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Chapter 8Life at the Turn of the Century
Part 1
Pages 278-281
Science and Urban Life
Terms to Know
• Louis Sullivan
• Daniel Burnham
• Frederick Law Olmsted
• The Wright Brothers
• George Eastman
Technology Changed City Life
• Urbanization
• 1870 only 25 American cities had populations of more than 50,000
• By 1890 50 cities did
• By 1900 4 of every 10 Americans lived in cities
New Technology and the Brooklyn Bridge
• 1883 The Brooklyn Bridge connedted Brooklyn to Manhattan
• Took 14 years to build
• Was the world’s largest suspension bridge
The Skyscraper
• Taller buildings were now possible due to:
• The invention of the elevator
• Internal steel structures could now hold the weight of tall buildings
Louis Sullivan
• 1890-1891 archetect
• Designed the 10-story Wainwright Building in St. Louis
• This was an American contribution to archetecture
The Flatiron Building
• In New York in 1902
• Designed by David Burnham
• 285 feet high
Electric Transit
• 1888 in Richmond, Va.
• First to electrify urban transit
• By 1900 trolleys (electric streetcars) wre all over
• New railroad lines made living in the suburbs practical
Elevated trains (the “El”
• Some cities had elevated trains (above street level)
• Others had trains underground called subways
Urb an Planning
• There was a desire for serenety, nature with modern urban planning
• Folks wanted the benefits of urban life with easy access to nature
Frederick Law Olmsted
• At the forefront of urban planning
• 1857 made plans for Greenswood Park
• Became Central Park in NY
• Incorporated plans for boating, tennis courts, zoo, Bike paths
By the 1870’s
• Olmsted was hired to landscape Washington D.C., St. Louis, and the Boston Parks System
City Planning: Chicago
• 1850 population 50,000
• 1870 population 300,000
• All unregulated expansion
• A nightmare
Daniel Burnham
• Archetect who transformed Chicago
• Added neighborhood parks, harbors for shipping in the Great Lakes, civic centers
• Chicago was ready for the 1893 World Columbian Exposition: Exhibition Halls, statues, world’s first ferris wheel, elegant parks
New Technologies
• Printing:• Cheaper paper from wood pulp• High speed printers• Electricity adapted to machinery
• American literacy rate at 90%• Big demand for newspapers, books,
magazines
Aviation: The Wright Brothers
• They were bicycle manufacturers in Dayton, Ohio
• First a glider
• Then adapted a 4-cylinder internal combustion engine and a propeller to a biplane
The Wright Brothers
• First successful flight at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina in 1903
• 12 seconds at 120 feet
• December 17, 1903
• By 1920 the U.S. had the first transcontinental mail service
Photography
• Before 1880s only professional photographers
• Took much time
• Had to develop film immediately
• Carried “dark room” and chemicals to t\the site
• Heavy equipment
George Eastman
• Developed a new, flexible film that could wait to be developed
• By 1888 The Kodak Camera
• Cost $25 and came with film for 100 pictures
• Cameras sent to the Eastman Kodak factory in Rochester NY
Kodak
• The film was developed, the camera filled with film for 100 more pictures and sent back for $10