metals is based on the ease with which they lose valence elec-trons to achieve a stable octet or noble gas configuration Group 1A elements[noble gas]ns1 lose their one valence electron forming an ion with a 1+charge Group 2A elements [noble gas]ns2 lose their two valence electronsand form ions with a 2 charge For example potassium a group 1A elementforms a K ion magnesium a group 2A element forms a Mg2 ion Thesetwo groups contain the most active metals on the periodic table Some elementsin group 3A [noble gas]ns2np1 also lose electrons and form positive ionsWhat is the charge on these ions What is the formula for the aluminum ion

Recall that in general transition metals have an outer energy level of ns2Going from left to right across a period atoms of each element are filling aninner d sublevel When forming positive ions transition metals commonlylose their two valence electrons forming 2 ions However it is also possi-ble for d electrons to be lost Thus transition elements also commonly formions of 3 or greater depending on the number of d electrons in the electronstructure It is difficult to predict the number of electrons lost by transitionelements A useful rule of thumb for these metals is that they form ions witha 2 or 3 charge

Although the formation of an octet is the most stable electron configu-ration other electron configurations provide some stability For example elements in groups 1B through 4A in periods 4 through 6 lose electrons to forman outer energy level containing full s p and d sublevels These relatively sta-ble electron arrangements are referred to as pseudo-noble gas configurationsLetrsquos examine the formation of the zinc ion which is shown in Figure 8-2The zinc atom has the electron configuration of 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d10 Whenforming an ion the zinc atom loses the two 4s electrons in the outer energylevel and the stable configuration of 1s22s22p63s23p63d10 resultsin a pseudo-noble gas configuration

Figure 8-2

Orbital notation provides a convenient way to visualize the loss or gain of valence electronsWhen zinc metal reacts with sulfuric acid the zinc forms aZn2 ion with a pseudo-noblegas configuration

energy 0

3d[Ar] 0

1798811

Formation of negative ions Recall that nonmetals located on the rightside of the periodic table have a great attraction for electrons and form a sta-ble outer electron configuration by gaining electrons The chlorine atom ahalogen from group 7A provides a good example

Examine Figure 8-3 To attain a noble gas configuration chlorine gains oneelectron forming a negative ion with a 1 charge By gaining the single elec-tron the chlorine atom now has the electron configuration of argon

With the addition of one electron chlorine becomes an anion which isanother name for a negative ion To designate an anion the ending -ide isadded to the root name of the element Thus the anion of chlorine is calledthe chloride ion What is the name of the anion formed from nitrogen

Nonmetals gain the number of electrons that when added to their valenceelectrons equals eight Phosphorus a group 5A element with the electron con-figuration of [Ne]3s23p3 has five valence electrons To form a stable octetthe phosphorus atom may gain three electrons and form the phosphide ionwith a 3 charge If an oxygen atom a group 6A element gains two elec-trons the oxide ion with a charge of 2 results

Some nonmetals can lose or gain other numbers of electrons to form anoctet For example in addition to gaining three electrons phosphorus can losefive However in general group 5A elements gain three electrons group 6Again two and group 7A gain one to achieve an octet

Cl 1s22s22p63s23p6

Ar 1s22s22p63s23p6

Chlorine 1s22s22p63s23p5

Figure 8-3

In the formation of a negativeion a neutral atom gains oneor more electrons Again notethat in the neutral atom thenumber of protons equals thenumber of electrons Howeverthe ion contains more electronsthan protons making this over-all charge on this ion negative

Chlorine atom electron 0 Chloride ion (Cl) electron affinity

17 electrons (17)

17 protons (17)

18 electrons (18)

17 protons (17)

Section 81 Assessment

1 What is a chemical bond

2 Why do ions form

3 What family of elements is relatively unreactiveand why

4 Describe the formation of both positive andnegative ions

5 Thinking Critically Predict the change that mustoccur in the electron configuration if each of the

following atoms is to achieve a noble gasconfiguration

a nitrogen c bariumb sulfur d lithium

6 Formulating Models Draw models to representthe formation of the positive calcium ion and thenegative bromide ion

chemistrymccomself_check_quiz

13181111

82 The Formation and Nature of Ionic Bonds 215

Objectivesbull Describe the formation of

ionic bonds

bull Account for many of thephysical properties of anionic compound

bull Discuss the energy involvedin the formation of an ionicbond

Vocabularyionic bondelectrolytelattice energy

Section 82

The Formation and Nature ofIonic Bonds

Look at the photos in Figure 8-4a and b What do these reactions have incommon As you can see in both cases elements react with each other toform a compound What happens in the formation of a compound

Formation of an Ionic BondFigure 8-4a shows the reaction between the elements sodium and chlorineDuring this reaction a sodium (Na) atom transfers its valence electron to achlorine (Cl) atom and becomes a positive ion The chlorine atom accepts theelectron into its outer energy level and becomes a negative ion The compoundsodium chloride forms because of the attraction between oppositely chargedsodium and chloride ions The electrostatic force that holds oppositely chargedparticles together in an ionic compound is referred to as an ionic bondCompounds that contain ionic bonds are ionic compounds If ionic bondsoccur between metals and the nonmetal oxygen oxides form Most other ioniccompounds are called salts

Hundreds of compounds contain ionic bonds Many ionic compounds arebinary which means that they contain only two different elements Binaryionic compounds contain a metallic cation and a nonmetallic anionMagnesium oxide MgO is a binary compound because it contains the twodifferent elements magnesium and oxygen However CaSO4 is not a binarycompound Can you explain why

Consider the formation of the ionic compound calcium fluoride from cal-cium (Ca) and fluorine (F) Calcium a group 2A metal with the electron con-figuration [Ar]4s2 has two valence electrons Fluorine a group 7A nonmetalwith the electron configuration [He]2s22p5 must gain one electron to attainthe noble gas configuration of neon

Because the number of electrons lost must equal the number of electronsgained it will take two fluorine atoms to gain the two electrons lost from one

Figure 8-4

These chemical reactions thatproduce ionic compounds alsorelease a large amount ofenergy

The reaction that occursbetween elemental sodium andchlorine gas produces a whitecrystalline solid

This sparkler contains ironwhich burns in air to produce anionic compound that containsiron and oxygen

1433061

6734414

Figure 8-5

Several methods are used toshow how an ionic compoundforms

17 electrons (17)

Electron configuration

Orbital notation

11 electrons (11)

11 protons (11) 17 protons (17)

18 electrons (18)

17 protons (17)

energy

10 electrons (10)

11 protons (11)

1s 1s 2s 3s2p2s 2p 3s 3p

[Ne]3s1 [Ne]3s23p50 [Ne] [Ar] energy

Na NaCl Cl

0 energy

energy

Na Cl [ Cl ][Na]

Chlorine atomSodium atom

Atomic models

Electron-dot structures

Sodium chloride

1s 1s 2s 3s2p2s 2p 3p

calcium atom The compound formed will contain one calcium ion with acharge of 2 for every two fluoride ions each with a charge of 1 Note thatthe overall charge on one unit of this compound is zero

1 Ca ion C2aion 2 F ions F1

ion (2+) 2(1) 0

Figure 8-5 summarizes the formation of an ionic compound from the elementssodium and chlorine using four different methods electron configurationorbital notation electron-dot structures and atomic models

3772074

EXAMPLE PROBLEM 8-1

Formation of an Ionic CompoundUnprotected aluminum metal reacts with oxygen in air forming thewhite coating you can observe on aluminum objects such as lawn furni-ture Explain the formation of an ionic compound from the elements alu-minum and oxygen

1 Analyze the ProblemYou are given that aluminum and oxygen react to form an ionic com-pound Aluminum is a group 3A element with three valence elec-trons and oxygen is a group 6A element with six valence electronsTo acquire a noble gas configuration each aluminum atom must losethree electrons and each oxygen atom must gain two electrons

2 Solve for the UnknownRemember that the number of electrons lost must equal the numberof electrons gained The smallest number evenly divisible by the threeelectrons lost by aluminum and the two gained by oxygen is sixThree oxygen atoms are needed to gain the six electrons lost by twoaluminum atoms

3 Evaluate the AnswerThe overall charge on one unit of this compound is zero

2 Al ions A3lion 3 O ions O

2ion 2(3) 3(2) 0

PRACTICE PROBLEMSExplain the formation of the ionic compound composed of each pair ofelements

7 sodium and nitrogen 10 aluminum and sulfur

8 lithium and oxygen 11 cesium and phosphorus

9 strontium and fluorine

Properties of Ionic CompoundsThe chemical bonds that occur between the atoms in a compound determinemany of the physical properties of the compound During the formation of anionic compound the positive and negative ions arepacked into a regular repeating pattern that balances theforces of attraction and repulsion between the ions Thisparticle packing forms an ionic crystal as shown inFigure 8-6 No single unit consisting of only one ionattracting one other ion is formed Large numbers of pos-itive ions and negative ions exist together in a ratiodetermined by the number of electrons transferred fromthe metal to the nonmetal

Examine the pattern of the ions in the sodium chlo-ride crystal shown in the figure What shape would youexpect a large crystal of this compound to be Thisone-to-one ratio of ions produces a cubic crystalExamine some table salt (NaCl) under a magnifyingglass What shape are these small salt crystals

Figure 8-6

In this ionic compound eachsodium ion is surrounded by sixchloride ions and each chlorideion is surrounded by six sodiumions Refer to Table C-1 inAppendix C for a key to atomcolor conventions

For more practicewith forming ioniccompounds go toSupplemental Practice

Problems in Appendix A

Practice

Topic Ionic CompoundsTo learn more about ioniccompounds visit theChemistry Web site atchemistrymccomActivity Research the colorsof minerals and their chemi-cal formulas Which elementsseem to be in the most col-ored compounds What aretheir uses Make a chart toreport your findings

6018656

The strong attraction of positive ions and negative ions in an ionic com-pound results in a crystal lattice A crystal lattice is a three-dimensional geo-metric arrangement of particles In a crystal lattice each positive ion issurrounded by negative ions and each negative ion is surrounded by positiveions Ionic crystals vary in shape due to the sizes and relative numbers of theions bonded as shown in Figure 8-7

Melting point boiling point and hardness are physical properties thatdepend on how strongly the particles are attracted to each other Because ionicbonds are relatively strong the crystals that result require a large amount ofenergy to be broken apart Therefore ionic crystals have high melting pointsand boiling points as shown in Table 8-2 Their color may be related to theirstructure See the problem-solving LAB on the next page and EverydayChemistry at the end of this chapter These crystals are also hard rigid andbrittle solids due to the strong attractive forces that hold the ions in placeWhen an external force large enough to overcome the attraction of ions in thecrystal is applied the crystal cracks The force repositions the like-chargedions next to each other and the repulsive force cracks the crystal

Charged particles must be free to move for a material to conduct an elec-tric current In the solid state ionic compounds are nonconductors of elec-tricity because of the fixed positions of the ions However in a liquid stateor when dissolved in water ionic compounds are electrical conductors becausethe ions are free to move An ionic compound whose aqueous solution con-ducts an electric current is called an electrolyte You will learn more aboutsolutions of electrolytes in Chapter 15

Figure 8-7

Aragonite (CaCO3) barite(BaSO4) and beryl (Be3Al2Si6O18)are examples of minerals thatare ionic compounds The ionsthat form them are bondedtogether in a crystal lattice

Melting and Boiling Points of Some Ionic Compounds

Compound Melting point (degC) Boiling point (degC)

NaI 660 1304

KBr 734 1435

NaBr 747 1390

CaCl2 782 1600

CaI2 784 1100

NaCl 801 1413

MgO 2852 3600

Table 8-2

See page 955 in Appendix E forComparing Sport Drink

Electrolytes

10986928

Energy and the ionic bond During any chemical reaction energy is eitherabsorbed or released When energy is absorbed during a chemical reactionthe reaction is endothermic If energy is released it is exothermic As you willsee in the CHEMLAB at the end of this chapter energy is released when mag-nesium reacts with oxygen

Energy changes also occur during the formation of ionic bonds from theions formed during a chemical reaction The formation of ionic compoundsfrom positive and negative ions is always exothermic The attraction of thepositive ion for the negative ions close to it forms a more stable system thatis lower in energy than the individual ions If the amount of energy releasedduring bond formation is added to an ionic compound the bonds that holdthe positive and negative ions together break

You just learned that the ions in an ionic compound are arranged in a pat-tern in a crystal lattice The energy required to separate one mole of the ionsof an ionic compound is referred to as the lattice energy The strength of theforces holding ions in place is reflected by the lattice energy The more neg-ative the lattice energy the stronger the force of attraction

problem-solving LABHow is color related to a transferred electron

Predicting Once an ionic bond is formed thecation has a tendency to pull the transferred elec-tron toward the nucleus The appearance of coloris directly related to the strength of the pullwhich depends upon the size of the ions involvedand their oxidation numbers If visible light of acertain color can send the electron back to thecation momentarily then the light reflected froma crystal of the compound will be missing thiscolor from its spectrum The resulting color of thecrystal will be the complement of this color oflight and can be predicted using the color wheelthat is shown here Complementary colors areacross from each other on the color wheel

AnalysisThe information in the table can be used to makesome general conclusions about a compoundrsquoscolor and the strength of the cationrsquos pull on thetransferred electron Using this information thecolor of a compound can be predicted

Thinking Critically1 A larger anion radius results in a more pro-

nounced color What reason can you give forthis fact

2 Which do you think produces a more pro-nounced color a high oxidation state for theanions or a low one Explain

3 Use the color wheel to predict the color ofBi2O3 the last compound on the list

Factors that Affect Color of an Ionic Compound

Anion Visible Compound Color radius (Aring) absorption band

AgF Yellow 136 Blue-violet

AgCl White 181 None

AgBr Cream 195 Violet

AgI Yellow 216 Blue-violet

Ag2S Black 184 All

Al2O3 White 140 None

Sb2O3 White 140 None

Bi2O3 140 Violet

7376993

Lattice energy is directly related to the size of the ions bonded Smallerions generally have a more negative value for lattice energy because thenucleus is closer to and thus has more attraction for the valence electronsThus the lattice energy of a lithium compound is more negative than that ofa potassium compound containing the same anion because the lithium ion issmaller than the potassium ion Which would have a more negative latticeenergy lithium chloride or lithium bromide

The value of lattice energy is also affected by the charge of the ion Theionic bond formed from the attraction of ions with larger positive or negativecharges generally has a more negative lattice energy The lattice energy ofMgO is almost four times greater than the lattice energy of NaF because thecharge of the ions is greater The lattice energy of SrCl2 is between the lat-tice energies of MgO and NaF because SrCl2 contains ions with both higherand lower charges

Table 8-3 shows the lattice energies of some ionic compounds Examine thelattice energies of RbF and KF How do they confirm that lattice energy isrelated to ion size Look at the lattice energies of Sr Cl2 and AgCl How do theyshow the relationship between lattice energy and the charge of the ions involved

Lattice Energies of Some Ionic Compounds

Lattice energy Lattice energyCompound (kJmol) Compound (kJmol)

KI 632 KF 808

KBr 671 AgCl 910

RbF 774 NaF 910

NaI 682 LiF 1030

NaBr 732 SrCl2 2142

NaCl 769 MgO 3795

Table 8-3

12 What is an ionic bond

13 How does an ionic bond form

14 List three physical properties associated with anionic bond

15 Describe the arrangement of ions in a crystal lattice

16 What is lattice energy and how is it involved in anionic bond

17 Thinking Critically Using the concepts of ionicradii and lattice energy account for the trend inmelting points shown in the following table

18 Formulating Models Use electron configura-tions orbital notation and electron-dot structuresto represent the formation of an ionic compoundfrom the metal strontium and the nonmetalchlorine

Trend in Melting Points

Ionic compound Melting point in degC

KF 858

KCl 770

KBr 734

KI 681

87196175

83 Names and Formulas for Ionic Compounds 221

Objectivesbull Write formulas for ionic

compounds and oxyanions

bull Name ionic compounds andoxyanions

Vocabularyformula unitmonatomic ionoxidation numberpolyatomic ionoxyanion

Section 83

Names and Formulas for Ionic Compounds

Common Ions Based on Groups

Group Atoms that commonly form ions Charge on ions

1A H Li Na K Rb Cs 1

2A Be Mg Ca Sr Ba 2

5A N P As 3

6A O S Se Te 2

7A F Cl Br I 1

Table 8-4

One of the most important requirements of chemistry is communicating infor-mation to others Chemists discuss compounds by using both chemical for-mulas and names The chemical formula and the name for the compound mustbe understood universally Therefore a set of rules is used in the naming ofcompounds This system of naming allows everyone to write a chemical for-mula when given a compound name and to name the compound from a givenchemical formula

Formulas for Ionic CompoundsRecall from Section 82 that a sample of an ionic compound contains crystalsformed from many ions arranged in a pattern Because no single particle of anionic compound exists ionic compounds are represented by a formula that pro-vides the simplest ratio of the ions involved The simplest ratio of the ions rep-resented in an ionic compound is called a formula unit For example theformula KBr represents a formula unit for potassium bromide because potas-sium and bromide ions are in a one-to-one ratio in the compound A formulaunit of magnesium chloride is MgCl2 because two chloride ions exist for eachmagnesium ion in the compound In the compound sodium phosphide threesodium ions exist for every phosphide ion What is the formula unit for sodiumphosphide

Because the total number of electrons gained by the nonmetallic atomsmust equal the total number of electrons lost by the metallic atoms the over-all charge of a formula unit is zero The formula unit for MgCl2 contains oneMg2 ion and two Cl ions for a total charge of zero

Determining charge Binary ionic compounds are composed of positivelycharged monatomic ions of a metal and negatively charged monatomic ionsof a nonmetal A monatomic ion is a one-atom ion such as Mg2 or BrTable 8-4 indicates the charges of common monatomic ions according to thelocation of their atoms on the periodic table What is the formula for the beryl-lium ion The iodide ion The nitride ion Transition metals which are ingroups 3B through 2B and metals in groups 3A and 4A are not included inthis table because of the variance in ionic charges of atoms in the groups Mosttransition metals and those in groups 3A and 4A can form several differentpositive ions

16269086

9874169

The charge of a monatomic ion is its oxidation number Most transition met-als and group 3A and 4A metals have more than one oxidation number as shownin Table 8-5 The oxidation numbers given in the table are the most common onesfor many of the elements listed but might not be the only ones possible

The term oxidation state is sometimes used and means the same thing asoxidation number The oxidation number or oxidation state of an element inan ionic compound equals the number of electrons transferred from an atomof the element to form the ion For example when sodium and chlorine atomsreact the sodium atom transfers one electron to the chlorine atom formingNa and Cl Thus in the compound formed the oxidation state of sodiumis 1 because one electron is transferred from the sodium atom The oxida-tion state of chlorine is 1 One electron is transferred and the negative signshows that the electron transferred to not from the chlorine atom

The oxidation numbers of ions are used to determine the formulas for theionic compounds they form Recall that in ionic compounds oppositelycharged ions combine chemically in definite ratios to form a compound thathas no charge If you add the oxidation number of each ion multiplied by thenumber of these ions in a formula unit the total must be zero

In the chemical formula for any ionic compound the symbol of the cationis always written first followed by the symbol of the anion Subscripts whichare small numbers to the lower right of a symbol are used to represent thenumber of ions of each element in an ionic compound If no subscript is writ-ten it is assumed to be one

Suppose you need to determine the formula for one formula unit of thecompound that contains sodium and chloride ions Write the symbol andcharge for each ion

The ratio of ions must be such that the number of electrons lost by the metalis equal to the number of electrons gained by the nonmetal Because the sumof the oxidation numbers of these ions is zero these ions must be present ina one-to-one ratio One sodium ion transfers one electron to one chloride ionand the formula unit is NaCl

Common Ions of Transition Metals and Groups 3A and 4A

Group Common ions

3B Sc3 Y3 La3

4B Ti2 Ti3

5B V2 V3

6B Cr2 Cr3

7B Mn2 Mn3 Tc2

8B Fe2 Fe3

8B Co2 Co3

8B Ni2 Pd2 Pt2 Pt4

1B Cu Cu2 Ag Au Au3

2B Zn2 Cd2 Hg22 Hg2

3A Al3 Ga2 Ga3 In In2 In3 Tl Tl3

4A Sn2 Sn4 Pb2 Pb4

Table 8-5

Wastewater TreatmentOperatorWould you be interested in ajob that assures your commu-nity of a safe water supplyThen consider a career inwastewater treatment

Not only does our water supplyhave to be safe for human con-sumption the water that isreturned to rivers and streamsmust be cleaned of pathogensand suspended solids so it canbe used over and over Thiscareer involves testing to iden-tify chemicals pathogens andmaterials in the wastewater aswell as monitoring the multi-step process of their removal

14189536

EXAMPLE PROBLEM 8-2

Determining the Formula for an Ionic CompoundThe ionic compound formed from potassium and oxygen is used as adehydrating agent because it reacts readily with water Determine thecorrect formula for the ionic compound formed from potassium and oxy-gen

1 Analyze the ProblemIt is given that potassium and oxygen ions form an ionic compoundThe first thing to do is determine the symbol and oxidation numberfor each ion involved in the ionic compound and write them asshown

If the charges are not the same subscripts must be determined toindicate the ratio of positive ions to negative ions

2 Solve for the UnknownA potassium atom loses one electron while an oxygen atom gains twoelectrons If combined in a one-to-one ratio the number of electronslost by potassium will not balance the number of electrons gained byoxygen To have the same number of electrons lost and gained youmust have two potassium ions for every oxide ion The correct for-mula is K2O

3 Evaluate the AnswerThe overall charge on one formula unit of this compound is zero

2 K ions K1ion 1 O ions O

2ion 2(1) 1(2) 0

EXAMPLE PROBLEM 8-3

Determining the Formula for an Ionic CompoundDetermine the correct formula for the yellowish-gray compound formedfrom aluminum ions and sulfide ions This compound decomposes inmoist air

1 Analyze the ProblemYou are given that aluminum and sulfur ions form an ionic com-pound First determine the charge of each ion involved

Al3 S2

Each aluminum atom loses three electrons while each sulfur atomgains two The number of electrons lost must equal the number ofelectrons gained

2 Solve for the UnknownThe smallest number that both two and three divide into evenly is sixTherefore a total of six electrons was transferred Three sulfur atomsaccept the six electrons lost by two aluminum atoms The correct for-mula will show two aluminum ions bonded to three sulfur ions orAl2S3

2 Al ions A3lion 3 S ions S

2ion 2(3) 3(2) 0

MathHandbookMath

Handbook

Review least common multiple inthe Math Handbook on page 909of this text

Compounds that contain polyatomic ions Many ionic compoundscontain polyatomic ions which are ions made up of more than one atomTable 8-6 lists the formulas and the charges for several polyatomic ions

The charge given to a polyatomic ion applies to the entire group of atomsAlthough an ionic compound containing one or more polyatomic ions con-tains more than two atoms the polyatomic ion acts as an individual ionTherefore the chemical formula for the compound can be written followingthe same rules used for a binary compound

Because a polyatomic ion exists as a unit never change subscripts of theatoms within the ion If more than one polyatomic ion is needed place paren-theses around the ion and write the appropriate subscript outside the paren-theses For example the formula for magnesium chlorate is Mg(ClO3)2 Notethat the ammonium ion is the only common polyatomic cation

How can you determine the formula unit for an ionic compound contain-ing a polyatomic ion Chemists use a naming system called the Stock Systemafter the German chemist Alfred Stock Letrsquos consider the compound formedfrom the ammonium ion and the chloride ion

NH4 Cl

Because the sum of the charges on the ions is zero the ions are in a one-to-one ratio The correct formula unit for this compound is NH4Cl

Common Polyatomic Ions

Ion Name

NH4 ammonium

NO2 nitrite

NO3 nitrate

HSO4 hydrogen sulfate

OH hydroxide

CN cyanide

MnO4 permanganate

HCO3 hydrogen carbonate

ClO hypochlorite

ClO2 chlorite

ClO3 chlorate

ClO4 perchlorate

BrO3 bromate

IO3 iodate

Ion Name

IO4 periodate

C2H3O2 acetate

H2PO4 dihydrogen phosphate

CO32 carbonate

SO32 sulfite

SO42 sulfate

S2O32 thiosulfate

O22 peroxide

CrO42 chromate

Cr2O72 dichromate

HPO42 hydrogen phosphate

PO43 phosphate

AsO43 arsenate

Table 8-6

PRACTICE PROBLEMSWrite the correct formula for the ionic compound composed of the fol-lowing pairs of ions

19 potassium and iodide

20 magnesium and chloride

21 aluminum and bromide

22 cesium and nitride

23 barium and sulfide

For more practice withwriting formulas forionic compounds goto Supplemental

Practice Problems inAppendix A

Practice

9383093

EXAMPLE PROBLEM 8-4

Determining the Formula for an Ionic Compound Containinga Polyatomic IonThe ionic compound formed from the calcium ion and the phosphate ionis a common ingredient in fertilizers Write the formula for this compound

1 Analyze the ProblemIt is given that calcium and phosphate ions form an ionic compoundYou should first write each ion along with its charge

Ca2 PO43

Because the numerical values of the charges differ a one-to-one ratiois not possible

2 Solve for the UnknownSix is the smallest number evenly divisible by both ionic chargesTherefore a total of six electrons were transferred The amount ofnegative charge of two phosphate ions equals the amount of positivecharge of three calcium ions To use a subscript to indicate more thanone unit of a polyatomic ion you must place the polyatomic ion inparentheses and add the subscript to the outside The correct formulais Ca3(PO4)2

3 Evaluate the AnswerThe overall charge on one formula unit of calcium phosphate is zero

3 calcium ions calci2u

m ion 2 phosphate ions phosp

3hate ion

3(2) 2(3) 0

PRACTICE PROBLEMSDetermine the correct formula for the ionic compound composed of thefollowing pairs of ions

24 sodium and nitrate

25 calcium and chlorate

26 aluminum and carbonate

27 potassium and chromate

28 magnesium and carbonate

Naming Ions and Ionic CompoundsYou already know how to name monatomic ions How do you name poly-atomic ions Most polyatomic ions are oxyanions An oxyanion is a poly-atomic ion composed of an element usually a nonmetal bonded to one ormore oxygen atoms Many oxyanions contain the same nonmetal and havethe same charges but differ in the number of oxygen atoms More than oneoxyanion exists for some nonmetals such as nitrogen and sulfur These ionsare easily named using the following conventions

bull The ion with more oxygen atoms is named using the root of the nonmetalplus the suffix -ate

bull The ion with fewer oxygen atoms is named using the root of the nonmetalplus the suffix -ite

For exampleNO3

NO2 SO4

2 SO32

nitrate nitrite sulfate sulfite

For more practice withwriting formulas forionic compounds thatcontain polyatomic

ions go to SupplementalSupplementalPractice ProblemsPractice Problems inAppendix A

Practice

MathHandbookMath

Handbook

Review positive and negativenumbers in the Math Handbookon page 887 of this text

64157265

PRACTICE PROBLEMSName the following compounds

29 NaBr

30 CaCl2

31 KOH

32 Cu(NO3)2

33 Ag2CrO4

Chlorine in group 7A the halogens forms four oxyanions These oxyan-ions are named according to the number of oxygen atoms present The fol-lowing conventions are used to name these oxyanions

bull The oxyanion with the greatest number of oxygen atoms is named usingthe prefix per- the root of the nonmetal and the suffix -ate

bull The oxyanion with one less oxygen atom is named with the root of the non-metal and the suffix -ate

bull The oxyanion with two fewer oxygen atoms is named using the root of thenonmetal plus the suffix -ite

bull The oxyanion with three fewer oxygen atoms is named using the prefixhypo- the root of the nonmetal and the suffix -ite

ClO4 ClO3

ClO2 ClO

perchlorate chlorate chlorite hypochlorite

Other halogens form oxyanions that are named similarly to the oxyanionschlorine forms Bromine forms BrO3

the bromate ion Iodine forms the peri-odate ion (IO4

) and the iodate ion (IO3)

Naming ionic compounds Chemical nomenclature is a systematic way ofnaming compounds Now that you are familiar with writing chemical for-mulas you will use the following general rules in naming ionic compoundswhen their formulas are known1 Name the cation first and the anion second Remember that the cation is

always written first in the formula For example CsBr is a compoundused in X-ray fluorescent screens In the formula CsBr Cs is thecation and is named first The anion is Br and is named second

2 Monatomic cations use the element name The name of the cation Cs

is cesium the name of the element

3 Monatomic anions take their name from the root of the element nameplus the suffix -ide The compound CsBr contains the bromide anion

4 Group 1A and group 2A metals have only one oxidation numberTransition metals and metals on the right side of the periodic table oftenhave more than one oxidation number To distinguish between multipleoxidation numbers of the same element the name of the chemical for-mula must indicate the oxidation number of the cation The oxidationnumber is written as a Roman numeral in parentheses after the name ofthe cation For example the compound formed from Fe2 and O2 hasthe formula FeO and is named iron(II) oxide The compound formedfrom Fe3 and O2 has the formula Fe2O3 and is named iron(III) oxide

5 If the compound contains a polyatomic ion simply name the ion Thename of the compound that contains the sodium cation and the poly-atomic hydroxide anion NaOH is sodium hydroxide The compound(NH4)2S is ammonium sulfide

For more practice with naming ionic compounds go toSupplemental PracticeSupplemental Practice

Practice

Earth ScienceCONNECTION

Mineralogists the scientistswho study minerals use vari-

ous classification schemes toorganize the thousands of knownminerals Color crystal structurehardness chemical magneticand electrical properties andnumerous other characteristicsare used to classify minerals

The types of anions mineralscontain also can identify themFor example more than one-thirdof all known minerals are sili-cates which are minerals thatcontain an anion that is a combi-nation of silicon and oxygenHalides contain fluoride chloridebromide or iodide ions Mineralsin which the anions containboron are called borates

2004676

Figure 8-8 reviews the steps used in naming ionic compounds if the for-mula is known Naming ionic compounds is important in communicating thecation and anion present in a crystalline solid or aqueous solution How mightyou change the diagram to help you write the formulas for ionic compoundsif you know their names

All the ion-containing substances you have investigated so far have beenionic compounds Do any other substances contain ions Can certain elementscontain ions and still be electrically neutral Do the properties of other ion-containing substances differ from the properties of ionic compounds In thenext section you will learn the answers to these questions by examining howions relate to the structure and properties of metals

Figure 8-8

This diagram summarizes how toname ionic compounds fromtheir formulas

Determine the cationand anion of thegiven formula

Does the cationhave only one

oxidation number

Write the name of the cationfollowed by a Roman numeral torepresent the charge Next write

the name of the anionFe2O3 = iron(III) oxide

Write the name of the cationand then write the name of the anion

Na3PO4 = sodium phosphate

Yes No

34 What is the difference between a monatomic ionand a polyatomic ion Give an example of each

35 How do you determine the correct subscripts in achemical formula

36 How are metals named in an ionic compoundNonmetals Polyatomic ions

37 What is an oxyanion and how is it named

38 Thinking Critically What subscripts would mostlikely be used if the following substances formedan ionic compound

a an alkali metal and a halogenb an alkali metal and a nonmetal from group 6Ac an alkaline earth metal and a halogend an alkaline earth metal and a nonmetal from

group 6Ae a metal from group 3A and a halogen

39 Making and Using Tables Complete the tablebelow by providing the correct formula for eachcompound formed from the listed ions

Formulas for Some Ionic Compounds

Oxide Chloride Sulfate Phosphate

Potassium

Barium

Aluminum

Ammonium

83 Names and Formulas for Ionic Compounds 227chemistrymccomself_check_quiz

5057328

Section 84

Metallic Bonds and Propertiesof Metals

Objectivesbull Describe a metallic bond

bull Explain the physical proper-ties of metals in terms ofmetallic bonds

bull Define and describe alloys

Vocabularyelectron sea modeldelocalized electronsmetallic bondalloy

Although metals are not ionic they share several properties with ionic com-pounds Properties of materials are based on bonding and the bonding in bothmetals and ionic compounds is based on the attraction of particles with unlikecharges

Metallic BondsAlthough metals do not bond ionically they often form lattices in the solidstate These lattices are similar to the ionic crystal lattices that were dis-cussed in Section 82 In such a lattice eight to 12 other metal atoms surroundeach metal atom Although metal atoms have at least one valence electronthey do not share these electrons with neighboring atoms nor do they lose elec-trons to form ions

Instead in this crowded condition the outer energy levels of the metalatoms overlap The electron sea model proposes that all the metal atoms ina metallic solid contribute their valence electrons to form a ldquoseardquo of electronsThe electrons present in the outer energy levels of the bonding metallic atomsare not held by any specific atom and can move easily from one atom to thenext Because they are free to move they are often referred to as delocalizedelectrons When the atomrsquos outer electrons move freely throughout the solida metallic cation is formed Each such ion is bonded to all neighboring metalcations by the ldquoseardquo of valence electrons shown in Figure 8-9 A metallicbond is the attraction of a metallic cation for delocalized electrons

Properties of metals The typical physical properties of metals can beexplained by metallic bonding These properties provide evidence of thestrength of metallic bonds

The melting points of metals vary greatly Mercury is a liquid at room tem-perature which makes it useful in scientific instruments such as thermome-ters and barometers On the other hand tungsten has a melting point of3422degC which makes it useful by itself or in combination with other metals

Figure 8-9

The valence electrons in metals(shown in blue) are evenly dis-tributed among the metalliccations (shown in red)Attractions between the positivecations and negative ldquoseardquo holdthe metal atoms together in alattice

Group 1A

Group 2A

2 2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2 2

13217686

8202419

for purposes that involve high temperatures or strength Lightbulb filamentsare usually made from tungsten as are certain spacecraft parts In generalmetals have moderately high melting points and high boiling points as shownin Table 8-7 The melting points are not as extreme as the boiling pointsbecause the cations and electrons are mobile in a metal It does not take anextreme amount of energy for them to be able to move past each otherHowever during boiling atoms must be separated from the group of cationsand electrons which requires much more energy

Metals are malleable which means they can be hammered into sheets andthey are ductile which means they can be drawn into wire Figure 8-10shows how the mobile particles involved in metallic bonding can be pushedor pulled past each other making metals malleable and ductile

Metals are generally durable Although metallic cations are mobile in ametal they are strongly attracted to the electrons surrounding them and arenrsquoteasily removed from the metal

Delocalized electrons in a metal are free to move keeping metallic bondsintact The movement of mobile electrons around positive metallic cations ex-plains why metals are good conductors The delocalized electrons move heatfrom one place to another much more quickly than the electrons in a mate-rial that does not contain mobile electrons Mobile electrons easily move asa part of an electric current when electrical potential is applied to a metalThese same delocalized electrons interact with light absorbing and releasingphotons thereby creating the property of luster in metals

The mobile electrons in transition metals consist not only of the two outers electrons but also the inner d electrons As the number of delocalized elec-trons increases so do the properties of hardness and strength For examplestrong metallic bonds are found in transition metals such as chromium ironand nickel whereas alkali metals are considered soft because they have onlyone delocalized electron ns1

84 Metallic Bonds and Properties of Metals 229

Melting Points and Boiling Points of Some Metals

Element Melting point (degC) Boiling point (degC)

Lithium 180 1347

Tin 232 2623

Aluminum 660 2467

Barium 727 1850

Silver 961 2155

Copper 1083 2570

Table 8-7

Externalforce

Metal isdeformed

Figure 8-10

An applied force causes metalions to move through delocal-ized electrons making metalsmalleable and ductile

13562537

Heat Treatment of SteelRecognizing Cause and Effect People havetreated metals with heat for many centuriesDifferent properties result when the metal isslowly or rapidly cooled Can you determine howand why the properties change

Materials laboratory burner forceps (2) hair-pins (3) 250-mL beaker

Procedure 1 Examine a property of spring steel by trying to

bend open one of the hairpins Record yourobservations

2 Hold each end of a hairpin with forceps Placethe curved central loop in the top of theburnerrsquos flame When it turns red pull it openinto a straight piece of metal Allow it to coolas you record your observations Repeat thisprocedure for the remaining two hairpinsCAUTION Do not touch the hot metal

3 To make softened steel use forceps to hold allthree hairpins vertically in the flame until theyglow red all over Slowly raise the three hair-pins straight up and out of the flame so theycool slowly Slow cooling results in the forma-tion of large crystals

4 After cooling bend each of the three hairpinsinto the shape of the letter J Record how themetal feels as you bend it

5 To harden the steel use tongs to hold two ofthe bent hairpins in the flame until they areglowing red all over Quickly plunge the hotmetals into a 250-mL beaker containingapproximately 200 mL of cold water Quick-cooling causes the crystal size to be small

6 Attempt to straighten one of the bendsRecord your observations

7 To temper the steel use tongs to briefly holdthe remaining hardened metal bend above theflame Slowly move the metal back and forthjust above the flame until the gray metal turnsto an iridescent blue-gray color Do not allowthe metal to glow red Slowly cool the metaland then try to unbend it using the end ofyour finger Record your observations

Analysis1 State a use for spring steel that takes advan-

tage of its unique properties

2 What are the advantages and disadvantages ofusing softened steel for body panels on auto-mobiles

3 What is the major disadvantage of hardenedsteel Do you think this form of iron would bewear resistant and retain a sharpened edge

4 Which two types of steel appear to have theirproperties combined in tempered steel

5 State a hypothesis that explains how the dif-ferent properties you have observed relate tocrystal size

miniLAB

Metal AlloysDue to the nature of a metallic bond it is relatively easy to introduce otherelements into a metallic crystal forming an alloy An alloy is a mixture ofelements that has metallic properties Table 8-8 lists some commerciallyimportant alloys and their uses A company that manufactures trophies prob-ably would use which alloy listed in the table

The properties of alloys differ somewhat from the properties of the ele-ments they contain For example steel is iron mixed with at least one otherelement Some properties of iron are present but steel has additional prop-erties such as increased strength Some alloys such as that used in theminiLAB vary in properties depending on how they are manufactured

45453163

Alloys most commonly form when the elements involved are either simi-lar in size or the atoms of one element are considerably smaller than the atomsof the other Thus two basic types of alloys exist substitutional and intersti-tial and many industries depend on their production A substitutional alloyhas atoms of the original metallic solid replaced by other metal atoms of sim-ilar size Sterling silver is an example of a substitutional alloy When copperatoms replace silver atoms in the original metallic crystal a solid with prop-erties of both silver and copper is formed Brass pewter and 10-carat goldare all examples of substitutional alloys

An interstitial alloy is formed when the small holes (interstices) in a metal-lic crystal are filled with smaller atoms Forming this type of alloy is similarto pouring sand into a bucket of gravel Even if the gravel is tightly packedholes exist between the pieces The sand does not replace any of the gravelbut fills in the spaces The best-known interstitial alloy is carbon steel Holesin the iron crystal are filled with carbon atoms and the physical propertiesof iron are changed Iron is relatively soft and malleable However the pres-ence of carbon makes the solid harder stronger and less ductile than pureiron increasing its uses

Some Commercially Important Alloys

Common name Composition Uses

Alnico Fe 50 Al 20 Ni 20 Co 10 Magnets

Brass Cu 67-90 Zn 10-33 Plumbing hardwarelighting

Bronze Cu 70-95 Zn 1-25 Sn 1-18 Bearings bells medals

Cast iron Fe 96-97 C 3-4 Casting

Dental amalgam Hg 50 Ag 35 Sn 15 Dental fillings

Gold 10 carat Au 42 Ag 12-20 Cu 38-46 Jewelry

Lead shot Pb 998 As 02 Shotgun shells

Pewter Sn 70-95 Sb 5-15 Pb 0-15 Tableware

Stainless steel Fe 73-79 Cr 14-18 Ni 7-9 Instruments sinks

Sterling silver Ag 925 Cu 75 Tableware jewelry

Table 8-8

40 What is a metallic bond

41 Explain how conductivity of electricity and highmelting point of metals are explained by metallicbonding

42 What is an alloy

43 How does a substitutional alloy differ from aninterstitial alloy

44 Thinking Critically In the laboratory how couldyou determine if a solid has an ionic bond or ametallic bond

45 Formulating Models Draw a model to representthe ductility of a metal using the electron seamodel shown in Figure 8-10

8594236

Pre-Lab

1 Read the entire procedure Identify the variablesList any conditions that must be kept constant

2 Write the electron configuration of the magnesiumatom

a Based on this configuration will magnesiumlose or gain electrons to become a magnesiumion

b Write the electron configuration of the mag-nesium ion

c The magnesium ion has an electron configu-ration like that of which noble gas

3 Repeat question 2 for oxygen and nitrogen

4 Prepare your data table

5 In your data table which mass values will bemeasured directly Which mass values will becalculated

6 Explain what must be done to calculate each massvalue that is not measured directly

Safety Precautionsbull Always wear safety glasses and a lab apronbull Do not look directly at the burning magnesium The intensity of the

light can damage your eyesbull Avoid handling heated materials until they have cooled

ProblemWhat are the formulas andnames of the products thatare formed Do the proper-ties of these compounds clas-sify them as having ionicbonds

Objectivesbull Observe evidence of a

chemical reactionbull Acquire and analyze infor-

mation that will enable youto decide if a compoundhas an ionic bond

bull Classify the products asionic or not ionic

Materialsmagnesium ribboncruciblering stand and ringclay trianglelaboratory burnerstirring rod

crucible tongscentigram balance100-mL beakerdistilled waterconductivity tester

Making Ionic CompoundsElements combine to form compounds If energy is released as the

compound is formed the resulting product is more stable thanthe reacting elements In this investigation you will react elements toform two compounds You will test the compounds to determine sev-eral of their properties Ionic compounds have properties that are dif-ferent from those of other compounds You will decide if theproducts you formed are ionic compounds

CHEMLAB 8

Mass Data

Material(s) Mass (g)

Empty crucible

Crucible and Mg ribbonbefore heating

Magnesium ribbon

Crucible and magnesiumproducts after heating

Magnesium products

CHEMLAB 233

Procedure

1 Arrange the ring on the ring stand so that it isabout 7 cm above the top of the Bunsen burnerPlace the clay triangle on the ring

2 Measure the mass of the clean dry crucible andrecord the mass in the data table

3 Roll 25 cm of magnesium ribbon into a loose ballPlace it in the crucible Measure the mass of themagnesium and crucible and record this mass inthe data table

4 Place the crucible on the clay ring Heat the cru-cible with a hot flame being careful to position thecrucible near the top of the flame

5 When the magnesium metal ignites and begins toburn with a bright white light immediately turn offthe laboratory burner CAUTION Do not lookdirectly at the burning magnesium After the mag-nesium product and crucible have cooled measuretheir mass and record it in the data table

6 Place the dry solid product in a small beaker forfurther testing

7 Add 10 mL of distilled water to the dry magnesiumproduct in the beaker and stir Check the mixturewith a conductivity checker and record yourresults

Cleanup and Disposal

1 Wash out the crucible with water

2 Dispose of the product as directed by your teacher

3 Return all lab equipment to its proper place

Analyze and Conclude

1 Analyzing Data Use the masses in the table tocalculate the mass of the magnesium ribbon andthe mass of the magnesium product Record thesemasses in the table

2 Classifying What kind of energy was released bythe reaction What can you conclude about theproduct of this reaction

3 Using Numbers How do you know that the magnesium metal reacts with certain componentsof the air

4 Predicting Magnesium reacts with both oxygenand nitrogen from the air at the high temperature of the crucible Predict the binary formulas forboth products Write the names of these two compounds

5 Analyzing and Concluding The product formedfrom magnesium and oxygen is white and theproduct formed from magnesium and nitrogen isyellow From your observations which compoundmakes up most of the product

6 Analyzing and Concluding Did the magnesiumcompounds and water conduct an electric currentDo the results indicate whether or not the com-pounds are ionic

7 If the magnesium lost massinstead of gaining mass what do you think was apossible source of the error

Real-World Chemistry

1 The magnesium ion plays an important role in apersonrsquos biochemistry Research the role of thiselectrolyte in your physical and mental health Ismagnesium listed as a component in a multi-vita-min and mineral tablet

2 Research the use of Mg(OH)2 in everyday prod-ucts What is Mg(OH)2 commonly called in over-the-counter drugs

Error Analysis

CHAPTER 8 CHEMLAB

Everyday Chemistry

Colors of GemsHave you ever wondered what produces the gor-geous colors in a stained-glass window or in therubies emeralds and sapphires mounted on a ringCompounds of transition elements are responsiblefor creating the entire spectrum of colors

Transition elements color gems and glassTransition elements have many important uses butone that is often overlooked is their role in givingcolors to gemstones and glass Although not allcompounds of transition elements are coloredmost inorganic colored compounds contain a tran-sition element such as chromium iron cobalt cop-per manganese nickel cadmium titanium goldor vanadium The color ofa compound is determinedby the identity of the metalits oxidation number andthe negative ion combinedwith it

Impurities give gem-stones their colorCrystals have fascinatingproperties A clear colorlessquartz crystal is pure silicondioxide (SiO2) But a crys-tal that is colorless in itspure form may exist as avariety of colored gem-stones when tiny amountsof transition element compounds usually oxidesare present Amethyst (purple) citrine (yellow-brown) and rose quartz (pink) are quartz crystalswith transition element impurities scattered through-out Blue sapphires are composed of aluminumoxide (Al2O3) with the impurities iron(II) oxide(FeO) and titanium(IV) oxide (TiO2) If traceamounts of chromium(III) oxide (Cr2O3) are

present in the Al2O3 the resulting gem is a red rubyA second kind of gemstone is one composed entirelyof a colored compound Most are transition elementcompounds such as rose-red rhodochrosite(MnCO3) black-grey hematite (Fe2O3) or greenmalachite (CuCO3middotCu(OH)2)

How metal ions interact with light to pro-duce colorWhy does the presence of Cr2O3 in Al2O3 make aruby red The Cr3 ion absorbs yellow-green colorsfrom white light striking the ruby and the remain-ing red-blue light is transmitted resulting in a deepred color This same process occurs in all gemsTrace impurities absorb certain colors of light from

white light striking or passingthrough the stone Theremaining colors of light thatare reflected or transmittedproduce the color of the gem

Adding transition ele-ments to molten glass forcolorGlass is colored by addingtransition element compoundsto the glass while it is moltenThis process is used forstained glass glass used inglass blowing and even glassin the form of ceramic glazesMost of the coloring agentsare oxides When oxides of

copper or cobalt are added to molten glass the glassis blue oxides of manganese produce purple glassiron oxides green gold oxides deep ruby red cop-per or selenium oxides red and antimony oxidesyellow Some coloring compounds are not oxidesChromates for example produce green glass andiron sulfide gives a brown color

1 Applying Explain why iron(III) sulfate isyellow iron(II) thiocyanate is green andiron(III) thiocyanate is red

2 Acquiring Information Find out whatimpurities give amethyst rose quartz andcitrine their colors

3 Comparing and Contrasting Conductresearch to find the similarities and differ-ences between synthetic and natural gem-stones

Study Guide 235

CHAPTER STUDY GUIDE8

Vocabulary

Summary81 Forming Chemical Bondsbull A chemical bond is the force that holds two atoms

together

bull Atoms that form ions gain or lose valence electronsto achieve the same electron arrangement as that ofa noble gas which is a stable configuration Thisnoble gas configuration involves a complete outerelectron energy level which usually consists ofeight valence electrons

bull A positive ion or cation forms when valence elec-trons are removed and a stable electron configura-tion is obtained

bull A negative ion or anion forms when valence elec-trons are added to the outer energy level giving theion a stable electron configuration

82 The Formation and Nature of Ionic Bondsbull An ionic bond forms when anions and cations close

to each other attract forming a tightly packed geo-metric crystal lattice

bull Lattice energy is needed to break the force of attrac-tion between oppositely charged ions arranged in acrystal lattice

bull The physical properties of ionic solids such asmelting point boiling point hardness and the abil-ity to conduct electricity in the molten state and asan aqueous solution are related to the strength ofthe ionic bonds and the presence of ions

bull An ionic compound is an electrolyte because it con-ducts an electric current when it is liquid or inaqueous solution

83 Names and Formulas for Ionic Compoundsbull Subscripts in an ionic compound indicate the ratio

of cations and anions needed to form electricallyneutral compounds The formula unit represents theratio of these ions in the crystal lattice

bull If the element that forms the cation has more thanone possible oxidation number Roman numerals areused to indicate the oxidation number present forthat element in the compound

bull Ions formed from only one atom are monatomicions The charge on a monatomic ion is its oxidationnumber or oxidation state

bull Polyatomic ions are two or more atoms bondedtogether that act as a single unit with a net chargeMany polyatomic ions are oxyanions containing anatom usually a nonmetal and oxygen atoms

bull In a chemical formula polyatomic ions are placedinside parentheses when using a subscript

bull Ionic compounds are named by the name of thecation followed by the name of the anion

84 Metallic Bonds and Properties of Metalsbull Metallic bonds are formed when metal cations

attract free valence electrons A ldquoseardquo of electronsmoves throughout the entire metallic crystal pro-ducing this attraction

bull The electrons involved in metallic bonding arecalled delocalized electrons because they are free tomove throughout the metal and are not attached to aparticular atom

bull The electron sea model can explain the meltingpoint boiling point malleability conductivity andductility of metallic solids

bull Metal alloys are formed when a metal is mixed withone or more other elements The two common typesof alloys are substitutional and interstitial

bull alloy (p 230)bull anion (p 214)bull cation (p 212)bull chemical bond (p 211)bull delocalized electrons (p 228)

bull electrolyte (p 218)bull electron sea model (p 228)bull formula unit (p 221)bull ionic bond (p 215)bull lattice energy (p 219)

bull metallic bond (p 228)bull monatomic ion (p 221)bull oxidation number (p 222)bull oxyanion (p 225)bull polyatomic ion (p 224)

chemistrymccomvocabulary_puzzlemaker

Go to the Chemistry Web site atchemistrymccom for additionalChapter 8 Assessment

Concept Mapping46 Complete the concept map showing what type of ion

is formed in each case and what type of charge the ionhas

Mastering Concepts47 When do chemical bonds form (81)

48 Why do positive ions and negative ions form (81)

49 Why are halogens and alkali metals likely to formions Explain your answer (81)

50 Discuss the importance of electron affinity and ioniza-tion energy in the formation of ions (81)

51 Discuss the formation of ionic bonds (82)

52 Briefly discuss three physical properties of ionic solidsthat are linked to ionic bonds (82)

53 What does the term electrically neutral mean whendiscussing ionic compounds (82)

54 What information is needed to write a correct chemi-cal formula to represent an ionic compound (83)

55 When are subscripts used in formulas for ionic com-pounds (83)

56 Discuss how an ionic compound is named (83)

57 Describe a metallic bond (84)

58 Briefly explain how malleability and ductility of met-als are explained by metallic bonding (84)

59 Compare and contrast the two types of metal alloys(84)

Mastering ProblemsIon Formation (81)60 Explain why noble gases are not likely to form chemi-

cal bonds

61 Give the number of valence electrons in an atom ofeach of the following

a cesium d zincb rubidium e strontiumc gallium

62 Discuss the formation of the barium ion

63 Explain how an anion of nitrogen forms

64 The more reactive an atom the higher its potentialenergy Which atom has higher potential energy neonor fluorine Explain

65 Predict the reactivity of the following atoms based ontheir electron configurations

a potassiumb fluorinec neon

66 Discuss the formation of the iron ion that has a 3oxidation number

Ionic Bonds and Ionic Compounds (82)67 Determine the ratio of cations to anions for the follow-

ing ionic compounds

a potassium chloride a salt substituteb calcium fluoride used in the steel industryc aluminum oxide known as corundum in the crys-

talline formd calcium oxide used to remove sulfur dioxide from

power plant exhauste strontium chloride used in fireworks

68 Using orbital notation diagram the formation of anionic bond between aluminum and fluorine

69 Using electron configurations diagram the formationof an ionic bond between barium and nitrogen

70 Discuss the formation of an ionic bond between zincand oxygen

71 Under certain conditions ionic compounds conductan electric current Describe these conditions andexplain why ionic compounds are not always usedas conductors

72 Which of the following compounds are not likely tooccur CaKr Na2S BaCl3 MgF Explain your choices

73 Using Table 8-2 determine which of the followingionic compounds will have the highest melting pointMgO KI or AgCl Explain your answer

CHAPTER ASSESSMENTCHAPTER ASSESSMENT8

An atom

loses anelectron

Type of ionformed

Type of chargeon the ion

gains anelectron

chemistrymccomchapter_test

Assessment 237

CHAPTER 8 ASSESSMENT

Formulas and Names for IonicCompounds (83)74 Give the formula for each of the following ionic com-

pounds

a calcium iodide d potassium periodateb silver(I) bromide e silver(I) acetatec copper(II) chloride

75 Name each of the following ionic compounds

a K2O d NaClOb CaCl2 e KNO3c Mg3N2

76 Complete Table 8-9 by placing the symbols formulasand names in the blanks

77 Chromium a transition metal forms both the Cr2 andCr3 ions Write the formulas for the ionic compoundsformed when each of these ions react with

a fluorine b oxygen

78 Which of the following are correct formulas for ioniccompounds For those that are not correct give thecorrect formula and justify your answer

a AlCl d BaOH2b Na3SO4 e Fe2Oc MgCO3

79 Write the formulas for all of the ionic compounds thatcan be formed by combining each of the cations witheach of the anions listed below Name each compoundformed

Metals and Metallic Bonds (84)80 How is a metallic bond different from an ionic bond

81 Briefly explain why silver is a good conductor of elec-tricity

82 Briefly explain why iron is used in making the struc-tures of many buildings

83 The melting point of beryllium is 1287degC while thatof lithium is 180degC Account for the large difference invalues

84 Describe the difference between the metal alloy ster-ling silver and carbon steel in terms of the types ofalloys involved

Mixed ReviewSharpen your problem-solving skills by answering thefollowing

85 Give the number of valence electrons for atoms ofoxygen sulfur arsenic phosphorus and bromine

86 Explain why calcium can form a Ca2 ion but not aCa3 ion

87 Which of the following ionic compounds would havethe most negative lattice energy NaCl KCl orMgCl2 Explain your answer

88 Give the formula for each of the following ionic com-pounds

a sodium sulfide d calcium phosphateb iron(III) chloride e zinc nitratec sodium sulfate

89 Cobalt a transition metal forms both the Co2 andCo3 ions Write the correct formulas and give thename for the oxides formed by the two different ions

90 Briefly explain why gold can be used as both a con-ductor in electronic devices and in jewelry

91 Discuss the formation of the nickel ion with a 2 oxi-dation number

92 Using electron-dot structure diagram the formation ofan ionic bond between potassium and iodine

93 Magnesium forms both an oxide and a nitride whenburned in air Discuss the formation of magnesiumoxide and magnesium nitride when magnesium atomsreact with oxygen and nitrogen atoms

94 An external force easily deforms sodium metal whilesodium chloride shatters when the same amount offorce is applied Why do these two solids behave sodifferently

Identifying Ionic Compounds

Cation Anion Name Formula

ammonium sulfate

lithium bromide

Na2CO3

Mg2 PO43

Table 8-9

Cations Anions

K SO32

Fe3 NO3

Table 8-10

a CaO d Ba(OH)2b BaS e Sr(NO3)2c AlPO4

96 Write the formulas for all of the ionic compoundsthat can be formed by combining each of the cationswith each of the anions listed below Name eachcompound formed

Thinking Critically97 Concept Mapping Design a concept map to

explain the physical properties of both ionic com-pounds and metallic solids

98 Predicting Predict which solid in each of the fol-lowing will have the higher melting point Explainyour answer

a NaCl or CsClb Ag or Cuc Na2O or MgO

99 Comparing and Contrasting Compare and con-trast cations and anions

100 Observing and Inferring From the followingincorrect formulas and formula names identify themistakes and design a flow chart to prevent the mistakes

a copper acetate d disodium oxideb Mg2O2 e Al2SO43c Pb2O5

101 Hypothesizing Look at the locations of potassiumand calcium on the periodic table Form a hypothesisas to why the melting point of calcium is consider-ably higher than the melting point of potassium

102 Drawing a Conclusion Explain why the term delocalized is an appropriate term for the electronsinvolved in metallic bonding

103 Applying Concepts All uncharged atoms havevalence electrons Explain why elements such asiodine and sulfur donrsquot have metallic bonds

104 Drawing a Conclusion Explain why lattice energyis a negative quantity

Writing in Chemistry105 Many researchers believe that free radicals are

responsible for the effects of aging and cancerResearch free radicals and write about the cause andwhat can be done to prevent free radicals

106 Crystals of ionic compounds can be easily grown inthe laboratory setting Research the growth of crys-tals and try to grow one crystal in the laboratory

Cumulative ReviewRefresh your understanding of previous chapters byanswering the following

107 You are given a liquid of unknown density The massof a graduated cylinder containing 200 mL of theliquid is 3468 g The mass of the empty graduatedcylinder is 3000 g What is the density of the liquid(Chapter 2)

108 A mercury atom drops from 1413 1018 J to1069 1018 J (Chapter 5)

a What is the energy of the photon emitted by themercury atom

b What is the frequency of the photon emitted bythe mercury atom

c What is the wavelength of the photon emitted bythe mercury atom

109 Which element has the greater ionization energychlorine or carbon (Chapter 6)

110 Compare and contrast the way metals and nonmetalsform ions and explain why they are different(Chapter 6)

111 What are transition elements (Chapter 6)

112 Write the symbol and name of the element that fitseach description (Chapter 6)

a the second-lightest of the halogensb the metalloid with the lowest period numberc the only group 6A element that is a gas at room

temperatured the heaviest of the noble gasese the group 5A nonmetal that is a solid at room

temperature

113 Which group 4A element is (Chapter 7)

a a metalloid that occurs in sandb a nonmetalc used in electrodes in car batteriesd a component in many alloys

CHAPTER ASSESSMENT8

Cations Anions

Ba2 S2O32

Al3 NO2

Table 8-11

Standardized Test Practice 239

Use these questions and the test-taking tip to preparefor your standardized test

1 Which of the following is NOT true of the Sc3 ion

a It has the same electron configuration as Arb It is a scandium ion with three positive chargesc It is considered to be a different element than a neu-

tral Sc atomd It was formed by the removal of the valence elec-

trons of Sc

2 Of the salts below it would require the most energy tobreak the ionic bonds in

a BaCl2 c NaBrb LiF d KI

3 What is the correct chemical formula for the ionic com-pound formed by the calcium ion (Ca2) and the acetateion (C2H3O2

a CaC2H3O2b CaC4H6O8c (Ca)2C2H3O2d Ca(C2H3O2)2

The model above has been proposed to explain why

a metals are shiny reflective substancesb metals are excellent conductors of heat and electricityc ionic compounds are malleable compoundsd ionic compounds are good conductors of electricity

5 Yttrium a metallic element with atomic number 39will form

a positive ionsb negative ionsc both positive and negative ionsd no ions at all

6 The high strength of its ionic bonds results in all of thefollowing properties of NaCl EXCEPT

a hard crystalsb high boiling pointc high melting pointd low solubility

Interpreting Tables Use the table below to answerquestions 710

7 What is the correct name of the compound with theformula RbClO4

a rubidium chlorine oxideb rubidium chloride tetroxidec rubidium perchlorated rubidium chlorate

8 Rank the compounds in order of increasing meltingpoint

a Ag2Se AlPO4 FeI2 RbClO4b RbClO4 FeI2 Ag2Se AlPO4c AlPO4 Ag2Se FeI2 RbClO4d RbClO4 AlPO4 Ag2Se FeI2

9 Which compound is expected to have the strongestattraction between its ions

a Ag2Seb AlPO4c FeI2d RbClO4

10 What is the charge on the anion in AlPO4

a 2b 3c 2d 3

STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICECHAPTER 8

Properties of Some Ionic Compounds

Compound Lattice Energy Melting Point Color(kJmol) (degC)

Ag2Se 2686 gray

AlPO4 1460 white

FeI2 2439 reddishpurple

RbClO4 281 white

Work Weak Muscles Maintain StrongOnes If yoursquore preparing for a standardized testthat covers many topics itrsquos sometimes difficult tofocus on all the topics that require your attentionAsk yourself Whatrsquos my strongest area andWhatrsquos my weakest area Focus most of yourenergy on your weaker area and review yourstronger topics less frequently

chemistrymccomstandardized_test

Chemistry Matter and Change

Contents in Brief

Table of Contents

Chapter 1 Introduction to Chemistry

Discovery Lab Where is it

Section 11 The Stories of Two Chemicals

Chemistry Online

Section 12 Chemistry and Matter

Problem-Solving Lab Chemical Models

Careers Using Chemistry Chemistry Teacher

Section 13 Scientific Methods

Section 14 Scientific Research

Biology Connection

ChemLab The Rubber Band Stretch

MiniLab Developing Observation Skills

Chemistry and Society The Human Genome Project

Chapter 1 Study Guide

Chapter 1 Assessment

Chapter 2 Data Analysis

Discovery Lab Layers of Liquids

Section 21 Units of Measurement

Astronomy Connection

Chemistry Online

MiniLab Density of an Irregular Solid

Section 22 Scientific Notation and Dimensional Analysis

Section 23 How reliable are measurements

Careers Using Chemistry Scientific Illustrator

Section 24 Representing Data

Problem-Solving Lab How does speed affect stopping distance

ChemLab Using Density to Find the Thickness of a Wire

How It Works Ultrasound Devices



Chapter 3 Matter-Properties and Changes

Discovery Lab Observing Chemical Change

Section 31 Properties of Matter

Careers Using Chemistry Science Writer

Problem-Solving Lab How is compressed gas released

Section 32 Changes in Matter

ChemLab Matter and Chemical Reactions

Section 33 Mixtures of Matter

MiniLab Separating Ink Dyes

Chemistry Online

Section 34 Elements and Compounds

History Connection

Chemistry and Society Green Buildings



Chapter 4 The Structure of the Atom

Discovery Lab Observing Electrical Charge

Section 41 Early Theories of Matter

History Connection

ChemLab Very Small Particles

Section 42 Subatomic Particles and the Nuclear Atom

Chemistry Online

Problem-Solving Lab Interpreting STM Images

Section 43 How Atoms Differ

MiniLab Modeling Isotopes

Section 44 Unstable Nuclei and Radioactive Decay

Careers Using Chemistry Radiation Protection Technician

Chemistry and Society Nanotechnology



Chapter 5 Electrons in Atoms

Discovery Lab Whats Inside

Section 51 Light and Quantized Energy

Chemistry Online

MiniLab Flame Tests

ChemLab Line Spectra

Section 52 Quantum Theory and the Atom

Problem-Solving Lab How was Bohrs atomic model able to explain the line spectrum of hydrogen

Physics Connection

Section 53 Electron Configurations

Careers Using Chemistry Spectroscopist

How It Works Lasers



Chapter 6 The Periodic Table and Periodic Law

Discovery Lab Versatile Metals

Section 61 Development of the Modern Periodic Table


Problem-Solving Lab Francium-solid liquid or gas

ChemLab Descriptive Chemistry of the Elements

Section 62 Classification of the Elements

Chemistry Online

Careers Using Chemistry Medical Lab Technician

Section 63 Periodic Trends

MiniLab Periodicity of Molar Heats of Fusion and Vaporization

How It Works Television Screen



Chapter 7 The Elements

Discovery Lab Magnetic Materials

Section 71 Properties of s-Block Elements

Careers Using Chemistry Dietician

MiniLab Properties of Magnesium

ChemLab Hard Water

Section 72 Properties of p-Block Elements

History Connection

Problem-Solving Lab Cost of Fertilizer

Section 73 Properties of d-Block and f-Block Elements

Chemistry Online

How It Works Semiconductor Chips



Chapter 8 Ionic Compounds

Discovery Lab An Unusual Alloy


Section 82 The Formation and Nature of Ionic Bonds

Chemistry Online

ChemLab Making Ionic Compounds

Problem-Solving Lab How is color related to a transferred electron

Section 83 Names and Formulas for Ionic Compounds

Careers Using Chemistry Wastewater Treatment Operator

Earth Science Connection

Section 84 Metallic Bonds and Properties of Metals

MiniLab Heat Treatment of Steel

Everyday Chemistry Color of Gems



Chapter 9 Covalent Bonding

Discovery Lab Oil and Vinegar Dressing

Section 91 The Covalent Bond

Section 92 Naming Molecules

Careers Using Chemistry Organic Chemist

Section 93 Molecular Structures

Section 94 Molecular Shape

MiniLab Building VSEPR Models

Section 95 Electronegativity and Polarity

History Connection

ChemLab Chromatography

Chemistry Online

Problem-Solving Lab How do dispersion forces determine the boiling point of a substance

How It Works Microwave Oven



Chapter 10 Chemical Reactions

Discovery Lab Observing a Change

Section 101 Reactions and Equations


Section 102 Classifying Chemical Reactions

Problem-Solving Lab Can you predict the reactivities of halogens

ChemLab Small Scale Activities of Metals

Chemistry Online

Section 103 Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

MiniLab Observing a Precipitate-Forming Reaction

Careers Using Chemistry Pastry Chef

How It Works Hot and Cold Packs



Chapter 11 The Mole

Discovery Lab How much is a mole

Section 111 Measuring Matter

History Connection

Section 112 Mass and the Mole

Problem-Solving Lab Molar Mass Avogadros Number and the Atomic Nucleus

Section 113 Moles of Compounds

Section 114 Empirical and Molecular Formulas

Careers Using Chemistry Analytical Chemist

MiniLab Percent Composition and Gum

Chemistry Online

Section 115 The Formula for a Hydrate

ChemLab Hydrated Crystals

Chemistry and Technology Making Medicines



Chapter 12 Stoichiometry

Discovery Lab Observing a Chemical Reaction

Section 121 What is stoichiometry

Careers Using Chemistry Pharmacist

Section 122 Stoichiometric Calculations

ChemLab A Mole Ratio

MiniLab Baking Soda Stoichiometry

Section 123 Limiting Reactants

Chemistry Online

Biology Connection

Section 124 Percent Yield

Problem-Solving Lab How does the surface area of a solid reactant affect percent yield

How It Works Air Bags



Chapter 13 States of Matter

Discovery Lab Defying Density

Section 131 Gases

Problem-Solving Lab How are the depth of a dive and pressure related

Section 132 Forces of Attraction

Section 133 Liquids and Solids

MiniLab Crystal Unit Cell Models

Chemistry Online

Careers Using Chemistry Materials Engineer

Section 134 Phase Changes

ChemLab Small Scale Comparing Rates of Evaporation


Everyday Chemistry Metals with a Memory



Chapter 14 Gases

Discovery Lab More Than Just Hot Air

Section 141 The Gas Laws

Careers Using Chemistry Meteorologist

History Connection

Problem-Solving Lab How is turbocharging in a car engine maximized

Section 142 The Combined Gas Law and Avogadros Principle

Section 143 The Ideal Gas Law

ChemLab Using the Ideal Gas Law

MiniLab The Density of Carbon Dioxide

Section 144 Gas Stoichiometry

Chemistry Online

Chemistry and Technology Giving a Lift to Cargo



Chapter 15 Solutions

Discovery Lab Solution Formation

Section 151 What are solutions


Chemistry Online

Section 152 Solution Concentration

ChemLab CBL Beers Law

Section 153 Colligative Properties of Solutions

MiniLab Freezing Point Depression

Careers Using Chemistry Renal Dialysis Technician

Section 154 Heterogeneous Mixtures

Problem-Solving Lab How can you measure the turbidity of a colloid

Chemistry and Society Sickle-Cell Disease



Chapter 16 Energy and Chemical Change

Discovery Lab Temperature of a Reaction

Section 161 Energy

Chemistry Online

Section 162 Heat in Chemical Reactions and Processes

ChemLab Calorimetry

Careers Using Chemistry Heating and Cooling Specialist

Section 163 Thermochemical Equations

Problem-Solving Lab How much energy is needed to heat water from a solid to a vapor

MiniLab Enthalpy of Fusion for Ice

Section 164 Calculating Enthalpy Change

Section 165 Reaction Spontaneity


How It Works Refrigerator



Chapter 17 Reaction Rates

Discovery Lab Speeding Reactions

Section 171 A Model for Reaction Rates

Problem-Solving Lab Speed and Energy of Collision

Section 172 Factors Affecting Reaction Rates

ChemLab Concentration and Reaction Rate

MiniLab Examining Reaction Rate and Temperature

Chemistry Online

Section 173 Reaction Rate Laws

Physics Connection

Section 174 Instantaneous Reaction Rates and Reaction Mechanisms

Careers Using Chemistry Food Technologist

How It Works Catalytic Converter



Chapter 18 Chemical Equilibrium

Discovery Lab Whats equal about equilibrium

Section 181 Equilibrium A State of Dynamic Balance

Physics Connection

Section 182 Factors Affecting Chemical Equilibrium

Careers Using Chemistry Nurse Anesthetist

MiniLab Shifts in Equilibrium

Section 183 Using Equilibrium Constants

Chemistry Online

ChemLab Small Scale Comparing Two Solubility Product Constants

Problem-Solving Lab How does fluoride prevent tooth decay

Chemistry and Technology The Haber Process



Chapter 19 Acids and Bases

Discovery Lab Investigating Whats in Your Cupboards

Section 191 Acids and Bases An Introduction

Careers Using Chemistry Agricultural Technician

Chemistry Online


Section 192 Strengths of Acids and Bases

MiniLab Acid Strength

Section 193 What is pH

Section 194 Neutralization

ChemLab Standardizing a Base Solution by Titration

Problem-Solving Lab How does your blood maintain its pH

How It Works Antacids



Chapter 20 Redox Reactions

Discovery Lab Observing an Oxidation-Reduction Reaction

Section 201 Oxidation and Reduction

Biology Connection

MiniLab Cleaning by Redox

Careers Using Chemistry Photochemical Etching Artist

Section 202 Balancing Redox Equations

ChemLab Redox Reactions

Problem-Solving Lab How does redox lift a space shuttle

Section 203 Half-Reactions

Chemistry Online

How It Works Photographic Film



Chapter 21 Electrochemistry

Discovery Lab A Lemon Battery

Section 211 Voltaic Cells

ChemLab CBL Voltaic Cell Potentials

Section 212 Types of Batteries

Chemistry Online

Careers Using Chemistry Electrochemist

Problem-Solving Lab Interpreting Scientific Illustrations

MiniLab Corrosion

Section 213 Electrolysis

History Connection

Chemistry and Technology Fuel Cells



Chapter 22 Hydrocarbons

Discovery Lab Viscosity of Motor Oil

Section 221 Alkanes

ChemLab Analyzing Hydrocarbon Burner Gases

Biology Connection

Careers Using Chemistry Alternative Fuel Technician

Section 222 Cyclic Alkanes and Alkane Properties

Section 223 Alkenes and Alkynes

MiniLab Synthesis and Reactivity of Ethyne

Section 224 Isomers

Problem-Solving Lab Identifying Structural Geometric and Optical Isomers

Section 225 Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Petroleum

Chemistry Online


Everyday Chemistry Unlimited Alternative Energy



Chapter 23 Substituted Hydrocarbons and Their Reactions

Discovery Lab Making Slime

Section 231 Functional Groups


Section 232 Alcohols Ethers and Amines

ChemLab Properties of Alcohols

Section 233 Carbonyl Compounds

MiniLab Making an Ester

Section 234 Other Reactions of Organic Compounds

Problem-Solving Lab Categorizing Organic Compounds

Section 235 Polymers

Chemistry Online

Careers Using Chemistry Dental Assistant

Chemistry and Technology Carbon Stronger Than Steel



Chapter 24 The Chemistry of Life

Discovery Lab Testing for Simple Sugars

Section 241 Proteins

Section 242 Carbohydrates

Section 243 Lipids

Biology Connection

MiniLab A Saponification Reaction

Section 244 Nucleic Acids

Problem-Solving Lab How does DNA replicate

Section 245 Metabolism

Careers Using Chemistry Personal Trainer

ChemLab CBL Alcoholic Fermentation in Yeast

Chemistry Online

Everyday Chemistry Sense of Smell



Chapter 25 Nuclear Chemistry

Discovery Lab Chain Reactions

Section 251 Nuclear Radiation

Physics Connection

Section 252 Radioactive Decay

Section 253 Transmutation

MiniLab Modeling Radioactive Decay

Section 254 Fission and Fusion of Atomic Nuclei

Section 255 Applications and Effects of Nuclear Reactions

Careers Using Chemistry Radiation Therapist

Chemistry Online

Problem-Solving Lab How does distance affect radiation exposure

ChemLab CBL Measuring Naturally Occurring Radiation

Chemistry and Society The Realities of Radon



Chapter 26 Chemistry in the Environment

Discovery Lab Clarification of Water

Section 261 Earths Atmosphere

Careers Using Chemistry Environmental Health Inspector


MiniLab Acid Rain in a Bag

Section 262 Earths Water

Biology Connection

Chemistry Online

Section 263 Earths Crust

Section 264 Cycles in the Environment

ChemLab CBL Solar Pond

Problem-Solving Lab Global warming fact or fiction

How It Works Water Softener



Appendices

Appendix A Supplemental Practice Problems

Appendix B Math Handbook

Arithmetic Operations

Scientific Notation

Operations with Scientific Notation

Square and Cube Roots

Significant Figures

Solving Algebraic Equations

Dimensional Analysis

Unit Conversion

Drawing Line Graphs

Using Line Graphs

Ratios Fractions and Percents

Operations Involving Fractions

Logarithms and Antilogarithms

Appendix C Tables

C-1 Color Key

C-2 Symbols and Abbreviations

C-3 SI Prefixes

C-4 The Greek Alphabet

C-5 Physical Constants

C-6 Properties of Elements

C-7 Electron Configurations of Elements

C-8 Names and Charges of Polyatomic Ions

C-9 Ionization Constants

C-10 Solubility Guidelines

C-11 Specific Heat Values

C-12 Molal Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation Constants

C-13 Heat of Formation Values

Appendix D Solutions to Practice Problems

Appendix E Try At Home Labs

GlossaryGlosario

Index

Photo Credits

Features

ChemLab

MiniLab

Problem-Solving Lab

Discovery Lab

How It Works

Everyday Chemistry

Chemistry and Society

Chemistry and Technology

Careers Using Chemistry

Connections

Earth Science

Biology

History

Astronomy

Physics

Student Worksheets

Study Guide for Content Mastery

To the Student

Study Skills



Chapter 3 MattermdashProperties and Changes








Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases













Laboratory Manual

How to Use This Laboratory Manual

Writing a Laboratory Report

Laboratory Equipment

Safety in the Laboratory

Safety Symbols

Laboratory Activities


11 Laboratory Techniques and Lab Safety

12 Effective Use of a Bunsen Burner


21 Density

22 Making a Graph


31 The Density of Wood

32 Properties of Water


41 Simulation of Rutherfordrsquos Gold Foil Experiment

42 Half-life of Barium-137m


51 The Photoelectric Effect

52 Electron Charge to Mass Ratio


61 Properties of the Periodic Table

62 Periodic Trends in the Periodic Table


71 Is there potassium in coffee

72 The Periodic Puzzle


81 Properties of Ionic Compounds

82 Formation of a Salt


91 Covalent Bonding in Medicines

92 Covalent Compounds


101 Single-Replacement Reactions

102 Double-Replacement Reactions

Chapter 11 The Mole

111 Estimating the Size of a Mole

112 Mole Ratios


121 Observing a Limiting Reactant

122 Determining Reaction Ratios


131 Freezing Bacteria

132 Boiling Points

Chapter 14 Gases

141 Charlesrsquos Law

142 Boylersquos Law


151 Making a Solubility Curve

152 Freezing Point Depression


161 Heats of Solution and Reaction

162 Heat of Combustion of Candle Wax


171 The Rate of a Reaction

172 Surface Area and Reaction Rate


181 Reversible Reactions

182 Equilibrium


191 Acids Bases and Neutralization

192 Determining the Percent of Acetic Acid in Vinegar


201 Electron-Losing Tendencies of Metals

202 Determining Oxidation Numbers


211 Electrolysis of Water

212 Electroplating


221 Isomerism

222 The Ripening of Fruit with Ethene


231 The Characterization of Carbohydrates

232 Polymerization Reactions


241 Denaturation

242 Saturated and Unsaturated Fats


251 Radioisotope Dating

252 Modeling Isotopes


261 Organisms That Break Down Oil

262 Growth of Algae as a Function of Nitrogen Concentration

Forensics Laboratory Manual

Introduction to Forensic Science To the Student

Forensic Skills Observing the Scene and Collecting Data

Forensic Skills Fingerprints

Forensic Skills Blood Identification

The Truth Table


Safety Symbols

Crime A The Counterfeit Coin Caper

Lab A1 What metal can it be

Lab A2 Separation of a Mixture

Lab A3 Analyzing and Identifying White Solids

Crime B The Case of the Problem Patent

Lab B1 Using Paper Chromatography to Separate a Mixture

Lab B2 Conductivity

Lab B3 pH

Lab B4 Effects of Acids and Bases on the Color of a Dye

Crime C The Case of the Fallen Walkway

Lab C1 Oxidation and Reduction

Lab C2 Sources and Causes of Corrosion

Lab C3 Identifying Sacrificial Metals

Small-Scale Laboratory Manual

To the Student

Small-Scale Laboratory Techniques


Safety Symbols


Lab 1 Small-Scale Laboratory Techniques

Lab 2 Comparing the Density of Metals

Lab 3 Separation of Aspirin

Lab 4 Periodicity and the Properties of Elements

Lab 5 Properties of Transition Metals

Lab 6 Modeling Molecular Shapes

Lab 7 Solutions and Precipitates

Lab 8 Determining Avogadrorsquos Number

Lab 9 Measuring Boiling Point

Lab 10 Relating Gas Pressure and Gas Volume

Lab 11 Effect of Temperature on Solubility

Lab 12 Specific Heat of Metals

Lab 13 Energy Changes in Chemical and Physical Processes

Lab 14 Determining Reaction Orders

Lab 15 Observing Equilibrium

Lab 16 Exploring Chemical Equilibrium

Lab 17 Comparing the Strengths of Acids

Lab 18 Testing the Acidity of Aspirin

Lab 19 Reduction of Manganese

Lab 20 Plants Produce Oxygen

CBL Laboratory Manual

To the Student

Organization of Activities

Sending Data to Graphical Analysis

CBL Equipment


Safety Symbols


Lab 1 Quantitative and Qualitative Observations

Lab 2 Conductivity

Lab 3 Melting and Freezing Points

Lab 4 Boylersquos Law

Lab 5 Gay-Lussacrsquos Law

Lab 6 Determining Molar Mass Using Freezing Point Depression

Lab 7 Calorimetry

Lab 8 Hessrsquos Law

Lab 9 Determine the Molar Mass of an Unknown Acid

Lab 10 Reaction Potentials of Metals

ChemLab and MiniLab Worksheets

Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26

Supplemental Problems







Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases











Solving Problems A Chemistry Handbook


11 The Stories of Two Chemicals

12 Chemistry and Matter

13 Scientific Methods

14 Scientific Research


21 Units of Measurement

22 Scientific Notation and Dimensional Analysis

23 How reliable are measurements

24 Representing Data


31 Properties of Matter

32 Changes in Matter

33 Mixtures of Matter

34 Elements and Compounds


41 Early Theories of Matter

42 Subatomic Particles and the Nuclear Atom

43 How Atoms Differ

44 Unstable Nuclei and Radioactive Decay


51 Light and Quantized Energy

52 Quantum Theory and the Atom

53 Electron Configurations


61 Development of the Modern Periodic Table

62 Classification of the Elements

63 Periodic Trends


71 Properties of s-Block Elements

72 Properties of p-Block Elements

73 Properties of d-Block and f-Block Elements


81 Forming Chemical Bonds

82 The Formation and Nature of Ionic Bonds

83 Names and Formulas for Ionic Compounds

84 Metallic Bonds and Properties of Metals


91 The Covalent Bond

92 Naming Molecules

93 Molecular Structures

94 Molecular Shape

95 Electronegativity and Polarity


101 Reactions and Equations

102 Classifying Chemical Reactions

103 Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

Chapter 11 The Mole

111 Measuring Matter

112 Mass and the Mole

113 Moles of Compounds

114 Empirical and Molecular Formulas

115 The Formula for a Hydrate


121 What is stoichiometry

122 Stoichiometric Calculations

123 Limiting Reactants

124 Percent Yield


131 Gases

132 Forces of Attraction

133 Liquids and Solids

134 Phase Changes

Chapter 14 Gases

141 The Gas Laws

142 The Combined Gas Law and Avogadrorsquos Principle

143 The Ideal Gas Law

144 Gas Stoichiometry


151 What are solutions

152 Solution Concentration

153 Colligative Properties of Solutions

154 Heterogeneous Mixtures


161 Energy

162 Heat in Chemical Reactions and Processes

163 Thermochemical Equations

164 Calculating Enthalpy Change

165 Reaction Spontaneity


171 A Model for Reaction Rates

172 Factors Affecting Reaction Rates

173 Reaction Rate Laws

174 Instantaneous Reaction Rates and Reaction Mechanisms


181 Equilibrium A State of Dynamic Balance

182 Factors Affecting Chemical Equilibrium

183 Using Equilibrium Constants


191 Acids and Bases An Introduction

192 Strengths of Acids and Bases

193 What is pH

194 Neutralization


201 Oxidation and Reduction

202 Balancing Redox Equations

203 Half-Reactions


211 Voltaic Cells

212 Types of Batteries

213 Electrolysis


221 Alkanes

222 Cyclic Alkanes and Alkane Properties

223 Alkenes and Alkynes

224 Isomers

225 Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Petroleum


231 Functional Groups

232 Alcohols Ethers and Amines

233 Carbonyl Compounds

234 Other Reactions of Organic Compounds

235 Polymers


241 Proteins

242 Carbohydrates

243 Lipids

244 Nucleic Acids

245 Metabolism


251 Nuclear Radiation

252 Radioactive Decay

253 Transmutation

254 Fission and Fusion of Atomic Nuclei

255 Applications and Effects of Nuclear Reactions


261 Earthrsquos Atmosphere

262 Earthrsquos Water

263 Earthrsquos Crust

264 Cycles in the Environment

Reviewing Chemistry

Student Introduction

Chapter Review Questions











Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases













Chemistry Challenge Problems

Chapter 1 Production of Chlorofluorocarbons 1950ndash1992

Chapter 2 Population Trends in the United States

Chapter 3 Physical and Chemical Changes

Chapter 4 Isotopes of an Element

Chapter 5 Quantum Numbers

Chapter 6 Doumlbereinerrsquos Triads

Chapter 7 Abundance of the Elements

Chapter 8 Comparing the Structures of Atoms and Ions

Chapter 9 Exceptions to the Octet Rule

Chapter 10 Balancing Chemical Equations

Chapter 11 Using Mole-Based Conversions

Chapter 12 Mole Relationships in Chemical Reactions

Chapter 13 Intermolecular Forces and Boiling Points

Chapter 14 A Simple Mercury Barometer

Chapter 15 Vapor Pressure Lowering

Chapter 16 Standard Heat of Formation

Chapter 17 Determining Reaction Rates

Chapter 18 Changing Equilibrium Concentrations in a Reaction

Chapter 19 Swimming Pool Chemistry

Chapter 20 Balancing OxidationndashReduction Equations

Chapter 21 Effect of Concentration on Cell Potential

Chapter 22 Structural Isomers of Hexane

Chapter 23 Boiling Points of Organic Families


Chapter 25 The Production of Plutonium-239

Chapter 26 The Phosphorus Cycle

Science Notebook

Using Your Science Notebook

Note-Taking Tips


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Chapter 11 The Mole

Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 131 Gases




Wrap-Up

Chapter 14 Gases

Chapter Preview


Section 142 The Combined Gas Law and Avogadrorsquos Principle



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 161 Energy





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 221 Alkanes



Section 224 Isomers


Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Section 243 Lipids



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 261 Earthrsquos Atmosphere

Section 262 Earthrsquos Water

Section 263 Earthrsquos Crust


Wrap-Up

Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document

Search - Full

Page Navigator

Exit

DISCOVERY LAB

Materials

Onionrsquos Fusible Alloy250-mL beakerlaboratory burner orhot plate

Celsius thermometer

An Unusual Alloy

Most metals that you encounter are solids Can a metal melt at atemperature below the boiling point of water You will use a

metal alloy called Onionrsquos Fusible Alloy to answer this question

Safety PrecautionsUse caution around the heat source and theheated beaker and its contents

Procedure

1 Carefully place a small piece of Onionrsquos Fusible Alloy into a 250-mLbeaker Add about 100 mL of water to the beaker

2 Heat the beaker and its contents with a laboratory burner or a hotplate Monitor the temperature with a thermometer When thetemperature rises above 85degC carefully observe the Onionrsquos FusibleAlloy Record your observations Remove the beaker from the heatwhen the water begins to boil Allow the contents to cool beforehandling the Onionrsquos Fusible Alloy

Analysis

What is unusual about Onionrsquos Fusible Alloy compared to other met-als Onionrsquos Fusible Alloy contains bismuth lead and tin Comparethe melting points of these metals to the melting point of OnionrsquosFusible Alloy

Objectivesbull Define chemical bond

bull Relate chemical bond for-mation to electronconfiguration

bull Describe the formation ofpositive and negative ions

Vocabularychemical bondcationanion

Ascending to the summit of a mountain peak a rock climber can survey thesurrounding world This world is composed of many different kinds of com-pounds ranging from simple ones such as the sodium chloride found in theperspiration on the climberrsquos skin to more complex ones such as the calciteor pyrite found in certain rocks How do these and thousands of other com-pounds form from the relatively few elements known to exist

Chemical BondsThe answer to this question lies in the electron structure of the atoms of theelements involved and the nature of the attractive forces between these atomsThe force that holds two atoms together is called a chemical bond Chemicalbonds may form by the attraction between a positive nucleus and negativeelectrons or the attraction between a positive ion and a negative ion

In previous chapters you learned about atomic structure electron arrange-ment and periodic properties of the elements The elements within a groupon the periodic table have similar properties Many of these properties are dueto the number of valence electrons These same electrons are involved in theformation of chemical bonds between two atoms

7706119

Neon 1s22s22p6

Sodium 1s22s22p63s1

Figure 8-1

11 electrons (11)

11 protons (11)

10 electrons (10)

11 protons (11)

Table 8-1

1649376

Figure 8-2

energy 0

3d[Ar] 0

1798811

Cl 1s22s22p63s23p6

Ar 1s22s22p63s23p6

Figure 8-3

17 electrons (17)

17 protons (17)

18 electrons (18)

17 protons (17)

2 Why do ions form

13181111

ionic bonds

Section 82

Figure 8-4

1433061

6734414

Figure 8-5

17 electrons (17)

Orbital notation

11 electrons (11)

18 electrons (18)

17 protons (17)

energy

10 electrons (10)

11 protons (11)

1s 1s 2s 3s2p2s 2p 3s 3p

Na NaCl Cl

0 energy

energy

Na Cl [ Cl ][Na]

Atomic models

Sodium chloride

1s 1s 2s 3s2p2s 2p 3p

ion (2+) 2(1) 0

3772074

EXAMPLE PROBLEM 8-1

2ion 2(3) 3(2) 0

Figure 8-6

Practice

6018656

Figure 8-7

NaI 660 1304

KBr 734 1435

NaBr 747 1390

CaCl2 782 1600

CaI2 784 1100

NaCl 801 1413

MgO 2852 3600

Table 8-2

Electrolytes

10986928

AgCl White 181 None

Ag2S Black 184 All

Bi2O3 140 Violet

7376993

KI 632 KF 808

KBr 671 AgCl 910

RbF 774 NaF 910

NaI 682 LiF 1030

NaBr 732 SrCl2 2142

NaCl 769 MgO 3795

Table 8-3

KF 858

KCl 770

KBr 734

KI 681

87196175

Section 83

2A Be Mg Ca Sr Ba 2

5A N P As 3

6A O S Se Te 2

7A F Cl Br I 1

Table 8-4

16269086

9874169

Group Common ions

3B Sc3 Y3 La3

4B Ti2 Ti3

5B V2 V3

6B Cr2 Cr3

7B Mn2 Mn3 Tc2

8B Fe2 Fe3

8B Co2 Co3

8B Ni2 Pd2 Pt2 Pt4

1B Cu Cu2 Ag Au Au3

2B Zn2 Cd2 Hg22 Hg2

4A Sn2 Sn4 Pb2 Pb4

Table 8-5

14189536

EXAMPLE PROBLEM 8-2

2ion 2(1) 1(2) 0

EXAMPLE PROBLEM 8-3

Al3 S2

2ion 2(3) 3(2) 0

MathHandbookMath

Handbook

NH4 Cl

Ion Name

NH4 ammonium

NO2 nitrite

NO3 nitrate

OH hydroxide

CN cyanide

MnO4 permanganate

ClO hypochlorite

ClO2 chlorite

ClO3 chlorate

ClO4 perchlorate

BrO3 bromate

IO3 iodate

Ion Name

IO4 periodate

C2H3O2 acetate

CO32 carbonate

SO32 sulfite

SO42 sulfate

S2O32 thiosulfate

O22 peroxide

CrO42 chromate

Cr2O72 dichromate

PO43 phosphate

AsO43 arsenate

Table 8-6

Practice

9383093

EXAMPLE PROBLEM 8-4

Ca2 PO43

3hate ion

3(2) 2(3) 0

For exampleNO3

NO2 SO4

2 SO32

Practice

MathHandbookMath

Handbook

64157265

29 NaBr

30 CaCl2

31 KOH

32 Cu(NO3)2

33 Ag2CrO4

ClO4 ClO3

ClO2 ClO

Practice

2004676

Figure 8-8

oxidation number

Yes No

Potassium

Barium

Aluminum

Ammonium

5057328

Section 84

Figure 8-9

Group 1A

Group 2A

2 2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2 2

13217686

8202419

Lithium 180 1347

Tin 232 2623

Aluminum 660 2467

Barium 727 1850

Silver 961 2155

Copper 1083 2570

Table 8-7

Externalforce

Metal isdeformed

Figure 8-10

13562537

miniLAB

45453163

Table 8-8

42 What is an alloy

8594236

Pre-Lab

CHEMLAB 8

Mass Data

Empty crucible

Magnesium ribbon

Magnesium products

CHEMLAB 233

Procedure

Error Analysis

CHAPTER 8 CHEMLAB

Everyday Chemistry

Study Guide 235

Vocabulary

together

cal bonds

ing ionic compounds

An atom

loses anelectron

Type of ionformed

gains anelectron

Assessment 237

pounds

a fluorine b oxygen

ammonium sulfate

lithium bromide

Na2CO3

Mg2 PO43

Table 8-9

Cations Anions

K SO32

Fe3 NO3

Table 8-10

temperature

CHAPTER ASSESSMENT8

Cations Anions

Ba2 S2O32

Al3 NO2

Table 8-11

trons of Sc

a 2b 3c 2d 3

Ag2Se 2686 gray

AlPO4 1460 white

RbClO4 281 white

Contents in Brief

Table of Contents




Chemistry Online






Biology Connection










Chemistry Online




















Chemistry Online


History Connection







History Connection



Chemistry Online












Chemistry Online

MiniLab Flame Tests




Physics Connection



How It Works Lasers










Chemistry Online












ChemLab Hard Water


History Connection



Chemistry Online








Chemistry Online




















History Connection


Chemistry Online












Chemistry Online







Chapter 11 The Mole



History Connection







Chemistry Online














Chemistry Online

Biology Connection








Section 131 Gases





Chemistry Online








Chapter 14 Gases




History Connection







Chemistry Online








Chemistry Online













Section 161 Energy

Chemistry Online


ChemLab Calorimetry


















Chemistry Online


Physics Connection









Physics Connection





Chemistry Online










Chemistry Online














Biology Connection







Chemistry Online









Chemistry Online



MiniLab Corrosion


History Connection






Section 221 Alkanes


Biology Connection





Section 224 Isomers



Chemistry Online
















Chemistry Online









Section 243 Lipids

Biology Connection







Chemistry Online







Physics Connection







Chemistry Online













Biology Connection

Chemistry Online








Appendices




Scientific Notation



Significant Figures



Unit Conversion

Drawing Line Graphs

Using Line Graphs




Appendix C Tables

C-1 Color Key


C-3 SI Prefixes













GlossaryGlosario

Index

Photo Credits

Features

ChemLab

MiniLab

Problem-Solving Lab

Discovery Lab

How It Works

Everyday Chemistry




Connections

Earth Science

Biology

History

Astronomy

Physics

Student Worksheets


To the Student

Study Skills











Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases













Laboratory Manual





Safety Symbols






21 Density

22 Making a Graph

























Chapter 11 The Mole


112 Mole Ratios






132 Boiling Points

Chapter 14 Gases


142 Boylersquos Law












182 Equilibrium









212 Electroplating


221 Isomerism






241 Denaturation













The Truth Table


Safety Symbols







Lab B2 Conductivity

Lab B3 pH







To the Student



Safety Symbols























To the Student



CBL Equipment


Safety Symbols



Lab 2 Conductivity





Lab 7 Calorimetry





Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26








Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases






























43 How Atoms Differ









63 Periodic Trends












92 Naming Molecules


94 Molecular Shape






Chapter 11 The Mole










124 Percent Yield


131 Gases



134 Phase Changes

Chapter 14 Gases

141 The Gas Laws










161 Energy

















193 What is pH

194 Neutralization




203 Half-Reactions


211 Voltaic Cells


213 Electrolysis


221 Alkanes



224 Isomers







235 Polymers


241 Proteins

242 Carbohydrates

243 Lipids

244 Nucleic Acids

245 Metabolism




253 Transmutation








Reviewing Chemistry













Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases








































Science Notebook


Note-Taking Tips


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Chapter 11 The Mole

Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 131 Gases




Wrap-Up

Chapter 14 Gases

Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 161 Energy





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 221 Alkanes



Section 224 Isomers


Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Section 243 Lipids



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up

Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document

Search - Full

Page Navigator

Exit

Neon 1s22s22p6

Sodium 1s22s22p63s1

Figure 8-1

11 electrons (11)

11 protons (11)

10 electrons (10)

11 protons (11)

Table 8-1

1649376

Figure 8-2

energy 0

3d[Ar] 0

1798811

Cl 1s22s22p63s23p6

Ar 1s22s22p63s23p6

Figure 8-3

17 electrons (17)

17 protons (17)

18 electrons (18)

17 protons (17)

2 Why do ions form

13181111

ionic bonds

Section 82

Figure 8-4

1433061

6734414

Figure 8-5

17 electrons (17)

Orbital notation

11 electrons (11)

18 electrons (18)

17 protons (17)

energy

10 electrons (10)

11 protons (11)

1s 1s 2s 3s2p2s 2p 3s 3p

Na NaCl Cl

0 energy

energy

Na Cl [ Cl ][Na]

Atomic models

Sodium chloride

1s 1s 2s 3s2p2s 2p 3p

ion (2+) 2(1) 0

3772074

EXAMPLE PROBLEM 8-1

2ion 2(3) 3(2) 0

Figure 8-6

Practice

6018656

Figure 8-7

NaI 660 1304

KBr 734 1435

NaBr 747 1390

CaCl2 782 1600

CaI2 784 1100

NaCl 801 1413

MgO 2852 3600

Table 8-2

Electrolytes

10986928

AgCl White 181 None

Ag2S Black 184 All

Bi2O3 140 Violet

7376993

KI 632 KF 808

KBr 671 AgCl 910

RbF 774 NaF 910

NaI 682 LiF 1030

NaBr 732 SrCl2 2142

NaCl 769 MgO 3795

Table 8-3

KF 858

KCl 770

KBr 734

KI 681

87196175

Section 83

2A Be Mg Ca Sr Ba 2

5A N P As 3

6A O S Se Te 2

7A F Cl Br I 1

Table 8-4

16269086

9874169

Group Common ions

3B Sc3 Y3 La3

4B Ti2 Ti3

5B V2 V3

6B Cr2 Cr3

7B Mn2 Mn3 Tc2

8B Fe2 Fe3

8B Co2 Co3

8B Ni2 Pd2 Pt2 Pt4

1B Cu Cu2 Ag Au Au3

2B Zn2 Cd2 Hg22 Hg2

4A Sn2 Sn4 Pb2 Pb4

Table 8-5

14189536

EXAMPLE PROBLEM 8-2

2ion 2(1) 1(2) 0

EXAMPLE PROBLEM 8-3

Al3 S2

2ion 2(3) 3(2) 0

MathHandbookMath

Handbook

NH4 Cl

Ion Name

NH4 ammonium

NO2 nitrite

NO3 nitrate

OH hydroxide

CN cyanide

MnO4 permanganate

ClO hypochlorite

ClO2 chlorite

ClO3 chlorate

ClO4 perchlorate

BrO3 bromate

IO3 iodate

Ion Name

IO4 periodate

C2H3O2 acetate

CO32 carbonate

SO32 sulfite

SO42 sulfate

S2O32 thiosulfate

O22 peroxide

CrO42 chromate

Cr2O72 dichromate

PO43 phosphate

AsO43 arsenate

Table 8-6

Practice

9383093

EXAMPLE PROBLEM 8-4

Ca2 PO43

3hate ion

3(2) 2(3) 0

For exampleNO3

NO2 SO4

2 SO32

Practice

MathHandbookMath

Handbook

64157265

29 NaBr

30 CaCl2

31 KOH

32 Cu(NO3)2

33 Ag2CrO4

ClO4 ClO3

ClO2 ClO

Practice

2004676

Figure 8-8

oxidation number

Yes No

Potassium

Barium

Aluminum

Ammonium

5057328

Section 84

Figure 8-9

Group 1A

Group 2A

2 2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2 2

13217686

8202419

Lithium 180 1347

Tin 232 2623

Aluminum 660 2467

Barium 727 1850

Silver 961 2155

Copper 1083 2570

Table 8-7

Externalforce

Metal isdeformed

Figure 8-10

13562537

miniLAB

45453163

Table 8-8

42 What is an alloy

8594236

Pre-Lab

CHEMLAB 8

Mass Data

Empty crucible

Magnesium ribbon

Magnesium products

CHEMLAB 233

Procedure

Error Analysis

CHAPTER 8 CHEMLAB

Everyday Chemistry

Study Guide 235

Vocabulary

together

cal bonds

ing ionic compounds

An atom

loses anelectron

Type of ionformed

gains anelectron

Assessment 237

pounds

a fluorine b oxygen

ammonium sulfate

lithium bromide

Na2CO3

Mg2 PO43

Table 8-9

Cations Anions

K SO32

Fe3 NO3

Table 8-10

temperature

CHAPTER ASSESSMENT8

Cations Anions

Ba2 S2O32

Al3 NO2

Table 8-11

trons of Sc

a 2b 3c 2d 3

Ag2Se 2686 gray

AlPO4 1460 white

RbClO4 281 white

Contents in Brief

Table of Contents




Chemistry Online






Biology Connection










Chemistry Online




















Chemistry Online


History Connection







History Connection



Chemistry Online












Chemistry Online

MiniLab Flame Tests




Physics Connection



How It Works Lasers










Chemistry Online












ChemLab Hard Water


History Connection



Chemistry Online








Chemistry Online




















History Connection


Chemistry Online












Chemistry Online







Chapter 11 The Mole



History Connection







Chemistry Online














Chemistry Online

Biology Connection








Section 131 Gases





Chemistry Online








Chapter 14 Gases




History Connection







Chemistry Online








Chemistry Online













Section 161 Energy

Chemistry Online


ChemLab Calorimetry


















Chemistry Online


Physics Connection









Physics Connection





Chemistry Online










Chemistry Online














Biology Connection







Chemistry Online









Chemistry Online



MiniLab Corrosion


History Connection






Section 221 Alkanes


Biology Connection





Section 224 Isomers



Chemistry Online
















Chemistry Online









Section 243 Lipids

Biology Connection







Chemistry Online







Physics Connection







Chemistry Online













Biology Connection

Chemistry Online








Appendices




Scientific Notation



Significant Figures



Unit Conversion

Drawing Line Graphs

Using Line Graphs




Appendix C Tables

C-1 Color Key


C-3 SI Prefixes













GlossaryGlosario

Index

Photo Credits

Features

ChemLab

MiniLab

Problem-Solving Lab

Discovery Lab

How It Works

Everyday Chemistry




Connections

Earth Science

Biology

History

Astronomy

Physics

Student Worksheets


To the Student

Study Skills











Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases













Laboratory Manual





Safety Symbols






21 Density

22 Making a Graph

























Chapter 11 The Mole


112 Mole Ratios






132 Boiling Points

Chapter 14 Gases


142 Boylersquos Law












182 Equilibrium









212 Electroplating


221 Isomerism






241 Denaturation













The Truth Table


Safety Symbols







Lab B2 Conductivity

Lab B3 pH







To the Student



Safety Symbols























To the Student



CBL Equipment


Safety Symbols



Lab 2 Conductivity





Lab 7 Calorimetry





Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26








Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases






























43 How Atoms Differ









63 Periodic Trends












92 Naming Molecules


94 Molecular Shape






Chapter 11 The Mole










124 Percent Yield


131 Gases



134 Phase Changes

Chapter 14 Gases

141 The Gas Laws










161 Energy

















193 What is pH

194 Neutralization




203 Half-Reactions


211 Voltaic Cells


213 Electrolysis


221 Alkanes



224 Isomers







235 Polymers


241 Proteins

242 Carbohydrates

243 Lipids

244 Nucleic Acids

245 Metabolism




253 Transmutation








Reviewing Chemistry













Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases








































Science Notebook


Note-Taking Tips


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Chapter 11 The Mole

Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 131 Gases




Wrap-Up

Chapter 14 Gases

Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 161 Energy





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 221 Alkanes



Section 224 Isomers


Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Section 243 Lipids



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up

Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document

Search - Full

Page Navigator

Exit

Figure 8-2

energy 0

3d[Ar] 0

1798811

Cl 1s22s22p63s23p6

Ar 1s22s22p63s23p6

Figure 8-3

17 electrons (17)

17 protons (17)

18 electrons (18)

17 protons (17)

2 Why do ions form

13181111

ionic bonds

Section 82

Figure 8-4

1433061

6734414

Figure 8-5

17 electrons (17)

Orbital notation

11 electrons (11)

18 electrons (18)

17 protons (17)

energy

10 electrons (10)

11 protons (11)

1s 1s 2s 3s2p2s 2p 3s 3p

Na NaCl Cl

0 energy

energy

Na Cl [ Cl ][Na]

Atomic models

Sodium chloride

1s 1s 2s 3s2p2s 2p 3p

ion (2+) 2(1) 0

3772074

EXAMPLE PROBLEM 8-1

2ion 2(3) 3(2) 0

Figure 8-6

Practice

6018656

Figure 8-7

NaI 660 1304

KBr 734 1435

NaBr 747 1390

CaCl2 782 1600

CaI2 784 1100

NaCl 801 1413

MgO 2852 3600

Table 8-2

Electrolytes

10986928

AgCl White 181 None

Ag2S Black 184 All

Bi2O3 140 Violet

7376993

KI 632 KF 808

KBr 671 AgCl 910

RbF 774 NaF 910

NaI 682 LiF 1030

NaBr 732 SrCl2 2142

NaCl 769 MgO 3795

Table 8-3

KF 858

KCl 770

KBr 734

KI 681

87196175

Section 83

2A Be Mg Ca Sr Ba 2

5A N P As 3

6A O S Se Te 2

7A F Cl Br I 1

Table 8-4

16269086

9874169

Group Common ions

3B Sc3 Y3 La3

4B Ti2 Ti3

5B V2 V3

6B Cr2 Cr3

7B Mn2 Mn3 Tc2

8B Fe2 Fe3

8B Co2 Co3

8B Ni2 Pd2 Pt2 Pt4

1B Cu Cu2 Ag Au Au3

2B Zn2 Cd2 Hg22 Hg2

4A Sn2 Sn4 Pb2 Pb4

Table 8-5

14189536

EXAMPLE PROBLEM 8-2

2ion 2(1) 1(2) 0

EXAMPLE PROBLEM 8-3

Al3 S2

2ion 2(3) 3(2) 0

MathHandbookMath

Handbook

NH4 Cl

Ion Name

NH4 ammonium

NO2 nitrite

NO3 nitrate

OH hydroxide

CN cyanide

MnO4 permanganate

ClO hypochlorite

ClO2 chlorite

ClO3 chlorate

ClO4 perchlorate

BrO3 bromate

IO3 iodate

Ion Name

IO4 periodate

C2H3O2 acetate

CO32 carbonate

SO32 sulfite

SO42 sulfate

S2O32 thiosulfate

O22 peroxide

CrO42 chromate

Cr2O72 dichromate

PO43 phosphate

AsO43 arsenate

Table 8-6

Practice

9383093

EXAMPLE PROBLEM 8-4

Ca2 PO43

3hate ion

3(2) 2(3) 0

For exampleNO3

NO2 SO4

2 SO32

Practice

MathHandbookMath

Handbook

64157265

29 NaBr

30 CaCl2

31 KOH

32 Cu(NO3)2

33 Ag2CrO4

ClO4 ClO3

ClO2 ClO

Practice

2004676

Figure 8-8

oxidation number

Yes No

Potassium

Barium

Aluminum

Ammonium

5057328

Section 84

Figure 8-9

Group 1A

Group 2A

2 2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2 2

13217686

8202419

Lithium 180 1347

Tin 232 2623

Aluminum 660 2467

Barium 727 1850

Silver 961 2155

Copper 1083 2570

Table 8-7

Externalforce

Metal isdeformed

Figure 8-10

13562537

miniLAB

45453163

Table 8-8

42 What is an alloy

8594236

Pre-Lab

CHEMLAB 8

Mass Data

Empty crucible

Magnesium ribbon

Magnesium products

CHEMLAB 233

Procedure

Error Analysis

CHAPTER 8 CHEMLAB

Everyday Chemistry

Study Guide 235

Vocabulary

together

cal bonds

ing ionic compounds

An atom

loses anelectron

Type of ionformed

gains anelectron

Assessment 237

pounds

a fluorine b oxygen

ammonium sulfate

lithium bromide

Na2CO3

Mg2 PO43

Table 8-9

Cations Anions

K SO32

Fe3 NO3

Table 8-10

temperature

CHAPTER ASSESSMENT8

Cations Anions

Ba2 S2O32

Al3 NO2

Table 8-11

trons of Sc

a 2b 3c 2d 3

Ag2Se 2686 gray

AlPO4 1460 white

RbClO4 281 white

Contents in Brief

Table of Contents




Chemistry Online






Biology Connection










Chemistry Online




















Chemistry Online


History Connection







History Connection



Chemistry Online












Chemistry Online

MiniLab Flame Tests




Physics Connection



How It Works Lasers










Chemistry Online












ChemLab Hard Water


History Connection



Chemistry Online








Chemistry Online




















History Connection


Chemistry Online












Chemistry Online







Chapter 11 The Mole



History Connection







Chemistry Online














Chemistry Online

Biology Connection








Section 131 Gases





Chemistry Online








Chapter 14 Gases




History Connection







Chemistry Online








Chemistry Online













Section 161 Energy

Chemistry Online


ChemLab Calorimetry


















Chemistry Online


Physics Connection









Physics Connection





Chemistry Online










Chemistry Online














Biology Connection







Chemistry Online









Chemistry Online



MiniLab Corrosion


History Connection






Section 221 Alkanes


Biology Connection





Section 224 Isomers



Chemistry Online
















Chemistry Online









Section 243 Lipids

Biology Connection







Chemistry Online







Physics Connection







Chemistry Online













Biology Connection

Chemistry Online








Appendices




Scientific Notation



Significant Figures



Unit Conversion

Drawing Line Graphs

Using Line Graphs




Appendix C Tables

C-1 Color Key


C-3 SI Prefixes













GlossaryGlosario

Index

Photo Credits

Features

ChemLab

MiniLab

Problem-Solving Lab

Discovery Lab

How It Works

Everyday Chemistry




Connections

Earth Science

Biology

History

Astronomy

Physics

Student Worksheets


To the Student

Study Skills











Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases













Laboratory Manual





Safety Symbols






21 Density

22 Making a Graph

























Chapter 11 The Mole


112 Mole Ratios






132 Boiling Points

Chapter 14 Gases


142 Boylersquos Law












182 Equilibrium









212 Electroplating


221 Isomerism






241 Denaturation













The Truth Table


Safety Symbols







Lab B2 Conductivity

Lab B3 pH







To the Student



Safety Symbols























To the Student



CBL Equipment


Safety Symbols



Lab 2 Conductivity





Lab 7 Calorimetry





Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26








Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases






























43 How Atoms Differ









63 Periodic Trends












92 Naming Molecules


94 Molecular Shape






Chapter 11 The Mole










124 Percent Yield


131 Gases



134 Phase Changes

Chapter 14 Gases

141 The Gas Laws










161 Energy

















193 What is pH

194 Neutralization




203 Half-Reactions


211 Voltaic Cells


213 Electrolysis


221 Alkanes



224 Isomers







235 Polymers


241 Proteins

242 Carbohydrates

243 Lipids

244 Nucleic Acids

245 Metabolism




253 Transmutation








Reviewing Chemistry













Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases








































Science Notebook


Note-Taking Tips


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Chapter 11 The Mole

Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 131 Gases




Wrap-Up

Chapter 14 Gases

Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 161 Energy





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 221 Alkanes



Section 224 Isomers


Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Section 243 Lipids



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up

Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document

Search - Full

Page Navigator

Exit

Cl 1s22s22p63s23p6

Ar 1s22s22p63s23p6

Figure 8-3

17 electrons (17)

17 protons (17)

18 electrons (18)

17 protons (17)

2 Why do ions form

13181111

ionic bonds

Section 82

Figure 8-4

1433061

6734414

Figure 8-5

17 electrons (17)

Orbital notation

11 electrons (11)

18 electrons (18)

17 protons (17)

energy

10 electrons (10)

11 protons (11)

1s 1s 2s 3s2p2s 2p 3s 3p

Na NaCl Cl

0 energy

energy

Na Cl [ Cl ][Na]

Atomic models

Sodium chloride

1s 1s 2s 3s2p2s 2p 3p

ion (2+) 2(1) 0

3772074

EXAMPLE PROBLEM 8-1

2ion 2(3) 3(2) 0

Figure 8-6

Practice

6018656

Figure 8-7

NaI 660 1304

KBr 734 1435

NaBr 747 1390

CaCl2 782 1600

CaI2 784 1100

NaCl 801 1413

MgO 2852 3600

Table 8-2

Electrolytes

10986928

AgCl White 181 None

Ag2S Black 184 All

Bi2O3 140 Violet

7376993

KI 632 KF 808

KBr 671 AgCl 910

RbF 774 NaF 910

NaI 682 LiF 1030

NaBr 732 SrCl2 2142

NaCl 769 MgO 3795

Table 8-3

KF 858

KCl 770

KBr 734

KI 681

87196175

Section 83

2A Be Mg Ca Sr Ba 2

5A N P As 3

6A O S Se Te 2

7A F Cl Br I 1

Table 8-4

16269086

9874169

Group Common ions

3B Sc3 Y3 La3

4B Ti2 Ti3

5B V2 V3

6B Cr2 Cr3

7B Mn2 Mn3 Tc2

8B Fe2 Fe3

8B Co2 Co3

8B Ni2 Pd2 Pt2 Pt4

1B Cu Cu2 Ag Au Au3

2B Zn2 Cd2 Hg22 Hg2

4A Sn2 Sn4 Pb2 Pb4

Table 8-5

14189536

EXAMPLE PROBLEM 8-2

2ion 2(1) 1(2) 0

EXAMPLE PROBLEM 8-3

Al3 S2

2ion 2(3) 3(2) 0

MathHandbookMath

Handbook

NH4 Cl

Ion Name

NH4 ammonium

NO2 nitrite

NO3 nitrate

OH hydroxide

CN cyanide

MnO4 permanganate

ClO hypochlorite

ClO2 chlorite

ClO3 chlorate

ClO4 perchlorate

BrO3 bromate

IO3 iodate

Ion Name

IO4 periodate

C2H3O2 acetate

CO32 carbonate

SO32 sulfite

SO42 sulfate

S2O32 thiosulfate

O22 peroxide

CrO42 chromate

Cr2O72 dichromate

PO43 phosphate

AsO43 arsenate

Table 8-6

Practice

9383093

EXAMPLE PROBLEM 8-4

Ca2 PO43

3hate ion

3(2) 2(3) 0

For exampleNO3

NO2 SO4

2 SO32

Practice

MathHandbookMath

Handbook

64157265

29 NaBr

30 CaCl2

31 KOH

32 Cu(NO3)2

33 Ag2CrO4

ClO4 ClO3

ClO2 ClO

Practice

2004676

Figure 8-8

oxidation number

Yes No

Potassium

Barium

Aluminum

Ammonium

5057328

Section 84

Figure 8-9

Group 1A

Group 2A

2 2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2 2

13217686

8202419

Lithium 180 1347

Tin 232 2623

Aluminum 660 2467

Barium 727 1850

Silver 961 2155

Copper 1083 2570

Table 8-7

Externalforce

Metal isdeformed

Figure 8-10

13562537

miniLAB

45453163

Table 8-8

42 What is an alloy

8594236

Pre-Lab

CHEMLAB 8

Mass Data

Empty crucible

Magnesium ribbon

Magnesium products

CHEMLAB 233

Procedure

Error Analysis

CHAPTER 8 CHEMLAB

Everyday Chemistry

Study Guide 235

Vocabulary

together

cal bonds

ing ionic compounds

An atom

loses anelectron

Type of ionformed

gains anelectron

Assessment 237

pounds

a fluorine b oxygen

ammonium sulfate

lithium bromide

Na2CO3

Mg2 PO43

Table 8-9

Cations Anions

K SO32

Fe3 NO3

Table 8-10

temperature

CHAPTER ASSESSMENT8

Cations Anions

Ba2 S2O32

Al3 NO2

Table 8-11

trons of Sc

a 2b 3c 2d 3

Ag2Se 2686 gray

AlPO4 1460 white

RbClO4 281 white

Contents in Brief

Table of Contents




Chemistry Online






Biology Connection










Chemistry Online




















Chemistry Online


History Connection







History Connection



Chemistry Online












Chemistry Online

MiniLab Flame Tests




Physics Connection



How It Works Lasers










Chemistry Online












ChemLab Hard Water


History Connection



Chemistry Online








Chemistry Online




















History Connection


Chemistry Online












Chemistry Online







Chapter 11 The Mole



History Connection







Chemistry Online














Chemistry Online

Biology Connection








Section 131 Gases





Chemistry Online








Chapter 14 Gases




History Connection







Chemistry Online








Chemistry Online













Section 161 Energy

Chemistry Online


ChemLab Calorimetry


















Chemistry Online


Physics Connection









Physics Connection





Chemistry Online










Chemistry Online














Biology Connection







Chemistry Online









Chemistry Online



MiniLab Corrosion


History Connection






Section 221 Alkanes


Biology Connection





Section 224 Isomers



Chemistry Online
















Chemistry Online









Section 243 Lipids

Biology Connection







Chemistry Online







Physics Connection







Chemistry Online













Biology Connection

Chemistry Online








Appendices




Scientific Notation



Significant Figures



Unit Conversion

Drawing Line Graphs

Using Line Graphs




Appendix C Tables

C-1 Color Key


C-3 SI Prefixes













GlossaryGlosario

Index

Photo Credits

Features

ChemLab

MiniLab

Problem-Solving Lab

Discovery Lab

How It Works

Everyday Chemistry




Connections

Earth Science

Biology

History

Astronomy

Physics

Student Worksheets


To the Student

Study Skills











Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases













Laboratory Manual





Safety Symbols






21 Density

22 Making a Graph

























Chapter 11 The Mole


112 Mole Ratios






132 Boiling Points

Chapter 14 Gases


142 Boylersquos Law












182 Equilibrium









212 Electroplating


221 Isomerism






241 Denaturation













The Truth Table


Safety Symbols







Lab B2 Conductivity

Lab B3 pH







To the Student



Safety Symbols























To the Student



CBL Equipment


Safety Symbols



Lab 2 Conductivity





Lab 7 Calorimetry





Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26








Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases






























43 How Atoms Differ









63 Periodic Trends












92 Naming Molecules


94 Molecular Shape






Chapter 11 The Mole










124 Percent Yield


131 Gases



134 Phase Changes

Chapter 14 Gases

141 The Gas Laws










161 Energy

















193 What is pH

194 Neutralization




203 Half-Reactions


211 Voltaic Cells


213 Electrolysis


221 Alkanes



224 Isomers







235 Polymers


241 Proteins

242 Carbohydrates

243 Lipids

244 Nucleic Acids

245 Metabolism




253 Transmutation








Reviewing Chemistry













Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases








































Science Notebook


Note-Taking Tips


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Chapter 11 The Mole

Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 131 Gases




Wrap-Up

Chapter 14 Gases

Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 161 Energy





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 221 Alkanes



Section 224 Isomers


Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Section 243 Lipids



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up

Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document

Search - Full

Page Navigator

Exit

ionic bonds

Section 82

Figure 8-4

1433061

6734414

Figure 8-5

17 electrons (17)

Orbital notation

11 electrons (11)

18 electrons (18)

17 protons (17)

energy

10 electrons (10)

11 protons (11)

1s 1s 2s 3s2p2s 2p 3s 3p

Na NaCl Cl

0 energy

energy

Na Cl [ Cl ][Na]

Atomic models

Sodium chloride

1s 1s 2s 3s2p2s 2p 3p

ion (2+) 2(1) 0

3772074

EXAMPLE PROBLEM 8-1

2ion 2(3) 3(2) 0

Figure 8-6

Practice

6018656

Figure 8-7

NaI 660 1304

KBr 734 1435

NaBr 747 1390

CaCl2 782 1600

CaI2 784 1100

NaCl 801 1413

MgO 2852 3600

Table 8-2

Electrolytes

10986928

AgCl White 181 None

Ag2S Black 184 All

Bi2O3 140 Violet

7376993

KI 632 KF 808

KBr 671 AgCl 910

RbF 774 NaF 910

NaI 682 LiF 1030

NaBr 732 SrCl2 2142

NaCl 769 MgO 3795

Table 8-3

KF 858

KCl 770

KBr 734

KI 681

87196175

Section 83

2A Be Mg Ca Sr Ba 2

5A N P As 3

6A O S Se Te 2

7A F Cl Br I 1

Table 8-4

16269086

9874169

Group Common ions

3B Sc3 Y3 La3

4B Ti2 Ti3

5B V2 V3

6B Cr2 Cr3

7B Mn2 Mn3 Tc2

8B Fe2 Fe3

8B Co2 Co3

8B Ni2 Pd2 Pt2 Pt4

1B Cu Cu2 Ag Au Au3

2B Zn2 Cd2 Hg22 Hg2

4A Sn2 Sn4 Pb2 Pb4

Table 8-5

14189536

EXAMPLE PROBLEM 8-2

2ion 2(1) 1(2) 0

EXAMPLE PROBLEM 8-3

Al3 S2

2ion 2(3) 3(2) 0

MathHandbookMath

Handbook

NH4 Cl

Ion Name

NH4 ammonium

NO2 nitrite

NO3 nitrate

OH hydroxide

CN cyanide

MnO4 permanganate

ClO hypochlorite

ClO2 chlorite

ClO3 chlorate

ClO4 perchlorate

BrO3 bromate

IO3 iodate

Ion Name

IO4 periodate

C2H3O2 acetate

CO32 carbonate

SO32 sulfite

SO42 sulfate

S2O32 thiosulfate

O22 peroxide

CrO42 chromate

Cr2O72 dichromate

PO43 phosphate

AsO43 arsenate

Table 8-6

Practice

9383093

EXAMPLE PROBLEM 8-4

Ca2 PO43

3hate ion

3(2) 2(3) 0

For exampleNO3

NO2 SO4

2 SO32

Practice

MathHandbookMath

Handbook

64157265

29 NaBr

30 CaCl2

31 KOH

32 Cu(NO3)2

33 Ag2CrO4

ClO4 ClO3

ClO2 ClO

Practice

2004676

Figure 8-8

oxidation number

Yes No

Potassium

Barium

Aluminum

Ammonium

5057328

Section 84

Figure 8-9

Group 1A

Group 2A

2 2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2 2

13217686

8202419

Lithium 180 1347

Tin 232 2623

Aluminum 660 2467

Barium 727 1850

Silver 961 2155

Copper 1083 2570

Table 8-7

Externalforce

Metal isdeformed

Figure 8-10

13562537

miniLAB

45453163

Table 8-8

42 What is an alloy

8594236

Pre-Lab

CHEMLAB 8

Mass Data

Empty crucible

Magnesium ribbon

Magnesium products

CHEMLAB 233

Procedure

Error Analysis

CHAPTER 8 CHEMLAB

Everyday Chemistry

Study Guide 235

Vocabulary

together

cal bonds

ing ionic compounds

An atom

loses anelectron

Type of ionformed

gains anelectron

Assessment 237

pounds

a fluorine b oxygen

ammonium sulfate

lithium bromide

Na2CO3

Mg2 PO43

Table 8-9

Cations Anions

K SO32

Fe3 NO3

Table 8-10

temperature

CHAPTER ASSESSMENT8

Cations Anions

Ba2 S2O32

Al3 NO2

Table 8-11

trons of Sc

a 2b 3c 2d 3

Ag2Se 2686 gray

AlPO4 1460 white

RbClO4 281 white

Contents in Brief

Table of Contents




Chemistry Online






Biology Connection










Chemistry Online




















Chemistry Online


History Connection







History Connection



Chemistry Online












Chemistry Online

MiniLab Flame Tests




Physics Connection



How It Works Lasers










Chemistry Online












ChemLab Hard Water


History Connection



Chemistry Online








Chemistry Online




















History Connection


Chemistry Online












Chemistry Online







Chapter 11 The Mole



History Connection







Chemistry Online














Chemistry Online

Biology Connection








Section 131 Gases





Chemistry Online








Chapter 14 Gases




History Connection







Chemistry Online








Chemistry Online













Section 161 Energy

Chemistry Online


ChemLab Calorimetry


















Chemistry Online


Physics Connection









Physics Connection





Chemistry Online










Chemistry Online














Biology Connection







Chemistry Online









Chemistry Online



MiniLab Corrosion


History Connection






Section 221 Alkanes


Biology Connection





Section 224 Isomers



Chemistry Online
















Chemistry Online









Section 243 Lipids

Biology Connection







Chemistry Online







Physics Connection







Chemistry Online













Biology Connection

Chemistry Online








Appendices




Scientific Notation



Significant Figures



Unit Conversion

Drawing Line Graphs

Using Line Graphs




Appendix C Tables

C-1 Color Key


C-3 SI Prefixes













GlossaryGlosario

Index

Photo Credits

Features

ChemLab

MiniLab

Problem-Solving Lab

Discovery Lab

How It Works

Everyday Chemistry




Connections

Earth Science

Biology

History

Astronomy

Physics

Student Worksheets


To the Student

Study Skills











Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases













Laboratory Manual





Safety Symbols






21 Density

22 Making a Graph

























Chapter 11 The Mole


112 Mole Ratios






132 Boiling Points

Chapter 14 Gases


142 Boylersquos Law












182 Equilibrium









212 Electroplating


221 Isomerism






241 Denaturation













The Truth Table


Safety Symbols







Lab B2 Conductivity

Lab B3 pH







To the Student



Safety Symbols























To the Student



CBL Equipment


Safety Symbols



Lab 2 Conductivity





Lab 7 Calorimetry





Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26








Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases






























43 How Atoms Differ









63 Periodic Trends












92 Naming Molecules


94 Molecular Shape






Chapter 11 The Mole










124 Percent Yield


131 Gases



134 Phase Changes

Chapter 14 Gases

141 The Gas Laws










161 Energy

















193 What is pH

194 Neutralization




203 Half-Reactions


211 Voltaic Cells


213 Electrolysis


221 Alkanes



224 Isomers







235 Polymers


241 Proteins

242 Carbohydrates

243 Lipids

244 Nucleic Acids

245 Metabolism




253 Transmutation








Reviewing Chemistry













Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases








































Science Notebook


Note-Taking Tips


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Chapter 11 The Mole

Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 131 Gases




Wrap-Up

Chapter 14 Gases

Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 161 Energy





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 221 Alkanes



Section 224 Isomers


Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Section 243 Lipids



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up

Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document

Search - Full

Page Navigator

Exit

Figure 8-5

17 electrons (17)

Orbital notation

11 electrons (11)

18 electrons (18)

17 protons (17)

energy

10 electrons (10)

11 protons (11)

1s 1s 2s 3s2p2s 2p 3s 3p

Na NaCl Cl

0 energy

energy

Na Cl [ Cl ][Na]

Atomic models

Sodium chloride

1s 1s 2s 3s2p2s 2p 3p

ion (2+) 2(1) 0

3772074

EXAMPLE PROBLEM 8-1

2ion 2(3) 3(2) 0

Figure 8-6

Practice

6018656

Figure 8-7

NaI 660 1304

KBr 734 1435

NaBr 747 1390

CaCl2 782 1600

CaI2 784 1100

NaCl 801 1413

MgO 2852 3600

Table 8-2

Electrolytes

10986928

AgCl White 181 None

Ag2S Black 184 All

Bi2O3 140 Violet

7376993

KI 632 KF 808

KBr 671 AgCl 910

RbF 774 NaF 910

NaI 682 LiF 1030

NaBr 732 SrCl2 2142

NaCl 769 MgO 3795

Table 8-3

KF 858

KCl 770

KBr 734

KI 681

87196175

Section 83

2A Be Mg Ca Sr Ba 2

5A N P As 3

6A O S Se Te 2

7A F Cl Br I 1

Table 8-4

16269086

9874169

Group Common ions

3B Sc3 Y3 La3

4B Ti2 Ti3

5B V2 V3

6B Cr2 Cr3

7B Mn2 Mn3 Tc2

8B Fe2 Fe3

8B Co2 Co3

8B Ni2 Pd2 Pt2 Pt4

1B Cu Cu2 Ag Au Au3

2B Zn2 Cd2 Hg22 Hg2

4A Sn2 Sn4 Pb2 Pb4

Table 8-5

14189536

EXAMPLE PROBLEM 8-2

2ion 2(1) 1(2) 0

EXAMPLE PROBLEM 8-3

Al3 S2

2ion 2(3) 3(2) 0

MathHandbookMath

Handbook

NH4 Cl

Ion Name

NH4 ammonium

NO2 nitrite

NO3 nitrate

OH hydroxide

CN cyanide

MnO4 permanganate

ClO hypochlorite

ClO2 chlorite

ClO3 chlorate

ClO4 perchlorate

BrO3 bromate

IO3 iodate

Ion Name

IO4 periodate

C2H3O2 acetate

CO32 carbonate

SO32 sulfite

SO42 sulfate

S2O32 thiosulfate

O22 peroxide

CrO42 chromate

Cr2O72 dichromate

PO43 phosphate

AsO43 arsenate

Table 8-6

Practice

9383093

EXAMPLE PROBLEM 8-4

Ca2 PO43

3hate ion

3(2) 2(3) 0

For exampleNO3

NO2 SO4

2 SO32

Practice

MathHandbookMath

Handbook

64157265

29 NaBr

30 CaCl2

31 KOH

32 Cu(NO3)2

33 Ag2CrO4

ClO4 ClO3

ClO2 ClO

Practice

2004676

Figure 8-8

oxidation number

Yes No

Potassium

Barium

Aluminum

Ammonium

5057328

Section 84

Figure 8-9

Group 1A

Group 2A

2 2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2 2

13217686

8202419

Lithium 180 1347

Tin 232 2623

Aluminum 660 2467

Barium 727 1850

Silver 961 2155

Copper 1083 2570

Table 8-7

Externalforce

Metal isdeformed

Figure 8-10

13562537

miniLAB

45453163

Table 8-8

42 What is an alloy

8594236

Pre-Lab

CHEMLAB 8

Mass Data

Empty crucible

Magnesium ribbon

Magnesium products

CHEMLAB 233

Procedure

Error Analysis

CHAPTER 8 CHEMLAB

Everyday Chemistry

Study Guide 235

Vocabulary

together

cal bonds

ing ionic compounds

An atom

loses anelectron

Type of ionformed

gains anelectron

Assessment 237

pounds

a fluorine b oxygen

ammonium sulfate

lithium bromide

Na2CO3

Mg2 PO43

Table 8-9

Cations Anions

K SO32

Fe3 NO3

Table 8-10

temperature

CHAPTER ASSESSMENT8

Cations Anions

Ba2 S2O32

Al3 NO2

Table 8-11

trons of Sc

a 2b 3c 2d 3

Ag2Se 2686 gray

AlPO4 1460 white

RbClO4 281 white

Contents in Brief

Table of Contents




Chemistry Online






Biology Connection










Chemistry Online




















Chemistry Online


History Connection







History Connection



Chemistry Online












Chemistry Online

MiniLab Flame Tests




Physics Connection



How It Works Lasers










Chemistry Online












ChemLab Hard Water


History Connection



Chemistry Online








Chemistry Online




















History Connection


Chemistry Online












Chemistry Online







Chapter 11 The Mole



History Connection







Chemistry Online














Chemistry Online

Biology Connection








Section 131 Gases





Chemistry Online








Chapter 14 Gases




History Connection







Chemistry Online








Chemistry Online













Section 161 Energy

Chemistry Online


ChemLab Calorimetry


















Chemistry Online


Physics Connection









Physics Connection





Chemistry Online










Chemistry Online














Biology Connection







Chemistry Online









Chemistry Online



MiniLab Corrosion


History Connection






Section 221 Alkanes


Biology Connection





Section 224 Isomers



Chemistry Online
















Chemistry Online









Section 243 Lipids

Biology Connection







Chemistry Online







Physics Connection







Chemistry Online













Biology Connection

Chemistry Online








Appendices




Scientific Notation



Significant Figures



Unit Conversion

Drawing Line Graphs

Using Line Graphs




Appendix C Tables

C-1 Color Key


C-3 SI Prefixes













GlossaryGlosario

Index

Photo Credits

Features

ChemLab

MiniLab

Problem-Solving Lab

Discovery Lab

How It Works

Everyday Chemistry




Connections

Earth Science

Biology

History

Astronomy

Physics

Student Worksheets


To the Student

Study Skills











Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases













Laboratory Manual





Safety Symbols






21 Density

22 Making a Graph

























Chapter 11 The Mole


112 Mole Ratios






132 Boiling Points

Chapter 14 Gases


142 Boylersquos Law












182 Equilibrium









212 Electroplating


221 Isomerism






241 Denaturation













The Truth Table


Safety Symbols







Lab B2 Conductivity

Lab B3 pH







To the Student



Safety Symbols























To the Student



CBL Equipment


Safety Symbols



Lab 2 Conductivity





Lab 7 Calorimetry





Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26








Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases






























43 How Atoms Differ









63 Periodic Trends












92 Naming Molecules


94 Molecular Shape






Chapter 11 The Mole










124 Percent Yield


131 Gases



134 Phase Changes

Chapter 14 Gases

141 The Gas Laws










161 Energy

















193 What is pH

194 Neutralization




203 Half-Reactions


211 Voltaic Cells


213 Electrolysis


221 Alkanes



224 Isomers







235 Polymers


241 Proteins

242 Carbohydrates

243 Lipids

244 Nucleic Acids

245 Metabolism




253 Transmutation








Reviewing Chemistry













Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases








































Science Notebook


Note-Taking Tips


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Chapter 11 The Mole

Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 131 Gases




Wrap-Up

Chapter 14 Gases

Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 161 Energy





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 221 Alkanes



Section 224 Isomers


Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Section 243 Lipids



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up

Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document

Search - Full

Page Navigator

Exit

EXAMPLE PROBLEM 8-1

2ion 2(3) 3(2) 0

Figure 8-6

Practice

6018656

Figure 8-7

NaI 660 1304

KBr 734 1435

NaBr 747 1390

CaCl2 782 1600

CaI2 784 1100

NaCl 801 1413

MgO 2852 3600

Table 8-2

Electrolytes

10986928

AgCl White 181 None

Ag2S Black 184 All

Bi2O3 140 Violet

7376993

KI 632 KF 808

KBr 671 AgCl 910

RbF 774 NaF 910

NaI 682 LiF 1030

NaBr 732 SrCl2 2142

NaCl 769 MgO 3795

Table 8-3

KF 858

KCl 770

KBr 734

KI 681

87196175

Section 83

2A Be Mg Ca Sr Ba 2

5A N P As 3

6A O S Se Te 2

7A F Cl Br I 1

Table 8-4

16269086

9874169

Group Common ions

3B Sc3 Y3 La3

4B Ti2 Ti3

5B V2 V3

6B Cr2 Cr3

7B Mn2 Mn3 Tc2

8B Fe2 Fe3

8B Co2 Co3

8B Ni2 Pd2 Pt2 Pt4

1B Cu Cu2 Ag Au Au3

2B Zn2 Cd2 Hg22 Hg2

4A Sn2 Sn4 Pb2 Pb4

Table 8-5

14189536

EXAMPLE PROBLEM 8-2

2ion 2(1) 1(2) 0

EXAMPLE PROBLEM 8-3

Al3 S2

2ion 2(3) 3(2) 0

MathHandbookMath

Handbook

NH4 Cl

Ion Name

NH4 ammonium

NO2 nitrite

NO3 nitrate

OH hydroxide

CN cyanide

MnO4 permanganate

ClO hypochlorite

ClO2 chlorite

ClO3 chlorate

ClO4 perchlorate

BrO3 bromate

IO3 iodate

Ion Name

IO4 periodate

C2H3O2 acetate

CO32 carbonate

SO32 sulfite

SO42 sulfate

S2O32 thiosulfate

O22 peroxide

CrO42 chromate

Cr2O72 dichromate

PO43 phosphate

AsO43 arsenate

Table 8-6

Practice

9383093

EXAMPLE PROBLEM 8-4

Ca2 PO43

3hate ion

3(2) 2(3) 0

For exampleNO3

NO2 SO4

2 SO32

Practice

MathHandbookMath

Handbook

64157265

29 NaBr

30 CaCl2

31 KOH

32 Cu(NO3)2

33 Ag2CrO4

ClO4 ClO3

ClO2 ClO

Practice

2004676

Figure 8-8

oxidation number

Yes No

Potassium

Barium

Aluminum

Ammonium

5057328

Section 84

Figure 8-9

Group 1A

Group 2A

2 2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2 2

13217686

8202419

Lithium 180 1347

Tin 232 2623

Aluminum 660 2467

Barium 727 1850

Silver 961 2155

Copper 1083 2570

Table 8-7

Externalforce

Metal isdeformed

Figure 8-10

13562537

miniLAB

45453163

Table 8-8

42 What is an alloy

8594236

Pre-Lab

CHEMLAB 8

Mass Data

Empty crucible

Magnesium ribbon

Magnesium products

CHEMLAB 233

Procedure

Error Analysis

CHAPTER 8 CHEMLAB

Everyday Chemistry

Study Guide 235

Vocabulary

together

cal bonds

ing ionic compounds

An atom

loses anelectron

Type of ionformed

gains anelectron

Assessment 237

pounds

a fluorine b oxygen

ammonium sulfate

lithium bromide

Na2CO3

Mg2 PO43

Table 8-9

Cations Anions

K SO32

Fe3 NO3

Table 8-10

temperature

CHAPTER ASSESSMENT8

Cations Anions

Ba2 S2O32

Al3 NO2

Table 8-11

trons of Sc

a 2b 3c 2d 3

Ag2Se 2686 gray

AlPO4 1460 white

RbClO4 281 white

Contents in Brief

Table of Contents




Chemistry Online






Biology Connection










Chemistry Online




















Chemistry Online


History Connection







History Connection



Chemistry Online












Chemistry Online

MiniLab Flame Tests




Physics Connection



How It Works Lasers










Chemistry Online












ChemLab Hard Water


History Connection



Chemistry Online








Chemistry Online




















History Connection


Chemistry Online












Chemistry Online







Chapter 11 The Mole



History Connection







Chemistry Online














Chemistry Online

Biology Connection








Section 131 Gases





Chemistry Online








Chapter 14 Gases




History Connection







Chemistry Online








Chemistry Online













Section 161 Energy

Chemistry Online


ChemLab Calorimetry


















Chemistry Online


Physics Connection









Physics Connection





Chemistry Online










Chemistry Online














Biology Connection







Chemistry Online









Chemistry Online



MiniLab Corrosion


History Connection






Section 221 Alkanes


Biology Connection





Section 224 Isomers



Chemistry Online
















Chemistry Online









Section 243 Lipids

Biology Connection







Chemistry Online







Physics Connection







Chemistry Online













Biology Connection

Chemistry Online








Appendices




Scientific Notation



Significant Figures



Unit Conversion

Drawing Line Graphs

Using Line Graphs




Appendix C Tables

C-1 Color Key


C-3 SI Prefixes













GlossaryGlosario

Index

Photo Credits

Features

ChemLab

MiniLab

Problem-Solving Lab

Discovery Lab

How It Works

Everyday Chemistry




Connections

Earth Science

Biology

History

Astronomy

Physics

Student Worksheets


To the Student

Study Skills











Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases













Laboratory Manual





Safety Symbols






21 Density

22 Making a Graph

























Chapter 11 The Mole


112 Mole Ratios






132 Boiling Points

Chapter 14 Gases


142 Boylersquos Law












182 Equilibrium









212 Electroplating


221 Isomerism






241 Denaturation













The Truth Table


Safety Symbols







Lab B2 Conductivity

Lab B3 pH







To the Student



Safety Symbols























To the Student



CBL Equipment


Safety Symbols



Lab 2 Conductivity





Lab 7 Calorimetry





Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26








Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases






























43 How Atoms Differ









63 Periodic Trends












92 Naming Molecules


94 Molecular Shape






Chapter 11 The Mole










124 Percent Yield


131 Gases



134 Phase Changes

Chapter 14 Gases

141 The Gas Laws










161 Energy

















193 What is pH

194 Neutralization




203 Half-Reactions


211 Voltaic Cells


213 Electrolysis


221 Alkanes



224 Isomers







235 Polymers


241 Proteins

242 Carbohydrates

243 Lipids

244 Nucleic Acids

245 Metabolism




253 Transmutation








Reviewing Chemistry













Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases








































Science Notebook


Note-Taking Tips


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Chapter 11 The Mole

Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 131 Gases




Wrap-Up

Chapter 14 Gases

Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 161 Energy





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 221 Alkanes



Section 224 Isomers


Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Section 243 Lipids



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up

Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document

Search - Full

Page Navigator

Exit

Figure 8-7

NaI 660 1304

KBr 734 1435

NaBr 747 1390

CaCl2 782 1600

CaI2 784 1100

NaCl 801 1413

MgO 2852 3600

Table 8-2

Electrolytes

10986928

AgCl White 181 None

Ag2S Black 184 All

Bi2O3 140 Violet

7376993

KI 632 KF 808

KBr 671 AgCl 910

RbF 774 NaF 910

NaI 682 LiF 1030

NaBr 732 SrCl2 2142

NaCl 769 MgO 3795

Table 8-3

KF 858

KCl 770

KBr 734

KI 681

87196175

Section 83

2A Be Mg Ca Sr Ba 2

5A N P As 3

6A O S Se Te 2

7A F Cl Br I 1

Table 8-4

16269086

9874169

Group Common ions

3B Sc3 Y3 La3

4B Ti2 Ti3

5B V2 V3

6B Cr2 Cr3

7B Mn2 Mn3 Tc2

8B Fe2 Fe3

8B Co2 Co3

8B Ni2 Pd2 Pt2 Pt4

1B Cu Cu2 Ag Au Au3

2B Zn2 Cd2 Hg22 Hg2

4A Sn2 Sn4 Pb2 Pb4

Table 8-5

14189536

EXAMPLE PROBLEM 8-2

2ion 2(1) 1(2) 0

EXAMPLE PROBLEM 8-3

Al3 S2

2ion 2(3) 3(2) 0

MathHandbookMath

Handbook

NH4 Cl

Ion Name

NH4 ammonium

NO2 nitrite

NO3 nitrate

OH hydroxide

CN cyanide

MnO4 permanganate

ClO hypochlorite

ClO2 chlorite

ClO3 chlorate

ClO4 perchlorate

BrO3 bromate

IO3 iodate

Ion Name

IO4 periodate

C2H3O2 acetate

CO32 carbonate

SO32 sulfite

SO42 sulfate

S2O32 thiosulfate

O22 peroxide

CrO42 chromate

Cr2O72 dichromate

PO43 phosphate

AsO43 arsenate

Table 8-6

Practice

9383093

EXAMPLE PROBLEM 8-4

Ca2 PO43

3hate ion

3(2) 2(3) 0

For exampleNO3

NO2 SO4

2 SO32

Practice

MathHandbookMath

Handbook

64157265

29 NaBr

30 CaCl2

31 KOH

32 Cu(NO3)2

33 Ag2CrO4

ClO4 ClO3

ClO2 ClO

Practice

2004676

Figure 8-8

oxidation number

Yes No

Potassium

Barium

Aluminum

Ammonium

5057328

Section 84

Figure 8-9

Group 1A

Group 2A

2 2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2 2

13217686

8202419

Lithium 180 1347

Tin 232 2623

Aluminum 660 2467

Barium 727 1850

Silver 961 2155

Copper 1083 2570

Table 8-7

Externalforce

Metal isdeformed

Figure 8-10

13562537

miniLAB

45453163

Table 8-8

42 What is an alloy

8594236

Pre-Lab

CHEMLAB 8

Mass Data

Empty crucible

Magnesium ribbon

Magnesium products

CHEMLAB 233

Procedure

Error Analysis

CHAPTER 8 CHEMLAB

Everyday Chemistry

Study Guide 235

Vocabulary

together

cal bonds

ing ionic compounds

An atom

loses anelectron

Type of ionformed

gains anelectron

Assessment 237

pounds

a fluorine b oxygen

ammonium sulfate

lithium bromide

Na2CO3

Mg2 PO43

Table 8-9

Cations Anions

K SO32

Fe3 NO3

Table 8-10

temperature

CHAPTER ASSESSMENT8

Cations Anions

Ba2 S2O32

Al3 NO2

Table 8-11

trons of Sc

a 2b 3c 2d 3

Ag2Se 2686 gray

AlPO4 1460 white

RbClO4 281 white

Contents in Brief

Table of Contents




Chemistry Online






Biology Connection










Chemistry Online




















Chemistry Online


History Connection







History Connection



Chemistry Online












Chemistry Online

MiniLab Flame Tests




Physics Connection



How It Works Lasers










Chemistry Online












ChemLab Hard Water


History Connection



Chemistry Online








Chemistry Online




















History Connection


Chemistry Online












Chemistry Online







Chapter 11 The Mole



History Connection







Chemistry Online














Chemistry Online

Biology Connection








Section 131 Gases





Chemistry Online








Chapter 14 Gases




History Connection







Chemistry Online








Chemistry Online













Section 161 Energy

Chemistry Online


ChemLab Calorimetry


















Chemistry Online


Physics Connection









Physics Connection





Chemistry Online










Chemistry Online














Biology Connection







Chemistry Online









Chemistry Online



MiniLab Corrosion


History Connection






Section 221 Alkanes


Biology Connection





Section 224 Isomers



Chemistry Online
















Chemistry Online









Section 243 Lipids

Biology Connection







Chemistry Online







Physics Connection







Chemistry Online













Biology Connection

Chemistry Online








Appendices




Scientific Notation



Significant Figures



Unit Conversion

Drawing Line Graphs

Using Line Graphs




Appendix C Tables

C-1 Color Key


C-3 SI Prefixes













GlossaryGlosario

Index

Photo Credits

Features

ChemLab

MiniLab

Problem-Solving Lab

Discovery Lab

How It Works

Everyday Chemistry




Connections

Earth Science

Biology

History

Astronomy

Physics

Student Worksheets


To the Student

Study Skills











Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases













Laboratory Manual





Safety Symbols






21 Density

22 Making a Graph

























Chapter 11 The Mole


112 Mole Ratios






132 Boiling Points

Chapter 14 Gases


142 Boylersquos Law












182 Equilibrium









212 Electroplating


221 Isomerism






241 Denaturation













The Truth Table


Safety Symbols







Lab B2 Conductivity

Lab B3 pH







To the Student



Safety Symbols























To the Student



CBL Equipment


Safety Symbols



Lab 2 Conductivity





Lab 7 Calorimetry





Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26








Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases






























43 How Atoms Differ









63 Periodic Trends












92 Naming Molecules


94 Molecular Shape






Chapter 11 The Mole










124 Percent Yield


131 Gases



134 Phase Changes

Chapter 14 Gases

141 The Gas Laws










161 Energy

















193 What is pH

194 Neutralization




203 Half-Reactions


211 Voltaic Cells


213 Electrolysis


221 Alkanes



224 Isomers







235 Polymers


241 Proteins

242 Carbohydrates

243 Lipids

244 Nucleic Acids

245 Metabolism




253 Transmutation








Reviewing Chemistry













Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases








































Science Notebook


Note-Taking Tips


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Chapter 11 The Mole

Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 131 Gases




Wrap-Up

Chapter 14 Gases

Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 161 Energy





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 221 Alkanes



Section 224 Isomers


Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Section 243 Lipids



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up

Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document

Search - Full

Page Navigator

Exit

AgCl White 181 None

Ag2S Black 184 All

Bi2O3 140 Violet

7376993

KI 632 KF 808

KBr 671 AgCl 910

RbF 774 NaF 910

NaI 682 LiF 1030

NaBr 732 SrCl2 2142

NaCl 769 MgO 3795

Table 8-3

KF 858

KCl 770

KBr 734

KI 681

87196175

Section 83

2A Be Mg Ca Sr Ba 2

5A N P As 3

6A O S Se Te 2

7A F Cl Br I 1

Table 8-4

16269086

9874169

Group Common ions

3B Sc3 Y3 La3

4B Ti2 Ti3

5B V2 V3

6B Cr2 Cr3

7B Mn2 Mn3 Tc2

8B Fe2 Fe3

8B Co2 Co3

8B Ni2 Pd2 Pt2 Pt4

1B Cu Cu2 Ag Au Au3

2B Zn2 Cd2 Hg22 Hg2

4A Sn2 Sn4 Pb2 Pb4

Table 8-5

14189536

EXAMPLE PROBLEM 8-2

2ion 2(1) 1(2) 0

EXAMPLE PROBLEM 8-3

Al3 S2

2ion 2(3) 3(2) 0

MathHandbookMath

Handbook

NH4 Cl

Ion Name

NH4 ammonium

NO2 nitrite

NO3 nitrate

OH hydroxide

CN cyanide

MnO4 permanganate

ClO hypochlorite

ClO2 chlorite

ClO3 chlorate

ClO4 perchlorate

BrO3 bromate

IO3 iodate

Ion Name

IO4 periodate

C2H3O2 acetate

CO32 carbonate

SO32 sulfite

SO42 sulfate

S2O32 thiosulfate

O22 peroxide

CrO42 chromate

Cr2O72 dichromate

PO43 phosphate

AsO43 arsenate

Table 8-6

Practice

9383093

EXAMPLE PROBLEM 8-4

Ca2 PO43

3hate ion

3(2) 2(3) 0

For exampleNO3

NO2 SO4

2 SO32

Practice

MathHandbookMath

Handbook

64157265

29 NaBr

30 CaCl2

31 KOH

32 Cu(NO3)2

33 Ag2CrO4

ClO4 ClO3

ClO2 ClO

Practice

2004676

Figure 8-8

oxidation number

Yes No

Potassium

Barium

Aluminum

Ammonium

5057328

Section 84

Figure 8-9

Group 1A

Group 2A

2 2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2 2

13217686

8202419

Lithium 180 1347

Tin 232 2623

Aluminum 660 2467

Barium 727 1850

Silver 961 2155

Copper 1083 2570

Table 8-7

Externalforce

Metal isdeformed

Figure 8-10

13562537

miniLAB

45453163

Table 8-8

42 What is an alloy

8594236

Pre-Lab

CHEMLAB 8

Mass Data

Empty crucible

Magnesium ribbon

Magnesium products

CHEMLAB 233

Procedure

Error Analysis

CHAPTER 8 CHEMLAB

Everyday Chemistry

Study Guide 235

Vocabulary

together

cal bonds

ing ionic compounds

An atom

loses anelectron

Type of ionformed

gains anelectron

Assessment 237

pounds

a fluorine b oxygen

ammonium sulfate

lithium bromide

Na2CO3

Mg2 PO43

Table 8-9

Cations Anions

K SO32

Fe3 NO3

Table 8-10

temperature

CHAPTER ASSESSMENT8

Cations Anions

Ba2 S2O32

Al3 NO2

Table 8-11

trons of Sc

a 2b 3c 2d 3

Ag2Se 2686 gray

AlPO4 1460 white

RbClO4 281 white

Contents in Brief

Table of Contents




Chemistry Online






Biology Connection










Chemistry Online




















Chemistry Online


History Connection







History Connection



Chemistry Online












Chemistry Online

MiniLab Flame Tests




Physics Connection



How It Works Lasers










Chemistry Online












ChemLab Hard Water


History Connection



Chemistry Online








Chemistry Online




















History Connection


Chemistry Online












Chemistry Online







Chapter 11 The Mole



History Connection







Chemistry Online














Chemistry Online

Biology Connection








Section 131 Gases





Chemistry Online








Chapter 14 Gases




History Connection







Chemistry Online








Chemistry Online













Section 161 Energy

Chemistry Online


ChemLab Calorimetry


















Chemistry Online


Physics Connection









Physics Connection





Chemistry Online










Chemistry Online














Biology Connection







Chemistry Online









Chemistry Online



MiniLab Corrosion


History Connection






Section 221 Alkanes


Biology Connection





Section 224 Isomers



Chemistry Online
















Chemistry Online









Section 243 Lipids

Biology Connection







Chemistry Online







Physics Connection







Chemistry Online













Biology Connection

Chemistry Online








Appendices




Scientific Notation



Significant Figures



Unit Conversion

Drawing Line Graphs

Using Line Graphs




Appendix C Tables

C-1 Color Key


C-3 SI Prefixes













GlossaryGlosario

Index

Photo Credits

Features

ChemLab

MiniLab

Problem-Solving Lab

Discovery Lab

How It Works

Everyday Chemistry




Connections

Earth Science

Biology

History

Astronomy

Physics

Student Worksheets


To the Student

Study Skills











Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases













Laboratory Manual





Safety Symbols






21 Density

22 Making a Graph

























Chapter 11 The Mole


112 Mole Ratios






132 Boiling Points

Chapter 14 Gases


142 Boylersquos Law












182 Equilibrium









212 Electroplating


221 Isomerism






241 Denaturation













The Truth Table


Safety Symbols







Lab B2 Conductivity

Lab B3 pH







To the Student



Safety Symbols























To the Student



CBL Equipment


Safety Symbols



Lab 2 Conductivity





Lab 7 Calorimetry





Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26








Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases






























43 How Atoms Differ









63 Periodic Trends












92 Naming Molecules


94 Molecular Shape






Chapter 11 The Mole










124 Percent Yield


131 Gases



134 Phase Changes

Chapter 14 Gases

141 The Gas Laws










161 Energy

















193 What is pH

194 Neutralization




203 Half-Reactions


211 Voltaic Cells


213 Electrolysis


221 Alkanes



224 Isomers







235 Polymers


241 Proteins

242 Carbohydrates

243 Lipids

244 Nucleic Acids

245 Metabolism




253 Transmutation








Reviewing Chemistry













Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases








































Science Notebook


Note-Taking Tips


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Chapter 11 The Mole

Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 131 Gases




Wrap-Up

Chapter 14 Gases

Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 161 Energy





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 221 Alkanes



Section 224 Isomers


Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Section 243 Lipids



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up

Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document

Search - Full

Page Navigator

Exit

KI 632 KF 808

KBr 671 AgCl 910

RbF 774 NaF 910

NaI 682 LiF 1030

NaBr 732 SrCl2 2142

NaCl 769 MgO 3795

Table 8-3

KF 858

KCl 770

KBr 734

KI 681

87196175

Section 83

2A Be Mg Ca Sr Ba 2

5A N P As 3

6A O S Se Te 2

7A F Cl Br I 1

Table 8-4

16269086

9874169

Group Common ions

3B Sc3 Y3 La3

4B Ti2 Ti3

5B V2 V3

6B Cr2 Cr3

7B Mn2 Mn3 Tc2

8B Fe2 Fe3

8B Co2 Co3

8B Ni2 Pd2 Pt2 Pt4

1B Cu Cu2 Ag Au Au3

2B Zn2 Cd2 Hg22 Hg2

4A Sn2 Sn4 Pb2 Pb4

Table 8-5

14189536

EXAMPLE PROBLEM 8-2

2ion 2(1) 1(2) 0

EXAMPLE PROBLEM 8-3

Al3 S2

2ion 2(3) 3(2) 0

MathHandbookMath

Handbook

NH4 Cl

Ion Name

NH4 ammonium

NO2 nitrite

NO3 nitrate

OH hydroxide

CN cyanide

MnO4 permanganate

ClO hypochlorite

ClO2 chlorite

ClO3 chlorate

ClO4 perchlorate

BrO3 bromate

IO3 iodate

Ion Name

IO4 periodate

C2H3O2 acetate

CO32 carbonate

SO32 sulfite

SO42 sulfate

S2O32 thiosulfate

O22 peroxide

CrO42 chromate

Cr2O72 dichromate

PO43 phosphate

AsO43 arsenate

Table 8-6

Practice

9383093

EXAMPLE PROBLEM 8-4

Ca2 PO43

3hate ion

3(2) 2(3) 0

For exampleNO3

NO2 SO4

2 SO32

Practice

MathHandbookMath

Handbook

64157265

29 NaBr

30 CaCl2

31 KOH

32 Cu(NO3)2

33 Ag2CrO4

ClO4 ClO3

ClO2 ClO

Practice

2004676

Figure 8-8

oxidation number

Yes No

Potassium

Barium

Aluminum

Ammonium

5057328

Section 84

Figure 8-9

Group 1A

Group 2A

2 2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2 2

13217686

8202419

Lithium 180 1347

Tin 232 2623

Aluminum 660 2467

Barium 727 1850

Silver 961 2155

Copper 1083 2570

Table 8-7

Externalforce

Metal isdeformed

Figure 8-10

13562537

miniLAB

45453163

Table 8-8

42 What is an alloy

8594236

Pre-Lab

CHEMLAB 8

Mass Data

Empty crucible

Magnesium ribbon

Magnesium products

CHEMLAB 233

Procedure

Error Analysis

CHAPTER 8 CHEMLAB

Everyday Chemistry

Study Guide 235

Vocabulary

together

cal bonds

ing ionic compounds

An atom

loses anelectron

Type of ionformed

gains anelectron

Assessment 237

pounds

a fluorine b oxygen

ammonium sulfate

lithium bromide

Na2CO3

Mg2 PO43

Table 8-9

Cations Anions

K SO32

Fe3 NO3

Table 8-10

temperature

CHAPTER ASSESSMENT8

Cations Anions

Ba2 S2O32

Al3 NO2

Table 8-11

trons of Sc

a 2b 3c 2d 3

Ag2Se 2686 gray

AlPO4 1460 white

RbClO4 281 white

Contents in Brief

Table of Contents




Chemistry Online






Biology Connection










Chemistry Online




















Chemistry Online


History Connection







History Connection



Chemistry Online












Chemistry Online

MiniLab Flame Tests




Physics Connection



How It Works Lasers










Chemistry Online












ChemLab Hard Water


History Connection



Chemistry Online








Chemistry Online




















History Connection


Chemistry Online












Chemistry Online







Chapter 11 The Mole



History Connection







Chemistry Online














Chemistry Online

Biology Connection








Section 131 Gases





Chemistry Online








Chapter 14 Gases




History Connection







Chemistry Online








Chemistry Online













Section 161 Energy

Chemistry Online


ChemLab Calorimetry


















Chemistry Online


Physics Connection









Physics Connection





Chemistry Online










Chemistry Online














Biology Connection







Chemistry Online









Chemistry Online



MiniLab Corrosion


History Connection






Section 221 Alkanes


Biology Connection





Section 224 Isomers



Chemistry Online
















Chemistry Online









Section 243 Lipids

Biology Connection







Chemistry Online







Physics Connection







Chemistry Online













Biology Connection

Chemistry Online








Appendices




Scientific Notation



Significant Figures



Unit Conversion

Drawing Line Graphs

Using Line Graphs




Appendix C Tables

C-1 Color Key


C-3 SI Prefixes













GlossaryGlosario

Index

Photo Credits

Features

ChemLab

MiniLab

Problem-Solving Lab

Discovery Lab

How It Works

Everyday Chemistry




Connections

Earth Science

Biology

History

Astronomy

Physics

Student Worksheets


To the Student

Study Skills











Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases













Laboratory Manual





Safety Symbols






21 Density

22 Making a Graph

























Chapter 11 The Mole


112 Mole Ratios






132 Boiling Points

Chapter 14 Gases


142 Boylersquos Law












182 Equilibrium









212 Electroplating


221 Isomerism






241 Denaturation













The Truth Table


Safety Symbols







Lab B2 Conductivity

Lab B3 pH







To the Student



Safety Symbols























To the Student



CBL Equipment


Safety Symbols



Lab 2 Conductivity





Lab 7 Calorimetry





Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26








Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases






























43 How Atoms Differ









63 Periodic Trends












92 Naming Molecules


94 Molecular Shape






Chapter 11 The Mole










124 Percent Yield


131 Gases



134 Phase Changes

Chapter 14 Gases

141 The Gas Laws










161 Energy

















193 What is pH

194 Neutralization




203 Half-Reactions


211 Voltaic Cells


213 Electrolysis


221 Alkanes



224 Isomers







235 Polymers


241 Proteins

242 Carbohydrates

243 Lipids

244 Nucleic Acids

245 Metabolism




253 Transmutation








Reviewing Chemistry













Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases








































Science Notebook


Note-Taking Tips


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Chapter 11 The Mole

Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 131 Gases




Wrap-Up

Chapter 14 Gases

Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 161 Energy





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 221 Alkanes



Section 224 Isomers


Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Section 243 Lipids



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up

Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document

Search - Full

Page Navigator

Exit

Section 83

2A Be Mg Ca Sr Ba 2

5A N P As 3

6A O S Se Te 2

7A F Cl Br I 1

Table 8-4

16269086

9874169

Group Common ions

3B Sc3 Y3 La3

4B Ti2 Ti3

5B V2 V3

6B Cr2 Cr3

7B Mn2 Mn3 Tc2

8B Fe2 Fe3

8B Co2 Co3

8B Ni2 Pd2 Pt2 Pt4

1B Cu Cu2 Ag Au Au3

2B Zn2 Cd2 Hg22 Hg2

4A Sn2 Sn4 Pb2 Pb4

Table 8-5

14189536

EXAMPLE PROBLEM 8-2

2ion 2(1) 1(2) 0

EXAMPLE PROBLEM 8-3

Al3 S2

2ion 2(3) 3(2) 0

MathHandbookMath

Handbook

NH4 Cl

Ion Name

NH4 ammonium

NO2 nitrite

NO3 nitrate

OH hydroxide

CN cyanide

MnO4 permanganate

ClO hypochlorite

ClO2 chlorite

ClO3 chlorate

ClO4 perchlorate

BrO3 bromate

IO3 iodate

Ion Name

IO4 periodate

C2H3O2 acetate

CO32 carbonate

SO32 sulfite

SO42 sulfate

S2O32 thiosulfate

O22 peroxide

CrO42 chromate

Cr2O72 dichromate

PO43 phosphate

AsO43 arsenate

Table 8-6

Practice

9383093

EXAMPLE PROBLEM 8-4

Ca2 PO43

3hate ion

3(2) 2(3) 0

For exampleNO3

NO2 SO4

2 SO32

Practice

MathHandbookMath

Handbook

64157265

29 NaBr

30 CaCl2

31 KOH

32 Cu(NO3)2

33 Ag2CrO4

ClO4 ClO3

ClO2 ClO

Practice

2004676

Figure 8-8

oxidation number

Yes No

Potassium

Barium

Aluminum

Ammonium

5057328

Section 84

Figure 8-9

Group 1A

Group 2A

2 2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2 2

13217686

8202419

Lithium 180 1347

Tin 232 2623

Aluminum 660 2467

Barium 727 1850

Silver 961 2155

Copper 1083 2570

Table 8-7

Externalforce

Metal isdeformed

Figure 8-10

13562537

miniLAB

45453163

Table 8-8

42 What is an alloy

8594236

Pre-Lab

CHEMLAB 8

Mass Data

Empty crucible

Magnesium ribbon

Magnesium products

CHEMLAB 233

Procedure

Error Analysis

CHAPTER 8 CHEMLAB

Everyday Chemistry

Study Guide 235

Vocabulary

together

cal bonds

ing ionic compounds

An atom

loses anelectron

Type of ionformed

gains anelectron

Assessment 237

pounds

a fluorine b oxygen

ammonium sulfate

lithium bromide

Na2CO3

Mg2 PO43

Table 8-9

Cations Anions

K SO32

Fe3 NO3

Table 8-10

temperature

CHAPTER ASSESSMENT8

Cations Anions

Ba2 S2O32

Al3 NO2

Table 8-11

trons of Sc

a 2b 3c 2d 3

Ag2Se 2686 gray

AlPO4 1460 white

RbClO4 281 white

Contents in Brief

Table of Contents




Chemistry Online






Biology Connection










Chemistry Online




















Chemistry Online


History Connection







History Connection



Chemistry Online












Chemistry Online

MiniLab Flame Tests




Physics Connection



How It Works Lasers










Chemistry Online












ChemLab Hard Water


History Connection



Chemistry Online








Chemistry Online




















History Connection


Chemistry Online












Chemistry Online







Chapter 11 The Mole



History Connection







Chemistry Online














Chemistry Online

Biology Connection








Section 131 Gases





Chemistry Online








Chapter 14 Gases




History Connection







Chemistry Online








Chemistry Online













Section 161 Energy

Chemistry Online


ChemLab Calorimetry


















Chemistry Online


Physics Connection









Physics Connection





Chemistry Online










Chemistry Online














Biology Connection







Chemistry Online









Chemistry Online



MiniLab Corrosion


History Connection






Section 221 Alkanes


Biology Connection





Section 224 Isomers



Chemistry Online
















Chemistry Online









Section 243 Lipids

Biology Connection







Chemistry Online







Physics Connection







Chemistry Online













Biology Connection

Chemistry Online








Appendices




Scientific Notation



Significant Figures



Unit Conversion

Drawing Line Graphs

Using Line Graphs




Appendix C Tables

C-1 Color Key


C-3 SI Prefixes













GlossaryGlosario

Index

Photo Credits

Features

ChemLab

MiniLab

Problem-Solving Lab

Discovery Lab

How It Works

Everyday Chemistry




Connections

Earth Science

Biology

History

Astronomy

Physics

Student Worksheets


To the Student

Study Skills











Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases













Laboratory Manual





Safety Symbols






21 Density

22 Making a Graph

























Chapter 11 The Mole


112 Mole Ratios






132 Boiling Points

Chapter 14 Gases


142 Boylersquos Law












182 Equilibrium









212 Electroplating


221 Isomerism






241 Denaturation













The Truth Table


Safety Symbols







Lab B2 Conductivity

Lab B3 pH







To the Student



Safety Symbols























To the Student



CBL Equipment


Safety Symbols



Lab 2 Conductivity





Lab 7 Calorimetry





Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26








Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases






























43 How Atoms Differ









63 Periodic Trends












92 Naming Molecules


94 Molecular Shape






Chapter 11 The Mole










124 Percent Yield


131 Gases



134 Phase Changes

Chapter 14 Gases

141 The Gas Laws










161 Energy

















193 What is pH

194 Neutralization




203 Half-Reactions


211 Voltaic Cells


213 Electrolysis


221 Alkanes



224 Isomers







235 Polymers


241 Proteins

242 Carbohydrates

243 Lipids

244 Nucleic Acids

245 Metabolism




253 Transmutation








Reviewing Chemistry













Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases








































Science Notebook


Note-Taking Tips


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Chapter 11 The Mole

Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 131 Gases




Wrap-Up

Chapter 14 Gases

Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 161 Energy





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 221 Alkanes



Section 224 Isomers


Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Section 243 Lipids



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up

Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document

Search - Full

Page Navigator

Exit

Group Common ions

3B Sc3 Y3 La3

4B Ti2 Ti3

5B V2 V3

6B Cr2 Cr3

7B Mn2 Mn3 Tc2

8B Fe2 Fe3

8B Co2 Co3

8B Ni2 Pd2 Pt2 Pt4

1B Cu Cu2 Ag Au Au3

2B Zn2 Cd2 Hg22 Hg2

4A Sn2 Sn4 Pb2 Pb4

Table 8-5

14189536

EXAMPLE PROBLEM 8-2

2ion 2(1) 1(2) 0

EXAMPLE PROBLEM 8-3

Al3 S2

2ion 2(3) 3(2) 0

MathHandbookMath

Handbook

NH4 Cl

Ion Name

NH4 ammonium

NO2 nitrite

NO3 nitrate

OH hydroxide

CN cyanide

MnO4 permanganate

ClO hypochlorite

ClO2 chlorite

ClO3 chlorate

ClO4 perchlorate

BrO3 bromate

IO3 iodate

Ion Name

IO4 periodate

C2H3O2 acetate

CO32 carbonate

SO32 sulfite

SO42 sulfate

S2O32 thiosulfate

O22 peroxide

CrO42 chromate

Cr2O72 dichromate

PO43 phosphate

AsO43 arsenate

Table 8-6

Practice

9383093

EXAMPLE PROBLEM 8-4

Ca2 PO43

3hate ion

3(2) 2(3) 0

For exampleNO3

NO2 SO4

2 SO32

Practice

MathHandbookMath

Handbook

64157265

29 NaBr

30 CaCl2

31 KOH

32 Cu(NO3)2

33 Ag2CrO4

ClO4 ClO3

ClO2 ClO

Practice

2004676

Figure 8-8

oxidation number

Yes No

Potassium

Barium

Aluminum

Ammonium

5057328

Section 84

Figure 8-9

Group 1A

Group 2A

2 2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2 2

13217686

8202419

Lithium 180 1347

Tin 232 2623

Aluminum 660 2467

Barium 727 1850

Silver 961 2155

Copper 1083 2570

Table 8-7

Externalforce

Metal isdeformed

Figure 8-10

13562537

miniLAB

45453163

Table 8-8

42 What is an alloy

8594236

Pre-Lab

CHEMLAB 8

Mass Data

Empty crucible

Magnesium ribbon

Magnesium products

CHEMLAB 233

Procedure

Error Analysis

CHAPTER 8 CHEMLAB

Everyday Chemistry

Study Guide 235

Vocabulary

together

cal bonds

ing ionic compounds

An atom

loses anelectron

Type of ionformed

gains anelectron

Assessment 237

pounds

a fluorine b oxygen

ammonium sulfate

lithium bromide

Na2CO3

Mg2 PO43

Table 8-9

Cations Anions

K SO32

Fe3 NO3

Table 8-10

temperature

CHAPTER ASSESSMENT8

Cations Anions

Ba2 S2O32

Al3 NO2

Table 8-11

trons of Sc

a 2b 3c 2d 3

Ag2Se 2686 gray

AlPO4 1460 white

RbClO4 281 white

Contents in Brief

Table of Contents




Chemistry Online






Biology Connection










Chemistry Online




















Chemistry Online


History Connection







History Connection



Chemistry Online












Chemistry Online

MiniLab Flame Tests




Physics Connection



How It Works Lasers










Chemistry Online












ChemLab Hard Water


History Connection



Chemistry Online








Chemistry Online




















History Connection


Chemistry Online












Chemistry Online







Chapter 11 The Mole



History Connection







Chemistry Online














Chemistry Online

Biology Connection








Section 131 Gases





Chemistry Online








Chapter 14 Gases




History Connection







Chemistry Online








Chemistry Online













Section 161 Energy

Chemistry Online


ChemLab Calorimetry


















Chemistry Online


Physics Connection









Physics Connection





Chemistry Online










Chemistry Online














Biology Connection







Chemistry Online









Chemistry Online



MiniLab Corrosion


History Connection






Section 221 Alkanes


Biology Connection





Section 224 Isomers



Chemistry Online
















Chemistry Online









Section 243 Lipids

Biology Connection







Chemistry Online







Physics Connection







Chemistry Online













Biology Connection

Chemistry Online








Appendices




Scientific Notation



Significant Figures



Unit Conversion

Drawing Line Graphs

Using Line Graphs




Appendix C Tables

C-1 Color Key


C-3 SI Prefixes













GlossaryGlosario

Index

Photo Credits

Features

ChemLab

MiniLab

Problem-Solving Lab

Discovery Lab

How It Works

Everyday Chemistry




Connections

Earth Science

Biology

History

Astronomy

Physics

Student Worksheets


To the Student

Study Skills











Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases













Laboratory Manual





Safety Symbols






21 Density

22 Making a Graph

























Chapter 11 The Mole


112 Mole Ratios






132 Boiling Points

Chapter 14 Gases


142 Boylersquos Law












182 Equilibrium









212 Electroplating


221 Isomerism






241 Denaturation













The Truth Table


Safety Symbols







Lab B2 Conductivity

Lab B3 pH







To the Student



Safety Symbols























To the Student



CBL Equipment


Safety Symbols



Lab 2 Conductivity





Lab 7 Calorimetry





Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26








Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases






























43 How Atoms Differ









63 Periodic Trends












92 Naming Molecules


94 Molecular Shape






Chapter 11 The Mole










124 Percent Yield


131 Gases



134 Phase Changes

Chapter 14 Gases

141 The Gas Laws










161 Energy

















193 What is pH

194 Neutralization




203 Half-Reactions


211 Voltaic Cells


213 Electrolysis


221 Alkanes



224 Isomers







235 Polymers


241 Proteins

242 Carbohydrates

243 Lipids

244 Nucleic Acids

245 Metabolism




253 Transmutation








Reviewing Chemistry













Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases








































Science Notebook


Note-Taking Tips


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Chapter 11 The Mole

Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 131 Gases




Wrap-Up

Chapter 14 Gases

Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 161 Energy





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 221 Alkanes



Section 224 Isomers


Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Section 243 Lipids



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up

Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document

Search - Full

Page Navigator

Exit

EXAMPLE PROBLEM 8-2

2ion 2(1) 1(2) 0

EXAMPLE PROBLEM 8-3

Al3 S2

2ion 2(3) 3(2) 0

MathHandbookMath

Handbook

NH4 Cl

Ion Name

NH4 ammonium

NO2 nitrite

NO3 nitrate

OH hydroxide

CN cyanide

MnO4 permanganate

ClO hypochlorite

ClO2 chlorite

ClO3 chlorate

ClO4 perchlorate

BrO3 bromate

IO3 iodate

Ion Name

IO4 periodate

C2H3O2 acetate

CO32 carbonate

SO32 sulfite

SO42 sulfate

S2O32 thiosulfate

O22 peroxide

CrO42 chromate

Cr2O72 dichromate

PO43 phosphate

AsO43 arsenate

Table 8-6

Practice

9383093

EXAMPLE PROBLEM 8-4

Ca2 PO43

3hate ion

3(2) 2(3) 0

For exampleNO3

NO2 SO4

2 SO32

Practice

MathHandbookMath

Handbook

64157265

29 NaBr

30 CaCl2

31 KOH

32 Cu(NO3)2

33 Ag2CrO4

ClO4 ClO3

ClO2 ClO

Practice

2004676

Figure 8-8

oxidation number

Yes No

Potassium

Barium

Aluminum

Ammonium

5057328

Section 84

Figure 8-9

Group 1A

Group 2A

2 2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2 2

13217686

8202419

Lithium 180 1347

Tin 232 2623

Aluminum 660 2467

Barium 727 1850

Silver 961 2155

Copper 1083 2570

Table 8-7

Externalforce

Metal isdeformed

Figure 8-10

13562537

miniLAB

45453163

Table 8-8

42 What is an alloy

8594236

Pre-Lab

CHEMLAB 8

Mass Data

Empty crucible

Magnesium ribbon

Magnesium products

CHEMLAB 233

Procedure

Error Analysis

CHAPTER 8 CHEMLAB

Everyday Chemistry

Study Guide 235

Vocabulary

together

cal bonds

ing ionic compounds

An atom

loses anelectron

Type of ionformed

gains anelectron

Assessment 237

pounds

a fluorine b oxygen

ammonium sulfate

lithium bromide

Na2CO3

Mg2 PO43

Table 8-9

Cations Anions

K SO32

Fe3 NO3

Table 8-10

temperature

CHAPTER ASSESSMENT8

Cations Anions

Ba2 S2O32

Al3 NO2

Table 8-11

trons of Sc

a 2b 3c 2d 3

Ag2Se 2686 gray

AlPO4 1460 white

RbClO4 281 white

Contents in Brief

Table of Contents




Chemistry Online






Biology Connection










Chemistry Online




















Chemistry Online


History Connection







History Connection



Chemistry Online












Chemistry Online

MiniLab Flame Tests




Physics Connection



How It Works Lasers










Chemistry Online












ChemLab Hard Water


History Connection



Chemistry Online








Chemistry Online




















History Connection


Chemistry Online












Chemistry Online







Chapter 11 The Mole



History Connection







Chemistry Online














Chemistry Online

Biology Connection








Section 131 Gases





Chemistry Online








Chapter 14 Gases




History Connection







Chemistry Online








Chemistry Online













Section 161 Energy

Chemistry Online


ChemLab Calorimetry


















Chemistry Online


Physics Connection









Physics Connection





Chemistry Online










Chemistry Online














Biology Connection







Chemistry Online









Chemistry Online



MiniLab Corrosion


History Connection






Section 221 Alkanes


Biology Connection





Section 224 Isomers



Chemistry Online
















Chemistry Online









Section 243 Lipids

Biology Connection







Chemistry Online







Physics Connection







Chemistry Online













Biology Connection

Chemistry Online








Appendices




Scientific Notation



Significant Figures



Unit Conversion

Drawing Line Graphs

Using Line Graphs




Appendix C Tables

C-1 Color Key


C-3 SI Prefixes













GlossaryGlosario

Index

Photo Credits

Features

ChemLab

MiniLab

Problem-Solving Lab

Discovery Lab

How It Works

Everyday Chemistry




Connections

Earth Science

Biology

History

Astronomy

Physics

Student Worksheets


To the Student

Study Skills











Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases













Laboratory Manual





Safety Symbols






21 Density

22 Making a Graph

























Chapter 11 The Mole


112 Mole Ratios






132 Boiling Points

Chapter 14 Gases


142 Boylersquos Law












182 Equilibrium









212 Electroplating


221 Isomerism






241 Denaturation













The Truth Table


Safety Symbols







Lab B2 Conductivity

Lab B3 pH







To the Student



Safety Symbols























To the Student



CBL Equipment


Safety Symbols



Lab 2 Conductivity





Lab 7 Calorimetry





Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26








Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases






























43 How Atoms Differ









63 Periodic Trends












92 Naming Molecules


94 Molecular Shape






Chapter 11 The Mole










124 Percent Yield


131 Gases



134 Phase Changes

Chapter 14 Gases

141 The Gas Laws










161 Energy

















193 What is pH

194 Neutralization




203 Half-Reactions


211 Voltaic Cells


213 Electrolysis


221 Alkanes



224 Isomers







235 Polymers


241 Proteins

242 Carbohydrates

243 Lipids

244 Nucleic Acids

245 Metabolism




253 Transmutation








Reviewing Chemistry













Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases








































Science Notebook


Note-Taking Tips


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Chapter 11 The Mole

Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 131 Gases




Wrap-Up

Chapter 14 Gases

Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 161 Energy





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 221 Alkanes



Section 224 Isomers


Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Section 243 Lipids



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up

Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document

Search - Full

Page Navigator

Exit

NH4 Cl

Ion Name

NH4 ammonium

NO2 nitrite

NO3 nitrate

OH hydroxide

CN cyanide

MnO4 permanganate

ClO hypochlorite

ClO2 chlorite

ClO3 chlorate

ClO4 perchlorate

BrO3 bromate

IO3 iodate

Ion Name

IO4 periodate

C2H3O2 acetate

CO32 carbonate

SO32 sulfite

SO42 sulfate

S2O32 thiosulfate

O22 peroxide

CrO42 chromate

Cr2O72 dichromate

PO43 phosphate

AsO43 arsenate

Table 8-6

Practice

9383093

EXAMPLE PROBLEM 8-4

Ca2 PO43

3hate ion

3(2) 2(3) 0

For exampleNO3

NO2 SO4

2 SO32

Practice

MathHandbookMath

Handbook

64157265

29 NaBr

30 CaCl2

31 KOH

32 Cu(NO3)2

33 Ag2CrO4

ClO4 ClO3

ClO2 ClO

Practice

2004676

Figure 8-8

oxidation number

Yes No

Potassium

Barium

Aluminum

Ammonium

5057328

Section 84

Figure 8-9

Group 1A

Group 2A

2 2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2 2

13217686

8202419

Lithium 180 1347

Tin 232 2623

Aluminum 660 2467

Barium 727 1850

Silver 961 2155

Copper 1083 2570

Table 8-7

Externalforce

Metal isdeformed

Figure 8-10

13562537

miniLAB

45453163

Table 8-8

42 What is an alloy

8594236

Pre-Lab

CHEMLAB 8

Mass Data

Empty crucible

Magnesium ribbon

Magnesium products

CHEMLAB 233

Procedure

Error Analysis

CHAPTER 8 CHEMLAB

Everyday Chemistry

Study Guide 235

Vocabulary

together

cal bonds

ing ionic compounds

An atom

loses anelectron

Type of ionformed

gains anelectron

Assessment 237

pounds

a fluorine b oxygen

ammonium sulfate

lithium bromide

Na2CO3

Mg2 PO43

Table 8-9

Cations Anions

K SO32

Fe3 NO3

Table 8-10

temperature

CHAPTER ASSESSMENT8

Cations Anions

Ba2 S2O32

Al3 NO2

Table 8-11

trons of Sc

a 2b 3c 2d 3

Ag2Se 2686 gray

AlPO4 1460 white

RbClO4 281 white

Contents in Brief

Table of Contents




Chemistry Online






Biology Connection










Chemistry Online




















Chemistry Online


History Connection







History Connection



Chemistry Online












Chemistry Online

MiniLab Flame Tests




Physics Connection



How It Works Lasers










Chemistry Online












ChemLab Hard Water


History Connection



Chemistry Online








Chemistry Online




















History Connection


Chemistry Online












Chemistry Online







Chapter 11 The Mole



History Connection







Chemistry Online














Chemistry Online

Biology Connection








Section 131 Gases





Chemistry Online








Chapter 14 Gases




History Connection







Chemistry Online








Chemistry Online













Section 161 Energy

Chemistry Online


ChemLab Calorimetry


















Chemistry Online


Physics Connection









Physics Connection





Chemistry Online










Chemistry Online














Biology Connection







Chemistry Online









Chemistry Online



MiniLab Corrosion


History Connection






Section 221 Alkanes


Biology Connection





Section 224 Isomers



Chemistry Online
















Chemistry Online









Section 243 Lipids

Biology Connection







Chemistry Online







Physics Connection







Chemistry Online













Biology Connection

Chemistry Online








Appendices




Scientific Notation



Significant Figures



Unit Conversion

Drawing Line Graphs

Using Line Graphs




Appendix C Tables

C-1 Color Key


C-3 SI Prefixes













GlossaryGlosario

Index

Photo Credits

Features

ChemLab

MiniLab

Problem-Solving Lab

Discovery Lab

How It Works

Everyday Chemistry




Connections

Earth Science

Biology

History

Astronomy

Physics

Student Worksheets


To the Student

Study Skills











Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases













Laboratory Manual





Safety Symbols






21 Density

22 Making a Graph

























Chapter 11 The Mole


112 Mole Ratios






132 Boiling Points

Chapter 14 Gases


142 Boylersquos Law












182 Equilibrium









212 Electroplating


221 Isomerism






241 Denaturation













The Truth Table


Safety Symbols







Lab B2 Conductivity

Lab B3 pH







To the Student



Safety Symbols























To the Student



CBL Equipment


Safety Symbols



Lab 2 Conductivity





Lab 7 Calorimetry





Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26








Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases






























43 How Atoms Differ









63 Periodic Trends












92 Naming Molecules


94 Molecular Shape






Chapter 11 The Mole










124 Percent Yield


131 Gases



134 Phase Changes

Chapter 14 Gases

141 The Gas Laws










161 Energy

















193 What is pH

194 Neutralization




203 Half-Reactions


211 Voltaic Cells


213 Electrolysis


221 Alkanes



224 Isomers







235 Polymers


241 Proteins

242 Carbohydrates

243 Lipids

244 Nucleic Acids

245 Metabolism




253 Transmutation








Reviewing Chemistry













Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases








































Science Notebook


Note-Taking Tips


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Chapter 11 The Mole

Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 131 Gases




Wrap-Up

Chapter 14 Gases

Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 161 Energy





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 221 Alkanes



Section 224 Isomers


Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Section 243 Lipids



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up

Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document

Search - Full

Page Navigator

Exit

EXAMPLE PROBLEM 8-4

Ca2 PO43

3hate ion

3(2) 2(3) 0

For exampleNO3

NO2 SO4

2 SO32

Practice

MathHandbookMath

Handbook

64157265

29 NaBr

30 CaCl2

31 KOH

32 Cu(NO3)2

33 Ag2CrO4

ClO4 ClO3

ClO2 ClO

Practice

2004676

Figure 8-8

oxidation number

Yes No

Potassium

Barium

Aluminum

Ammonium

5057328

Section 84

Figure 8-9

Group 1A

Group 2A

2 2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2 2

13217686

8202419

Lithium 180 1347

Tin 232 2623

Aluminum 660 2467

Barium 727 1850

Silver 961 2155

Copper 1083 2570

Table 8-7

Externalforce

Metal isdeformed

Figure 8-10

13562537

miniLAB

45453163

Table 8-8

42 What is an alloy

8594236

Pre-Lab

CHEMLAB 8

Mass Data

Empty crucible

Magnesium ribbon

Magnesium products

CHEMLAB 233

Procedure

Error Analysis

CHAPTER 8 CHEMLAB

Everyday Chemistry

Study Guide 235

Vocabulary

together

cal bonds

ing ionic compounds

An atom

loses anelectron

Type of ionformed

gains anelectron

Assessment 237

pounds

a fluorine b oxygen

ammonium sulfate

lithium bromide

Na2CO3

Mg2 PO43

Table 8-9

Cations Anions

K SO32

Fe3 NO3

Table 8-10

temperature

CHAPTER ASSESSMENT8

Cations Anions

Ba2 S2O32

Al3 NO2

Table 8-11

trons of Sc

a 2b 3c 2d 3

Ag2Se 2686 gray

AlPO4 1460 white

RbClO4 281 white

Contents in Brief

Table of Contents




Chemistry Online






Biology Connection










Chemistry Online




















Chemistry Online


History Connection







History Connection



Chemistry Online












Chemistry Online

MiniLab Flame Tests




Physics Connection



How It Works Lasers










Chemistry Online












ChemLab Hard Water


History Connection



Chemistry Online








Chemistry Online




















History Connection


Chemistry Online












Chemistry Online







Chapter 11 The Mole



History Connection







Chemistry Online














Chemistry Online

Biology Connection








Section 131 Gases





Chemistry Online








Chapter 14 Gases




History Connection







Chemistry Online








Chemistry Online













Section 161 Energy

Chemistry Online


ChemLab Calorimetry


















Chemistry Online


Physics Connection









Physics Connection





Chemistry Online










Chemistry Online














Biology Connection







Chemistry Online









Chemistry Online



MiniLab Corrosion


History Connection






Section 221 Alkanes


Biology Connection





Section 224 Isomers



Chemistry Online
















Chemistry Online









Section 243 Lipids

Biology Connection







Chemistry Online







Physics Connection







Chemistry Online













Biology Connection

Chemistry Online








Appendices




Scientific Notation



Significant Figures



Unit Conversion

Drawing Line Graphs

Using Line Graphs




Appendix C Tables

C-1 Color Key


C-3 SI Prefixes













GlossaryGlosario

Index

Photo Credits

Features

ChemLab

MiniLab

Problem-Solving Lab

Discovery Lab

How It Works

Everyday Chemistry




Connections

Earth Science

Biology

History

Astronomy

Physics

Student Worksheets


To the Student

Study Skills











Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases













Laboratory Manual





Safety Symbols






21 Density

22 Making a Graph

























Chapter 11 The Mole


112 Mole Ratios






132 Boiling Points

Chapter 14 Gases


142 Boylersquos Law












182 Equilibrium









212 Electroplating


221 Isomerism






241 Denaturation













The Truth Table


Safety Symbols







Lab B2 Conductivity

Lab B3 pH







To the Student



Safety Symbols























To the Student



CBL Equipment


Safety Symbols



Lab 2 Conductivity





Lab 7 Calorimetry





Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26








Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases






























43 How Atoms Differ









63 Periodic Trends












92 Naming Molecules


94 Molecular Shape






Chapter 11 The Mole










124 Percent Yield


131 Gases



134 Phase Changes

Chapter 14 Gases

141 The Gas Laws










161 Energy

















193 What is pH

194 Neutralization




203 Half-Reactions


211 Voltaic Cells


213 Electrolysis


221 Alkanes



224 Isomers







235 Polymers


241 Proteins

242 Carbohydrates

243 Lipids

244 Nucleic Acids

245 Metabolism




253 Transmutation








Reviewing Chemistry













Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases








































Science Notebook


Note-Taking Tips


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Chapter 11 The Mole

Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 131 Gases




Wrap-Up

Chapter 14 Gases

Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 161 Energy





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 221 Alkanes



Section 224 Isomers


Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Section 243 Lipids



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up

Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document

Search - Full

Page Navigator

Exit

29 NaBr

30 CaCl2

31 KOH

32 Cu(NO3)2

33 Ag2CrO4

ClO4 ClO3

ClO2 ClO

Practice

2004676

Figure 8-8

oxidation number

Yes No

Potassium

Barium

Aluminum

Ammonium

5057328

Section 84

Figure 8-9

Group 1A

Group 2A

2 2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2 2

13217686

8202419

Lithium 180 1347

Tin 232 2623

Aluminum 660 2467

Barium 727 1850

Silver 961 2155

Copper 1083 2570

Table 8-7

Externalforce

Metal isdeformed

Figure 8-10

13562537

miniLAB

45453163

Table 8-8

42 What is an alloy

8594236

Pre-Lab

CHEMLAB 8

Mass Data

Empty crucible

Magnesium ribbon

Magnesium products

CHEMLAB 233

Procedure

Error Analysis

CHAPTER 8 CHEMLAB

Everyday Chemistry

Study Guide 235

Vocabulary

together

cal bonds

ing ionic compounds

An atom

loses anelectron

Type of ionformed

gains anelectron

Assessment 237

pounds

a fluorine b oxygen

ammonium sulfate

lithium bromide

Na2CO3

Mg2 PO43

Table 8-9

Cations Anions

K SO32

Fe3 NO3

Table 8-10

temperature

CHAPTER ASSESSMENT8

Cations Anions

Ba2 S2O32

Al3 NO2

Table 8-11

trons of Sc

a 2b 3c 2d 3

Ag2Se 2686 gray

AlPO4 1460 white

RbClO4 281 white

Contents in Brief

Table of Contents




Chemistry Online






Biology Connection










Chemistry Online




















Chemistry Online


History Connection







History Connection



Chemistry Online












Chemistry Online

MiniLab Flame Tests




Physics Connection



How It Works Lasers










Chemistry Online












ChemLab Hard Water


History Connection



Chemistry Online








Chemistry Online




















History Connection


Chemistry Online












Chemistry Online







Chapter 11 The Mole



History Connection







Chemistry Online














Chemistry Online

Biology Connection








Section 131 Gases





Chemistry Online








Chapter 14 Gases




History Connection







Chemistry Online








Chemistry Online













Section 161 Energy

Chemistry Online


ChemLab Calorimetry


















Chemistry Online


Physics Connection









Physics Connection





Chemistry Online










Chemistry Online














Biology Connection







Chemistry Online









Chemistry Online



MiniLab Corrosion


History Connection






Section 221 Alkanes


Biology Connection





Section 224 Isomers



Chemistry Online
















Chemistry Online









Section 243 Lipids

Biology Connection







Chemistry Online







Physics Connection







Chemistry Online













Biology Connection

Chemistry Online








Appendices




Scientific Notation



Significant Figures



Unit Conversion

Drawing Line Graphs

Using Line Graphs




Appendix C Tables

C-1 Color Key


C-3 SI Prefixes













GlossaryGlosario

Index

Photo Credits

Features

ChemLab

MiniLab

Problem-Solving Lab

Discovery Lab

How It Works

Everyday Chemistry




Connections

Earth Science

Biology

History

Astronomy

Physics

Student Worksheets


To the Student

Study Skills











Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases













Laboratory Manual





Safety Symbols






21 Density

22 Making a Graph

























Chapter 11 The Mole


112 Mole Ratios






132 Boiling Points

Chapter 14 Gases


142 Boylersquos Law












182 Equilibrium









212 Electroplating


221 Isomerism






241 Denaturation













The Truth Table


Safety Symbols







Lab B2 Conductivity

Lab B3 pH







To the Student



Safety Symbols























To the Student



CBL Equipment


Safety Symbols



Lab 2 Conductivity





Lab 7 Calorimetry





Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26








Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases






























43 How Atoms Differ









63 Periodic Trends












92 Naming Molecules


94 Molecular Shape






Chapter 11 The Mole










124 Percent Yield


131 Gases



134 Phase Changes

Chapter 14 Gases

141 The Gas Laws










161 Energy

















193 What is pH

194 Neutralization




203 Half-Reactions


211 Voltaic Cells


213 Electrolysis


221 Alkanes



224 Isomers







235 Polymers


241 Proteins

242 Carbohydrates

243 Lipids

244 Nucleic Acids

245 Metabolism




253 Transmutation








Reviewing Chemistry













Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases








































Science Notebook


Note-Taking Tips


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Chapter 11 The Mole

Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 131 Gases




Wrap-Up

Chapter 14 Gases

Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 161 Energy





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 221 Alkanes



Section 224 Isomers


Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Section 243 Lipids



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up

Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document

Search - Full

Page Navigator

Exit

Figure 8-8

oxidation number

Yes No

Potassium

Barium

Aluminum

Ammonium

5057328

Section 84

Figure 8-9

Group 1A

Group 2A

2 2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2 2

13217686

8202419

Lithium 180 1347

Tin 232 2623

Aluminum 660 2467

Barium 727 1850

Silver 961 2155

Copper 1083 2570

Table 8-7

Externalforce

Metal isdeformed

Figure 8-10

13562537

miniLAB

45453163

Table 8-8

42 What is an alloy

8594236

Pre-Lab

CHEMLAB 8

Mass Data

Empty crucible

Magnesium ribbon

Magnesium products

CHEMLAB 233

Procedure

Error Analysis

CHAPTER 8 CHEMLAB

Everyday Chemistry

Study Guide 235

Vocabulary

together

cal bonds

ing ionic compounds

An atom

loses anelectron

Type of ionformed

gains anelectron

Assessment 237

pounds

a fluorine b oxygen

ammonium sulfate

lithium bromide

Na2CO3

Mg2 PO43

Table 8-9

Cations Anions

K SO32

Fe3 NO3

Table 8-10

temperature

CHAPTER ASSESSMENT8

Cations Anions

Ba2 S2O32

Al3 NO2

Table 8-11

trons of Sc

a 2b 3c 2d 3

Ag2Se 2686 gray

AlPO4 1460 white

RbClO4 281 white

Contents in Brief

Table of Contents




Chemistry Online






Biology Connection










Chemistry Online




















Chemistry Online


History Connection







History Connection



Chemistry Online












Chemistry Online

MiniLab Flame Tests




Physics Connection



How It Works Lasers










Chemistry Online












ChemLab Hard Water


History Connection



Chemistry Online








Chemistry Online




















History Connection


Chemistry Online












Chemistry Online







Chapter 11 The Mole



History Connection







Chemistry Online














Chemistry Online

Biology Connection








Section 131 Gases





Chemistry Online








Chapter 14 Gases




History Connection







Chemistry Online








Chemistry Online













Section 161 Energy

Chemistry Online


ChemLab Calorimetry


















Chemistry Online


Physics Connection









Physics Connection





Chemistry Online










Chemistry Online














Biology Connection







Chemistry Online









Chemistry Online



MiniLab Corrosion


History Connection






Section 221 Alkanes


Biology Connection





Section 224 Isomers



Chemistry Online
















Chemistry Online









Section 243 Lipids

Biology Connection







Chemistry Online







Physics Connection







Chemistry Online













Biology Connection

Chemistry Online








Appendices




Scientific Notation



Significant Figures



Unit Conversion

Drawing Line Graphs

Using Line Graphs




Appendix C Tables

C-1 Color Key


C-3 SI Prefixes













GlossaryGlosario

Index

Photo Credits

Features

ChemLab

MiniLab

Problem-Solving Lab

Discovery Lab

How It Works

Everyday Chemistry




Connections

Earth Science

Biology

History

Astronomy

Physics

Student Worksheets


To the Student

Study Skills











Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases













Laboratory Manual





Safety Symbols






21 Density

22 Making a Graph

























Chapter 11 The Mole


112 Mole Ratios






132 Boiling Points

Chapter 14 Gases


142 Boylersquos Law












182 Equilibrium









212 Electroplating


221 Isomerism






241 Denaturation













The Truth Table


Safety Symbols







Lab B2 Conductivity

Lab B3 pH







To the Student



Safety Symbols























To the Student



CBL Equipment


Safety Symbols



Lab 2 Conductivity





Lab 7 Calorimetry





Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26








Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases






























43 How Atoms Differ









63 Periodic Trends












92 Naming Molecules


94 Molecular Shape






Chapter 11 The Mole










124 Percent Yield


131 Gases



134 Phase Changes

Chapter 14 Gases

141 The Gas Laws










161 Energy

















193 What is pH

194 Neutralization




203 Half-Reactions


211 Voltaic Cells


213 Electrolysis


221 Alkanes



224 Isomers







235 Polymers


241 Proteins

242 Carbohydrates

243 Lipids

244 Nucleic Acids

245 Metabolism




253 Transmutation








Reviewing Chemistry













Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases








































Science Notebook


Note-Taking Tips


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Chapter 11 The Mole

Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 131 Gases




Wrap-Up

Chapter 14 Gases

Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 161 Energy





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 221 Alkanes



Section 224 Isomers


Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Section 243 Lipids



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up

Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document

Search - Full

Page Navigator

Exit

Section 84

Figure 8-9

Group 1A

Group 2A

2 2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2 2

13217686

8202419

Lithium 180 1347

Tin 232 2623

Aluminum 660 2467

Barium 727 1850

Silver 961 2155

Copper 1083 2570

Table 8-7

Externalforce

Metal isdeformed

Figure 8-10

13562537

miniLAB

45453163

Table 8-8

42 What is an alloy

8594236

Pre-Lab

CHEMLAB 8

Mass Data

Empty crucible

Magnesium ribbon

Magnesium products

CHEMLAB 233

Procedure

Error Analysis

CHAPTER 8 CHEMLAB

Everyday Chemistry

Study Guide 235

Vocabulary

together

cal bonds

ing ionic compounds

An atom

loses anelectron

Type of ionformed

gains anelectron

Assessment 237

pounds

a fluorine b oxygen

ammonium sulfate

lithium bromide

Na2CO3

Mg2 PO43

Table 8-9

Cations Anions

K SO32

Fe3 NO3

Table 8-10

temperature

CHAPTER ASSESSMENT8

Cations Anions

Ba2 S2O32

Al3 NO2

Table 8-11

trons of Sc

a 2b 3c 2d 3

Ag2Se 2686 gray

AlPO4 1460 white

RbClO4 281 white

Contents in Brief

Table of Contents




Chemistry Online






Biology Connection










Chemistry Online




















Chemistry Online


History Connection







History Connection



Chemistry Online












Chemistry Online

MiniLab Flame Tests




Physics Connection



How It Works Lasers










Chemistry Online












ChemLab Hard Water


History Connection



Chemistry Online








Chemistry Online




















History Connection


Chemistry Online












Chemistry Online







Chapter 11 The Mole



History Connection







Chemistry Online














Chemistry Online

Biology Connection








Section 131 Gases





Chemistry Online








Chapter 14 Gases




History Connection







Chemistry Online








Chemistry Online













Section 161 Energy

Chemistry Online


ChemLab Calorimetry


















Chemistry Online


Physics Connection









Physics Connection





Chemistry Online










Chemistry Online














Biology Connection







Chemistry Online









Chemistry Online



MiniLab Corrosion


History Connection






Section 221 Alkanes


Biology Connection





Section 224 Isomers



Chemistry Online
















Chemistry Online









Section 243 Lipids

Biology Connection







Chemistry Online







Physics Connection







Chemistry Online













Biology Connection

Chemistry Online








Appendices




Scientific Notation



Significant Figures



Unit Conversion

Drawing Line Graphs

Using Line Graphs




Appendix C Tables

C-1 Color Key


C-3 SI Prefixes













GlossaryGlosario

Index

Photo Credits

Features

ChemLab

MiniLab

Problem-Solving Lab

Discovery Lab

How It Works

Everyday Chemistry




Connections

Earth Science

Biology

History

Astronomy

Physics

Student Worksheets


To the Student

Study Skills











Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases













Laboratory Manual





Safety Symbols






21 Density

22 Making a Graph

























Chapter 11 The Mole


112 Mole Ratios






132 Boiling Points

Chapter 14 Gases


142 Boylersquos Law












182 Equilibrium









212 Electroplating


221 Isomerism






241 Denaturation













The Truth Table


Safety Symbols







Lab B2 Conductivity

Lab B3 pH







To the Student



Safety Symbols























To the Student



CBL Equipment


Safety Symbols



Lab 2 Conductivity





Lab 7 Calorimetry





Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26








Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases






























43 How Atoms Differ









63 Periodic Trends












92 Naming Molecules


94 Molecular Shape






Chapter 11 The Mole










124 Percent Yield


131 Gases



134 Phase Changes

Chapter 14 Gases

141 The Gas Laws










161 Energy

















193 What is pH

194 Neutralization




203 Half-Reactions


211 Voltaic Cells


213 Electrolysis


221 Alkanes



224 Isomers







235 Polymers


241 Proteins

242 Carbohydrates

243 Lipids

244 Nucleic Acids

245 Metabolism




253 Transmutation








Reviewing Chemistry













Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases








































Science Notebook


Note-Taking Tips


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Chapter 11 The Mole

Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 131 Gases




Wrap-Up

Chapter 14 Gases

Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 161 Energy





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 221 Alkanes



Section 224 Isomers


Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Section 243 Lipids



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up

Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document

Search - Full

Page Navigator

Exit

Lithium 180 1347

Tin 232 2623

Aluminum 660 2467

Barium 727 1850

Silver 961 2155

Copper 1083 2570

Table 8-7

Externalforce

Metal isdeformed

Figure 8-10

13562537

miniLAB

45453163

Table 8-8

42 What is an alloy

8594236

Pre-Lab

CHEMLAB 8

Mass Data

Empty crucible

Magnesium ribbon

Magnesium products

CHEMLAB 233

Procedure

Error Analysis

CHAPTER 8 CHEMLAB

Everyday Chemistry

Study Guide 235

Vocabulary

together

cal bonds

ing ionic compounds

An atom

loses anelectron

Type of ionformed

gains anelectron

Assessment 237

pounds

a fluorine b oxygen

ammonium sulfate

lithium bromide

Na2CO3

Mg2 PO43

Table 8-9

Cations Anions

K SO32

Fe3 NO3

Table 8-10

temperature

CHAPTER ASSESSMENT8

Cations Anions

Ba2 S2O32

Al3 NO2

Table 8-11

trons of Sc

a 2b 3c 2d 3

Ag2Se 2686 gray

AlPO4 1460 white

RbClO4 281 white

Contents in Brief

Table of Contents




Chemistry Online






Biology Connection










Chemistry Online




















Chemistry Online


History Connection







History Connection



Chemistry Online












Chemistry Online

MiniLab Flame Tests




Physics Connection



How It Works Lasers










Chemistry Online












ChemLab Hard Water


History Connection



Chemistry Online








Chemistry Online




















History Connection


Chemistry Online












Chemistry Online







Chapter 11 The Mole



History Connection







Chemistry Online














Chemistry Online

Biology Connection








Section 131 Gases





Chemistry Online








Chapter 14 Gases




History Connection







Chemistry Online








Chemistry Online













Section 161 Energy

Chemistry Online


ChemLab Calorimetry


















Chemistry Online


Physics Connection









Physics Connection





Chemistry Online










Chemistry Online














Biology Connection







Chemistry Online









Chemistry Online



MiniLab Corrosion


History Connection






Section 221 Alkanes


Biology Connection





Section 224 Isomers



Chemistry Online
















Chemistry Online









Section 243 Lipids

Biology Connection







Chemistry Online







Physics Connection







Chemistry Online













Biology Connection

Chemistry Online








Appendices




Scientific Notation



Significant Figures



Unit Conversion

Drawing Line Graphs

Using Line Graphs




Appendix C Tables

C-1 Color Key


C-3 SI Prefixes













GlossaryGlosario

Index

Photo Credits

Features

ChemLab

MiniLab

Problem-Solving Lab

Discovery Lab

How It Works

Everyday Chemistry




Connections

Earth Science

Biology

History

Astronomy

Physics

Student Worksheets


To the Student

Study Skills











Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases













Laboratory Manual





Safety Symbols






21 Density

22 Making a Graph

























Chapter 11 The Mole


112 Mole Ratios






132 Boiling Points

Chapter 14 Gases


142 Boylersquos Law












182 Equilibrium









212 Electroplating


221 Isomerism






241 Denaturation













The Truth Table


Safety Symbols







Lab B2 Conductivity

Lab B3 pH







To the Student



Safety Symbols























To the Student



CBL Equipment


Safety Symbols



Lab 2 Conductivity





Lab 7 Calorimetry





Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26








Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases






























43 How Atoms Differ









63 Periodic Trends












92 Naming Molecules


94 Molecular Shape






Chapter 11 The Mole










124 Percent Yield


131 Gases



134 Phase Changes

Chapter 14 Gases

141 The Gas Laws










161 Energy

















193 What is pH

194 Neutralization




203 Half-Reactions


211 Voltaic Cells


213 Electrolysis


221 Alkanes



224 Isomers







235 Polymers


241 Proteins

242 Carbohydrates

243 Lipids

244 Nucleic Acids

245 Metabolism




253 Transmutation








Reviewing Chemistry













Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases








































Science Notebook


Note-Taking Tips


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Chapter 11 The Mole

Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 131 Gases




Wrap-Up

Chapter 14 Gases

Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 161 Energy





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 221 Alkanes



Section 224 Isomers


Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Section 243 Lipids



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up

Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document

Search - Full

Page Navigator

Exit

miniLAB

45453163

Table 8-8

42 What is an alloy

8594236

Pre-Lab

CHEMLAB 8

Mass Data

Empty crucible

Magnesium ribbon

Magnesium products

CHEMLAB 233

Procedure

Error Analysis

CHAPTER 8 CHEMLAB

Everyday Chemistry

Study Guide 235

Vocabulary

together

cal bonds

ing ionic compounds

An atom

loses anelectron

Type of ionformed

gains anelectron

Assessment 237

pounds

a fluorine b oxygen

ammonium sulfate

lithium bromide

Na2CO3

Mg2 PO43

Table 8-9

Cations Anions

K SO32

Fe3 NO3

Table 8-10

temperature

CHAPTER ASSESSMENT8

Cations Anions

Ba2 S2O32

Al3 NO2

Table 8-11

trons of Sc

a 2b 3c 2d 3

Ag2Se 2686 gray

AlPO4 1460 white

RbClO4 281 white

Contents in Brief

Table of Contents




Chemistry Online






Biology Connection










Chemistry Online




















Chemistry Online


History Connection







History Connection



Chemistry Online












Chemistry Online

MiniLab Flame Tests




Physics Connection



How It Works Lasers










Chemistry Online












ChemLab Hard Water


History Connection



Chemistry Online








Chemistry Online




















History Connection


Chemistry Online












Chemistry Online







Chapter 11 The Mole



History Connection







Chemistry Online














Chemistry Online

Biology Connection








Section 131 Gases





Chemistry Online








Chapter 14 Gases




History Connection







Chemistry Online








Chemistry Online













Section 161 Energy

Chemistry Online


ChemLab Calorimetry


















Chemistry Online


Physics Connection









Physics Connection





Chemistry Online










Chemistry Online














Biology Connection







Chemistry Online









Chemistry Online



MiniLab Corrosion


History Connection






Section 221 Alkanes


Biology Connection





Section 224 Isomers



Chemistry Online
















Chemistry Online









Section 243 Lipids

Biology Connection







Chemistry Online







Physics Connection







Chemistry Online













Biology Connection

Chemistry Online








Appendices




Scientific Notation



Significant Figures



Unit Conversion

Drawing Line Graphs

Using Line Graphs




Appendix C Tables

C-1 Color Key


C-3 SI Prefixes













GlossaryGlosario

Index

Photo Credits

Features

ChemLab

MiniLab

Problem-Solving Lab

Discovery Lab

How It Works

Everyday Chemistry




Connections

Earth Science

Biology

History

Astronomy

Physics

Student Worksheets


To the Student

Study Skills











Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases













Laboratory Manual





Safety Symbols






21 Density

22 Making a Graph

























Chapter 11 The Mole


112 Mole Ratios






132 Boiling Points

Chapter 14 Gases


142 Boylersquos Law












182 Equilibrium









212 Electroplating


221 Isomerism






241 Denaturation













The Truth Table


Safety Symbols







Lab B2 Conductivity

Lab B3 pH







To the Student



Safety Symbols























To the Student



CBL Equipment


Safety Symbols



Lab 2 Conductivity





Lab 7 Calorimetry





Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26








Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases






























43 How Atoms Differ









63 Periodic Trends












92 Naming Molecules


94 Molecular Shape






Chapter 11 The Mole










124 Percent Yield


131 Gases



134 Phase Changes

Chapter 14 Gases

141 The Gas Laws










161 Energy

















193 What is pH

194 Neutralization




203 Half-Reactions


211 Voltaic Cells


213 Electrolysis


221 Alkanes



224 Isomers







235 Polymers


241 Proteins

242 Carbohydrates

243 Lipids

244 Nucleic Acids

245 Metabolism




253 Transmutation








Reviewing Chemistry













Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases








































Science Notebook


Note-Taking Tips


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Chapter 11 The Mole

Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 131 Gases




Wrap-Up

Chapter 14 Gases

Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 161 Energy





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 221 Alkanes



Section 224 Isomers


Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Section 243 Lipids



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up

Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document

Search - Full

Page Navigator

Exit

Table 8-8

42 What is an alloy

8594236

Pre-Lab

CHEMLAB 8

Mass Data

Empty crucible

Magnesium ribbon

Magnesium products

CHEMLAB 233

Procedure

Error Analysis

CHAPTER 8 CHEMLAB

Everyday Chemistry

Study Guide 235

Vocabulary

together

cal bonds

ing ionic compounds

An atom

loses anelectron

Type of ionformed

gains anelectron

Assessment 237

pounds

a fluorine b oxygen

ammonium sulfate

lithium bromide

Na2CO3

Mg2 PO43

Table 8-9

Cations Anions

K SO32

Fe3 NO3

Table 8-10

temperature

CHAPTER ASSESSMENT8

Cations Anions

Ba2 S2O32

Al3 NO2

Table 8-11

trons of Sc

a 2b 3c 2d 3

Ag2Se 2686 gray

AlPO4 1460 white

RbClO4 281 white

Contents in Brief

Table of Contents




Chemistry Online






Biology Connection










Chemistry Online




















Chemistry Online


History Connection







History Connection



Chemistry Online












Chemistry Online

MiniLab Flame Tests




Physics Connection



How It Works Lasers










Chemistry Online












ChemLab Hard Water


History Connection



Chemistry Online








Chemistry Online




















History Connection


Chemistry Online












Chemistry Online







Chapter 11 The Mole



History Connection







Chemistry Online














Chemistry Online

Biology Connection








Section 131 Gases





Chemistry Online








Chapter 14 Gases




History Connection







Chemistry Online








Chemistry Online













Section 161 Energy

Chemistry Online


ChemLab Calorimetry


















Chemistry Online


Physics Connection









Physics Connection





Chemistry Online










Chemistry Online














Biology Connection







Chemistry Online









Chemistry Online



MiniLab Corrosion


History Connection






Section 221 Alkanes


Biology Connection





Section 224 Isomers



Chemistry Online
















Chemistry Online









Section 243 Lipids

Biology Connection







Chemistry Online







Physics Connection







Chemistry Online













Biology Connection

Chemistry Online








Appendices




Scientific Notation



Significant Figures



Unit Conversion

Drawing Line Graphs

Using Line Graphs




Appendix C Tables

C-1 Color Key


C-3 SI Prefixes













GlossaryGlosario

Index

Photo Credits

Features

ChemLab

MiniLab

Problem-Solving Lab

Discovery Lab

How It Works

Everyday Chemistry




Connections

Earth Science

Biology

History

Astronomy

Physics

Student Worksheets


To the Student

Study Skills











Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases













Laboratory Manual





Safety Symbols






21 Density

22 Making a Graph

























Chapter 11 The Mole


112 Mole Ratios






132 Boiling Points

Chapter 14 Gases


142 Boylersquos Law












182 Equilibrium









212 Electroplating


221 Isomerism






241 Denaturation













The Truth Table


Safety Symbols







Lab B2 Conductivity

Lab B3 pH







To the Student



Safety Symbols























To the Student



CBL Equipment


Safety Symbols



Lab 2 Conductivity





Lab 7 Calorimetry





Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26








Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases






























43 How Atoms Differ









63 Periodic Trends












92 Naming Molecules


94 Molecular Shape






Chapter 11 The Mole










124 Percent Yield


131 Gases



134 Phase Changes

Chapter 14 Gases

141 The Gas Laws










161 Energy

















193 What is pH

194 Neutralization




203 Half-Reactions


211 Voltaic Cells


213 Electrolysis


221 Alkanes



224 Isomers







235 Polymers


241 Proteins

242 Carbohydrates

243 Lipids

244 Nucleic Acids

245 Metabolism




253 Transmutation








Reviewing Chemistry













Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases








































Science Notebook


Note-Taking Tips


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Chapter 11 The Mole

Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 131 Gases




Wrap-Up

Chapter 14 Gases

Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 161 Energy





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 221 Alkanes



Section 224 Isomers


Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Section 243 Lipids



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up

Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document

Search - Full

Page Navigator

Exit

Pre-Lab

CHEMLAB 8

Mass Data

Empty crucible

Magnesium ribbon

Magnesium products

CHEMLAB 233

Procedure

Error Analysis

CHAPTER 8 CHEMLAB

Everyday Chemistry

Study Guide 235

Vocabulary

together

cal bonds

ing ionic compounds

An atom

loses anelectron

Type of ionformed

gains anelectron

Assessment 237

pounds

a fluorine b oxygen

ammonium sulfate

lithium bromide

Na2CO3

Mg2 PO43

Table 8-9

Cations Anions

K SO32

Fe3 NO3

Table 8-10

temperature

CHAPTER ASSESSMENT8

Cations Anions

Ba2 S2O32

Al3 NO2

Table 8-11

trons of Sc

a 2b 3c 2d 3

Ag2Se 2686 gray

AlPO4 1460 white

RbClO4 281 white

Contents in Brief

Table of Contents




Chemistry Online






Biology Connection










Chemistry Online




















Chemistry Online


History Connection







History Connection



Chemistry Online












Chemistry Online

MiniLab Flame Tests




Physics Connection



How It Works Lasers










Chemistry Online












ChemLab Hard Water


History Connection



Chemistry Online








Chemistry Online




















History Connection


Chemistry Online












Chemistry Online







Chapter 11 The Mole



History Connection







Chemistry Online














Chemistry Online

Biology Connection








Section 131 Gases





Chemistry Online








Chapter 14 Gases




History Connection







Chemistry Online








Chemistry Online













Section 161 Energy

Chemistry Online


ChemLab Calorimetry


















Chemistry Online


Physics Connection









Physics Connection





Chemistry Online










Chemistry Online














Biology Connection







Chemistry Online









Chemistry Online



MiniLab Corrosion


History Connection






Section 221 Alkanes


Biology Connection





Section 224 Isomers



Chemistry Online
















Chemistry Online









Section 243 Lipids

Biology Connection







Chemistry Online







Physics Connection







Chemistry Online













Biology Connection

Chemistry Online








Appendices




Scientific Notation



Significant Figures



Unit Conversion

Drawing Line Graphs

Using Line Graphs




Appendix C Tables

C-1 Color Key


C-3 SI Prefixes













GlossaryGlosario

Index

Photo Credits

Features

ChemLab

MiniLab

Problem-Solving Lab

Discovery Lab

How It Works

Everyday Chemistry




Connections

Earth Science

Biology

History

Astronomy

Physics

Student Worksheets


To the Student

Study Skills











Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases













Laboratory Manual





Safety Symbols






21 Density

22 Making a Graph

























Chapter 11 The Mole


112 Mole Ratios






132 Boiling Points

Chapter 14 Gases


142 Boylersquos Law












182 Equilibrium









212 Electroplating


221 Isomerism






241 Denaturation













The Truth Table


Safety Symbols







Lab B2 Conductivity

Lab B3 pH







To the Student



Safety Symbols























To the Student



CBL Equipment


Safety Symbols



Lab 2 Conductivity





Lab 7 Calorimetry





Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26








Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases






























43 How Atoms Differ









63 Periodic Trends












92 Naming Molecules


94 Molecular Shape






Chapter 11 The Mole










124 Percent Yield


131 Gases



134 Phase Changes

Chapter 14 Gases

141 The Gas Laws










161 Energy

















193 What is pH

194 Neutralization




203 Half-Reactions


211 Voltaic Cells


213 Electrolysis


221 Alkanes



224 Isomers







235 Polymers


241 Proteins

242 Carbohydrates

243 Lipids

244 Nucleic Acids

245 Metabolism




253 Transmutation








Reviewing Chemistry













Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases








































Science Notebook


Note-Taking Tips


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Chapter 11 The Mole

Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 131 Gases




Wrap-Up

Chapter 14 Gases

Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 161 Energy





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 221 Alkanes



Section 224 Isomers


Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Section 243 Lipids



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up

Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document

Search - Full

Page Navigator

Exit

CHEMLAB 233

Procedure

Error Analysis

CHAPTER 8 CHEMLAB

Everyday Chemistry

Study Guide 235

Vocabulary

together

cal bonds

ing ionic compounds

An atom

loses anelectron

Type of ionformed

gains anelectron

Assessment 237

pounds

a fluorine b oxygen

ammonium sulfate

lithium bromide

Na2CO3

Mg2 PO43

Table 8-9

Cations Anions

K SO32

Fe3 NO3

Table 8-10

temperature

CHAPTER ASSESSMENT8

Cations Anions

Ba2 S2O32

Al3 NO2

Table 8-11

trons of Sc

a 2b 3c 2d 3

Ag2Se 2686 gray

AlPO4 1460 white

RbClO4 281 white

Contents in Brief

Table of Contents




Chemistry Online






Biology Connection










Chemistry Online




















Chemistry Online


History Connection







History Connection



Chemistry Online












Chemistry Online

MiniLab Flame Tests




Physics Connection



How It Works Lasers










Chemistry Online












ChemLab Hard Water


History Connection



Chemistry Online








Chemistry Online




















History Connection


Chemistry Online












Chemistry Online







Chapter 11 The Mole



History Connection







Chemistry Online














Chemistry Online

Biology Connection








Section 131 Gases





Chemistry Online








Chapter 14 Gases




History Connection







Chemistry Online








Chemistry Online













Section 161 Energy

Chemistry Online


ChemLab Calorimetry


















Chemistry Online


Physics Connection









Physics Connection





Chemistry Online










Chemistry Online














Biology Connection







Chemistry Online









Chemistry Online



MiniLab Corrosion


History Connection






Section 221 Alkanes


Biology Connection





Section 224 Isomers



Chemistry Online
















Chemistry Online









Section 243 Lipids

Biology Connection







Chemistry Online







Physics Connection







Chemistry Online













Biology Connection

Chemistry Online








Appendices




Scientific Notation



Significant Figures



Unit Conversion

Drawing Line Graphs

Using Line Graphs




Appendix C Tables

C-1 Color Key


C-3 SI Prefixes













GlossaryGlosario

Index

Photo Credits

Features

ChemLab

MiniLab

Problem-Solving Lab

Discovery Lab

How It Works

Everyday Chemistry




Connections

Earth Science

Biology

History

Astronomy

Physics

Student Worksheets


To the Student

Study Skills











Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases













Laboratory Manual





Safety Symbols






21 Density

22 Making a Graph

























Chapter 11 The Mole


112 Mole Ratios






132 Boiling Points

Chapter 14 Gases


142 Boylersquos Law












182 Equilibrium









212 Electroplating


221 Isomerism






241 Denaturation













The Truth Table


Safety Symbols







Lab B2 Conductivity

Lab B3 pH







To the Student



Safety Symbols























To the Student



CBL Equipment


Safety Symbols



Lab 2 Conductivity





Lab 7 Calorimetry





Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26








Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases






























43 How Atoms Differ









63 Periodic Trends












92 Naming Molecules


94 Molecular Shape






Chapter 11 The Mole










124 Percent Yield


131 Gases



134 Phase Changes

Chapter 14 Gases

141 The Gas Laws










161 Energy

















193 What is pH

194 Neutralization




203 Half-Reactions


211 Voltaic Cells


213 Electrolysis


221 Alkanes



224 Isomers







235 Polymers


241 Proteins

242 Carbohydrates

243 Lipids

244 Nucleic Acids

245 Metabolism




253 Transmutation








Reviewing Chemistry













Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases








































Science Notebook


Note-Taking Tips


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Chapter 11 The Mole

Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 131 Gases




Wrap-Up

Chapter 14 Gases

Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 161 Energy





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 221 Alkanes



Section 224 Isomers


Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Section 243 Lipids



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up

Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document

Search - Full

Page Navigator

Exit

Everyday Chemistry

Study Guide 235

Vocabulary

together

cal bonds

ing ionic compounds

An atom

loses anelectron

Type of ionformed

gains anelectron

Assessment 237

pounds

a fluorine b oxygen

ammonium sulfate

lithium bromide

Na2CO3

Mg2 PO43

Table 8-9

Cations Anions

K SO32

Fe3 NO3

Table 8-10

temperature

CHAPTER ASSESSMENT8

Cations Anions

Ba2 S2O32

Al3 NO2

Table 8-11

trons of Sc

a 2b 3c 2d 3

Ag2Se 2686 gray

AlPO4 1460 white

RbClO4 281 white

Contents in Brief

Table of Contents




Chemistry Online






Biology Connection










Chemistry Online




















Chemistry Online


History Connection







History Connection



Chemistry Online












Chemistry Online

MiniLab Flame Tests




Physics Connection



How It Works Lasers










Chemistry Online












ChemLab Hard Water


History Connection



Chemistry Online








Chemistry Online




















History Connection


Chemistry Online












Chemistry Online







Chapter 11 The Mole



History Connection







Chemistry Online














Chemistry Online

Biology Connection








Section 131 Gases





Chemistry Online








Chapter 14 Gases




History Connection







Chemistry Online








Chemistry Online













Section 161 Energy

Chemistry Online


ChemLab Calorimetry


















Chemistry Online


Physics Connection









Physics Connection





Chemistry Online










Chemistry Online














Biology Connection







Chemistry Online









Chemistry Online



MiniLab Corrosion


History Connection






Section 221 Alkanes


Biology Connection





Section 224 Isomers



Chemistry Online
















Chemistry Online









Section 243 Lipids

Biology Connection







Chemistry Online







Physics Connection







Chemistry Online













Biology Connection

Chemistry Online








Appendices




Scientific Notation



Significant Figures



Unit Conversion

Drawing Line Graphs

Using Line Graphs




Appendix C Tables

C-1 Color Key


C-3 SI Prefixes













GlossaryGlosario

Index

Photo Credits

Features

ChemLab

MiniLab

Problem-Solving Lab

Discovery Lab

How It Works

Everyday Chemistry




Connections

Earth Science

Biology

History

Astronomy

Physics

Student Worksheets


To the Student

Study Skills











Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases













Laboratory Manual





Safety Symbols






21 Density

22 Making a Graph

























Chapter 11 The Mole


112 Mole Ratios






132 Boiling Points

Chapter 14 Gases


142 Boylersquos Law












182 Equilibrium









212 Electroplating


221 Isomerism






241 Denaturation













The Truth Table


Safety Symbols







Lab B2 Conductivity

Lab B3 pH







To the Student



Safety Symbols























To the Student



CBL Equipment


Safety Symbols



Lab 2 Conductivity





Lab 7 Calorimetry





Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26








Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases






























43 How Atoms Differ









63 Periodic Trends












92 Naming Molecules


94 Molecular Shape






Chapter 11 The Mole










124 Percent Yield


131 Gases



134 Phase Changes

Chapter 14 Gases

141 The Gas Laws










161 Energy

















193 What is pH

194 Neutralization




203 Half-Reactions


211 Voltaic Cells


213 Electrolysis


221 Alkanes



224 Isomers







235 Polymers


241 Proteins

242 Carbohydrates

243 Lipids

244 Nucleic Acids

245 Metabolism




253 Transmutation








Reviewing Chemistry













Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases








































Science Notebook


Note-Taking Tips


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Chapter 11 The Mole

Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 131 Gases




Wrap-Up

Chapter 14 Gases

Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 161 Energy





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 221 Alkanes



Section 224 Isomers


Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Section 243 Lipids



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up

Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document

Search - Full

Page Navigator

Exit

Study Guide 235

Vocabulary

together

cal bonds

ing ionic compounds

An atom

loses anelectron

Type of ionformed

gains anelectron

Assessment 237

pounds

a fluorine b oxygen

ammonium sulfate

lithium bromide

Na2CO3

Mg2 PO43

Table 8-9

Cations Anions

K SO32

Fe3 NO3

Table 8-10

temperature

CHAPTER ASSESSMENT8

Cations Anions

Ba2 S2O32

Al3 NO2

Table 8-11

trons of Sc

a 2b 3c 2d 3

Ag2Se 2686 gray

AlPO4 1460 white

RbClO4 281 white

Contents in Brief

Table of Contents




Chemistry Online






Biology Connection










Chemistry Online




















Chemistry Online


History Connection







History Connection



Chemistry Online












Chemistry Online

MiniLab Flame Tests




Physics Connection



How It Works Lasers










Chemistry Online












ChemLab Hard Water


History Connection



Chemistry Online








Chemistry Online




















History Connection


Chemistry Online












Chemistry Online







Chapter 11 The Mole



History Connection







Chemistry Online














Chemistry Online

Biology Connection








Section 131 Gases





Chemistry Online








Chapter 14 Gases




History Connection







Chemistry Online








Chemistry Online













Section 161 Energy

Chemistry Online


ChemLab Calorimetry


















Chemistry Online


Physics Connection









Physics Connection





Chemistry Online










Chemistry Online














Biology Connection







Chemistry Online









Chemistry Online



MiniLab Corrosion


History Connection






Section 221 Alkanes


Biology Connection





Section 224 Isomers



Chemistry Online
















Chemistry Online









Section 243 Lipids

Biology Connection







Chemistry Online







Physics Connection







Chemistry Online













Biology Connection

Chemistry Online








Appendices




Scientific Notation



Significant Figures



Unit Conversion

Drawing Line Graphs

Using Line Graphs




Appendix C Tables

C-1 Color Key


C-3 SI Prefixes













GlossaryGlosario

Index

Photo Credits

Features

ChemLab

MiniLab

Problem-Solving Lab

Discovery Lab

How It Works

Everyday Chemistry




Connections

Earth Science

Biology

History

Astronomy

Physics

Student Worksheets


To the Student

Study Skills











Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases













Laboratory Manual





Safety Symbols






21 Density

22 Making a Graph

























Chapter 11 The Mole


112 Mole Ratios






132 Boiling Points

Chapter 14 Gases


142 Boylersquos Law












182 Equilibrium









212 Electroplating


221 Isomerism






241 Denaturation













The Truth Table


Safety Symbols







Lab B2 Conductivity

Lab B3 pH







To the Student



Safety Symbols























To the Student



CBL Equipment


Safety Symbols



Lab 2 Conductivity





Lab 7 Calorimetry





Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26








Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases






























43 How Atoms Differ









63 Periodic Trends












92 Naming Molecules


94 Molecular Shape






Chapter 11 The Mole










124 Percent Yield


131 Gases



134 Phase Changes

Chapter 14 Gases

141 The Gas Laws










161 Energy

















193 What is pH

194 Neutralization




203 Half-Reactions


211 Voltaic Cells


213 Electrolysis


221 Alkanes



224 Isomers







235 Polymers


241 Proteins

242 Carbohydrates

243 Lipids

244 Nucleic Acids

245 Metabolism




253 Transmutation








Reviewing Chemistry













Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases








































Science Notebook


Note-Taking Tips


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Chapter 11 The Mole

Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 131 Gases




Wrap-Up

Chapter 14 Gases

Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 161 Energy





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 221 Alkanes



Section 224 Isomers


Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Section 243 Lipids



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up

Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document

Search - Full

Page Navigator

Exit

cal bonds

ing ionic compounds

An atom

loses anelectron

Type of ionformed

gains anelectron

Assessment 237

pounds

a fluorine b oxygen

ammonium sulfate

lithium bromide

Na2CO3

Mg2 PO43

Table 8-9

Cations Anions

K SO32

Fe3 NO3

Table 8-10

temperature

CHAPTER ASSESSMENT8

Cations Anions

Ba2 S2O32

Al3 NO2

Table 8-11

trons of Sc

a 2b 3c 2d 3

Ag2Se 2686 gray

AlPO4 1460 white

RbClO4 281 white

Contents in Brief

Table of Contents




Chemistry Online






Biology Connection










Chemistry Online




















Chemistry Online


History Connection







History Connection



Chemistry Online












Chemistry Online

MiniLab Flame Tests




Physics Connection



How It Works Lasers










Chemistry Online












ChemLab Hard Water


History Connection



Chemistry Online








Chemistry Online




















History Connection


Chemistry Online












Chemistry Online







Chapter 11 The Mole



History Connection







Chemistry Online














Chemistry Online

Biology Connection








Section 131 Gases





Chemistry Online








Chapter 14 Gases




History Connection







Chemistry Online








Chemistry Online













Section 161 Energy

Chemistry Online


ChemLab Calorimetry


















Chemistry Online


Physics Connection









Physics Connection





Chemistry Online










Chemistry Online














Biology Connection







Chemistry Online









Chemistry Online



MiniLab Corrosion


History Connection






Section 221 Alkanes


Biology Connection





Section 224 Isomers



Chemistry Online
















Chemistry Online









Section 243 Lipids

Biology Connection







Chemistry Online







Physics Connection







Chemistry Online













Biology Connection

Chemistry Online








Appendices




Scientific Notation



Significant Figures



Unit Conversion

Drawing Line Graphs

Using Line Graphs




Appendix C Tables

C-1 Color Key


C-3 SI Prefixes













GlossaryGlosario

Index

Photo Credits

Features

ChemLab

MiniLab

Problem-Solving Lab

Discovery Lab

How It Works

Everyday Chemistry




Connections

Earth Science

Biology

History

Astronomy

Physics

Student Worksheets


To the Student

Study Skills











Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases













Laboratory Manual





Safety Symbols






21 Density

22 Making a Graph

























Chapter 11 The Mole


112 Mole Ratios






132 Boiling Points

Chapter 14 Gases


142 Boylersquos Law












182 Equilibrium









212 Electroplating


221 Isomerism






241 Denaturation













The Truth Table


Safety Symbols







Lab B2 Conductivity

Lab B3 pH







To the Student



Safety Symbols























To the Student



CBL Equipment


Safety Symbols



Lab 2 Conductivity





Lab 7 Calorimetry





Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26








Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases






























43 How Atoms Differ









63 Periodic Trends












92 Naming Molecules


94 Molecular Shape






Chapter 11 The Mole










124 Percent Yield


131 Gases



134 Phase Changes

Chapter 14 Gases

141 The Gas Laws










161 Energy

















193 What is pH

194 Neutralization




203 Half-Reactions


211 Voltaic Cells


213 Electrolysis


221 Alkanes



224 Isomers







235 Polymers


241 Proteins

242 Carbohydrates

243 Lipids

244 Nucleic Acids

245 Metabolism




253 Transmutation








Reviewing Chemistry













Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases








































Science Notebook


Note-Taking Tips


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Chapter 11 The Mole

Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 131 Gases




Wrap-Up

Chapter 14 Gases

Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 161 Energy





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 221 Alkanes



Section 224 Isomers


Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Section 243 Lipids



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up

Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document

Search - Full

Page Navigator

Exit

Assessment 237

pounds

a fluorine b oxygen

ammonium sulfate

lithium bromide

Na2CO3

Mg2 PO43

Table 8-9

Cations Anions

K SO32

Fe3 NO3

Table 8-10

temperature

CHAPTER ASSESSMENT8

Cations Anions

Ba2 S2O32

Al3 NO2

Table 8-11

trons of Sc

a 2b 3c 2d 3

Ag2Se 2686 gray

AlPO4 1460 white

RbClO4 281 white

Contents in Brief

Table of Contents




Chemistry Online






Biology Connection










Chemistry Online




















Chemistry Online


History Connection







History Connection



Chemistry Online












Chemistry Online

MiniLab Flame Tests




Physics Connection



How It Works Lasers










Chemistry Online












ChemLab Hard Water


History Connection



Chemistry Online








Chemistry Online




















History Connection


Chemistry Online












Chemistry Online







Chapter 11 The Mole



History Connection







Chemistry Online














Chemistry Online

Biology Connection








Section 131 Gases





Chemistry Online








Chapter 14 Gases




History Connection







Chemistry Online








Chemistry Online













Section 161 Energy

Chemistry Online


ChemLab Calorimetry


















Chemistry Online


Physics Connection









Physics Connection





Chemistry Online










Chemistry Online














Biology Connection







Chemistry Online









Chemistry Online



MiniLab Corrosion


History Connection






Section 221 Alkanes


Biology Connection





Section 224 Isomers



Chemistry Online
















Chemistry Online









Section 243 Lipids

Biology Connection







Chemistry Online







Physics Connection







Chemistry Online













Biology Connection

Chemistry Online








Appendices




Scientific Notation



Significant Figures



Unit Conversion

Drawing Line Graphs

Using Line Graphs




Appendix C Tables

C-1 Color Key


C-3 SI Prefixes













GlossaryGlosario

Index

Photo Credits

Features

ChemLab

MiniLab

Problem-Solving Lab

Discovery Lab

How It Works

Everyday Chemistry




Connections

Earth Science

Biology

History

Astronomy

Physics

Student Worksheets


To the Student

Study Skills











Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases













Laboratory Manual





Safety Symbols






21 Density

22 Making a Graph

























Chapter 11 The Mole


112 Mole Ratios






132 Boiling Points

Chapter 14 Gases


142 Boylersquos Law












182 Equilibrium









212 Electroplating


221 Isomerism






241 Denaturation













The Truth Table


Safety Symbols







Lab B2 Conductivity

Lab B3 pH







To the Student



Safety Symbols























To the Student



CBL Equipment


Safety Symbols



Lab 2 Conductivity





Lab 7 Calorimetry





Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26








Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases






























43 How Atoms Differ









63 Periodic Trends












92 Naming Molecules


94 Molecular Shape






Chapter 11 The Mole










124 Percent Yield


131 Gases



134 Phase Changes

Chapter 14 Gases

141 The Gas Laws










161 Energy

















193 What is pH

194 Neutralization




203 Half-Reactions


211 Voltaic Cells


213 Electrolysis


221 Alkanes



224 Isomers







235 Polymers


241 Proteins

242 Carbohydrates

243 Lipids

244 Nucleic Acids

245 Metabolism




253 Transmutation








Reviewing Chemistry













Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases








































Science Notebook


Note-Taking Tips


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Chapter 11 The Mole

Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 131 Gases




Wrap-Up

Chapter 14 Gases

Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 161 Energy





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 221 Alkanes



Section 224 Isomers


Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Section 243 Lipids



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up

Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document

Search - Full

Page Navigator

Exit

temperature

CHAPTER ASSESSMENT8

Cations Anions

Ba2 S2O32

Al3 NO2

Table 8-11

trons of Sc

a 2b 3c 2d 3

Ag2Se 2686 gray

AlPO4 1460 white

RbClO4 281 white

Contents in Brief

Table of Contents




Chemistry Online






Biology Connection










Chemistry Online




















Chemistry Online


History Connection







History Connection



Chemistry Online












Chemistry Online

MiniLab Flame Tests




Physics Connection



How It Works Lasers










Chemistry Online












ChemLab Hard Water


History Connection



Chemistry Online








Chemistry Online




















History Connection


Chemistry Online












Chemistry Online







Chapter 11 The Mole



History Connection







Chemistry Online














Chemistry Online

Biology Connection








Section 131 Gases





Chemistry Online








Chapter 14 Gases




History Connection







Chemistry Online








Chemistry Online













Section 161 Energy

Chemistry Online


ChemLab Calorimetry


















Chemistry Online


Physics Connection









Physics Connection





Chemistry Online










Chemistry Online














Biology Connection







Chemistry Online









Chemistry Online



MiniLab Corrosion


History Connection






Section 221 Alkanes


Biology Connection





Section 224 Isomers



Chemistry Online
















Chemistry Online









Section 243 Lipids

Biology Connection







Chemistry Online







Physics Connection







Chemistry Online













Biology Connection

Chemistry Online








Appendices




Scientific Notation



Significant Figures



Unit Conversion

Drawing Line Graphs

Using Line Graphs




Appendix C Tables

C-1 Color Key


C-3 SI Prefixes













GlossaryGlosario

Index

Photo Credits

Features

ChemLab

MiniLab

Problem-Solving Lab

Discovery Lab

How It Works

Everyday Chemistry




Connections

Earth Science

Biology

History

Astronomy

Physics

Student Worksheets


To the Student

Study Skills











Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases













Laboratory Manual





Safety Symbols






21 Density

22 Making a Graph

























Chapter 11 The Mole


112 Mole Ratios






132 Boiling Points

Chapter 14 Gases


142 Boylersquos Law












182 Equilibrium









212 Electroplating


221 Isomerism






241 Denaturation













The Truth Table


Safety Symbols







Lab B2 Conductivity

Lab B3 pH







To the Student



Safety Symbols























To the Student



CBL Equipment


Safety Symbols



Lab 2 Conductivity





Lab 7 Calorimetry





Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26








Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases






























43 How Atoms Differ









63 Periodic Trends












92 Naming Molecules


94 Molecular Shape






Chapter 11 The Mole










124 Percent Yield


131 Gases



134 Phase Changes

Chapter 14 Gases

141 The Gas Laws










161 Energy

















193 What is pH

194 Neutralization




203 Half-Reactions


211 Voltaic Cells


213 Electrolysis


221 Alkanes



224 Isomers







235 Polymers


241 Proteins

242 Carbohydrates

243 Lipids

244 Nucleic Acids

245 Metabolism




253 Transmutation








Reviewing Chemistry













Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases








































Science Notebook


Note-Taking Tips


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Chapter 11 The Mole

Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 131 Gases




Wrap-Up

Chapter 14 Gases

Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 161 Energy





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 221 Alkanes



Section 224 Isomers


Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Section 243 Lipids



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up

Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document

Search - Full

Page Navigator

Exit

trons of Sc

a 2b 3c 2d 3

Ag2Se 2686 gray

AlPO4 1460 white

RbClO4 281 white

Contents in Brief

Table of Contents




Chemistry Online






Biology Connection










Chemistry Online




















Chemistry Online


History Connection







History Connection



Chemistry Online












Chemistry Online

MiniLab Flame Tests




Physics Connection



How It Works Lasers










Chemistry Online












ChemLab Hard Water


History Connection



Chemistry Online








Chemistry Online




















History Connection


Chemistry Online












Chemistry Online







Chapter 11 The Mole



History Connection







Chemistry Online














Chemistry Online

Biology Connection








Section 131 Gases





Chemistry Online








Chapter 14 Gases




History Connection







Chemistry Online








Chemistry Online













Section 161 Energy

Chemistry Online


ChemLab Calorimetry


















Chemistry Online


Physics Connection









Physics Connection





Chemistry Online










Chemistry Online














Biology Connection







Chemistry Online









Chemistry Online



MiniLab Corrosion


History Connection






Section 221 Alkanes


Biology Connection





Section 224 Isomers



Chemistry Online
















Chemistry Online









Section 243 Lipids

Biology Connection







Chemistry Online







Physics Connection







Chemistry Online













Biology Connection

Chemistry Online








Appendices




Scientific Notation



Significant Figures



Unit Conversion

Drawing Line Graphs

Using Line Graphs




Appendix C Tables

C-1 Color Key


C-3 SI Prefixes













GlossaryGlosario

Index

Photo Credits

Features

ChemLab

MiniLab

Problem-Solving Lab

Discovery Lab

How It Works

Everyday Chemistry




Connections

Earth Science

Biology

History

Astronomy

Physics

Student Worksheets


To the Student

Study Skills











Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases













Laboratory Manual





Safety Symbols






21 Density

22 Making a Graph

























Chapter 11 The Mole


112 Mole Ratios






132 Boiling Points

Chapter 14 Gases


142 Boylersquos Law












182 Equilibrium









212 Electroplating


221 Isomerism






241 Denaturation













The Truth Table


Safety Symbols







Lab B2 Conductivity

Lab B3 pH







To the Student



Safety Symbols























To the Student



CBL Equipment


Safety Symbols



Lab 2 Conductivity





Lab 7 Calorimetry





Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26








Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases






























43 How Atoms Differ









63 Periodic Trends












92 Naming Molecules


94 Molecular Shape






Chapter 11 The Mole










124 Percent Yield


131 Gases



134 Phase Changes

Chapter 14 Gases

141 The Gas Laws










161 Energy

















193 What is pH

194 Neutralization




203 Half-Reactions


211 Voltaic Cells


213 Electrolysis


221 Alkanes



224 Isomers







235 Polymers


241 Proteins

242 Carbohydrates

243 Lipids

244 Nucleic Acids

245 Metabolism




253 Transmutation








Reviewing Chemistry













Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases








































Science Notebook


Note-Taking Tips


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up

Chapter 11 The Mole

Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 131 Gases




Wrap-Up

Chapter 14 Gases

Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 161 Energy





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview




Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview

Section 221 Alkanes



Section 224 Isomers


Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview



Section 243 Lipids



Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview






Wrap-Up


Chapter Preview





Wrap-Up

Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document

Search - Full

Page Navigator

Exit

Documents

Chapter 8: Ionic Compounds - Neshaminy School District / · PDF file · 2009-08-27210 Chapter 8 Ionic Compounds CHAPTER 8 What You’ll Learn ... Thus transition elements also commonly

Chem MC-210

CMC_Spn_C08-S01

Chem MC-211

Chem MC-212

Chem MC-213

Chem MC-214

Chem MC-215

CMC_Spn_C08-S02

Chem MC-216

Chem MC-217

Chem MC-218

Chem MC-219

Chem MC-220

Chem MC-221

CMC_Spn_C08-S03

Chem MC-222

Chem MC-224

Chem MC-225

Chem MC-226

Chem MC-227

Chem MC-228

CMC_Spn_C08-S04

Chem MC-229

Chem MC-230

Chem MC-231

Chem MC-211

Chem MC-212

Chem MC-213

Chem MC-214

Chem MC-215

CMC_Spn_C08-S02

Chem MC-216

Chem MC-217

Chem MC-218

Chem MC-219

Chem MC-220

Chem MC-221

CMC_Spn_C08-S03

Chem MC-222

Chem MC-224

Chem MC-225

Chem MC-226

Chem MC-227

Chem MC-228

CMC_Spn_C08-S04

Chem MC-229

Chem MC-230

Chem MC-231

Chem MC-212

Chem MC-213

Chem MC-214

Chem MC-215

CMC_Spn_C08-S02

Chem MC-216

Chem MC-217

Chem MC-218

Chem MC-219

Chem MC-220

Chem MC-221

CMC_Spn_C08-S03

Chem MC-222

Chem MC-224

Chem MC-225

Chem MC-226

Chem MC-227

Chem MC-228

CMC_Spn_C08-S04

Chem MC-229

Chem MC-230

Chem MC-231

Chem MC-213

Chem MC-214

Chem MC-215

CMC_Spn_C08-S02

Chem MC-216

Chem MC-217

Chem MC-218

Chem MC-219