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Chapter 9 Pretrial Procedures: The Adversary System in Action. Learning Outcomes. LO1:List the different names given to public prosecutors and indicate the general powers that they have. LO2: Delineate the responsibilities of defense attorneys - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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CJ
© 2011 Cengage Learning
Chapter 9Chapter 9
Pretrial Pretrial Procedures:Procedures:
The Adversary The Adversary System in ActionSystem in Action
© 2011 Cengage Learning
Learning Outcomes
LO1:List the different names given to public prosecutors and indicate the general powers that they have.
LO2: Delineate the responsibilities of defense attorneys
LO3: List the three basic features of an adversary system of justice.
LO4: Explain how a prosecutor screens potential cases.
LO5: List and briefly explain the different forms of plea bargaining agreements.
1LO
© 2011 Cengage Learning
List the different names
given to public prosecutors and indicate the general powers that
they have.
© 2011 Cengage Learning
Learning Outcome 1
• Criminal cases are tried by public prosecutors, who are employed by the government.
• Referred to as prosecuting attorneys, district attorneys, county attorneys, or city attorneys.
© 2011 Cengage Learning
Learning Outcome 1
Prosecutor’s discretion in the pretrial phase includes:
• Whether an arrested individual will be charged with a crime
• The level of the charges• If and when to stop the prosecution.
© 2011 Cengage Learning
Learning Outcome 1
• The attorney general is the chief law enforcement officer of the state.
• Each jurisdiction has a chief prosecutor who is appointed, or more often, elected.
2LO
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Delineate the responsibilities of defense attorneys.
© 2011 Cengage Learning
Learning Outcome 2• Provides legal representation to criminal
defendants during the court process.• Responsibilities include:
– Investigating the incident for which the defendant has been charged.
– Communicating with the prosecutor, which includes negotiating plea bargains
– Preparing the case for trial.– Submitting defense motions, including motions
to suppress evidence.– Representing the defendant at trial.– Negotiating a sentence, if the client has been
convicted.– Determining whether to appeal a guilty verdict
© 2011 Cengage Learning
Learning Outcome 2
There are two types of defense attorneys:
• Private attorneys• Public defenders
– Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)– In re Gault (1967)– Argersinger v. Hamlin (1972)
© 2011 Cengage Learning
CAREERPREPPublic Defender
Job Description:Interview low-income applicants for legal services and, if
they are eligible, engage in negotiation, trial, and/or appeal of legal issues on their behalf.
Exercise initiative, sound judgment, and creativity in attempting to solve the legal problems of the poor.
What Kind of Training Is Required?A law degree and membership in the relevant state bar
association.Commitment and dedication to the needs of low-income
and elderly clients.
Annual Salary Range?$44,000–$92,000
For additional information, visit: www.nlada.org/Jobs.
© 2011 Cengage Learning
Learning Outcome 2Effectiveness of Public Defenders• According to Supreme Court “a defendant
may not insist on an attorney he cannot afford.”
• The Strickland Standard– Two pronged test for sufficient defense:
• Show that attorney’s performance was deficient• Show that deficiency more likely than not caused
defendant to lose the case
© 2011 Cengage Learning
Learning Outcome 2Attorney-Client Privilege• Privilege rules require that
communication between a client and lawyer be kept confidential.
• Privilege does not stop at confessions. • United States v. Zolin (1989)
– Lawyers can disclose communication with a client if client provides information about a crime that has yet to be committed.
3LO
© 2011 Cengage Learning
List the three basic features of an adversary
system of justice.
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Learning Outcome 3Three basic features of the adversarysystem:• A neutral and passive decision-
maker, either the judge or the jury• The presentation of evidence from
both parties• A highly structured set of
procedures that must be followed
© 2011 Cengage Learning
Learning Outcome 3
• The initial hearing is the first step after arrest.
• During the appearance, the defendant is– Informed of the charges– Advised of right to counsel– Told the amount of bail– Given a date for the preliminary hearing
© 2011 Cengage Learning
Learning Outcome 3
In most felony cases, defendant is released only after paying bail.
• Bail is provided for under the 8th amendment.
• Amount of bail must be reasonable compared with the crime.
© 2011 Cengage Learning
Learning Outcome 3Factors for setting bail:• The crime• The evidence• Defendant’s record• Flight risk• General character
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Learning Outcome 3
Factors for setting bail:• Uncertainty• Risk• Overcrowded jails
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Learning Outcome 6
© 2011 Cengage Learning
Learning Outcome 3• Release on recognizance (ROR
– Alternative to bail– The judge decides that defendant is not a
flight risk and does not pose threat to community.
• Property bonds – Paying bail with property, rather than cash.
• Bail bond agent– An agent that posts bail on behalf of
defendant.– Promises to pay full amount of bail if
defendant does not show up to court.
© 2011 Cengage Learning
Learning Outcome 3
• Preventive Detention:– Allows judges to deny bail to suspects
with prior records.
– The Bail Reform Act of 1984– United States v. Salerno (1987)
4LO
© 2011 Cengage Learning
Explain how a prosecutor screens potential cases.
© 2011 Cengage Learning
Learning Outcome 4Preliminary Hearing:• Initial hearing where the judge
determines if probable cause is present• Conducted as a mini-trial• Begins the process of discovery – gives
defense attorney access to evidence
• Defense attorneys often advise defendants to waive the hearing.
© 2011 Cengage Learning
Learning Outcome 4
Grand Jury• Group of citizens who decide whether
probable cause exists• Issues an indictment if it decides there
is probable cause. • Acts as a “shield” and “sword”• Criticized for being prosecutors’ “rubber
stamp”
© 2011 Cengage Learning
Learning Outcome 4
Case attrition is the decision by the prosecutor not to prosecute the defendant (nolle prosequi)
• Scarce resources • Screening factors• Sufficient evidence• Case priorities• Uncooperative victims• Unreliability of victims• Defendant who is willing to testify against other
offenders
© 2011 Cengage Learning
5LO
© 2011 Cengage Learning
List and briefly explain the different forms of
plea bargaining agreements.
© 2011 Cengage Learning
Learning Outcome 5
At the arraignment…• Defendant responds to charges with
a plea:– Guilty– Not Guilty– Nolo Contendre (No contest)
© 2011 Cengage Learning
Learning Outcome 5
Plea bargaining • Process by which the accused and
prosecution work out a mutually satisfactory disposition. – Charge bargaining– Sentence bargaining– Count bargaining
© 2011 Cengage Learning
Learning Outcome 5
Motivations for Plea Bargaining• The Prosecutor wants a
conviction• Defense Counsel wants best
outcome for the defendant• The Defendant wants some
measure of control over the outcome
© 2011 Cengage Learning
Source: Adapted from Bureau of Justice Statistics, State Court Sentencing of Convicted Felons, 2004 (Washington, D.C.:U.S. Department of Justice, July 2007), at www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/html/scscf04/tables/scs04404tab.htm.