Chapter 8Chapter 8Nationalism and Ultranationalism

during Times of Conflict

Chapter IssueChapter IssueHow did nationalism influence the pursuit of Canadian national interests during the First and Second World Wars?

How did ultranationalism develop in Germany as a extension or expression of national interests?

What role did national interest play in the development of ultranationalism during the First and Second World Wars?

Analyzing PropagandaAnalyzing PropagandaPropaganda is the art of persuasion

Propaganda appeals to emotion rather than reason, and may not examine evidence or may present false or unsupported statements

Propaganda may use a variety of methods to spread a message, opinion, or belief

BandwagonCard Stacking (Selective Omission)Glittering GeneralitiesName-CallingPlain folks (Reflect Common People)TestimonialTransfer

Propaganda & WarPropaganda & War

Wars have always been a good reason for governments wanting to persuade populaces of the justness of their cause as well as hide the horrors and failures of the front line.

Misinformation and disinformation are widely used to distract people from the truth and create new realities.

Entry into the first world war was apparently accompanied with many stories of atrocities that were false. Things have not changed and more recent wars have also had more than their fair share of propaganda.

The WaveThe Wave

The setting of the book is Gordon High School in 1969. The plot of the book revolves around a history teacher (Mr. Ben Ross), his high school students, and an experiment he conducts in an attempt to teach them about how it may have been living in Nazi Germany. Unsatisfied with his own inability to answer his students' earnest questions of how and why, Mr Ross initiates the experiment in hopes that it answers the question of why the Germans allowed Adolf Hitler and the genocidal Nazi Party to rise to power, acting in a manner inconsistent with their own pre-existing moral values.

BandwagonBandwagonMake it appear that many people have joined the cause already, and that they are having lots of fun or getting significant advantage.

Show that those who join early will get the better prizes, such as positions of authority or other advantages.Link it to morality and values, showing that those who join sooner are more moral and pretty much better people all around.

Make a loud noise. Use bright colors. Play a fanfare. Become impossible to miss. Be in-your-face until they join up.

http://changingminds.org/techniques/propaganda/bandwagon.htm

Card StackingCard Stacking

In 'card-stacking', deliberate action is taken to bias an argument, with opposing evidence being buried or discredited, whilst the case for one's own position is exaggerated at every opportunity. Thus the testimonial of supporters is used, but not that of opponents.

Coincidences and serendipity may be artificially created, making deliberate action seem like random occurrence. Things 'just seem to happen' whilst you are 'in town'.

http://changingminds.org/techniques/propaganda/card_stacking.htm

Glittering GeneralitiesGlittering GeneralitiesUse attractive, but vague words that make speeches and other communications sound good, but in practice say nothing in particular.

Use linguistic patterns such as alliteration, metaphor and reversals that turn your words into poetry that flows and rhymes in hypnotic patterns.

Use words that appeal to values, which often themselves are related to triggering of powerful emotions.

A common element of glittering generalities are intangible nouns that embody ideals, such as dignity, freedom, fame, integrity, justice, love and respect.

Nationalism in CanadaNationalism in Canada

Conscription

Military Services Act (1917)

WWII

Internment

War Measures Act (1914)

WWII - Order-in-Council

ConscriptionConscription

By 1916, losses were so great among Canada’s allies that Russia was near defeat and French soldiers were mutinying

Canada promised 500,000 more soldiers

Prime Minister Borden was convinced that he needed to create a system of conscription to increase Canada’s military

Military Service ActMilitary Service Act

1917 - aimed at enlisting 100,000 more men

required to register or face arrest

Military success - 24,000 actually fought

National Unity - destructive & emphasized the divisions in Canadian society

http://images.google.ca/imgres?imgurl=http://www.albertasource.ca/lawcases/images/pictures/conscriptionstandoff_images/military_services_act_thu.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.albertasource.ca/lawcases/criminal/conscriptionstandoff/conscriptionstandoff_setting_conscription.htm&h=92&w=92&sz=3&hl=en&start=4&um=1&usg=__z4TZavxKJXoizqk_9QbauOUWLDU=&tbnid=1d_kx73hhTAIyM:&tbnh=79&tbnw=79&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dmilitary%2Bservices%2Bact%2B(canada)%2B-%2B1917%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Doff%26sa%3DG

WWII ConscriptionWWII ConscriptionIn 1939, Canada deliberately waited a week to declare war on Germany in a show of sovereignty

As WWII dragged on, Canada would need to increase its commitment

PM King held an election to ask the country if he could be released from his promise of no conscription

1940 - passed the National Resources Mobilization Act - provided troops for home defense (13,000 were eventually sent to fight)

InternmentInternment

Clifford Sifton - “stalwart peasants” as desirable immigrants to Canada (eastern Europeans)

1914, these immigrants were now considered “enemies within”

War Measures Act (1914) - was passed, giving the government the power to arrest and detain anybody suspected of being an enemy in the name of defense, security, and order

wording was vague enough that the government has a wide range of powers

Censorship and the control and suppression of publications, writings, maps, plans, photographs

Arrest, detention, exclusion and deportation

Control of the harbors, ports and territorial waters of Canada and the movement of vessels

Transportation by land, air, or water and the control of the transport of persons and things

Trading, exportation, importation, production, and manufacture

Appropriation, control, forfeiture and disposition of property and of the use thereof

Dark Days in Dark Days in CanadaCanada

http://www.yesnet.yk.ca/schools/projects/canadianhistory/camps/internment1.html

GermanyGermanyprior to 1867 a united German state did not exist

Franco-Prussian war (1870-71) - long standing rivalry between France and Northern German states over which house should rule Spain

Alsace-Lorraine (a region on Germany’s border) is rich in coal and iron ore

Germany controlled this region

by 1900 - Germany experienced great economic growth and was an economic rival to Britain

Germany’s Germany’s ExpansionismExpansionism

After the Treaty - Germany lost economically important pre-1914 territory

became parts of Poland and Czechoslovakia

1920s/30s - Germany was highly dependent on its neighbors for resources and markets

Great Depression - increased Germany’s resolve to become more self-sufficient in food, oil and other strategic raw materials

French French Power Power

Forgotten - Forgotten - The Rise of The Rise of GermanyGermany

Post-WWIPost-WWI

Treaty of Versailles forced Germany to accept moral responsibility for the war

By 1923, the German economy was in shambles

The Treaty backfired and German nationalism was revived

The Depression provided justification for state control of the economy

Large public work programs not only rebuilt (self-sufficiency) but also rekindled national pride and reduced unemployment

Post - Treaty of Post - Treaty of VersaillesVersailles

Europe can have peace if Germany and France can agree.

Source: Washington Post, 7 December 1938

The world battle against the Jews. In a prophetic drawing, an English newspaper shows who will lose this struggle.

Source: Daily Express (London), 14 November 1938

Rise of Adolf HitlerRise of Adolf Hitler

Germany needed to regain its great status and promised to liberate Germans from ToV

Pulled Germany out of the League of Nations

failure to stop Japanese aggression in Manchuria

Began rearming the military

Britain/France were mired in Great Depression

policy of appeasement, little to stop Nazi actions

The photograph of Hitler is from Hitler, Herbert Walther, Ed., 1978, Bison Books, London, p. 94. The caption reads "Hitler in 1925 after his release from Landsberg." The photograph is credited to the Bundesarchiv in Koblenz.

International FailureInternational FailureHitler openly broke conditions set out in Treaty of Versailles

BR/FR were in economic turmoil

America abandoned ship and isolated themselves

banks collapsed

massive unemployment

demanded money be spent on helping people get to work rather than the military

What kind of questions come to

mind when you think of

isolationism?

How does this represent American values during the Great Depression?

1936 - remilitarized the Rhineland

1938 - Union with Austria

Alarm (1938) - Hitler, Mussolini, Chamberlain and Daladier met in Munich to implement new kind of foreign policy

They (leaders) gave Germany a part of Czechoslovakia without the country being represented at the meeting

This type of appeasement was considered a very questionable method to achieve peace

Foreign AppeasementForeign Appeasement

http://www.burnside.school.nz/subjects/history_web/WWII.htm

http://calitreview.com/255

Self-Interest + Self-Interest + UltranationalismUltranationalism

Legitimate national self-interest

considers the impact of actions on others

seeks win-win solutions where conflict arises

objectives reflect global sensitivities

Ultranationalism

actions taken without regard for impact on others

seeks to dominate where conflict arises

little or no consideration for global implications

LegitimateNationalism

DestructiveUltranationalism

2. Provide three evidence based arguments in support of your decision

1. Locate your decision on this continuum