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CHAPTER 8INFORMATION SYSTEM&PROGRAM DEVELOPMENTDiscovering Computers 2014: Chapter 121Objectives OverviewDiscovering Computers 2014: Chapter 1222Objectives OverviewDiscovering Computers 2014: Chapter 1233System DevelopmentDiscovering Computers 2014: Chapter 1244System Development

Discovering Computers 2014: Chapter 1255System DevelopmentSystem development should follow three general guidelines:Discovering Computers 2014: Chapter 1266System DevelopmentSystem development should involve representatives from each department in which the proposed system will be usedDiscovering Computers 2014: Chapter 127

7System DevelopmentProject management is the process of planning, scheduling, and then controlling the activities during system developmentTo plan and schedule a project efficiently, the project leader identifies the following elements:Discovering Computers 2014: Chapter 1288System DevelopmentDiscovering Computers 2014: Chapter 129Popular tools used to plan and schedule the time relationships among project activities are Gantt and PERT charts

9System DevelopmentFeasibility is a measure of how suitable the development of a system will be to the organizationDiscovering Computers 2014: Chapter 1210Page 51510System DevelopmentDocumentation is the collection and summarization of data, information, and deliverables.Maintaining up-to-date documentation should be an ongoing part of system development.Discovering Computers 2014: Chapter 121111System DevelopmentDuring system development, members of the project team gather data and information using several techniquesDiscovering Computers 2014: Chapter 1212

12System DevelopmentThe planning phase for a project begins when the steering committee receives a project requestFour major activities are performed:Discovering Computers 2014: Chapter 121313System DevelopmentThe analysis phase consists of two major activities:Discovering Computers 2014: Chapter 121414System Development

Discovering Computers 2014: Chapter 1215Page 521Figure 12-615System DevelopmentThe system proposal assesses the feasibility of each alternative solutionThe steering committee discusses the system proposal and decides which alternative to pursueDiscovering Computers 2014: Chapter 121616System DevelopmentThe design phase consists of two major activitiesDiscovering Computers 2014: Chapter 121717System DevelopmentTo acquire the necessary hardware and software:Discovering Computers 2014: Chapter 121818System DevelopmentThe next step is to develop detailed design specificationsDiscovering Computers 2014: Chapter 121919System DevelopmentSystems analysts typically develop two types of designs for each input and outputDiscovering Computers 2014: Chapter 1220Mock-upLayout chart

20System DevelopmentA prototype (proof of concept) is a working model of the proposed systems essential functionalityPrototypes have inadequate or missing documentationUsers tend to embrace the prototype as a final systemShould not eliminate or replace activitiesDiscovering Computers 2014: Chapter 122121System DevelopmentA prototype (proof of concept) is a working model of the proposed systems essential functionalityComputer-aided software engineering (CASE) tools are designed to support one or more activities of system developmentDiscovering Computers 2014: Chapter 1222

22System DevelopmentThe purpose of the implementation phase is to construct the new or modified system and then deliver it to usersDiscovering Computers 2014: Chapter 122323System DevelopmentVarious tests should be performed on the new systemDiscovering Computers 2014: Chapter 122424System DevelopmentTraining involves showing users exactly how they will use the new hardware and software in the systemOne-on-one sessionsClassroom-style lecturesWeb-based trainingDiscovering Computers 2014: Chapter 1225

25System DevelopmentOne or more of four conversion strategies can be used to change from the old system to the new systemDirect conversionParallel conversionPhased conversionPilot conversionDiscovering Computers 2014: Chapter 122626System DevelopmentThe purpose of the support and security phase is to provide ongoing assistance for an information system and its users after the system is implementedDiscovering Computers 2014: Chapter 122727Application Development Languages and ToolsA programming language is a set of words, abbreviations, and symbols that enable a software developer to communicate instructions to a computer or mobile deviceLow-level languageHigh-level languageDiscovering Computers 2014: Chapter 122828Application Development Languages and ToolsMachine language is the first generation of programming languagesOnly language the computer directly recognizes

Discovering Computers 2014: Chapter 122929Application Development Languages and Tools

Assembly language is the second generation of programming languagesProgrammer writes instructions using symbolic instruction codesA source program contains the language instructions, or code, to be converted into machine languageDiscovering Computers 2014: Chapter 123030Application Development Languages and ToolsIn a procedural language, the programmer writes instructions that tell the computer what to accomplish and how to do itDiscovering Computers 2014: Chapter 123131Application Development Languages and ToolsThe C programming language is used to write many of todays programsDiscovering Computers 2014: Chapter 1232

32Application Development Languages and ToolsDiscovering Computers 2014: Chapter 1233Application Development Languages and ToolsCompiler

Interpreter

Discovering Computers 2014: Chapter 123434Application Development Languages and ToolsAn object-oriented programming (OOP) language allows programmers the ability to reuse and modify existing objectsOther advantages include:Discovering Computers 2014: Chapter 123535Application Development Languages and ToolsJava is an object-oriented programming language developed by Sun MicrosystemsThe Just-in-time (JIT) compiler to convert the machine-independent code into machine-dependent codeDiscovering Computers 2014: Chapter 1236

36Application Development Languages and ToolsC++ is an extension of the C programming languageAdditional features for working with objectsVisual Studio is Microsofts suite of object-oriented application development tools that assists software developers in building programs and apps for Windows or any operating system that supports the Microsoft .NET FrameworkDiscovering Computers 2014: Chapter 123737Application Development Languages and Tools

Discovering Computers 2014: Chapter 1238Page 537Figure 12-1838Application Development Languages and ToolsA 4GL (fourth-generation language) is a nonprocedural language that enables users and programmers to access data in a databaseOne popular 4GL is SQLDiscovering Computers 2014: Chapter 123939Application Development Languages and ToolsClassic programming languages include:Discovering Computers 2014: Chapter 124040Application Development Languages and ToolsAn application generator is a program that creates source code or machine code from a specification of the required functionalityOften bundled as part of a DBMSA macro is a series of statements that instructs an application how to complete a taskYou usually create the macro in one of two ways:Record the macro with a macro recorderWrite the macro

Discovering Computers 2014: Chapter 124141Application Development Languages and Tools

Discovering Computers 2014: Chapter 124242Application Development Languages and ToolsHTML is a special formatting language that programmers use to format documents for display on the webDiscovering Computers 2014: Chapter 1243

43Application Development Languages and ToolsXML allows web developers to create tags that describe how information is displayedWML is a subset of XML and is used to design pages specifically for microbrowsersDiscovering Computers 2014: Chapter 124444Application Development Languages and ToolsSoftware developers write scripts, applets, servlets, or ActiveX controls using a variety of languagesDiscovering Computers 2014: Chapter 124545Application Development Languages and ToolsDiscovering Computers 2014: Chapter 124646SummaryDiscovering Computers 2014: Chapter 124747Any question ?

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