Chapter 9Chapter 9

The Great Depression & World The Great Depression & World War IIWar II

Stock Market SpeculationStock Market Speculation

►Bull MarketBull Market►Stock Market CrashStock Market Crash►Great DepressionGreat Depression

Bull MarketBull Market

►Market where stock prices are rising.Market where stock prices are rising.

Stock Market CrashStock Market Crash

►October 29, 1929, stock prices fell, October 29, 1929, stock prices fell, and the majority of investors tried to and the majority of investors tried to sell all of their investments. A.K.A. sell all of their investments. A.K.A. Black Tuesday.Black Tuesday.

Great DepressionGreat Depression

►Long period of high unemployment Long period of high unemployment and increased poverty that came as a and increased poverty that came as a result of the stock market crash.result of the stock market crash.

Collapse of Farm EconomyCollapse of Farm Economy

►Dust BowlDust Bowl

Dust BowlDust Bowl

►Time between 1933 and 1936, when Time between 1933 and 1936, when the land between the Dakotas and the land between the Dakotas and Texas received little rain. Farmers at Texas received little rain. Farmers at this time knew little about stopping this time knew little about stopping soil erosion. Wind picked up and blew soil erosion. Wind picked up and blew the precious topsoil away.the precious topsoil away.

President Hoover’s President Hoover’s AdministrationAdministration

►Herbert HooverHerbert Hoover►HoovervillesHoovervilles

Herbert HooverHerbert Hoover

►Elected during a time of prosperity, Elected during a time of prosperity, Hoover received all blame when the Hoover received all blame when the economy was thrown into depression.economy was thrown into depression.

HoovervillesHoovervilles

►Communities of tents and shacks that Communities of tents and shacks that were built outside of cities as a result were built outside of cities as a result of the depression.of the depression.

Roosevelt’s New DealRoosevelt’s New Deal

► Franklin D. RooseveltFranklin D. Roosevelt► New DealNew Deal► Agricultural Adjustment ActAgricultural Adjustment Act► Tennessee Valley AuthorityTennessee Valley Authority► Social Securities ActSocial Securities Act► National Labor Relations ActNational Labor Relations Act► Fair Labor Standards ActFair Labor Standards Act► Civilian Conservation CorpsCivilian Conservation Corps► Federal Deposit Insurance CorporationFederal Deposit Insurance Corporation► Works Progress AdministrationWorks Progress Administration

Franklin D. RooseveltFranklin D. Roosevelt

►Ran for President emphasizing concern Ran for President emphasizing concern for “the forgotten man” and promising for “the forgotten man” and promising “a new deal for the American people.”“a new deal for the American people.”

New DealNew Deal

►With the help of Congress, Roosevelt With the help of Congress, Roosevelt instituted a series of federal policies instituted a series of federal policies and programs to boost the economy and programs to boost the economy and put unemployed people to work.and put unemployed people to work.

Agricultural Adjustment ActAgricultural Adjustment Act

►The government gave loans to farmers The government gave loans to farmers and paid farmers not to grow crops so and paid farmers not to grow crops so food prices would go up.food prices would go up.

Tennessee Valley AuthorityTennessee Valley Authority

►(TVA) Built hydroelectric dams to bring (TVA) Built hydroelectric dams to bring electricity to new parts of the South, electricity to new parts of the South, including northern Alabama, and to including northern Alabama, and to provide employment and cheap provide employment and cheap electricity.electricity.

Social Security ActSocial Security Act

►(SSA) Passed in 1935, provided (SSA) Passed in 1935, provided retirement income for all workers once retirement income for all workers once they reached the age of 65.they reached the age of 65.

National Labor Relations ActNational Labor Relations Act

►A.K.A. Wagner Act, set up to monitor A.K.A. Wagner Act, set up to monitor unfair management practices such as unfair management practices such as firing a worker who joined a union.firing a worker who joined a union.

Fair Labor Standards ActFair Labor Standards Act

►Raised minimum wage to 40 cents per Raised minimum wage to 40 cents per hour, set maximum working hours at hour, set maximum working hours at 44 hours per week, and ended child 44 hours per week, and ended child labor under the age of 16.labor under the age of 16.

Civilian Conservation CorpsCivilian Conservation Corps

►(CCC) Provided work for unmarried (CCC) Provided work for unmarried men between the ages of 17 and 23. men between the ages of 17 and 23. These men worked in National Parks.These men worked in National Parks.

Federal Deposit Insurance Federal Deposit Insurance CorporationCorporation

►(FDIC) Insures the money you put in a (FDIC) Insures the money you put in a bank up to $100,000.bank up to $100,000.

Work Progress AdministrationWork Progress Administration

►(WPA) Provided jobs for unskilled (WPA) Provided jobs for unskilled workers.workers.

TotalitarianismTotalitarianism

►Where one political party or group Where one political party or group maintains complete control under a maintains complete control under a dictatorship and bans all others.dictatorship and bans all others.

TotalitarianismTotalitarianism

► ItalyItaly► JapanJapan►GermanyGermany►The Union of Soviet Socialist RepublicsThe Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

ItalyItaly

►Benito Mussolini was a fascist, he Benito Mussolini was a fascist, he established himself as a dictator in established himself as a dictator in 1922.1922.

Japan Japan

►Baron Tanaka Giichi became Prime Baron Tanaka Giichi became Prime Minister and soon after, Japan began Minister and soon after, Japan began occupying Manchuria.occupying Manchuria.

GermanyGermany

►As Germany suffered through the As Germany suffered through the Great Depression, its people turned to Great Depression, its people turned to the Nazi Party for help. The party’s the Nazi Party for help. The party’s leader, Adolf Hitler, preached a leader, Adolf Hitler, preached a message of racist fascism. He claimed message of racist fascism. He claimed the Aryan (Caucasian people of non – the Aryan (Caucasian people of non – Jewish descent) race was superior and Jewish descent) race was superior and deserved to conquer other nations.deserved to conquer other nations.

The Union of Soviet The Union of Soviet RepublicsRepublics

►Led by Joseph StalinLed by Joseph Stalin

Rejection of PeaceRejection of Peace

► Japanese AggressionJapanese Aggression► Italian AggressionItalian Aggression►German AggressionGerman Aggression

Japanese AggressionJapanese Aggression

►September 1931, Japan invaded September 1931, Japan invaded Manchuria. Manchuria.

Italian AggressionItalian Aggression

► In 1935 Italy attacked Ethiopia. In 1939, In 1935 Italy attacked Ethiopia. In 1939, Italy invaded Albania. Italy, Germany, and Italy invaded Albania. Italy, Germany, and Japan signed an anti-communist pact, thus Japan signed an anti-communist pact, thus forming the Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis. These forming the Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis. These nations and their allies were later called the nations and their allies were later called the Axis Powers. Opponents of the Axis were Axis Powers. Opponents of the Axis were called the Allied Powers. At this time, called the Allied Powers. At this time, Britain and France were the leading Allied Britain and France were the leading Allied Powers.Powers.

German AggressionGerman Aggression

► In 1938, Hitler tested his boundaries by In 1938, Hitler tested his boundaries by annexing Austria to Germany. Hoping to annexing Austria to Germany. Hoping to avoid war, British Prime Minister Neville avoid war, British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain and French Premier Edouard Chamberlain and French Premier Edouard Daladier entered through a policy of Daladier entered through a policy of appeasement, giving in to Hitler demands. appeasement, giving in to Hitler demands. At the Munich Conference, in 1938, they At the Munich Conference, in 1938, they ignored Stalin’s offer for military aid and ignored Stalin’s offer for military aid and agreed to Hitler’s capture of Sudetenland. agreed to Hitler’s capture of Sudetenland. In exchange, Hitler promised not to invade In exchange, Hitler promised not to invade anywhere else. anywhere else.

The Invasion of Poland – World The Invasion of Poland – World War II BeginsWar II Begins

►BlitzkriegBlitzkrieg

BlitzkriegBlitzkrieg

►Means “Lightning War.”Means “Lightning War.”

U.S. InvolvementU.S. Involvement

►Neutrality ActNeutrality Act►Ludlow AmendmentLudlow Amendment►Lend – Lease ActLend – Lease Act

Neutrality ActNeutrality Act

►1935, gave the President the authority 1935, gave the President the authority to ban arms sales to warring nations.to ban arms sales to warring nations.

Ludlow AmendmentLudlow Amendment

►Required a national vote before the Required a national vote before the U.S. could declare war.U.S. could declare war.

Lend – Lease ActLend – Lease Act

►Gave the President the authority to Gave the President the authority to lend, sell, or lease war supplies to lend, sell, or lease war supplies to countries whose survival was vital to countries whose survival was vital to U.S. defense.U.S. defense.

Problems in Southeast Asia Problems in Southeast Asia

►French IndochinaFrench Indochina►Tojo HidekiTojo Hideki

French IndochinaFrench Indochina

► In 1940, against strong U.S. In 1940, against strong U.S. opposition, Japan established military opposition, Japan established military bases in French Indochina (now bases in French Indochina (now Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos). On Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos). On September 26, the U.S. declared an September 26, the U.S. declared an embargo on scrap metal, oil, and embargo on scrap metal, oil, and aviation fuel to Japan.aviation fuel to Japan.

Tojo HidekiTojo Hideki

► In November 1941, Japanese In November 1941, Japanese diplomats met with Secretary of State diplomats met with Secretary of State Hull in Washington, D.C. for Hull in Washington, D.C. for negotiations, which proved to be negotiations, which proved to be unsuccessful. Meanwhile, General unsuccessful. Meanwhile, General Hideki, the new Prime Minister of Hideki, the new Prime Minister of Japan, was planning a surprise attack Japan, was planning a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor.on Pearl Harbor.

Pearl HarborPearl Harbor

► A few minutes before 8:00 a.m. on December 7, A few minutes before 8:00 a.m. on December 7, 1941, Japanese airplanes began bombing at Pearl 1941, Japanese airplanes began bombing at Pearl Harbor. In less than two hours, the Japanese forces Harbor. In less than two hours, the Japanese forces sank or seriously damaged eight battleships and 13 sank or seriously damaged eight battleships and 13 other naval vessels, destroyed almost 200 other naval vessels, destroyed almost 200 warplanes, and killed or wounded over 3,000 warplanes, and killed or wounded over 3,000 military personnel. The next day, President military personnel. The next day, President Roosevelt called December 7 “a day which will live Roosevelt called December 7 “a day which will live in infamy.” With only one opposing vote, both in infamy.” With only one opposing vote, both houses of Congress approved a declaration of war houses of Congress approved a declaration of war against Japan. Suddenly, the U.S. found itself against Japan. Suddenly, the U.S. found itself plunged into the middle of World War II.plunged into the middle of World War II.

On the Home frontOn the Home front

►Women’s ParticipationWomen’s Participation►RationingRationing►War BondsWar Bonds► Japanese InternmentJapanese Internment

Women’s ParticipationWomen’s Participation

►More than 200,000 women served in More than 200,000 women served in special units of the Army, Navy, special units of the Army, Navy, Marines, and Coast Guard. As men left Marines, and Coast Guard. As men left for the front, women took their places for the front, women took their places in offices and factories.in offices and factories.

RationingRationing

►System which limited the use of System which limited the use of certain critical foods and materials. certain critical foods and materials. People could not purchase coffee, People could not purchase coffee, sugar, meat, rubber, or gasoline sugar, meat, rubber, or gasoline without using a government – issued without using a government – issued coupon.coupon.

War BondsWar Bonds

►Bonds that were used to help finance Bonds that were used to help finance the war.the war.

Japanese InternmentJapanese Internment

►On February 19, 1942, President Roosevelt On February 19, 1942, President Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066, ordering all signed Executive Order 9066, ordering all Japanese Americans away from military Japanese Americans away from military facilities. Under this order, the U.S. military facilities. Under this order, the U.S. military forced 110,000 Japanese Americans from forced 110,000 Japanese Americans from their homes and placed them on federal their homes and placed them on federal land, including deserts and swamp, in the land, including deserts and swamp, in the nations interior. They were forced to live nations interior. They were forced to live there for the duration of the war.there for the duration of the war.

The U.S. Joins the AlliesThe U.S. Joins the Allies

►Tuskegee AirmenTuskegee Airmen

Tuskegee AirmenTuskegee Airmen

►Trained at the Tuskegee Institute in Trained at the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama. This black combat unit in Alabama. This black combat unit in the Army Air Corps flew more than 500 the Army Air Corps flew more than 500 missions over France, Germany, North missions over France, Germany, North Africa, and Eastern Europe in 1941.Africa, and Eastern Europe in 1941.

Stemming the TideStemming the Tide

►MidwayMidway►StalingradStalingrad►North AfricaNorth Africa

MidwayMidway

► In June 1942, the Japanese military In June 1942, the Japanese military began a concerted attack on U.S. began a concerted attack on U.S. forces stationed at Midway Island. forces stationed at Midway Island. U.S. naval and air forces inflicted U.S. naval and air forces inflicted heavy blows on the Japanese fleet, heavy blows on the Japanese fleet, forcing them to flee. This U.S. victory forcing them to flee. This U.S. victory showed that the U.S. Navy could hold showed that the U.S. Navy could hold its own, despite the loses at Pearl its own, despite the loses at Pearl Harbor.Harbor.

StalingradStalingrad

► In the Fall of 1942, German forces in In the Fall of 1942, German forces in southern Russia attacked the city pf southern Russia attacked the city pf Stalingrad. This city was crucial, because it Stalingrad. This city was crucial, because it was the supply center for petroleum was the supply center for petroleum products from the Caucasus region in the products from the Caucasus region in the south. The Germans needed access to the south. The Germans needed access to the oil refineries to continue the war. On oil refineries to continue the war. On November 19, the Soviet army made a November 19, the Soviet army made a counter offensive, driving the Germans out counter offensive, driving the Germans out of Stalingrad.of Stalingrad.

North AfricaNorth Africa

►Operation Torch began in November Operation Torch began in November 1942, when Britain and U.S. troops 1942, when Britain and U.S. troops landed on the beaches of North Africa. landed on the beaches of North Africa. They encountered stiff resistance, but They encountered stiff resistance, but in May 1943, the greatly outnumbered in May 1943, the greatly outnumbered Axis forces surrendered. This first Axis forces surrendered. This first major victory of the war lifted the major victory of the war lifted the spirits of the Allies.spirits of the Allies.

Turning the TideTurning the Tide

► ItalyItaly►NormandyNormandy

ItalyItaly

►Two months after his victory in North Two months after his victory in North Africa, Eisenhower sent paratroopers Africa, Eisenhower sent paratroopers to attack the Italian island of Sicily. to attack the Italian island of Sicily. Due to the success of the invasion, Due to the success of the invasion, Mussolini was overthrown. Mussolini was overthrown.

NormandyNormandy

► Promoted to Supreme Allied Commander of Promoted to Supreme Allied Commander of the European theater of operations, the European theater of operations, Eisenhower coordinated Operation Overlord, Eisenhower coordinated Operation Overlord, the largest amphibious assault ever the largest amphibious assault ever undertaken. On June 6, 1944, D-Day, a fleet undertaken. On June 6, 1944, D-Day, a fleet of 6,000 Allied ships launched the great of 6,000 Allied ships launched the great invasion of the beaches of Normandy. Allied invasion of the beaches of Normandy. Allied losses were high and it took 6 weeks to losses were high and it took 6 weeks to secure landing areas. On August 25, 1944, secure landing areas. On August 25, 1944, the Allies fought their way into Paris, the Allies fought their way into Paris, liberating the city from four years of German liberating the city from four years of German occupation.occupation.

Germany’s DefeatGermany’s Defeat

► In the face of certain defeat, Hitler In the face of certain defeat, Hitler committed suicide on April 30, 1945.committed suicide on April 30, 1945.

The HolocaustThe Holocaust

► As allied soldiers began liberating areas of As allied soldiers began liberating areas of Europe formerly held by Germany, they Europe formerly held by Germany, they encountered many disturbing sites. They encountered many disturbing sites. They found concentration camps that housed ghost-found concentration camps that housed ghost-like people with hollow eyes and bony frames. like people with hollow eyes and bony frames. Gas chambers and ovens only hinted at the Gas chambers and ovens only hinted at the horror perpetrated in these camps, but the horror perpetrated in these camps, but the hundreds of thousands of bodies buried in hundreds of thousands of bodies buried in mass graves confirmed the soldiers mass graves confirmed the soldiers suspicions. At the beginning of the war, Hitler suspicions. At the beginning of the war, Hitler had instructed German soldiers to kill Jews and had instructed German soldiers to kill Jews and other social undesirables on the spot. other social undesirables on the spot.

Japan’s DefeatJapan’s Defeat

►General Douglas MacArthurGeneral Douglas MacArthur►KamikazeKamikaze

General Douglas MacArthurGeneral Douglas MacArthur

►Wanted to concentrate the U.S. attack on Wanted to concentrate the U.S. attack on Japan. In 1942, MacArthur had to retreat Japan. In 1942, MacArthur had to retreat from the Japanese and surrender the from the Japanese and surrender the Philippines. As he left the shores, he vowed, Philippines. As he left the shores, he vowed, “I shall return.” For eight months the U.S. “I shall return.” For eight months the U.S. Marines engaged the Japanese at Marines engaged the Japanese at Guadalcanal. Finally, in October, 1944, Guadalcanal. Finally, in October, 1944, MacArthur victoriously returned to the MacArthur victoriously returned to the Philippines. Landing on the island of Leyte, Philippines. Landing on the island of Leyte, he said, “People of the Philippines, I have he said, “People of the Philippines, I have returned.”returned.”

KamikazeKamikaze

►Pilots that would load their planes with Pilots that would load their planes with explosives and willingly crash into explosives and willingly crash into Allied naval ships. Allied naval ships.

The Atomic BombThe Atomic Bomb

►Manhattan ProjectManhattan Project►HiroshimaHiroshima►NagasakiNagasaki

Manhattan ProjectManhattan Project

►Special project which involved Special project which involved scientists that escaped from Germany, scientists that escaped from Germany, Britain, Canada, and the U.S. The Britain, Canada, and the U.S. The object of the project was to build a object of the project was to build a weapon of incredible power: the weapon of incredible power: the atomic bomb.atomic bomb.

HiroshimaHiroshima

►On August 6, 1945, a specially On August 6, 1945, a specially equipped B-29 bomber, the equipped B-29 bomber, the Enola GayEnola Gay, , dropped an atomic bomb on dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima.Hiroshima.

NagasakiNagasaki

► Just three days later, on August 9, the Just three days later, on August 9, the U.S. dropped an atomic bomb on U.S. dropped an atomic bomb on Nagasaki. Over 150,000 Japanese Nagasaki. Over 150,000 Japanese died in these two explosions. On died in these two explosions. On August 14, 1945, as a result of these August 14, 1945, as a result of these two disasters, the Japanese two disasters, the Japanese surrendered to General Douglas surrendered to General Douglas MacArthur. World War II was over.MacArthur. World War II was over.