CHAPTER 8“PROTISTS AND FUNGI” (P. 210)

KINGDOM PROTISTA- most are simple

one-celled organisms. - but a few are multicellular.- all are

eukaryotic.

- live in moist areas or in water.

- Protists can have traits of plants, animals, and fungi.- but are not a plant, animal, or a fungus.

Ex. A euglena

- it has chlorplasts and a ‘tail’ for movement.

- some can cause disease.- dysentary- African

sleeping sickness

- malaria- are believed to

have evolved from bacteria

PLANT-LIKE PROTISTS - are known as

algae.- most live in lakes or

oceans and are a food source for other organisms.

- all have chloroplasts and most have cell walls.

- but not all are green!

Algae is classified according to the pigments they have (color).

1)1)EuglenasEuglenas p. 212(Phylum

Euglenaphyta)

- has traits of both plants and animals.

PLANT ANIMAL

- can move.- has a whip-like

tail called a flagellum

- can absorb food from the water (can live in darkness)

- has chloroplasts.

- can make food.

Euglenas have an eyespot.

- they can sense light and move towards it

2) Diatoms (Phylum Chrysophyta)- golden-brown algae.

- most common unicellular organism in the ocean.

(FOOD)

- thousands of shapes. (p. 212)

Their cell walls are made of glass-like silica.

- makes a very tough shell made up of two parts.

- Diatoms die and fall to the ocean floor.

- years later - they are mined!

- insulation- road paint- toothpaste

The mined material is called diatomaceous earth.

3) Dinoflagellates (Phylum Pyrrophyta)- “fire algae”- are red algae.- have a flagella

which makes it spin.

Dinoflagellates cause Red Tides.- when they

reproduce quickly - the water looks red.

-cause fish kills.

- they give off a waste which is toxic.

4) Green Algae Phylum Chlorophyta- thousands of

species.- can be

multicellular or unicellular

5) Red Algae Phylum

Rhodophyta - live in deep

water.- the red (rhodo)

pigment absorbs the limited light in the deeper waters. - is

multicellular.

Red algae contains carageenan- a ‘thickener’ for foods.

6) Brown Algae Phylum Phaephyta- multicellular.Ex. kelp

- fastest growing plant.

Lecithin - food thickener.

ASSIGNMENT

WORKSHEET“PLANT-LIKE PROTISTS”

ANIMAL-LIKE PROTISTSANIMAL-LIKE PROTISTS (p. (p. 215)215)- called

protozoans.(first animal)are unicellular.four types - based on how

they move.

1) Sarcodines Phylum RhyzopodaEx. amoeba (p.

216)- move by using a

pseudopod(false foot)

- are ‘fingers’ of cytoplasm.

- no real shape- always changing.

The pseudopod also captures food.- it ’surrounds’ food particles.- a food vacuole forms around the food and digests it.- the vacuole then moves to the cell membrane and expels the waste.

• Some cause disease

Ex. amoebic dysentary

(from bad water)

QuickTime™ and aSorenson Video 3 decompressorare needed to see this picture.

2) Flagellates Phylum Zoomastigina

- move by using a flagella.

- some have several flagella.

- Many are parasites.

Ex. trypanosoma- causes African Sleeping Sickness

Some live in the gut of termites and help digest wood

ASSIGNMENT:

QUESTIONS PAGE 220 1/3/4/5

DRAW AN AMOEBA (4)DRAW A PARAMECIUM (4)

3) Ciliates Phylum Ciliaphora

- move with many small hair-like structures called cilia.

- most complex of the protozoans.

Ex. paramecium

Anal pore

Cilia

Oral groove

- the cilia ‘push’ water into the oral groove to capture food.

- digested by food vacuoles.

- nutrients absorbed into the cytoplasm.

- waste exits out the anal pore.

Oral groove

nucleus

Anal pore cilia

food vacuole

Stentor

Unknown ciliates

4) Sporozoans

- cannot move on their own.

- all are parasites.- most feed on blood.- can cause

disease.

-Ex. malaria

--spread by mosquitos

ASSIGNMENT:

WORKSHEET“PROTOZOANS”

You are responsible to read pp. 218 - 219- slime molds - water molds

KINGDOM FUNGI (p. 222)

Ex. Mushrooms, yeast, bread mold.

- once placed in the Plant Kingdom.

- but cannot make their own food.

Characteristics:- most are

multicellular.- grow in moist

areas.- grouped by how

they reproduce.- most form spores.

Releasing spores…

Fungi decompose organic organic mattermatter for food.

Saprophytes- obtains food from dead organisms or waste.

Parasites

Ex. Athlete’s foot

1) Zygote Fungi (sporangium fungi)

ex. Bread mold (p. 225)

- have a spore case called a sporangium.

- it can release hundreds of spores.

sporangium

Hyphae

- thread-like structures that absorbs water and nutrients.

2) Sac Fungi

ex. yeast, morels.

- produce spores in a small sac called an ascus.

- some are destructive

ex. Dutch Elm Disease

Yeast can reproduce asexually through budding.

ASSIGNMENT:

WORKSHEET“ALGAE AND FUNGI”

3) Club Fungi

Ex. Mushrooms

Bracket Fungi

Puffball

cap

gills

stipe

hyphae

Groups of hyphae are called mycelium.

4) Imperfect Fungi

- called imperfect because their reproductive cycle is unknown

Ex. Athlete’s Foot

Ringworm

Some fight disease.

Ex. The mold which creates penicillin.

It was the first antibiotic.

- discovered in 1929 by Alexander Fleming.

Lichens

- are part fungus and part algae.

- the algae makes the food.

- the fungus provides shape, support, and water.

MUTUALISM

Lichens often break down rock into soil.

- by releasing a weak acid.

- when it dies, it adds to the new soil. (humus)

It is called a pioneer species.

- the first to live in an area.

Ex. The land surrounding an exploded volcano.

ASSIGNMENT:

WORKSHEET“PROTIST / FUNGI REVIEW”