Chapter 9: Christian Chapter 9: Christian Societies Emerge in Societies Emerge in Europe, 600-1200Europe, 600-1200

AP World HistoryAP World History

I. The Byzantine Empire 600-I. The Byzantine Empire 600-12001200

►A. An Empire BeleagueredA. An Empire Beleaguered 1. Muslim Arabs took the wealthy of 1. Muslim Arabs took the wealthy of

Syria, Egypt, and Tunisia and converted Syria, Egypt, and Tunisia and converted their people to Islam.their people to Islam.

2. The Byzantine Empire experienced 2. The Byzantine Empire experienced declining relations with the popes and declining relations with the popes and princes of Western Europe and the formal princes of Western Europe and the formal schism between the Latin and Orthodox schism between the Latin and Orthodox churches in 1054.churches in 1054.

► B. Society and Urban LifeB. Society and Urban Life 1. Decline of urbanism with the loss of the middle 1. Decline of urbanism with the loss of the middle

class and there was a gap between the wealth of the class and there was a gap between the wealth of the aristocrats and the poverty of the peasants.aristocrats and the poverty of the peasants.

2. Women were confined to the house and wore 2. Women were confined to the house and wore veils when they went out, but did rule alongside men veils when they went out, but did rule alongside men from 1028-1056.from 1028-1056.

3. Emperors intervened in the economy by setting 3. Emperors intervened in the economy by setting prices, controlling the provision of grain in the prices, controlling the provision of grain in the capital, and monopolizing trade on certain goods.capital, and monopolizing trade on certain goods.

4. Western Europe began to view the Byzantine 4. Western Europe began to view the Byzantine Empire as a crumbling power while the Byzantines Empire as a crumbling power while the Byzantines viewed the westerners as uncouth barbarians.viewed the westerners as uncouth barbarians.

►C. Cultural AchievementsC. Cultural Achievements 1. Legal scholars put together a collection 1. Legal scholars put together a collection

of Roman laws and edicts under the title of Roman laws and edicts under the title Body of Civil Law.Body of Civil Law.

2. Became basis of Western Law.2. Became basis of Western Law. 3. Byzantine developed the technique of 3. Byzantine developed the technique of

building domed buildings.building domed buildings. 4. In the 94. In the 9thth century, missionaries Cyril and century, missionaries Cyril and

Methodius preached to the Slavs of Moravia Methodius preached to the Slavs of Moravia and taught their followers to write in Cyrillic and taught their followers to write in Cyrillic script.script.

II. Early Medieval EuropeII. Early Medieval Europe► A. A Time of InsecurityA. A Time of Insecurity

1. After the fall of the Roman Empire in the 51. After the fall of the Roman Empire in the 5thth century century Europe was fragmented, with Germanic Kings ruling a Europe was fragmented, with Germanic Kings ruling a number dissimiliar kingdoms.number dissimiliar kingdoms.

2. Muslim Arabs and Berbers took the Iberian Peninsula 2. Muslim Arabs and Berbers took the Iberian Peninsula and pushed into France, but were defeated by Charles and pushed into France, but were defeated by Charles Martel at the battle of Tours.Martel at the battle of Tours.

3. In the 83. In the 8thth century the Carolingians united various century the Carolingians united various Frankish kingdoms and at its height under Charlemagne, Frankish kingdoms and at its height under Charlemagne, the empire included Gaul and parts of Germany and Italy, the empire included Gaul and parts of Germany and Italy, but it was divided by his sons and was never united again.but it was divided by his sons and was never united again.

4. Vikings raided England, France, and Spain in the late 4. Vikings raided England, France, and Spain in the late 88thth and 9 and 9thth centuries. centuries.

5. Vikings also settled Iceland and Normandy, from 5. Vikings also settled Iceland and Normandy, from which the Norman William the Conqueror invaded which the Norman William the Conqueror invaded England in 1066.England in 1066.

Charles Martel TombCharles Martel Tomb

►B. A Self-Sufficient EconomyB. A Self-Sufficient Economy 1. Fall of the Roman Empire led to an economic 1. Fall of the Roman Empire led to an economic

transformation with a decline in urbanization transformation with a decline in urbanization and a decline in trade.and a decline in trade.

2. The medieval diet in the north was based on 2. The medieval diet in the north was based on beer, lard or butter, and bread while the diet in beer, lard or butter, and bread while the diet in the south was based on wheat, wine, and olive the south was based on wheat, wine, and olive oil.oil.

3. Self-sufficient farming estates called manors 3. Self-sufficient farming estates called manors began to develop.began to develop.

4. The lord of the manor had almost unlimited 4. The lord of the manor had almost unlimited control of his serfs, but the serf conditions control of his serfs, but the serf conditions varied based on the tradition of free peasantry varied based on the tradition of free peasantry in some areas.in some areas.

► C. Early Medieval Society in the WestC. Early Medieval Society in the West 1. Class of nobles emerged and developed into mounted 1. Class of nobles emerged and developed into mounted

knights.knights. 2. Landholding and military service became almost 2. Landholding and military service became almost

inseparable.inseparable. 3. The need for military security including the stirrup, bigger 3. The need for military security including the stirrup, bigger

horses, and the armor and weapons of a knight.horses, and the armor and weapons of a knight. 4. These weapons were expensive and a man needed land 4. These weapons were expensive and a man needed land

to afford them.to afford them. 5. Kings granted a fief to a man who promised to supply 5. Kings granted a fief to a man who promised to supply

military service.military service. 6. Kings were weak because they depended on their 6. Kings were weak because they depended on their

vassals.vassals. 7. Kings and nobles had limited ability to tax and administer 7. Kings and nobles had limited ability to tax and administer

their realms because they could not tax the vast their realms because they could not tax the vast landholdings of the church.landholdings of the church.

8. Women were pawns in marriage politics.8. Women were pawns in marriage politics.

III. The Western ChurchIII. The Western Church

►A. Politics and the ChurchA. Politics and the Church 1. Popes sought to combine their religious 1. Popes sought to combine their religious

power with political power by forging alliances power with political power by forging alliances with kings and finally by choosing to crown a with kings and finally by choosing to crown a German king as Holy Roman Emperor.German king as Holy Roman Emperor.

2. Popes and kings disagreed with who had 2. Popes and kings disagreed with who had the power to appoint bishops.(investiture the power to appoint bishops.(investiture controversy)controversy)

3. Western Europe was heir to three legal 3. Western Europe was heir to three legal traditions; German feudal law, canon, and traditions; German feudal law, canon, and Roman law.Roman law.

►B. MonasticismB. Monasticism 1. Based on celibacy, devotion to prayer, 1. Based on celibacy, devotion to prayer,

and isolation from society.and isolation from society. 2. Benedict of Nursia supplied monasteries 2. Benedict of Nursia supplied monasteries

with a set of written rules that governed all with a set of written rules that governed all aspects of ritual and of everyday life.aspects of ritual and of everyday life.

3. Monasteries were centers of literacy, 3. Monasteries were centers of literacy, learning and refuges for widows and other learning and refuges for widows and other vulnerable women.vulnerable women.

4. The head of Catholic Church had a difficult 4. The head of Catholic Church had a difficult time overseeing monasteries so the abbey of time overseeing monasteries so the abbey of Cluny worked to improve the administration Cluny worked to improve the administration and discipline of monasteries.and discipline of monasteries.

IV. Kievan Russia, 900-1200IV. Kievan Russia, 900-1200► A. The Rise of the Kievan StateA. The Rise of the Kievan State

1. Territory stretched from the Black and Caspian Seas in 1. Territory stretched from the Black and Caspian Seas in the south to the White and Baltic seas in the north.the south to the White and Baltic seas in the north.

2. Many different people groups. (Slavs, Turks, Finns)2. Many different people groups. (Slavs, Turks, Finns) 3. Long-distance trade linked Russia with the Silk Road, 3. Long-distance trade linked Russia with the Silk Road,

Varangians were active traders on the rivers, and the Varangians were active traders on the rivers, and the Khazar Turks built a trading kingdom at the mouth of the Khazar Turks built a trading kingdom at the mouth of the Volga.Volga.

4. Vladimir I became Grand Prince of Kiev in 980 and 4. Vladimir I became Grand Prince of Kiev in 980 and chose Orthodox Christianity, adopted the Cyrillic alphabet, chose Orthodox Christianity, adopted the Cyrillic alphabet, and modeled the culture of the Byzantine Empire.and modeled the culture of the Byzantine Empire.

5. Food production was low due to a short growing season 5. Food production was low due to a short growing season so the political power in Kiev was based on trade.so the political power in Kiev was based on trade.

6. Christianity spread slowly, but in the 126. Christianity spread slowly, but in the 12thth century century Christianity triumphed and the Church became more Christianity triumphed and the Church became more powerful.powerful.

V. Western Europe Revives, V. Western Europe Revives, 1000-12001000-1200

►A. The Role of TechnologyA. The Role of Technology 1. Population and Agricultural production 1. Population and Agricultural production

increased due to new technologies and to increased due to new technologies and to the appearance of self-governing cities.the appearance of self-governing cities.

2. Technological innovations included the 2. Technological innovations included the heavy moldboard plow, the horse collar, heavy moldboard plow, the horse collar, and the breast-strap harness.and the breast-strap harness.

►B. Cities and the Rebirth of the TradeB. Cities and the Rebirth of the Trade 1. Independent cities emerged in Italy and 1. Independent cities emerged in Italy and

Flanders.Flanders. 2. Venice emerged as a dominant sea 2. Venice emerged as a dominant sea

power, trading with Muslim ports for spices power, trading with Muslim ports for spices and other goods.and other goods.

3. Cities like Ghent in Flanders imported 3. Cities like Ghent in Flanders imported wood from England and wove it into cloth wood from England and wove it into cloth for export.for export.

4. Europeans began to minting silver and 4. Europeans began to minting silver and gold coins.gold coins.

VI. The Crusades, 1095-1204VI. The Crusades, 1095-1204

► A. The Roots of the CrusadesA. The Roots of the Crusades 1. Series of Christian military campaigns against 1. Series of Christian military campaigns against

Muslims in the eastern Mediterranean between 1100-Muslims in the eastern Mediterranean between 1100-1200.1200.

2. The tradition of pilgrimages, Muslim control of 2. The tradition of pilgrimages, Muslim control of Christian religious sites, and the Byzantine Empire’s Christian religious sites, and the Byzantine Empire’s requests for help against the Muslims combined to requests for help against the Muslims combined to make the Holy Land the focus of the Crusades.make the Holy Land the focus of the Crusades.

3. Factors causing the Crusades included religious 3. Factors causing the Crusades included religious zeal, knight’s willingness to engage in church-zeal, knight’s willingness to engage in church-sanctioned warfare, a desire for lands on the part of sanctioned warfare, a desire for lands on the part of younger sons of the European nobility, and an interest younger sons of the European nobility, and an interest in trade.in trade.

4. Pope Urban II initiated the First Crusade when he 4. Pope Urban II initiated the First Crusade when he called upon the Europeans to stop fighting each other called upon the Europeans to stop fighting each other and the fight the Muslims instead.and the fight the Muslims instead.

►B. The Impact of the CrusadesB. The Impact of the Crusades 1. The Crusades had a limited impact on 1. The Crusades had a limited impact on

the Muslim world.the Muslim world. 2. They ended Europe's intellectual 2. They ended Europe's intellectual

isolation when Arabic and Greek isolation when Arabic and Greek manuscripts gave Europeans their first manuscripts gave Europeans their first access to the work of the ancient Greek access to the work of the ancient Greek philosophers.philosophers.

3. Significant impact on the lifestyle of 3. Significant impact on the lifestyle of European elites.European elites.

VII. Comparative VII. Comparative PerspectivesPerspectives

►A. Church Differences Between A. Church Differences Between Western Europe and ByzantiumWestern Europe and Byzantium 1. Western Church leaders wrote their 1. Western Church leaders wrote their

treatises in Latin; eastern church leaders treatises in Latin; eastern church leaders wrote in Greek.wrote in Greek.

2. The eastern church was influenced by 2. The eastern church was influenced by Arab conquests of the 7Arab conquests of the 7thth century. century.

►B. Political and Economic Distinctions B. Political and Economic Distinctions Between Western Europe and ByzantiumBetween Western Europe and Byzantium 1. The Byzantine Empire initially enjoyed more 1. The Byzantine Empire initially enjoyed more

economic prosperity and sophistication in arts economic prosperity and sophistication in arts and culture than the west.and culture than the west.

2. Christianity became embedded in Byzantine 2. Christianity became embedded in Byzantine society before it did in the western church.society before it did in the western church.

3. The Byzantine Empire did not witness the 3. The Byzantine Empire did not witness the improved military techniques, new agricultural improved military techniques, new agricultural technologies, population growth, and trade of technologies, population growth, and trade of Western Europe, leading to its decline in Western Europe, leading to its decline in prosperity and cultural innovation in prosperity and cultural innovation in comparison to the west.comparison to the west.