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Chapter 9
Section 1
Former Allies Clash
U.S.-Soviet Relations • U.S., U.S.S.R. have very different economic,
political systems• U.S. suspicious of Stalin because he had been
Hitler’s ally• Stalin resents that U.S. delayed attacking
Germany and hid atom bomb
Origins of the Cold War
NEXT
Continued . . .
The United Nations• 1945, United Nations established as new
peacekeeping body• UN becomes arena where U.S., U.S.S.R. compete
Truman Becomes President• Harry S. Truman succeeds FDR as president• As vice-president, Truman was not included in
policy decisions- was not told about atom bomb
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continued Former Allies Clash
The Potsdam Conference• July 1945 conference with U.S., Great Britain,
Soviet Union• Stalin does not allow free, multiparty elections
in Poland- bans democratic parties
Tension Mounts
Bargaining at Potsdam• Truman becomes convinced that U.S., Soviet aims
deeply at odds• Soviets want reparations from Germany;
Truman objects• Agree to take reparations mainly from own
occupation zones• U.S. emerges from war as great economic power
- wants Eastern European raw materials, markets
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Continued . . .
continued Tension Mounts
Soviets Tighten Their Grip on Eastern Europe• Soviet Union also has great economic, military
strength• Unlike U.S., Soviet Union suffered heavy
devastation on own soil• Installs communist rule in satellite nations,
countries it dominates• 1946, Stalin announces war between communism,
capitalism inevitable
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United States Establishes a Policy of Containment• U.S. policy of containment—measures to prevent
spread of communism• Churchill describes division of Europe as iron curtain
Cold War in Europe
The Truman Doctrine• 1945–1991 Cold War—conflict between U.S.,
U.S.S.R.- neither nation directly confronts the other on battlefield
• Truman Doctrine—support against armed minorities, outsiders
• U.S. replaces British aid to Greece, Turkey; reduce communist threat
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The Marshall Plan• 1947, Sec. of State George Marshall proposes
aid to nations in need• Marshall Plan revives 16 nations; Communist
parties less appealing
Superpowers Struggle over Germany
The Berlin Airlift• 1948, Stalin closes highway, rail routes into
West Berlin• Berlin airlift—Britain, U.S. fly food, supplies
into West Berlin• 1949, Stalin lifts blockade• Federal Republic of Germany, German
Democratic Republic form
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The NATO Alliance• Fear of Soviets leads to North Atlantic Treaty
Organization (NATO)• European nations, U.S., Canada pledge mutual
military support
China Becomes a Communist Country
Nationalists Versus Communists• Chinese Communists battle nationalist
government of Chiang Kai-shek• U.S. supports Chiang, but his government is
inefficient, corrupt• Communists, led by Mao Zedong, work to get
peasant support• Peasants flock to Red Army; by 1945,
communists control north China
The Cold War Heats Up
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Continued . . .
continued China Becomes a Communist Country
Renewed Civil War• 1944–47, U.S. sends military aid to Nationalists to
oppose communism• 1949, Nationalists flee to island of Taiwan• Communists establish People’s Republic of China
in mainland• U.S. does not recognize Communist Chinese
government
NEXT
America Reacts to Communist Takeover• U.S. public stunned by Communist takeover• Conservatives blame Truman for not sending
enough aid
The Korean War
A Divided Country • 38th parallel (38º N latitude) divides Japanese
surrender in Korea• North of 38th parallel surrenders to U.S.S.R.;
south to U.S.• Republic of Korea, Democratic People’s
Republic of Korea founded
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North Korea Attacks South Korea• 1950, North Korea invades South, begins
Korean War• South Korea calls on UN to stop invasion;
Security Council approves• MacArthur put in command of South Korean,
U.S., other forces
The United States Fights in Korea
MacArthur’s Counterattack• North Korea drives south, captures Seoul• UN, South Korean troops forced into small
defensive zone• MacArthur attacks North Koreans from 2 sides,
pushes into north
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Continued . . .
The Chinese Fight Back• China sends troops to help North Korea; push
south, capture Seoul• Fighting continues for 2 more years
MacArthur Recommends Attacking China• MacArthur calls for war with China; Truman
rejects request• Soviet Union, China have mutual assistance pact• UN, South Korea retake Seoul, advance north to
38th parallel
continued The United States Fights in Korea
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MacArthur Versus Truman• MacArthur continues to push for invasion of China;
Truman fires him• Public outraged over hero’s dismissal• Congressional committee investigation concludes
Truman right
Continued . . .
Settling for Stalemate• 1951, Soviet Union suggests cease-fire• 1953 armistice: Korea still divided; demilitarized
zone established• Lack of success, high human, financial costs help
elect Eisenhower
continued The United States Fights in Korea
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Section 2
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Fear of Communist Influence
American Sentiments• Communist takeover of Eastern Europe, China
fuel fear of its spread• 100,000 in U.S. Communist Party; some fear may
be loyal to U.S.S.R.
The Cold War at Home
Loyalty Review Board• Truman accused of being soft on Communism• Sets up Federal Employee Loyalty Program to
investigate employees• 1947–1951 loyalty boards investigate 3.2 million,
dismiss 212
Continued . . .
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continued Fear of Communist Influence
The House Un-American Activities Committee
• House Un-American Activities Committee investigates Communist ties
• Investigates Communist influence in movie industry
• Hollywood Ten refuse to testify, sent to prison• Hollywood blacklist—people with Communist ties,
cannot get work
The McCarran Act• Act—unlawful to plan action that might lead to
totalitarianism • Truman vetoes, says violates free thought;
Congress overrides veto
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Alger Hiss• Alger Hiss accused of spying for Soviet Union;
convicted of perjury• Congressman Richard Nixon gains fame for
pursuing charges
Spy Cases Stun the Nation
The Rosenbergs• 1949, Soviets explode atomic bomb sooner than
expected• Physicist Klaus Fuchs admits giving information
about U.S. bomb• Ethel, Julius Rosenberg, minor Communist Party
activists, implicated• Rosenbergs sentenced to death; Supreme Court
upholds conviction
NEXT
McCarthy’s Tactics• Senator Joseph McCarthy a strong anti-
Communist activist• Ineffective legislator; needs issue to win reelection• McCarthyism—attacking suspected Communists
without evidence• McCarthy claims Communists in State Department• Few Republicans speak out; think he has winning
strategy for 1952
McCarthy Launches His “Witch Hunt”
Continued . . .
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McCarthy’s Downfall• 1954, McCarthy accuses members of U.S. Army• Televised hearings show him bullying witnesses• Loses public support; Senate condemns him for
improper conduct
continued McCarthy Launches His “Witch Hunt”
Other Anti-Communist Measures• States, towns forbid speech favoring violent
overthrow of government• Millions forced to take loyalty oaths, are investigated• People become afraid to speak out on public issues
NEXT
Brinkmanship Rules U.S. Policy
Race for the H-Bomb• H-bomb—hydrogen bomb—nuclear weapon
more powerful than atom bomb• 1952, U.S. explodes first H-bomb; 1953, Soviets
explode one
Two Nations Live on the Edge
The Policy of Brinkmanship• John Foster Dulles, secretary of state under
Dwight D. Eisenhower• Dulles proposes brinkmanship policy:
- willingness to risk nuclear war to prevent spread of communism
• Nuclear threat unlike any before: millions can die; nation prepares
NEXT
Covert Actions in the Middle East and Latin America• Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) uses spies
to gather information• CIA helps oust Iranian prime minister, reinstate
Shah• CIA helps depose Guatemala’s president; army
leader becomes dictator
The Cold War Spreads Around the World
Continued . . .
The Warsaw Pact• U.S.-Soviet relations thaw after Stalin’s death
in 1953• West Germany’s entry into NATO scares Soviets• Form Warsaw Pact—military alliance with
7 Eastern European countries
NEXT
A Summit in Geneva• Eisenhower meets Soviets in Geneva, proposes
“open skies” policy• Soviets reject proposal; “spirit of Geneva” seen as
step to peace
continued The Cold War Spreads Around the World
The Suez War• Gamal Abdel-Nasser plays U.S. against Soviets
over Aswan Dam• Dulles withdraws loan offer; Nasser nationalizes
Suez Canal• Israel, Britain, France send troops; UN intervenes• Fighting stops; Egypt keeps canal; others withdraw
Continued . . .
NEXT
The Eisenhower Doctrine• Soviet prestige in Middle East rises because of
support for Egypt• Eisenhower Doctrine—U.S. will defend Middle
East against communists
continued The Cold War Spreads Around the World
The Hungarian Uprising• 1956, Hungarians revolt, call for democratic
government• Imre Nagy, Communist leader, forms government,
promises elections• Soviet army fights Hungarians in streets;
overthrow Nagy• U.S. does not help Soviet satellite; Soviets veto
action by UN
NEXT
A New Soviet Leader• Nikita Khrushchev emerges as new Soviet
leader; favors:- peaceful coexistence and economic, scientific competition
The Cold War Takes to the Skies
The Space Race• October 1957, Soviets launch Sputnik, first
artificial satellite• Shocked Americans pour money into own space
program
Continued . . .
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continued The Cold War Takes to the Skies
A U-2 Is Shot Down• CIA makes secret high-altitude flights with U-2
to spy on Soviets• Eisenhower wants flights discontinued before
Krushchev summit• Francis Gary Powers shot down on last flight
over Soviet territory
Renewed Confrontation• Eisenhower first denies, then concedes U-2
was spying• Agrees to stop flights, refuses to apologize as
Khrushchev demands• U-2 incident renews tension between
superpowers; summit cancelled
Section 3
Readjustment and Recovery
The Impact of the GI Bill• 1944 GI Bill of Rights eases veterans’ return
to civilian life• Pays partial tuition, unemployment benefits;
provides loans
Postwar America
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Continued . . .
Housing Crisis• 10 million returning veterans face housing shortage• Developers use assembly-line methods to mass-
produce houses• Build suburbs—small residential communities
around cities
Redefining the Family• Tensions from changed gender roles during war
increase divorce rate
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continued Readjustment and Recovery
Economic Readjustment• Over 1 million defense workers laid off; wages
drop for many workers• Price controls end; 25% increase in cost of
scarce consumer goods• Congress reestablishes price, wage, rent controls
Remarkable Recovery• People have savings, service pay, war bonds;
buy goods long missed• Cold War keeps defense spending up; foreign aid
creates markets
Meeting Economic Challenges
President Truman’s Inheritance• Harry S. Truman can make difficult decisions,
take responsibility
NEXT
Truman Faces Strikes• 1946, higher prices, lower wages lead 4.5 million
to strike• Truman seizes mines, threatens to take over
railroads• Threatens to draft workers; unions give in
“Had Enough?”• Republicans win Senate, House; ignore Truman’s
domestic policy• Congress passes Taft-Hartley Act, overturns many
union rights
Social Unrest Persists
Truman Supports Civil Rights• African Americans, especially veterans, demand
rights as citizens• Congress rejects civil rights laws; Truman
issues executive orders:- integrates armed forces; ends discrimination in government hiring
NEXT
Continued . . .
The 1948 Election• Southern Democrats—Dixiecrats—protest civil
rights, form own party• Truman calls special session; asks Congress for
social legislation• Congress refuses; Truman goes on “whistlestop
campaign”
continued Social Unrest Persists
Stunning Upset• Truman defeats Thomas E. Dewey in close
political upset• Democrats regain control of Congress, lose some
Southern states
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Continued . . .
The Fair Deal• Truman’s Fair Deal is ambitious economic
program, includes:- higher minimum wage, flood control projects, low-income housing
• Congress passes parts of Fair Deal
Republicans Take the Middle Road
I Like Ike!• Truman’s approval rating drops over Korean
War, McCarthyism- decides not to run for reelection
• Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower runs against IL governor Adlai Stevenson
• Newspapers accuse VP candidate Richard M. Nixon of corruption- defends self in televised “Checkers speech”
• Eisenhower wins; Republicans narrowly take Congress
NEXT
Continued . . .
continued Republicans Take the Middle Road
Walking the Middle of the Road• Eisenhower conservative about money, liberal on
social issues• Ike tries to avoid civil rights movement, which is
gaining strength • On economy, works for balanced budget, tax cut• Pushes social legislation, new Dept. of Health,
Education, Welfare• Popularity soars; is reelected in 1956
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The Organization and the Organization Man
Employment in the U.S.• By 1956, majority of Americans not in blue-collar
(industrial) jobs• More in higher-paying, white-collar (office,
professional) positions• Many in services, like sales, advertising,
insurance, communications
The American Dream in the Fifties
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Conglomerates• Conglomerates—corporation that owns
smaller, unrelated companies• Diversify to protect from downturns in individual
industries
Continued . . .
continued The Organization and the Organization Man
Franchises• Franchise—company offers similar products,
services in many places- also the right to use company name and system
• Fast-food restaurants among first, most successful franchises
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Social Conformity• Many employees with well-paid, secure jobs
lose individuality• Personality tests see if job candidates fit in
company culture• Companies reward teamwork, loyalty, encourage
conformity
The Suburban Lifestyle
The Baby Boom• 1950s, 85% of new homes built in suburbs• 1945–1965 baby boom—soaring birth rate after
soldiers return
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Advances in Medicine and Childcare• New drugs fight, prevent childhood diseases• Dr. Jonas Salk develops vaccine for poliomyelitis• Pediatrician Dr. Benjamin Spock writes popular
guide for parents• Baby boom impacts economy, educational system
Continued . . .
continued The Suburban Lifestyle
Women’s Roles• Magazines, TV, movies glorify role of homemaker,
mother• Over 1/5 of suburban wives dissatisfied with
their lives• 1960, 40% mothers work; limited opportunities,
less pay than men
NEXT
Leisure in the Fifties• Shorter work week, paid vacation, labor-saving
devices free up time• People have time for recreational activities,
spectator sports• Book, magazine, comic book sales climb rapidly
Automania• Cheap, plentiful gas, easy credit, advertising
increase car sales• No public transit in suburbs; cars necessary
The Automobile Culture
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The Interstate Highway System• Local, state roads link cities, suburbs to schools,
shops, work• Interstate Highway Act—nationwide highway
network unites country• Highways enable long-haul trucking, new towns,
family vacations• Towns near highways prosper; those near older,
smaller roads decline
Continued . . .
Mobility Takes Its Toll• Auto boom stimulates new businesses—
e.g. drive-in movies• Cars create social, environmental problems—
e.g. accidents, pollution• Upper-, middle-class whites leave cities; jobs,
businesses follow • Economic gulf widens between suburban and urban
- also widens gap between middle class and the poor
continued The Automobile Culture
NEXT
New Products• 60% of Americans in middle class; twice as many
as before WW II• Consumerism (buying material goods) equated
with success• Numerous new products appear on market in
response to demand
Consumerism Unbound
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Planned Obsolescence• Planned obsolescence—making products that
get outdated, wear out- makes consumers buy or want to buy new ones
Continued . . .
Buy Now, Pay Later• Credit purchases, credit cards, installments
extend payment period• Private debt grows; consumers confident of future
prosperity
continued Consumerism Unbound
NEXT
The Advertising Age• Most people have satisfied basic needs; ads
encourage extra spending• Psychological appeals in ads lure consumers to
particular products• Ads appear in all media; television emerges as
powerful new tool
Section 4
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New Era of the Mass Media
The Rise of Television• Mass media—means of communication that reach
large audiences• TV first widely available 1948; in almost 90% of
homes in 1960• Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
regulates communications• By 1956, FCC allows 500 stations to broadcast• Programs: comedies, news, dramas, variety shows,
children’s shows• Lifestyle changes: TV Guide is popular magazine;
TV dinners
Popular Culture
Continued . . .
NEXT
continued New Era of the Mass Media
Stereotypes and Gunslingers• Women, minorities on TV are stereotypes; few
blacks, Latinos• Westerns glorify historical frontier conflicts • Raise concerns about effect of violence on children
Radio and Movies• Television cuts into radio, movie markets• Radio turns to local news, weather, music,
community affairs• Movies capitalize on size, color, sound
advantages; try gimmicks
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The Beat Movement• Beat movement—writers, artists express social,
literary nonconformity• Poets, writers use free, open form; read works
aloud in coffeehouses• Beatnik attitudes, way of life attract media attention,
students
A Subculture Emerges
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Rock ‘n’ Roll• Black musicians add electric instruments to
blues—rhythm and blues• Rock ‘n’ roll—mix of rhythm and blues,
country, pop• Has heavy rhythm, simple melodies, lyrics
about teenage concerns • Music appeals to newly affluent teens who can
buy records• Many adults concerned music will lead to
delinquency, immorality
African Americans and Rock ‘n’ Roll
Continued . . .
NEXT
The Racial Gap• African-American singers like Nat “King” Cole,
Lena Horne popular• Many black artists play jazz, music characterized
by improvisation• African-American shows mostly broadcast on
black radio stations- content, advertising target black audiences
• Important to black audiences with fewer TV sets, no presence on TV
continued African Americans and Rock ‘n’ Roll
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The Urban Poor
White Flight• 1962, 25% of Americans below poverty level• Post WW II–1960, 5 million blacks go from rural
South to urban North• White flight results in loss of businesses, tax
payers to cities• Cities can no longer afford to maintain or improve:
- schools, public transportation, police and fire departments
The Other America
Continued . . .
NEXT
The Inner Cities• Poverty grows rapidly in decaying inner cities• Poor economic conditions lead to illness and
terrible conditions
continued The Urban Poor
Urban Renewal• Urban renewal—replace rundown buildings with
new low-income housing• Housing and Urban Development Dept. created
to improve conditions• Not enough housing built for displaced people
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Mexicans Seek Employment• Many Southwest Mexicans become U.S. citizens
after Mexican War • 1942–47, Mexican braceros, hired hands,
allowed into U.S. to work• After war, many remain illegally; many others
enter to look for work
Poverty Leads to Activism
The Longoria Incident• Undertaker refuses funeral services to Felix
Longoria, WW II veteran• Outraged Mexican-American veterans organize
G.I. Forum • Unity League of CA registers voters, promotes
responsive candidatesContinued . . .
NEXT
Native Americans Continue their Struggle• During Depression, U.S. policy of Native American
autonomy• National Congress of American Indians: civil rights,
maintain customs• U.S. stops family allotments, wages; outsiders take
tribal lands
continued Poverty Leads to Activism
The Termination Policy• Termination policy cuts economic support, gives
land to individuals• Bureau of Indian Affairs helps resettlement in cities• Termination policy is a failure; abandoned in 1963
