Chapter 9, part 1

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Fundamentals of

Anatomy & PhysiologySIXTH EDITION

Frederic H

. Martini

PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation prepared by Dr. Kathleen A. Ireland, Biology Instructor, Seabury Hall, Maui, Hawaii

Chapter 9, part 1

Articulations


Learning Objectives

• Contrast the major categories of joints, and explain the relationship between structure and function for each.

• Describe the structure of a synovial joint.

• Describe the dynamic movements of the skeleton.

• List the types of synovial joint, and discuss the relationship of structure to function in each.


Learning Objectives

• Describe the structure and function of the vertebrae, shoulder, elbow, hip and knee joints.

• Describe the relationship between joint strength and mobility.

• Describe the effects of aging on the joints.


SECTION 9-1 A Classification of Joints


• Articulations

• Where two bones interconnect

• Immovable joints

• Synarthroses, or bony

• Slightly moveable joints

• Amphiarthroses, or fibrous / cartilagenous

• Freely moveable joints

• Diarthroses, or synovial

Articulations


Synarthroses (immovable joints)

• Four major types

• Suture = skull bones bound together by dense connective tissue

• Gomphosis = teeth bound to bony sockets by periodontal ligaments

• Synchondrosis = two bones bound by rigid cartilaginous bridge

• Syntosis = two bones completely fused


Amphiarthroses (slightly movable joints)

• Two major types

• Syndesmosis = bones connected by a ligament

• Symphysis = bone separated by fibrocartilage


Diarthroses (freely movable joints)

• Bony surfaces enclosed within articular capsule

• Bony surfaces covered by articular cartilage

• Bony surfaces lubricated by synovial fluid

• Structures include

• Menisci

• Fat pads

• Accessory ligaments

• Bursae


Figure 9.1 The Structure of a Synovial Joint

Figure 9.1


SECTION 9-2 Articular Form and Function


• Dynamic motion

• Linear motion

• Angular motion

• Rotation

• Joints classified based on type of motion permitted

• Monaxial

• Biaxial

• Triaxial

Dynamic motion


Figure 9.2 A Simple Model of Articular Motion

Figure 9.2


• Gliding motion

• Two surfaces slide past one another

• Angular motion

• Flexion, extension, hyperextension

• Abduction, adduction

• Circumduction

Types of movement


Figure 9.3 Angular Movements

Figure 9.3

Animation: Flexion, Extension, HyperextensionPLAY


• Left or right

• Medial (internal) or lateral (external)

• Pronation or supination in the bones of the forearm only

Rotational movement

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 9.4a,b

Figure 9.4 Rotational Movements

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 9.4c

Figure 9.4 Rotational Movements


• Movements of the foot

• Inversion and eversion

• Plantar flexion and dorsiflexion

• Movements of the thumb

• Opposition

Special movement


• Protraction moves a structure anteriorly

• Retraction moves a structure posteriorly

• Elevation moves a structure superiorly

• Depression moves a structure inferiorly

• Lateral flexion bends the vertebrae to one side

Other movements


Figure 9.5 Special Movements

Figure 9.5


• Gliding joints permit movement in a single plane

• Hinge joints are monaxial joints permitting angular motion in one plane

• Pivot joints are monaxial joints that permit rotation

• Ellipsoid joints are biaxial joints that pit one bone in an oval depression of another

• Saddle joints are biaxial joints with one concave and one convex bone face

• Ball-and-socket joints are triaxial joints that permit rotation and other movements

Structural classification of joints

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 9.6

Figure 9.6 A Functional Classification of Synovial Joints

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 9.6

Figure 9.6 A Functional Classification of Synovial Joints

Animation: Joint MotionPLAY

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Chapter 9, part 1