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Chapter Fourteen
Interceding to Prevent the Bad and Enhance the Good
Positive Psychology: The Scientific and Practical Explorations of Human
Strengths © 2010 SAGE
Prevention
Primary prevention:
- “Stop the bad before it happens”
Secondary prevention:
- “Fix the problem”
Positive Psychology: The Scientific and Practical Explorations of Human
Strengths © 2010 SAGE
Enhancement
Primary enhancement:
- “Make life good.”
Secondary enhancement:
- “Make life the best possible”
Positive Psychology: The Scientific and Practical Explorations of Human
Strengths © 2010 SAGE
Primary and Secondary Prevention
Positive Psychology: The Scientific and Practical Explorations of Human
Strengths © 2010 SAGE
Primary Prevention
Actions that lesson or remove the likelihood of future psychological difficulties or physical problems
no problems, yet
Problems will appear if action is not taken
Positive Psychology: The Scientific and Practical Explorations of Human
Strengths © 2010 SAGE
Primary Prevention
Universal prevention
Selective prevention
Based on hope for the future
Positive Psychology: The Scientific and Practical Explorations of Human
Strengths © 2010 SAGE
Effective Primary Prevention
Components should include:
1. provision of knowledge of risky behavior
2. attractive program
3. motivational
4. change norms/social structures
5. gather data
Positive Psychology: The Scientific and Practical Explorations of Human
Strengths © 2010 SAGE
Effective Primary Prevention
Active ingredients in the change process:
1. inclusion of parents
2. focus on interpersonal interaction
3. cognitive-behavioral interventions
Positive Psychology: The Scientific and Practical Explorations of Human
Strengths © 2010 SAGE
Effective Primary Prevention
Examples:
- Head Start
- Parent Training
- Problem-Solving with Youth
- Physical Health in the Elderly
Positive Psychology: The Scientific and Practical Explorations of Human
Strengths © 2010 SAGE
Challenges of Primary Prevention
illusion of uniqueness
difficulty convincing others of program effectiveness
lag time in publication
Positive Psychology: The Scientific and Practical Explorations of Human
Strengths © 2010 SAGE
Secondary Prevention
addressing problems as they begin
goal = eliminate, reduce, or contain problem
Psychotherapy
- over 400 types
Positive Psychology: The Scientific and Practical Explorations of Human
Strengths © 2010 SAGE
Effectiveness of Secondary Prevention
Psychotherapy:
- consistent evidence of efficacy
- evidence-based treatments
- on average, 34% better off
- self-reported client satisfaction
Positive Psychology: The Scientific and Practical Explorations of Human
Strengths © 2010 SAGE
Components of Secondary Prevention
Psychotherapy:
- Hope underlies the process
- agency process
- pathways process
Positive Psychology: The Scientific and Practical Explorations of Human
Strengths © 2010 SAGE
Secondary Prevention Programs
for Adults from Traditional Psychology
Self-Management Approaches:
- Bandura’s self-efficacy model
- Meichenbaum’s self-instructional training
- Kanfer’s 3-stage self-control model
Psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive, humanistic, family systems, medication
Positive Psychology: The Scientific and Practical Explorations of Human
Strengths © 2010 SAGE
Secondary Prevention Programs
for Adults from Positive Psychology
Seligman’s Attributional Retraining or Learned Optimism Therapy:
A = Adversity
B = BeliefC = Consequence
D = Disputation
Positive Psychology: The Scientific and Practical Explorations of Human
Strengths © 2010 SAGE
Secondary Prevention Programs
for Adults from Positive Psychology
Hope Therapy:
- for individuals, couples, & groups
- probe for goals in various domains
- select a domain to work on
- clarify goals, define pathways, develop motivation
- anticipate obstacles with back-up routesPositive Psychology: The Scientific
and Practical Explorations of Human Strengths © 2010 SAGE
Examples of Secondary Prevention Programs
For:
- Racial and Ethnic Minorities
- Children
- Elderly
Positive Psychology: The Scientific and Practical Explorations of Human
Strengths © 2010 SAGE
Caveats About Secondary Prevention Programs
Stigma linked to psychotherapy
Prolong treatment until problem is severe
Positive psychology to lessen stigma!
Positive Psychology: The Scientific and Practical Explorations of Human
Strengths © 2010 SAGE
Primary Enhancement Effort to establish optimal functioning and
satisfaction
Maximize hedonic well-being
- maximize pleasure
Maximize eudemonic well-being
- setting/reaching goalsPositive Psychology: The Scientific
and Practical Explorations of Human Strengths © 2010 SAGE
Primary Enhancement Evolutionary Premise:
- pleasure related to propagation:
- close interpersonal ties
- mating
Happiness stems from:
1. safe/supportive living environment
2. fertile environment/productive of food
3. stretching of body via exercise
4. pursuit of meaningful work goals
Positive Psychology: The Scientific and Practical Explorations of Human
Strengths © 2010 SAGE
Primary Enhancement: Psychological Health
Most powerful sources of well-being:
- relationships with lovers, family, friends
Engage in shared activities
Engage in arousing/novel activities
Intrinsically motivated activities
Close proximity to familyPositive Psychology: The Scientific
and Practical Explorations of Human Strengths © 2010 SAGE
Primary Enhancement: Psychological Health
Happiness from religion and spiritual
relationships:
- related to higher hope
- social contacts
- relationship with a higher power
Positive Psychology: The Scientific and Practical Explorations of Human
Strengths © 2010 SAGE
Primary Enhancement: Psychological Health
Happiness from:
- gainful employment
- leisure/recreation
- contentment/contemplation
- concentrative meditationPositive Psychology: The Scientific
and Practical Explorations of Human Strengths © 2010 SAGE
Primary Enhancement: Psychological Health
Happiness via Savoring:
- thoughts/actions aimed at appreciating & amplifying the positive (see pg. 371)
- 3 temporal forms1. Anticipation
2. In the moment
3. ReminiscingPositive Psychology: The Scientific
and Practical Explorations of Human Strengths © 2010 SAGE
Primary Enhancement: Psychological Health
Positive emotion-inducing activities based on broaden-and-build model
Positive Psychology: The Scientific and Practical Explorations of Human
Strengths © 2010 SAGE
Primary Enhancement: Psychological Health
Therapeutic Lifestyle Change (TLC)- by Stephen Illardi, University of Kansas
- to prevent depression & enhance
happiness
- exercise, omega-3 supplements, light exposure, decreased rumination, good sleep, social support
Positive Psychology: The Scientific
and Practical Explorations of Human Strengths © 2010 SAGE
Primary Enhancement: Psychological Health
Gratitude Letter Delivery
3 Good Things
Examination of Character Strengths
Positive Psychology: The Scientific and Practical Explorations of Human
Strengths © 2010 SAGE
Primary Enhancement: Physical Health
Exercise:
- benefits of short-term vs. long-term
- links to many positive health outcomes
Positive Psychology: The Scientific
and Practical Explorations of Human Strengths © 2010 SAGE
Secondary Enhancement
Goal = augment already-positive levels
Peak psychological moments
Psychological group experiences
Existentialist contemplation of life’s meaning
Normal competitions
Positive Psychology: The Scientific and Practical Explorations of Human
Strengths © 2010 SAGE
Secondary Enhancement
Goal = augment already-positive levels
Collective triumphs
Helping others/volunteering
Observations resulting in elevation/awe
Via the arts
Positive Psychology: The Scientific and Practical Explorations of Human
Strengths © 2010 SAGE
Secondary Enhancement
Secondary physical enhancement =
- goal = attainment of peak levels of physical health
- beyond those of well-conditioned people
- far surpass those who engage in regular exercise
Positive Psychology: The Scientific and Practical Explorations of Human
Strengths © 2010 SAGE