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CHAPTER – I
INTRODUCTION
Agriculture is the backbone of any country and the activities allied
to agriculture viz. Animal husbandry, Fisheries and Logging, Forestry
have the potential for providing significant employment opportunities to rural
and urban population. They provide supplementary occupation to the people
besides contributing to Gross State Domestic Product. The dependence on
the agricultural sector for supporting livelihood is well known while the allied
sectors offer scope for absorbing surplus labour from the agricultural sector.
The allied sector has the potential for putting the State's rural economy on
a higher growth trajectory.
1.1 Livestock
Livestock plays vital role in rural economy. The total livestock
population of the state which was 259.39 lakhs in 1997 had increased
by 1.01% when compared to the previous 1994 census. However,
the total livestock population in the state as per the provisional figures of
the Livestock Census 2004 was at 249.42 lakhs, recording a marginal decline
of 3.85% over that of 1997 census. The bovine (cattle and buffalo)
population in the state had witnessed a steady decline between 1982 and
2004, while sheep population showed signs of variation, the goat population
2
had steadily increased during the reference period. The poultry population
at 865.91 lakhs in 2004 had recorded an increase of 137.16%
over the previous census. The Tamil Nadu state ranks second in poultry
population in the country and accounts for 17.7% of the total poultry
population in India. The details are given in table 1.1.
Table 1.1 Livestock Census in Tamil Nadu
(Quantity in Lakhs)
Source: Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Services, Chennai
The combination of livestock and crop farming enables
complementarity through productive utilization of farm byproducts
and conservation of soil fertility, thus increasing rural farm income.
Apart from that providing food products like milk, egg and meat, livestock
sector generates productive employment. The valuable supplementary
income to the vast majority of rural households, majority of whom are small
marginal farmers and landless labourers.
Year Cattle Buffalo Sheep Goats Others Total Poultry
1982103.66(-4.03)
32.12(4.35)
55.37(4.69)
52.46(24.85)
18.26(135.31)
261.87(8.45)
182.84(27.44)
198993.53(-9.77)
31.28(-2.62)
58.81(6.21)
59.20(12.85)
20.85(14.18)
263.66(0.68)
215.70(17.97)
199490.96
(-2.75)
29.31
(-6.30)
56.12
(-4.57)
58.65
(-0.93)
21.75
(4.32)
256.79
(-2.61)
238.54
(10.59)
199790.47
(-0.54)
27.41
(-6.48)
52.59
(-6.29)
64.16
(9.39)
24.76
(13.84)
259.39
(1.01)
365.11
(53.06)
200491.41
(1.03)
16.58
(-39.51)
55.93
(6.35)
81.77
(27.45)3.73
249.42
(-3.85)
865.91
(137.16)
3
Rapid increase in human population, urbanization, rising domestic
incomes and changing lifestyles in the country have led to increasing
demand for livestock products. Hence the animal husbandry sector
has to grow faster not only to satisfy the demand, but also to provide
the much-needed employment to the rural poor and to revitalize the rural
economy without which sustainable growth is less feasible. This sector
can also contribute to many other socio-economic spin offs like slowdown of
rural-urban migration, empowerment of rural women and protection of
environment.
Livestock sector employs over 11 million rural poor and women
in principal status and eight million in subsidiary status which is about
5% of total working force in the country. Contribution of livestock sub-sector
to agricultural GDP has shown an impressive growth in the last three
decades from 1970 as less than 15% to over 29.90% in 2003-04.
In 2006-07, livestock sector contributed 101 million tonnes of milk, 51 billion
eggs, 45 million kg of wool and 2.3 million tonnes of meat with
the per capita availability of 246 grams milk per day and 42 eggs per annum.
(Economic Survey of India 2008).
4
According to the estimates of the Central Statistics Organization
(CSO), the value of output from livestock and fisheries sectors together
was about Rs.1,96,181 crores (at current prices) during 2003-04
(with Rs.1,64,509 crores from livestock sector alone), which accounted
for 6.29% of total GDP. Total export earning from livestock, poultry and
related products was Rs. 5,120 crore in 2004-05.
Tamil Nadu state has registered an estimated milk and egg production
of 5.56 million tonnes and 8,043 millions, respectively during the period
2003-04 with the per capita availability of 234 grams milk per day and
123 eggs per annum against the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)
recommendation of 250 grams milk per day along with 183 eggs per annum.
The State stands eighth in milk production and second in egg production
of the country and this fact reveals the fact about the significance of
livestock in the state. Tamil Nadu Livestock production is given in table 1.2.
Production area and Types : Rajasthan, Jammu and Kashmir,
Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, Hilly regions of North and Eastern Himalayas
are the Indian regions with maximum livestock population.
Prominent among livestock supply from India are cows, buffaloes, camels,
goats, sheep, pigs, etc.
5
Table 1.2 Livestock Production in Tamil Nadu
(Quantity in numbers)
Year Cattle Buffalo Goat Sheep Pig
1970 10859345 2724017 3770847 6621177 -
1971 10731248 2767231 3793852 6284569 -
1972 10695387 2794428 3860465 5867325 -
1973 10541932 2834864 3916321 5592743 -
1974 10572378 2853253 3954477 5392821 562805
1975 10692345 2898921 4085363 5385634 607283
1976 10764573 2958324 4160425 5301236 643902
1977 10801119 3077678 4202093 5289242 678123
1978 10736542 3096239 4400668 5367418 680274
1979 10649721 3134856 4689432 5493561 687345
1980 10532345 3173328 4876341 5506784 690276
1981 10424556 3208671 5056787 5521932 692873
1982 10365500 3212242 5246192 5536514 693735
1983 10218734 3239845 5356783 5595436 680427
1984 10123950 3257312 5434695 5673120 679123
1985 10093567 3299345 5512348 5703451 675436
1986 9961134 3202356 5687652 5794326 671569
1987 9745672 3195631 5745891 5817345 671183
1988 9580023 3143297 5809875 5859373 670564
1989 9353141 3128256 5919713 5880788 660678
1990 9314442 3129971 5978450 5822431 683271
1991 9297867 3138734 5904532 5759812 690328
1992 9237451 3028431 5828515 5715674 650381
1993 9167583 2982340 5840983 5604853 630017
1994 9096121 2931177 5865442 5612242 613133
1995 9074389 2963275 6098341 5485427 610546
1996 9052174 2800348 6300456 5355048 605684
1997 9046542 2741263 6416204 5258884 609176
1998 9078345 2503679 6787659 5290752 559045
1999 9099234 2390231 7100553 5384503 523461
2000 9115928 2148339 7498652 5473618 470456
2001 9119765 2059320 7734567 5501276 439845
2002 9126336 1948263 7912303 5557345 380563
2003 9135679 1797374 8012346 5571234 350876
2004 9141043 1658415 8177420 5593485 320868
2005 9178321 1612348 8276431 5684210 318743
2006 9199345 1500765 8307295 5795002 303568
2007 9284371 1594720 8493179 5963497 290324
2008 9530268 1523784 8526034 6402826 285617
Source: Department of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Services, Chennai
6
Economics of Livestock Keeping : The origin of livestock wealth is as old
as the evolution of human society. Cattles were raised mainly to get
the male calves, which were used for ploughing fields, and dung for
enriching the soil. Higher the number of the cattle maintained meant
the higher the availability of the bullock / draught power and the farm yard
manure due to which the productivity is higher. This was the reason,
that in the past the individual prosperity, and status was measured from
the number of livestock maintained, which changed with the time
due to urbanization and industrialization. However, in the present conditions
the stress is on cattle, buffaloes, goats and sheep keeping. In this chapter,
in addition to the animal husbandry and dairying activity, the other allied
enterprises like the goat, sheep, poultry and piggery, etc. are being
analyzed.
1.2 Current Situation
Various technological interventions introduced after the independence
in the livestock sector of the Country and the State have made significant
improvements in production, productivity and per capita availability of
livestock products.
7
The milk production in Tamil Nadu was perceptibly low till 1980s
with the output of 1.73 million tonnes with the per capita availability of
99 grams per day, while the egg production was at 834 millions with
the per capita availability of 17 eggs per annum during 1980-81. To improve
milk production in the state, multipronged approaches in breeding, health
cover, feeding and marketing spheres were initiated in livestock sector
through various development programmes. Cross breeding and genetic
upgradation were introduced to improve the productivity of indigenous cows
and local buffaloes, respectively.
Vaccines against various diseases were introduced and the livestock
were vaccinated which resulted in reduced economic losses due to diseases.
Various livestock feeding technologies were developed to exploit
the potential benefits, besides creating marketing infrastructure.
On similar line in the poultry, improved variety fowl was introduced along
with modification in rearing like intensive system, automatic feeding,
development of newer vaccines and improved management. Deworming
was intensified in small ruminants rearing. These combined measures
resulted in significant changes in the population, and productivity of livestock
sector.
8
Over the last four decades, there have been drastic important
changes taken place in world food markets and in agricultural trade.
These changes include changes in shares of the major commodity groups
in agricultural trade. The principal reasons for these were higher income
(due to economic growth), differential factor accumulation, changes in
technology, changes in transportation, costs, and policy interventions
in food markets. These trade changes increase the demand for livestock
commodities.
The extent to which the increased demand can be met from domestic
production in any sector depends mainly on the rate of productivity growth
in various components of that sector. Hence, the relative rates of
productivity growth in crops and livestock are believed to be indispensable
factors in determining the changing composition of trade. To analyse these
changes in livestock production, various research studies had been carried
out in different time periods and at different levels. Although these evidences
on resource productivity and estimating output changes in livestock sector
are scanty (Kumar and Pandey, 1999 and Elumalai and Pandey, 2004).
Again, unlike crops sector, there are no empirical evidences available on
sources of growth in livestock, particularly relating to productivity changes.
Although, it has been argued that technology has contributed to the growth
and expansion of livestock sector, empirical evidence is still not available
9
to support this contention. With the economic reforms ongoing,
it is important concerning over sources of future livestock productivity
growth to examine the contribution of technology to livestock productivity
growth.
70% of livestock market in India is owned by 67% of small, marginal
farmers. 60% of livestock farming labor is provided by women and more
than 90% of work related to care of animals is rendered by womenfolk of
the family. Indian livestock is reared in close human proximity where they
form component of the life system of the people. Cows, buffaloes, bullocks,
mules and donkeys are not just utility animals, but also companions at work
for the toiling poor who rear them along the side of their own dwelling.
India has 53% of world Buffalo population and 15% of world Cattle
population. In terms of sheep population, India ranks fifth after Australia,
China, Iran and New Zealand. Livestock population in India from 1951
to 2003 quinquinally is presented in table 1.3.
1.3 Cattle and Buffalo Production
India is predominantly an agricultural country with about 70%
of its population dependent on income from agriculture. Animal husbandry
is an adjunct to crop agriculture. Apart from this cattle and buffaloes
10
are kept for milk production motive power for various farm operations,
village transport, irrigation and production of manure. The animals
are generally maintained on agricultural byproducts and crop residues.
Table 1.3 Livestock Population in India by Species
(In Million Numbers)
Species 1951 1956 1961 1966 1972 1977 1982 1987 1992 1997 2003
Cattle 155.3 158.7 175.6 176.2 178.3 180.0 192.5 199.7 204.6 198.9 185.2
Adult Female Cattle
54.4 47.3 51.0 51.8 53.4 54.6 59.2 62.1 64.4 64.4 64.5
Buffalo 43.4 44.9 51.2 53.0 57.4 62.0 69.8 76.0 84.2 89.9 97.9
Adult Female
Buffalo21.0 21.7 24.3 25.4 28.6 31.3 32.5 39.1 43.8 46.8 51.0
Total Bovines 198.7 203.6 226.8 229.2 235.7 242.0 262.2 275.7 288.8 288.8 283.1
Sheep 39.1 39.3 40.2 42.4 40.0 41.0 48.8 45.7 50.8 57.5 61.5
Goat 47.2 55.4 60.9 64.6 67.5 75.6 95.3 110.2 115.3 122.7 124.4
Horses and Ponies
1.5 1.5 1.3 1.1 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8
Camels 0.6 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.6
Pigs 4.4 4.9 5.2 5.0 6.9 7.6 10.1 10.6 12.8 13.3 13.5
Mules 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2
Donkeys 1.3 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.7
Yak NC NC 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1
Mithun NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 0.2 0.2 0.3
Total Livestock 292.9 306.6 336.5 344.5 353.2 369.4 419.6 445.2 470.9 485.4 485.0
Poultry * 73.5 94.8 114.2 115.4 138.5 159.2 207.7 275.3 307.1 347.6 489.0
Dogs NC NC NC NC NC NC 18.5 18.0 21.8 25.5 29.0
NC : Not Collected; NA: Not Available * Includes Chicken, ducks, turkey & other birds Source : Livestock Census 2003, India
11
Animal rearing is done mostly by small and marginal farmers and
landless labourers with holding size of 2-3 animals per farm household.
Average land holding with these owners is very meager being 0.5 to 2 acres.
Livestock rearing provides employment and supplementary income
to the vast majority of rural house holds, the majority of whom are landless
and marginal farmers.
India had 204 million cattle and 84 million buffaloes.
The total crossbred female population including young stock was estimated
to be about 10.6 million in 1992, of which the Southern Region accounted for
about 45%. The share of other regions were Northern (25%), Eastern (20%)
and Western (10%). In areas where cross-breeding is getting popular
the population of low producing desi cows is declining. The density of bovine
population varied as per land area; agricultural conditions; availability of feed
and fodder and socio-economic conditions.
Cattle were fairly distributed allover the country (18-31%).
The concentration of buffaloes was highest in Northern Region (46%) and
lowest in Eastern Region (11%). The productivity per animal between states
and between regions varied due to quality of cattle, buffaloes and availability
of inputs especially feed and fodder.
12
The gross value of output from livestock sector alone at current prices
was about Rs 1.114 billion (1997-98) which is about 25% of the value of
the output of Rs 4.495 billion from agriculture sector. This excludes
the contribution of the animal draught power. Milk alone contributed around
63% to the total output from livestock. Meat plays an important role in
utilization of agricultural byproducts which are non-edible to human beings.
They also provide byproducts such as hides and skins, blood, bone, fat and
casings for industrial use. Farm manure is also an useful product items of
income generating the sector. Animal power for transportation and
agricultural operations, particularly in rural areas also makes a significant
contribution.
A marginal increase in milk production from 17 million tonnes
in 1950-51 to 22 million tonnes in 1970-71 was achieved. The increase,
however, was large between 1980-81 (31.6 million tonnes) and 1990-91
(53.7 million tonnes). The production of milk for the year 2003-04
was 88.1 million tonnes which would make per capita availability
to be 231 grams per day against the recommended level of 220 grams.
This enhanced growth in milk production is because of different types of
cattle and buffalo development programmes were conducted in large scale
crossbreeding.
13
A large increase in buffalo meat production both for internal
consumption and export has been noted in the last few years.
The export of buffalo meat went up from 101,666 tonnes valued
at Rs. 2,808 million in 1995-96 to 176,329 tonnes valued at Rs.7,293 million
in 1997-98. This export is increasing to go up in view of establishment of
export abattoirs and improvement of existing abattoirs. Considerable export
earnings are obtained from export of animal byproducts.
The advances in animal husbandry and dairying (crossbred cattle and
buffalo) in particular have greatly helped in improving the economic status of
rural population in India. The availability of crossbred dairy animals,
high producing buffaloes have made dairying a remunerative business.
Crop and dairy enterprise combination among various livestock is best suited
for most of the areas.
1.4 Sheep and Goat Production
Sheep Production : An important economic livestock species
the sheep which contributes greatly to the agrarian Indian economy
especially in arid/semi-arid and mountainous areas. They play an important
role in the livelihood of a large percentage of small and marginal farmers
and landless labourers engaged in sheep rearing. Sheep manure
14
is an important source of organic fertilizer, especially in southern states
where they are folded on fallow lands for increasing soil fertility.
Sheep in India are mostly maintained on natural vegetation, on common
grazing lands, wastelands and uncultivated (fallow) lands, stubbles of
cultivated crops and top feeds (tree lopping). Rarely, they are kept on grain,
cultivated fodder or crop residues.
Sheep are mostly reared for meat and wool. Sheep skins and wool
are used by a number of rural-based interesting as raw material.
Manure constitute important source of earning, particularly in Southern
India. Milk from sheep is of limited importance in few areas of Jammu and
Kashmir, Rajasthan and Gujarat. Indian sheep are not regarded as dairy
sheep like their counterparts in Middle- East and Eastern European countries.
The productivity of Indian sheep is lower than of those in
agriculturally more advanced countries. Yet considering their nutritional and
physical environment the productivity cannot be considered as inefficient.
The major reasons for low productivity are inadequate grazing resources,
diseases causing high mortality, morbidity and consequent reduced
production and serious lack of organized effort for bringing genetic
improvement.
15
Spreads and their distribution : There are 44 descript breeds of sheep.
In spite of large number of breeds, around 75% of the animals
are non-descript. There is a large inter-mixture amongst the breeds in
regions where two or more breeds exist. There are no breed societies or
agencies to register the animals of a particular breed, maintain flock book
and ensure the purity of a breed or type. There do exists some Central
and State Governments breeding farms which maintain flocks of
indigenous breeds for production of rams for distribution to the farmers.
Most of the breeds of sheep are very well adapted to harsh climate,
long migration, tropical diseases, poor nutrition, and shortage of drinking
water and poor water quality. Very little concerted efforts for developing
these breeds through artificial selection has been made.
Goat Production : Goats mainly help the mankind in prehistoric times by
the source of meat. The human race, however, took little time
to understand the value of its milk, hair and, skin. Whether in cold arid
up hills, or hot arid deserts, or hilly tracts of mountains or ravines constituted
of leached soil, goats have survived and sustained the poor people.
The present world-wide distribution of goats shows that the number of milch
type goats are more in the temperate zone and dual type or meat type goats
are primarily located in the sub-tropical and tropical Asian and African
countries.
16
Socio-Economic Importance : Goats provide a dependable source of
income to 40% of the rural population below the poverty line in India and
to many who do not possess any land. Contrary to the scientific information,
an inbuilt bias and concern among soil conservationists and foresters
have left the goat as a species to be neglected in this country for many
decades. Yet the vast majority of the poorer section of the rural population
depends on the goat rearing for subsistence and to meet the house-hold
occasional need for meat and milk. The socio-economic impact of goat
farming is, perhaps, evident in the sharp increase of their population during
the post-independence. The slaughter byproducts, skins and fibres of goats
provide raw material to consumer industries such as leather and textile.
Goat rearing practices in India : In the plains, goats are mostly raised by
the landless labourers or marginal farmers. The cost of rearing
is very low and the flocks often comprised 2 to 5 goats. The animals
are raised through grazing on the wasteland and agricultural byproducts and
at times on garden and kitchen wastes. The flock size, in the North-Western
hot-arid zone and the Eastern Ghats is often increased to 20 to 60 animals
which are grazed for long hours (10-12 hr/day) and even taken to migratory
routes through scarce vegetation as joint endeavour of more than one
farmer.
17
In the temperate Himalayan range, particularly in Jammu and Kashmir
and Himachal Pradesh, flocks of 100 to 500 animals are raised in the lower
valleys during winter and in the higher valleys during summer. In and around
town and city hutments, goats are, however, raised without much of grazing
under stall-fed conditions and tethering. Goats, while grazing on grass
or bush, also help in dispersal of seeds and improvement in vegetation.
In Australia goats have been recognised as being able to control many
woody weeds in the vast pasture land. There are reports that in extreme
deserts the grazing of sheep and goats have increased the number of
bushes, trees, grass cover. Thus, it is unwise to put the heavy burden of all
evils to goats for land degradation, deforestation till serious kitchen-energy
crisis is solved for the rural mass and details of industrial need vis-a-vis wood
resources are calculated.
1.5 Meat Production
Meat and byproducts ensure nutrition security either by providing
valuable high quality nutrients or by providing gainful employment
to a large number of small and marginal farmers to improve their nutrition
and living standards. The value of meat and byproducts from livestock sector
amounts to Rs.205,870 million in the year 1997-98 and forms 18.48%
of the total value of outputs from livestock sector.
18
Precise estimates of meat production are not available in view of
the unauthorised slaughter and a considerable quantity of meat is produced
in the unorganized sector. It could be reasonably stated that the total meat
production would be about 4 million tonnes. To ensure supply of good
quality and hygienic meat to consumers, 123 registered slaughter houses
have been established and the animals like sheep, goat, cattle, buffalo and
pig were slaughtered in these houses. The number of animals slaughtered in
these centres rise by 19.4% from 26.29 lakhs in 2004-05 to 31.40 lakhs in
2005-06. Sheep and goat accounted for 94.4% of the total animals
slaughtered in the State. Meat production had gone up by 17.3%
from 425.44 lakh kg in 2004-05 to 499.11 lakh kg in 2005-06.
Over the last four decades, meat sector have contributed large
employment opportunities both direct and indirect. Direct employment
potential dealing with meat animal trade, slaughtering and marketing of
meat is estimated about 40 million in the country. In addition, part time or
full time employment is available in meat animal production with other
ancillary activities connected with meat sector viz. leather, bone, animal fats
and animal casings. People engaged in slaughter and meat marketing
are sometimes paid for the labour in kind as meat, offal’s etc.
Thus they derive their nutrition while others improve their living standards
through better earnings from the activities of meat sector.
19
Sheep, goat, pig and poultry are reared primarily for meat production,
whereas cattle and buffalo are mainly reared for milk and draught purpose.
Buffalo is emerging as a triple purpose animal viz. milk, draught and meat.
Rearing of animals is important for a large number of small and marginal
farmers (67%) who own 70% of the livestock in India. They rear the animals
for animal foods and byproducts of human utility, monetary reward,
utilization of resources for the employment as well as export. Sustainable
production of these animals depends on availability of feed resources,
management costs, good stocks, health cover, production efficiency and
efficient utilization of the produce.
Modern technologies need to support each one of these aspects of
animal production to obtain maximum gain under a range of situations.
Demand for meat and byproducts are essential to sustain animal production
activities. Meat sector serves complimentary to dairy through effective
demand for the culled animals from dairy farming.
Demand for Meat : Expert Committee of lCMR has recommended
60 grams of protein per day with Net Protein Utilization (NPU) of 65 grams
for an adult of 60 kg body weight. This requirement of protein can be met
by a mixture of pulses either 50% or 100% of it can be met by opting for
milk, eggs, fish or meat. However, the per capita availability of pulses
20
decreased from 64 grams per day in 1951 to 37 grams per day in 1995.
This situation has necessitated effective utilization of diverse protein
resources including meat sources. Average man needs a minimum
125 grams per day meat or meat-equivalent food to replace the protein lost
through catabolic processes and maintain the nitrogen balance of the body.
Hence 100 grams serving of cooked meat from any of the meat
animal species provides approximately 10% calories, 50% protein, 35% iron
and 25-60% B-complex vitamins recommended for an adult. It was reported
that diets that contain an average of less than 15 grams animal protein
per day dose near certainty of protein malnutrition for part of the population.
Thus a target of at least 20 grams animal protein per day (World average
24.8 grams) would be reasonable for Indian population where the diets
are predominantly vegetarian and a mixture of proteins from cereals and
pulses are consumed along with animal protein in the form of milk, meat,
fish and eggs. Assuming that 4 grams protein per person per day comes
from meat sources, for the 70% of the non-vegetarian population
the requirement for meat is placed at about 6 million tonnes compared
to the total meat production estimate of about 4 million tonnes. Measures for
augmenting meat production are necessary.
21
The potential advantages of Indian meat exports include large raw
material resources, price competitiveness (buffalo meat prices are one-third
to half of world beef prices), cheap labour costs, proximity to importing
countries, preference for Indian lean meat produced on natural grazing and
liberalized economic policies. Major constraints affecting meat exports
include livestock disease situation (prevalence of foot-and-mouth disease)
inadequate modern abattoir facilities, negative propaganda of some social
groups against meat exports and lack of pragmatic slaughter policy for
effective utilization of livestock resources. Meat exports could be
substantially increased by increasing the total meat production potential
by rearing meat animals under ideal management. Only 6.8% of
the 4 million tonnes of total estimated meat production in the country
is exported. Development of organized meat industry needs to be promoted
for increasing the prospects of meat sector.
The per capita consumption of beef / buffalo in India is 2.8 kg,
about half that of fish, but more than twice the average intake of mutton,
pork and poultry. According to statistics compiled by the Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the total number of
animals slaughtered for meat in India rose from 66,299,600 head in 1980
to 106,239,000 head in 2000, nearly doubling. There was a rise
22
in the total number of cows and buffaloes slaughtered for meat in
India from 15,644,000 head in 1980 to 24,300,000 head in 2000,
an increase in total beef meat and buffalo meat production of 1,673,972
in 1980 to 2,863,400 in 2000. Meat production in Tamil Nadu is given
in table 1.4.
Production Area: Due to social reasons, the consumption of buffalo meat
is restricted in India. While over 70% of Indians are non-vegetarian
by choice or religious belief, consumption of beef and pork is limited.
The slaughter of Cow / Bull is prohibited in all except in but two states
(Kerala and West Bengal). Although more emphasis is given on beef imports
and states of Hyderabad, Delhi, Mumbai and others metropolis do witness
beef production.
Table 1.4 Meat Production in Tamil Nadu
(Quantity in kilograms)
Year Beef Chevon Mutton Pork
1996 14721000 11562000 13683000 300000
1997 14809000 11963000 13600000 293000
1998 16255000 8004000 11459000 531000
1999 14970000 9590000 11470000 2060000
2000 20140000 7260000 8090000 5880000
2001 18900000 8240000 9020000 2880000
2002 17309000 8933000 10009000 2872000
2003 14908000 11165000 12101000 1945000
2004 19464000 12771000 13762000 673000
2005 13084000 16634000 12350000 476000
2006 14942000 17180000 17174000 615000
2007 17531000 23104000 17331000 498000
2008 18674000 24933000 19586000 567000
Source: Department of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Services, Chennai
23
Types: Beef meat available in India is the meat of the water buffalo.
The meat consumed is generally lamb or goat, poultry etc. However,
per capita consumption of meat, fish and poultry is far below
that of the developed countries.
1.6 Pig Production
Pigs have biological advantages of high prolificacy, efficient mothering
ability, rapid growth, most economic feed conversion efficiency,
shorter generation period and high dressing percentage which makes
as one of the best meat producing animal in the world. The annual per
capita availability of meat in India is 5 kg against the recommendation
of 11 kg per capita. The gap between the requirement and availability
is indicative of urgent need for increasing meat production in the country.
To bridge the gap between production and consumption,
productivity of pigs have to be increased. The pig is one of most efficient
feed converting animal species. Among the meat producing livestock,
it is the only litter bearing animal having the shortest generation interval and
faster growth rate. These biological advantages give pigs an important role
in tiding over the deficiency of animal protein. Domestication of pigs
(Sus scrofa) in Europe took place somewhere around the Baltic sea in
the Neolithic times by crossing domestic with wild pigs.
24
The pig rearing in India has been a traditional occupation of weaker
sections of rural society. The non-descript indigenous pig which is black
to blackish grey in colour, grow good quality bristle. Except for few imports
of superior quality pigs of exotic breeds by some missionary organizations
in early years of the last century, no concentrated efforts were made
to improve pig production in India. During the second and third Five Year
Plans, however, a coordinated programme for piggery development
was organized in some states. The scheme involved establishment of bacon
factories, regional pig breeding stations and pig breeding farms/units and
piggery development blocks. Some exotic breeds of pigs, viz. Landrace,
Large White Yorkshire, Tamworth and Hampshire were introduced
at different pig breeding farms. The major objective was to acclimatize
the exotic breeds for and it is distribution to pig breeding units for
further multiplication and in use for upgrading the native pigs. Currently,
there are 237 pig breeding farms in the country, the largest among
the livestock species. Of these, 65 are located in the North Eastern states.
The AICRP on Pigs was initiated in 1971 with four centres
in the country to study the performance of exotic breeds. The centres
available at Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar and Assam
Agricultural University, Khanapara had Landrace; Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi
25
Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur, Acharya NG Ranga Agricultural University,
Triputi, had Large White Yorkshire pigs. In the second phase, native pigs
were introduced to study their performance under optimum input,
management conditions and to compare their performance with crossbreds
having 50% and 75% exotic inheritance. The project is on progress and has
been further strengthened with the addition of two more centres, one each
at the Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, and
the other one is Kerela Agricultural University, Thrissur.
Major concentration of pigs is in the rural areas were in more than
80% are native pigs. Pig carcass in India average around 35 kg as against
76 kg in China, 84 kg in USA, and 90 kg in Germany. The emphasis therefore
has to be on the improvement of indigenous pigs both through selection and
crossing them with exotic breeds depending upon the choice of breed type
for the region. Indigenous pig breeds should be screened through extensive
surveys to identify types with high prolificacy and better growth.
The focus should be on improving reproductive efficiency,
feed conversion efficiency and achieving higher body weights.
Most of the north-eastern states and tribal areas around Ranchi, Chhotta
Nagpur in Bihar and Chatishgarh areas of Madhya Pradesh prefer black pigs.
There is, however, in South, North-West and Western parts of the country.
26
Areas around metropolitan cities prefer exotic or crossbred pigs,
there is no colour preference. There is a great demand for pork in
North-Eastern states and Southern states of Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka
and Andhra Pradesh.
As a consequence of various research and development efforts,
pig husbandry and pork production has gained impetus during the recent
past and the concept of pig farming is changing from that of a zero input
enterprise to that of a semi-commercial one. This is due to the realization of
its positive qualities like short generation interval, higher growth rate,
higher litter size at weaning, yield of around 2 crops per sow per year,
ability to convert efficiently agro-industrial and grain byproducts into meat,
etc. Although, pig meat production went up from 0.12 million tonnes
in 1982 to 0.42 million tonnes in 1995, it constituted only around 10%
of the total meat production in the country. Apparently, the species
is not being fully exploited taking into consideration its larger growth and
prolificacy potential.
Indian Scenario : As per Livestock Census 2003, the pig population in
the country was 139.19 lakhs of which 21.80 lakh were crossbred/exotic
pigs. Exotic breeds like White Yorkshire, Hampshire and Landrace
are maintained in India. There are about 158 pig breeding farms in
27
the country run by the State Governments and Union territories. Of the total
population of pigs. The major share of 28% come from North-Eastern states.
In the country, there has been a steady increase in the pig population from
10.07 millions in 1982 to 12.78 millions in 1992 to the present population of
13.92 millions. This shows a decadal growth rate of 26% from 1982 to 1992
and 5.79% from 1992 to 2003.
Pork is the most highly consumed meat in the world today. But the
scenario in India is different. It was also observed that during 2005, the pork
availability in India was 4.97 lakh metric tons. Of which, the average
yield of salable meat was 52 to 55% and the remaining 45 to 48%
was the byproduct. In India, the percent annual growth was 8.8
since 1991 to 2003. In export status of meat in India was 307 metric tonnes
with worth of 236,000 US Dollars.
Pig contributes only 10.2% of the total meat production
in India as against bovine meat (60%), small ruminants (15%) and
poultry (12%). It is also noticed that the rate of slaughter
(number slaughtered as percentage of population) is more only in pigs
at 84% when compared to cattle (6%), buffaloes (11%), sheep (33%) and
goats (38%) each year.
28
In general, there are many reasons for the slow growth of
the Indian meat industry. Especially with regard to pork, still the negative
attitude of public towards the pork as a result of taboos and religious
sentiments. Efforts are being made in consultation with Planning Commission
and other appraisal agencies to initiate Integrated Piggery Development
during 11th Five Year Plan (India, 2008). During 1st Five Year Plan (FYP) of
India, now attention was given to the pig development. Consequently,
importance was realized and in IV FYP (1969-74), Indian Council of
Agricultural Research (ICAR) established All India Co-ordinated Research
Project on Pigs was started with the objectives of evaluation of
the performance of the exotic breed under optimum managerial conditions
in Izat Nagar, Jabalpur, Tirupati and Khannapara. Similarly in 1993-94,
it was extended to Kerala, Tamilnadu, Ranchi and Goa to generate location
specific information on breeding, feeding and health cover measures.
Scenario in Tamil Nadu : The pig population in Tamilnadu was 3.21 lakhs
according to the 17th Livestock Census, 2004. This contributes only 2.31%
to the total pig population in the country. In the state, Villupuram, Salem,
Cuddalore, Namakkal and Perambalur districts have considerably more
population of pigs than the rest of the districts.
29
The indigenous black-coloured pigs are more in number, maintained
by the backward and weaker sections of the people. They are scavenging
pigs and are maintained in an extensive system of rearing. One of the largest
farms of state involved in pig production and research is the “Pig Breeding
Unit” at Livestock Research Station, Kattupakkam under the control of
Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai.
The unit maintains Large White Yorkshire, Landrace and Duroc breeds of
pigs. In addition, 75% of crossbred (LWY X indigenous) pigs are also
produced with better disease resistance and growth performance.
The unit now serves as the nucleus centre to supply
the purebred and crossbred progenies for the establishment of new piggery
units in the field with scientific rearing techniques. Now-a-days, new field pig
farms are coming up in Tamilnadu with Large White Yorkshire breed for
producing pork. With the recent breeding technologies, the Livestock
Research Station, Kattupakkam has come up with a new synthetic variety
of pigs called “Three-way Synthetic pigs” for lean pork production.
This will be released soon by the TANUVAS. In addition, the District Livestock
Farms of Department of Animal Husbandry are also rearing pigs of Large
White Yorkshire and Landrace to supply the seed stock to the field piggery
units.
30
There are number of factors which support the production of pigs
as a vigorous industry:
It is a walking factory converting foodstuff not suitable for human
consumption as well as other agro-industrial byproducts into meat
with its essential aminoacid content.
Pigs act as a fertilizer factory as the manure produced by them
are utilized locally in fertilizing the field for crop production.
As now-a-days, consumer preference increases for the organic
farming products. It has been estimated that dungs produced
by 25-30 pigs annually is equivalent to one tonne of Ammonium
Sulphate applied to soil.
Besides, pig also produces another valuable by-product i.e. bristle
which is an important raw material for brush making industry.
Biogas can also be produced fro pig dung.
Therefore, pig production in India would need the following shifts:
Unorganized to organized farming
Small scale household to semi-commercial production system
Non-adequate to adequate service delivery involving private
partners with research and development back up
HACCP (Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point) measures in pork
production
Mass multiplication of improved pigs both as sole and integrated
component of farming
31
1.7 Poultry Production
Historical and Archaeological evidences reveal that chickens
were domesticated during 5400 B.C., though distribution throughout
the world occurred only from times of the Indus Valley culture during
2500-2100 B.C. Considering their history of domestication, the commercial
exploitation of chickens and other domesticated birds is very recent.
It started with the application of scientific principles in breeding for
improving the meat and egg production potential of birds. Poultry meat and
eggs have now become easily available protein in the diet of the people.
The term "Poultry" although very often used as synonymous
to chicken, includes a number of Avian species such as chicken, turkey,
geese, guinea fowl, pea fowl, etc. domesticated for economic purposes.
Most of these avian species thrive well under a variety of agro-climatic
conditions and can be raised successfully almost anywhere provided
certain minimum management and nutritional requirements are met with.
They are also efficient convertors of feed into animal protein of high
biological value compared to other livestock species. While chicken and
ducks are raised for commercial egg and meat production, turkeys, guinea
fowl, geese, etc. are maintained only for meat production.
32
Poultry in India is as old as its civilization. Red jungle fowl found in
India and its neighbouring countries is considered to be the progenitor of all
domestic breeds of fowl. Despite this poultry farming in the country
remained a disorganized backyard venture only to be patronized by poor and
weaker sections of the society. Indigenous poultry breeds which are hardy
but poor in growth and productivity continued to dominate Indian poultry
scenario. The per capita availability of egg and poultry meat was 33 eggs
and 1,100 g, respectively, in the year 1997 compared to 7 eggs and 176 g of
poultry meat in 1961. Increase in per capita availability of egg and meat
by 4.71 and 6.25 times, respectively, during last 35 years. Although not
small, it is still much lesser than most of the countries of the world including
our immediate neighbourers like Pakistan and Sri Lanka.
Poultry in Tamil Nadu : Poultry farming provides livelihood support
besides contributing to the nutritional requirements of the population.
Poultry activity creates employment opportunities besides providing income
to the workers. The State stands second in egg production at the all India
level. The introduction of modern scientific techniques and California Cage
system of poultry rearing in the seventies has revolutionised poultry farming
in the State. The Poultry Extension Centres, acts as demonstration farms and
provide training to poultry rearers. The Government organizes widespread
immunization campaigns against the diseases like Ranikhat.
33
Poultry rearing has become a commercial activity in the districts of
Namakkal, Salem, Erode and Coimbatore. Namakkal district has become
an ‘egg basket’ and accounts for 65% of the total egg production
in the Tamil Nadu state and is a major foreign exchange earner too.
Poultry and Egg production in Tamil Nadu is given by table 1.5.
Egg Production and Per Capita Availability : Tamil Nadu is one of
the leading States in egg production and export. The eco-friendly backyard
poultry rearing is practiced along with commercial poultry farming in
the State. The egg production in the State which improved from 3784 million
numbers in 2003-04 to 6395 million numbers in 2004-05 marginally declined
to 6223 million numbers in 2005-06. Consequently the per capita availability
of egg per annum has declined from 102 numbers. Shared poultry
development programme (80:20) is being implemented in the Poultry Farm
at Kattupakkam with a total outlay of Rs.74.69 lakhs and at District Livestock
Farm, Hosur with a total outlay of Rs.85 lakhs.
Poultry in India : Compared with meat, poultry industry has registered
significant growth. India ranks fifth in the world with annual egg production
of 1.61 million tones. Poultry exports are mostly to Maldives and Oman.
34
Table 1.5 Poultry and Egg Production in Tamil Nadu
(Quantity in Numbers)
Year Poultry Production Egg Production
1970 11225890 --
1971 11827436 --
1972 12389034 --
1973 12693480 --
1974 12977658 --
1975 13494570 --
1976 13902345 --
1977 14347195 --
1978 15846502 --
1979 16945397 --
1980 17284756 --
1981 17893848 --
1982 18283720 --
1983 18823456 --
1984 19458204 --
1985 19936752 --
1986 20792741 --
1987 21004657 --
1988 21312002 --
1989 21570238 --
1990 21890003 --
1991 23299873 --
1992 22763421 --
1993 21893467 --
1994 23853680 --
1995 28045672 --
1996 33768594 3371
1997 36511075 3388
1998 44987652 3584
1999 59763042 3588
2000 64965787 3845
2001 69076592 3929
2002 74345685 4223
2003 79004533 3622
2004 86591273 3784
2005 90674395 6395
2006 92768540 6223
2007 95874321 8044
2008 97005567 8860
Source: Department of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Services, Chennai
35
Indian poultry meat products have good markets in Japan, Malaysia,
Indonesia and Singapore. Both poultry egg processing units have come in
a very big way in the country. Karnataka’s egg production accounts for
2.5 million eggs per day to 7.5 million eggs, that in Punjab expanded from
5 million to 15 million eggs per day in the past two years. Tamil Nadu
was producing 80 million eggs per day while Maharashtra 6.0 million,
Rajasthan 1.5 million, Gujarat 2.5 million, Madhya Pradesh 4.5 million and
Orissa 1.5 million eggs per day. Egg output in the North Eastern states
is estimated at 1.5 million.
Both public and private sector organizations have their contribution
in the poultry industry that has made India among the top in production.
There are about 15 pure line and grand parent franchise projects in India.
There are 115 layer and 280 broiler hatcheries producing 1.3 million layer
parents and 280 million broiler parents. The scope of foreign investment
and state-of-the-art technology in this field is therefore tremendous.
Andhra Pradesh is the leading state in poultry production and hence
considered to be the poultry capital of the country. More than 60% of
the eggs are produced only in 5 states: Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra,
Punjab, Tamil Nadu and Haryana. The commercial poultry farming is yet
36
to make a dent in some of the populous states like Uttar Pradesh,
Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan and Orissa. Consequently both availability
and per capita consumption of poultry and poultry products are low in these
states approximately one-third of the national average. About 75% of
the table eggs and poultry meat produced in the country is consumed by
25% of the population living in urban areas. Not only the availability of
poultry and poultry products is less in rural areas, prices are also high.
Number of poultry farms located in rural areas are few and small in
size. Lack of suitable rural marketing infrastructure has increased the cost of
poultry production and reduced the margin of profit to make the poultry
farming a viable enterprise for the rural masses. Most of the small farmers
as not being able to survive the competition are closing their doors in favour
of large establishments.
Economic Importance of Poultry : Poultry farming holds a prominent
place in development plans, for a variety of reasons / various factors
responsible for commercialisation of poultry are:
It is highly prolific in nature (i.e.) one hen produces at least 240
chicks in a year.
Shorter generation interval (i.e.) in chickens about 2 generations
are obtained in a year. Hence, genetic improvement per unit time
can be achieved much faster than any other species.
37
It is adaptable to various agro-climatic conditions, i.e. chicken
can be reared at temperatures as low as 0oC and as high as 40oC.
Chicken can be economically reared in arid, semi-arid conditions
as well as in high humid zones.
Land required for poultry need not be fertile, further the water
requirement is also less, when compared to other species of
livestock.
Poultry can be managed under varied systems and also it easily
adapts to automation, enabling large numbers to be reared in one
farm.
Among the various species of livestock, the dressing yield and
edible yield of poultry is the highest.
The egg has a very well balanced amino acid profile with
the required minerals and vitamins.
Poultry meat and egg are food materials universally acceptable
without being forbidden by any religious taboos.
Poultry meat and eggs are the cheapest food sources of animal
protein.
Unlike other animal fats, egg and chicken lipids are not fats;
but oils good for health; they contain more omega-9 fatty
acid-MUFA which increases the good HDL-cholesterol in the serum.
Moreover, they contain considerable amounts of omega-3 fatty
acids (N-3 PUFA) which reduces the serum bad LDL-cholesterol.
Hence the egg and chicken lipids are good for health.
Chickens are the most efficient converters of feed into meat and
egg. It hardly requires 1.6 kg of feed to produce 1 kg of body
weight and in case of eggs it requires 1.4 kg of feed to produce
12 eggs or 2.0 kg of feed to produce 1 kg of eggs.
38
1.8 Milk Production
Global Level : On global basis India is able to produce milk at very
competitive prices by virtue of utilizing crop residues for rearing the animals.
Following the Uruguay Round of WTO (1994), subsidies on agriculture
commodities would have to be withdrawn compelling most of the exporting
nations of European Union to readjust their economies by curtailing milk
production, India along with Oceania, and USA, where milk is produced
on competitive prices, prospects for future growth seem bright during
the 21st Century. With the increase in the economic prosperity, India's
middle income group is growing steadily and by 2005, is expected
to be 250-400 million - the largest in world only next to China.
The demand for milk and milk products with in the domestic market in
India is also expected to increase in the coming decades. The per capita milk
availability as compared to 1980-81 (129 g/day) has increased to 179 grams
in 1990-91 and is presently (1997-98) about 200 grams. This is expected
to reach 238 grams per day by the year 2000-2001.
India’s Dairying : India is predominantly an agrarian society where animal
husbandry forms the backbone of national economy. Dairying provides
millions of small marginal farmers and landless labours means for their
subsistence. Milch animals are reared mainly through the utilization of
39
crop residues; thus milk production is essentially a subsidiary activity
to agriculture. The planners recognized dairying, because of the potential
impact it can make, as an instrument to bring about socio-economic
transformations in the rural sector. India also has the largest holding of
the bovine population, being about one-third of the world population and
about half of the Asian population. Cows account was about 44% of the milk
produced in India, buffalo 53%, and goat, sheep and camel etc. account for
the balance 3%. Thus, dairying in India is a sharp contrast to the pattern of
milk production in the advanced countries of the world, where specialized
dairy farming is in vogue. Milch animals are stall-fed.
Tamilnadu (Milk Production and per capita availability) : Sustained
initiatives to augment the production potential of livestock, poultry and
to increase the production of milk, egg and meat to cater to the increased
demand were taken during the period 2003-2006 under review.
Milk production rise from 47.53 lakh tonnes in 2003-04 to 47.84 lakh tonnes
in 2004-05 and to 54.74 lakh tonnes in 2005-06. The State's share in total
milk production at the all India level was 5.38% in 2004-05.
The per capita availability of milk per day which witnessed a marginal
increase from 209 gm in 2003-04 to 210 gm in 2004-05 improved further
to 234 gm in 2005-06.
40
Tamil Nadu Cooperative Milk Producer's Federation procured milk
through a chain of Primary Cooperative Societies numbering 7431 in 2004-05
and 7701 in 2005-06 in the State. The milk productions by societies rise
by 5.6% from 23.96 lakh litres per day (LLPD) in 2004-05 to 25.09 LLPD
in 2005-06. The procurement price per litre of buffalo milk and cow milk
was at Rs.12.50 and Rs.10.50 respectively. These societies procured
more than 35% of the total milk produced in the State. The quantity of milk
sold had improved from 20.53 LLPD in 2004-05 to 21.59 LLPD in 2005-06.
The gain from the White Revolution is reflected in the steady increase
in average yield during the period 2002-03 to 2005-06. The breeding policy,
animal health care and fodder development together contributed
to this achievement. The average daily yield by milk from exotic and
crossbred cows had improved from 6.244 kg in 2004-05 to 6.272 kg
in 2005-06. The average daily milk yield of indigenous cows rose
from 2.680 kg in 2004-05 to 2.734 kg in 2005-06. Thus, there had been
an overall improvement in the yield rate of cows. The average daily yield of
milk from buffaloes marginally declined from 4.200 kg in 2004-05
to 4.161 kg in 2005-06. Milk and Milk products production in Tamil Nadu
is given in table 1.6.
41
Marketing of Milk and Milk Products : Any assessment of marketing
prospects in the national and international context must be seen in terms of
anticipated socio-economic and demographic changes at global level. Besides
this the rural households with a disposable income of Rs. 2,500 plus/month
would be 2 to 4 million. These combined influences will create a market for
the 'convenience', 'ready-to-serve' and 'long-shelf-life' packaged food
products.
Production of cheese is expected to increase by 500 million tonnes
and that of whole milk powder by 250 million tonnes. India exported milk
powders worth Rs. 385 million, butter and ghee 65.9 million and the value of
the total exports of dairy commodities was 384.5 million. However, because
strong growth of internal demand, India would have to cope with both
domestic demand vis-a-vis export potential to more lucrative international
market.
Only those countries, which are able to produce milk on competitive
prices on global basis such as the USA, New Zealand and Australia
have been able to increase their milk production. In the International trade,
development of efficient export system based on national quotas,
tenders etc. without destroying present production / marketing systems,
therefore, assume crucial importance.
42
Table 1.6 Milk and Milk Products Production in Tamil Nadu
(Million Tonnes)
YearMilk Production
TrendButter
ProductionGhee
ProductionMilk Powder Production
1977 - 305 23 -
1978 1681 417 20 -
1979 1727 486 15 -
1980 1860 631 54 -
1981 1738 502 52 -
1982 1886 697 46 -
1983 1788 822 57 -
1984 2562 915 79 -
1985 2846 879 83 -
1986 3118 1005 119 -
1987 3295 1020 139 -
1988 3109 1080 145 4
1989 3238 923 69 8
1990 3410 916 94 11
1991 3375 845 129 14
1992 3357 1148 239 49
1993 3468 1087 203 65
1994 3524 1418 428 82
1995 3694 1364 367 104
1996 3791 1281 284 153
1997 3977 1081 270 38
1998 4061 945 458 8
1999 4273 1053 570 14
2000 4574 1165 701 30
2001 4909 1104 803 32
2002 4988 1256 1110 31
2003 4622 1072 1169 30
2004 4753 1121 6230 96
2005 4784 1632 7949 121
2006 5474 1331 7863 99
2007 5705 1170 4451 60
2008 5961 1293 6547 84
Source: Tamil Nadu Co-operative Milk Producers Federation Limited, Chennai
43
The globalization of products through brand is also becoming
increasingly important factor in the international market place. Consumers
are attracted to established brands because they are of known quality and
they represent a system of quality assurance. In India, Amul brand has been
making significant impact, and domestic industry has been strongly varying
with multinational for carrying out their share of the consumer confidence.
1.9 Fish Production
The fishery resources of the country are unique due to presence of
wide variety of ecosystems are presented in table 1.7.
Table 1.7 The natural and man made fishery resources of India
Resource type Resources Potential area
Coastline 8,041 km
Continental shelf 0.506 million km2Marine ecosystem
EEZ 2.020 million km2
Estuaries 2.7 million hectare
Lagoons 0.19 million hectare
Mangroves and swamps 0.7 million hectare Estuarine ecosystem
Bheries (West Bengal) 0.136 million hectare
Rivers / canals 171,334 km
Reservoirs 3.153 million hectare
Ponds and tanks 2.254 million hectare Freshwater ecosystem
Oxbow lakes and swamps 0.827 million hectare
44
Present Status of Fish Production : The country has witnessed
a quantum jump in the fish production due to research and development
efforts, financial investments and entrepreneur's enthusiasm. It may be seen
that the total fish production has increased from a meager level
of 0.75 million metric tonnes during 1950-51 to 5.65 million metric tonnes
in 1999-2000.
The marine sector increased its contribution from 0.53 million metric
tonnes to 2.83 million metric tonnes whereas the contribution from
the inland sector increased from 0.22 million metric tonnes to 2.82 million
metric tonnes from the level of the base year 1950-51. Out of the total
fish production from the inland sector, about 65% is being contributed
by the aquaculture sector. India today occupies third position in the world
and second position in the inland fish production.
Overall fish production during 2005-06 was estimated as 5.46 lakh
tonnes, which represented an increase of 38.2% over the estimated
production of 3.95 lakh tonnes in 2004-05. More than 70% of total
production is achieved for by marine fish. As a result of urbanisation
and growth in population and consumption, the demand for seafood
has increased.
45
The State has introduced Fisheries Development Mission
to enhance production of fish, to sustain livelihood and to generate
employment for coastal and rural poor. To meet the growing demand,
the main focus is on the production of both marine and inland fish through
innovative and scientific methods in reservoirs, tanks and ponds.
Marine Fish Production in Tamil Nadu : The marine fish production
through mechanized and non-mechanized boats had plummeted from
3.81 lakh tonnes in 2003-04 to 3.08 lakh tonnes in 2004-05. However
it had improved to 3.90 lakh tonnes in one year 2005-06. The total number
of boats engaged in fishing operation increased from 66684 in 2004-05
to 75758 in 2005-06 in the State.
Inland Fish Production in Tamil Nadu : Inland fisheries sector of
Tamil Nadu is spread over 3.71 lakh hectare comprising about 52000 hectare
of reservoirs, 97,700 hectare of major irrigation and long seasonal tanks,
158100 hectare of short seasonal tanks and ponds and 63000 hectare under
estuaries, back water and swamps. In order to increase inland fish
production, Fish Farmers Development Agencies were established in
the State and are functioning since 1976. There were 12 Fish Farmers
Development Agencies in 2003-04. About 5000 hectare of village ponds and
tanks are being constructed to adopt composite fish culture through these
46
agencies in the State. There are 870 major reservoirs, 195 major irrigation
tanks, 64822 seasonal tanks etc. in the State. Total catch by source reveals
the fact that seasonal tanks and major irrigation tanks alone accounted for
83% of total inland fish production of 77304 tonnes in 2003-04.
Inland fish production had recovered from the distress situation
in the previous years and improved to 86851 tonnes in 2004-05 and
to 155943 tonnes in 2005-06. The reservoir fisheries management is being
undertaken in 44 reservoirs in the State by the Department and
in 8 reservoirs by the Tamil Nadu Fisheries Development Corporation.
There are 52 Reservoirs under the control of the Department with 52,000
hectare water spread area and undertakes stocking of fish seeds
in these reservoirs.
Fish Export in Tamil Nadu : The State has rich potential for fish culture
and Tamil Nadu is one of the major fish exporting States in India.
The processed fish is being exported through Chennai and Thoothukudi
Ports in the State which fetches good export earnings to the State.
The total quantity of fish and fish products exported was 68462 tonnes
in 2003-04 which improved to 70809 tonnes in 2004-05 and to 72418 tonnes
in 2005-06. The State's share in fish export is around 15% of the total export
of the country.
47
Since fisheries are an important source of livelihood, the Government
is implementing an array of schemes and programmes for the benefit
of fishermen which include Fishermen Free Housing Scheme, National
Savings-cum-Relief Scheme for marine fishermen and fisherwomen,
Group Accident Insurance Scheme for Fishermen funeral expenses for
the fishermen family and Relief Assistance to the affected fishermen
due to Tsunami tragedy, etc. Fish production and Fish Products Export in
Tamil Nadu is given in table 1.8.
Growth of Fishery Sector : The fish production has increased
at a cumulative growth rate of 4.2% per annum since 1950-51. Similarly
the share of fisheries in GDP from agriculture has almost doubled
from 1.97% in 1980-81 to 4.12% in 1994-95. The fish production
is the fastest growing sector in the agriculture. As compared to Agriculture
and Animal Husbandry, the fish production rate per unit area is much higher
in terms of productivity as well as income.
Indian Fisheries at Global Level : By virtue of well knit research and
development programmes the fishery is the major food producing and
employment sector in the country. Induced by the profitability, rich
entrepreneurs, big business houses and corporate sector has entered in
this sector and has set up farms on a large scale along in the coastal areas.
48
Table 1.8 Fish Production in Tamil Nadu
(Quantity in Tonnes)
Year Fish Production Fish Products Export
1967 279075 -
1968 320852 -
1969 296900 5220
1970 230613 5637
1971 329984 5942
1972 280273 6765
1973 317771 5511
1974 335793 2572
1975 322853 5719
1976 356440 3800
1977 363997 4720
1978 357456 5743
1979 360316 6945
1980 376689 8294
1981 392000 8550
1982 400000 7000
1983 415012 6872
1984 406408 6252
1985 388746 18792
1986 377654 18456
1987 342645 18053
1988 353489 16745
1989 350463 15330
1990 356467 22768
1991 373661 26851
1992 383942 24949
1993 405749 30963
1994 424916 20311
1995 438729 28831
1996 449367 31330
1997 459790 40878
1998 456647 41052
1999 488483 45026
2000 406074 43464
2001 484402 53005
2002 483995 58482
2003 481214 70147
2004 458452 68462
2005 384866 70809
2006 545657 72418
2007 552363 72883
2008 567214 74549
Source: Department of Fisheries, Chennai
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Presently 5.96 million people are employed in this sector.
At global level too, the fishery sector is playing important role in the food
arid nutritional security system of many countries. Today India is the major
fish producing country of the world. It ranks third in the total fish production
and second in the inland aquaculture production in the world. Similarly,
its contribution to the global shrimp production is extremely high and
it has emerged as a second largest producer of shrimp and fifth largest
producer in terms of farmed shrimps.
In Tamil Nadu, maritime sector dominates the entire fishery sector
and the State has a coastal line of 1076 km. sharing 13.3% at the Nation’s
coast line of 8118 km. The State possesses 0.19 million sq.km. of
Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) accounting for 9.7% of the country’s EEZ of
2.02 million sq.km. and a continental shelf of about 41412 sq.km.
The sector provides employment to 10.02 lakhs inclusive of both Marine and
Inland fisher-folk and contributes Rs.199572 lakhs to foreign exchange which
accounts for 27.5% of value of fish and fish product export at National level.
Fisheries play a vital role in providing protein rich food at an affordable price.
The inland fisheries sector in the State is spread over 3.71 lakh
hectare of water spread area comprising reservoirs, major irrigation and long
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seasonal tanks, short seasonal tanks and ponds, estuaries and backwaters.
Presently, about 5000 hectare of water spread is being utilised for fresh
water aquaculture under the programmes of the Fish Farmers Development
Agencies. Besides, the State has 56000 hectare of brackish water area
suitable for aquaculture. Of this, an area of 4455 hectare has been
developed for aquaculture.
1.10 Organization of Thesis
This thesis consists of seven chapters. Chapter I discussed with
a brief introduction about the current situation of the livestock sector in
India. This chapter includes the Tamil Nadu Livestock production details like
Cattle, Buffalo, Goat, Sheep and Pig, and Meat products, and Milk and
Milk products, Poultry production including Egg, and Fisheries details with
marine and inland fish production, fishery resources and fish products
exports.
Chapter II provides brief review of polynomial and ARIMA methods
of predicting livestock like Cattle, Buffalo, Sheep, Goat, Pig, Milk, Meat, Egg
and Fish. It includes explanation of research methodology covering various
degrees of fitting of Polynomials trend and Box-Jenkins Time Series Analysis
with ARIMA model viz. AR(p), MA(q) and ARIMA (p, d, q) and
its components ACF, PACF, BIC and Box-Ljung Q Statistics.
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Chapter III analysis the trends of various order of polynomial
models and appropriate polynomial model is chosen in order to predict
Livestock production. This study covers Livestock during the period
1967-2008.
Chapter IV discusses about the design of Autoregressive (AR) model
for different Livestock production of Cattle, Buffalo, Sheep, Goat, Pig,
Chevon meat and Milk during the period 1970-2008. Future has been
forecasted for the period from 2009 to 2015 for all Livestock production
which will be useful for optimization.
Chapter V discusses the different trents by using Moving Average
(MA) model to select the appropriate model. This study covers Beef, Mutton,
Pork, Butter, Milk powder, Egg, Fish and Fish Products Export of Livestock
production during the period 1967-2008. Future has also been forecasted
during the period 2009-2015.
Chapter VI analysis the ARIMA model for Ghee production for
the period 1977-2008, also to fit ARIMA (p, d, q) model to predict and
forecast. Based on the numerical calculations and graphical representations
it is found that ARIMA (p, d, q) is considered to be the to best fit for the data
for Ghee production.
Chapter VII provides the overall findings as summary and conclusion
of the thesis with further extension of the present work.
