Chapter 8: The Birth and Development of Psychoanalysis

PSK306-History of PsychologyAssoc. Prof. Okan Cem Çırakoğlu okanc@baskent.edu.tr

The Social and Scientific Landscape

The general mode of thinking of the growing middle and upper-middle classes in Europe and North America during the close of the 19th century was that the world had reached its desired stability and that they lived in a new era of progress and innovation. The first fourteen years of the 20th century gradually changed these attitudes.

• Early Globalization• Nationalism• Scientific Perplexity• Creative Perplexity• The War

Sources of Psychoanalysis

• Studies of unconscious processes

• Studies of sexuality

• Studies of psychological resistance

• Theories of psychological energy

Birth of Psychoanalysis

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) probably did not anticipate that his theory and therapeutic method would become among the most influential and controversial in psychology’s history.

The First Famous Case

1895 book: Studies on Hysteria

As a careful guide, slowly the therapist takes three steps:

(a) collecting the reported reflections,

(b) analyzing them, and then

(c) interpreting them to the patient.

Understanding resistances by using the free associations (occurrences) method and focusing on catharsis. This was the method Freud began to call psychoanalysis.

Development of Psychoanalysis

1899 book: Interpretation of Dreams• Wish Fulfillment

• Repressed Desires

1905 book: Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality• The Oedipus Complex

• A Foundation for the libido theory

Stages of Phobia Progress According to Freud

Sigmund Freud:

Advancing Psychoanalysis

• In 1908 the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society was formed. A similar group was created around the same time in Berlin

• Freud’s first and only trip to the United States gave a significant boost to the psychoanalytic movement

• The American Psychoanalytic Association appeared in 1911

• The London Psychoanalytic Society was established in 1913

Sigmund Freud:

Advancing Psychoanalysis

The Psychoanalytic

Movement

Therapists’ Tactics

Ethics and Compensation

Metapsychology Attempted

The War Reflections

The Professional Language of

Psychoanalysis

The Id, the Ego, and the Superego

An individual’s psyche is made up of 3 levels:

• The most primitive part of the personality is the id▫ Contains inborn biological drivers▫ Seeks immediate gratification of its impulses

• Making compromises between the id and the environment is the ego▫ Guided by the reality principle▫ Not every feature of the ego is conscious

• The moral guide with unconscious features is the superego▫ This guide tells us what we should and should not do

Psychoanalysis offered a range of

theories about

History Society

ReligionGender Roles

Politics

Early Transitions of Psychoanalysis:

Alfred Adler (1870–1937)

Alfred Adler was Freud’s follower who later disagreed with his mentor and developed a new theory known as individual psychology.

1870-1937

Alfred Adler’s Views of

Compensatory Behavior

Early Transitions of Psychoanalysis:

Alfred Adler

“No experience is a cause of success or failure. We do not suffer from the shock of our experiences—so-called trauma—but we make out of them just what suits our purposes.”

Alfred Adler and Individual Psychology

Self-idealPeople are motivated primarily by future expectations

Striving toward superiorityPeople strive for security, improvement and control

Social interestA desire to be connected with other peopleOccupation, society and love

Style of life (inferiority complex >setting a goal which involvescompensation >striving toward superiority>social interest

Early Transitions of Psychoanalysis:

Carl Gustav Jung (1875-1961)

Carl Jung was probably the most influential student and later critic of Freud’s views. Jung’s legacy is being constantly rediscovered and reevaluated in today’s psychology

Early Transitions of Psychoanalysis: Carl Jung

• Contradicting Freud, Jung proposed that dreams do not necessarily reflect unrealized wishes but rather mythological stories and images from the experiences of our ancestors.

• There must be an impersonal layer in human psyche, different from the individual unconscious, which Jung called the collective unconscious. It is inherited and shared with other members of the species.

Early Transitions of Psychoanalysis: Carl Jung

• The content of the collective unconscious consists of archetypes, or images of the primordial (elemental, ancient) character.

• In 1913, Jung began to use the term analytical psychology to distinguish his views from Freud’s ideas.

• Therapy. In the world of rationality, individuals fail to recognize their archetypes. These unrecognized archetypes, however, may appear in the form of neurotic symptoms.

What were the goals of Jungian therapy?

The first goal of therapy was to teach patients how to learn their neurosis. Patients do not necessarily cure their own neurosis; exactly the opposite is true. Neurosis provides a cure to patients who acquire the skills to understand it. One of the differences between Freud and Jung is that the founder of psychoanalysis attempted to eliminate neuroses in his patients. Jung, conversely, attempted to help his patients come to terms with their neuroses.

What were the goals of Jungian therapy?

The second goal of Jungian therapy was balance restoration. Using the concept of energy conservation, Jung believed that the mental energy in us is limited, and if we pursue one activity, other activities receive less energy.

The third goal was individuation. This is not pursuing tangible results, such as getting into graduate school. Individuation is the process of fulfilling an individual’s potential by integrating opposites into a harmonious whole, by getting away from the aimlessness of life (the condition most of his patients were suffering from, according to Jung). Psychopathology is disorganization. Sanity is harmony.

Jung’s View of Psychotherapy

Jung’s Function Types: The Extravert

Thinking type Feeling type Sensation type Intuition type

Reject everything

based on feelings

or irrational

phenomena

including religious

experiences.

Common among

men. Jung

considers Freud in

this category.

Feelings are

based on external

circumstances and

less on subjective

experiences.

They tried to do

right things. They

are pleasure

seekers

attempting to

avoid unpleasant

experiences.

Common among

women.

Lacks an intellectual

potential and tries to

find pleasure under

any circumstances.

Cares about

relationships

among things and

tries to exploit

social situations.

The status, among

businessmen

politicians but also

among women.

Jung’s Function Types: The Introvert

Thinking type Feeling type Sensation type Intuition type

Less concerned

with new facts,

more concerned

with new ideas.

Follow their own

thinking and

ignore criticism.

Frequently are

impractical.

Caring about

personal

experience they fit

on the project

themselves in

unusual way. More

common among

women and

contemporary

artists.

Are guided less by

the object then by

the intensity of

subject experiences.

Focus on the

background

process of

consciousness.

They are

dreamers, artists,

and creators. Jung

considers self in

this category.

Working with

Research Data:

Freud’s

Experience