Chapter Eleven: Chapter Eleven:

Cotton, Slavery, and the Old Cotton, Slavery, and the Old SouthSouth

Cotton, Slavery, and the Old Cotton, Slavery, and the Old

SouthSouth

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Slavery and Cotton in the South, 1820 and 1860

The Cotton EconomyThe Cotton Economy

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• The Rise of King Cotton• Declining Tobacco Economy• Short-Staple Cotton• Rapid Expansion

of Slavery

Cotton Gin in Use (Library of Congress)

Southern White SocietySouthern White Society

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• The Planter Class• Planter Aristocracy’s Dominance• The Aristocratic Idea

• The “Southern Lady”• Female Sub ordinance Reinforced• Special Burdens

• The Plain Folk• Inadequate Educational Opportunities• “Hill People”

The Romantic Impulse

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• Literature in the Antebellum South• Edgar Allan Poe• William Gilmore Simms

• The Transcendentalists• Ralph Waldo Emerson• Thoreau’s Walden

Henry David Thoreau (Library of Congress)

The Romantic ImpulseThe Romantic Impulse

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• Visions of Utopia• Failure of Brook Farm• New Harmony

Plan for the New Harmony Colony (Library of Congress)

Joseph Smith and the Joseph Smith and the

MormonsMormons• All American religion, created in US

• Mormons move from

Ohio to Missouri & Illinois.• Polygamy unpopular

• 1844 Mormons flee Illinois after mobs murder Smith

• Brigham Young leads Mormons west to Utah, 1846-1847, est. frontier cooperative theocracy

• Conflict with federal govt. over polygamy, threatens fighting, over polygamy delays statehood to 1896

http://www.pbs.org/americanprophet/joseph-smith.htmlhttp://www.pbs.org/americanprophet/joseph-smith.html

JOSEPH SMITH“Affected by the great religious

excitement taking place around his home in Manchester, New York, in 1820, fourteen-year-old Joseph was determined to know which of the many religions he should join. …Early one morning in the spring of 1820, Joseph went to a secluded woods …, while praying Joseph was visited by two "personages" who identified themselves as God the Father and Jesus Christ. He was told not to join any of the churches.

In 1823, Joseph Smith said he was visited by an angel named Moroni, who told him of an ancient record containing God's dealings with the former inhabitants of the American continent. In 1827, Joseph retrieved this record, inscribed on thin golden plates, and shortly afterward began translating its words by the "gift of God."3 The resulting manuscript, the Book of Mormon, was published in March 1830. Joseph was persecuted much of his adult life and was killed along with his brother Hyrum by a mob in Carthage, Illinois, on June 27, 1844.”

Brigham YoungBrigham Young

“When Joseph Smith was murdered by an anti-Mormon mob in 1844, Brigham Young wason the East Coast gathering converts and raising money for the construction of an enormous temple in Nauvoo. On his return, Young played a critical role in keeping the savagely persecuted church together by organizing the exodus that would take the Mormons westward, first to Winter Quarters, Nebraska, in 1846, and finally on to Utah's Salt Lake Valley, where Young and an advance party arrived on July 24, 1847. Here Young hoped the Mormons would at last find the freedom to worship and live as their faith decreed. Late in 1847 his leadership was confirmed when he was named president and prophet of the church, inheriting the authority of Joseph Smith.”

http://www.pbs.org/weta/thewest/people/s_z/young.htm

http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/mopi/images/fig32.jpg

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Chapter Twelve: Chapter Twelve:

Antebellum Culture and Antebellum Culture and ReformReform

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• Education• Horace Mann’s

Reforms• Uneven Public

Education

Horace Mann (Portrait Gallery)

Remaking Society

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• The Rise of Feminism• “Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions”• Feminism’s

Secondary Status

The Declaration of Sentiments (National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior)

Garrison and Abolitionism

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• William Lloyd Garrison• Garrison’s Revolutionary Philosophy

The Crusade Against Slavery

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• Black Abolitionists• Frederick Douglass

Frederick Douglass (Portrait Gallery)

The Crusade Against SlaveryThe Crusade Against Slavery

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• Abolitionism Divided• Radicals and Moderates

• The Amistad Case• What happened?

Harriet Beecher Stowe (Portrait Gallery)

• Abolitionists form a network of people who helped escaped slaves to journey to Canada or northern states for freedom.

• The people who worked on this network, called the Underground Railroad, were called “conductors.”

• The most famous conductor was Harriet Tubman, who led over 300 slaves to freedom in 19 trips, despite a $40,000 bounty on her head.

Underground Underground RailroadRailroad

Uncle Tom’s CabinUncle Tom’s CabinPublished in 1852

Author: Harriet Beecher Stowe, daughter of Rev. Beecher, abolitionist

Reaction to Fugitive Slave Act

Immensely popular in North, shapes attitudes toward slavery

Immense political impact in US and abroad

President Polk the President Polk the PurposefulPurposeful

• Narrowly defeats Clay in 1844.• Is an Expansionist Democrat.

POLK’S FOUR GOALS:1. Lower tariff2. Restore an independent treasury3. Settle dispute over Oregon (54, 40

or fight!)4. Acquire California

Expansion in TexasExpansion in Texas• Why did Americans move into Texas?

• Why did the Mexicans want them moving in?

• Why did the Mexicans have such a difficult time controlling their land?

Stephen Austin by BrandShown here with his trusty dog and gun, Stephen F. Austin leans against a tree and considers the vast domain granted to him by the Spanish government. Austin was one of the leading landowners in Texas, as well as a leader of the Texas Revolution. (Archives Division, Texas State Library)

FACTORS LEADING TO FACTORS LEADING TO

WAR:WAR:1. Mexico bans slavery, moves to restrict it in TX.

2. 1830: Mexico bans new immigrants from US, high taxes on US goods, moves in troops to TX

3. 1835: Austin wins repeal of the Immigration ban (G.T.T.)

4. Santa Anna increasingly dictatorial.

5. Texas Revolution begins in 1835

Map: Major Battles of the Texas Revolution, 1835-Map: Major Battles of the Texas Revolution, 1835-

18361836

Major Battles of the Texas Revolution, 1835-1836Sam Houston's victory at San Jacinto was the decisive action of the war and avenged the massacres at the Alamo and Goliad.

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Q: Why would the North not want Texas in the union?

A: For many reasons…1. Slavery was allowed in Texas2. Making TX a state would upset the Missouri

Compromise more Sectionalism3. Mexico might be moved to war

Even though Texas has been annexed, its boundary is still in dispute!

War with Mexico!War with Mexico!o Border issue with Mexico – Nueces or Rio Grande?

• President Polk tries to buy California from Mexico. His envoy, John Slidell, is refused.

• Polk orders Gen. Zachary Taylor and 4,000 men to the Rio Grande

• April 25, 1846 Mexican troops kill 11 Americanso “They have spilled American blood on American soil!!!”

• US declares war • Slavery again becomes a huge issue

(Wilmot Proviso)

Map: The Mexican WarMap: The Mexican War

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Peace Now or More War?Peace Now or More War?

Debate of 1847Debate of 1847• Treaty of Guadalupe

Hidalgo gained land, paid $15 million

• Gadsden Purchase • $10 million

Election of 1848Election of 1848•War Hero Zachary Taylor becomes the 12th President

California Gold Rush!!!California Gold Rush!!!• January 1848 gold discovered

at Sutter’s Mill in California.

• Americans everywhere drop everything, literally, and rush to California, called the gold rush.

• Migration to CA jumps from 400 in 1848 to 44,000 in 1850.

• New migrants call themselves “forty-niners.”

• California applies for statehood as a free state.

S.F. 1847, 1850

Promontory Point: Golden Spike!!Promontory Point: Golden Spike!!

• Union Pacific (East to West) construction begins during Civil War

• Central Pacific (West to East) begins after

• Golden Spike driven in Ogden, Utah 1869

• Promontory Point

29

Effect: Unites East and West; Opens trade with Asia

Map: Transcontinental Railroads and Federal Land Grants, Map: Transcontinental Railroads and Federal Land Grants,

1850-19001850-1900

Transcontinental Railroads and Federal Land Grants, 1850-1900Despite the laissez-faire ideology that argued against government interference in business, Congress heavily subsidized American railroads and gave them millions of acres of land. As illustrated in the box, belts of land were reserved on either side of a railroad's right of way. Until the railroad claimed the exact one-mile-square sections it chose to possess, all such sections within the belt remained closed to settlement.

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Compromise of Compromise of 18501850

CONCESSIONS TO NORTH

• California admitted as free

• New Mexico to receive disputed land with Texas

• Slave trade, but not slavery, abolished in D.C.

CONCESSIONS TO SOUTH• New Mexico and Utah

Territories to be determined by popular sovereignty

• Texas paid $10 million as compensation for New Mexico

• Stronger Fugitive Slave Act

• Energized Northern Abolitionists

• Persuaded moderate Northerners to become more supportive of abolition

• Alienated the South, who felt that North was not keeping its part of the bargain in the Compromise of 1850

Impact of the Impact of the

Fugitive Slave ActFugitive Slave Act of 1850 of 1850