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Chapter- I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Rural Development has been receiving attention in recent years

from the central as well as State Governments. Very recently a neo-

Gandhian approach of development strategy visualized in vision 2020 by

Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam the former president of India. Economic

upliftment of villages through provision (providing) of Urban Amenities

to Rural Area (PURA Model) became an important consideration. This

involves development of agricultural and food processing, agro-

manufacturing units, agro-service unit’s provision of electricity power for

all parts of rural country in a reliable and quality manner, education and

health for all expansion of information and communication technology to

rural areas and development of strategic sectors like nuclear technology,

space and defiance technology.

In view of its importance to the national reconstruction and

development, the present study is micro-level study. Agro based

industries play vital role in the development of rural economy.

The study were highlight the focus on agro produce processing

units, agro-produce manufacturing units, agro inputs, manufacturing units

and agro service centers. These are the most important agro based

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industries in Walwa Taluka. This study is covered a period of five years

from 2006 – 2007 to 2011-12.

1.2 GENESIS AND JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY

In choosing Agro-based industries of Walwa Taluka in Sangli

district as the area of research interest researcher has been guided both

personal and academic consideration. As Sangli district has been

residence and Walwa as origin place of researcher for almost three

decades and have better knowledge of agriculture and more particularly

agro-based units in Walwa.

Moreover, the present study has its genesis in the researcher’s

participation in the agricultural sector and economics teacher since 1992.

This has been one of the main reasons for the choice of the topic and

there is no more work done on Agro-based industrial sectors in Sangli

District.

The research work done so far in the field of agro-based industries

mainly deal with their performance and financial aspects. The present

study is covering the studies of socio- economic profile of agricultural

labourers and agriculturists in terms of their changing cropping pattern,

occupational pattern, wages, income, migration etc. The present work

cover part from these aspects some of the other relevant factors such as

improved employment opportunities, creation of entrepreneurship in rural

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areas, and the increasing pressure of demand on labour market etc. The

government of India has laid special emphasis on these industries in

recent years. It is in this context that the present study assumes

importance.

This study is therefore be unique, because of its coverage of

various aspects of the rural economy. It highlights and obtains the

information about the transformation of the rural economy in the light of

occupations, income. Wage employment opportunities, industrial

leadership and agricultural development etc. Concerned with the five

agro-based industries in Walwa taluka.

In view of the importance of agro-based industries as a micro level

study, brief reference to rural agricultural development, cropping pattern,

irrigation facilities, financial facilities are necessary to understood. It has

been said, in support of agro based industries that because they are labour

intensive, they should be developed on a priority basis.

In order to have a better appreciation of the problem and asses the

reality of this problems the present research study has the facts and

figures referring to the impact of these Agro sectors of rural economy. In

this contest the present study considered relevant because it evaluates the

impact of agro based industries on the various sectors of the rural

economy with reference to Walwa Taluka of Sangli District. This type of

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research work assumes greater importance in the formulation of

government policies concerned with rural development.

1.3 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM:

Agriculture and Agro Based industries units are the backbone of the

country’s economy. They contribute a sizable share not to the countries

domestic product but also a major crunch of working population is

engaged in agriculture and rural industrial units. In addition to this, it

encourages other activities, such as Processing units, service units, trade,

commerce and transportation. The Maharashtra is on of the leading states

in the country, in agriculture, cottage and small scale units, agro-

industrial units, agro plantation and garden crops1. The Maharashtra is a

largest producer of the sugarcane in the country. Tea, coconut,

cashewnut, paper, rice, mango, cardimam, rubber, orange, grapes are

important plantation and garden crops. Maharashtra is considered as the

Museum of cottage industries due to diverse physical and climatic

patterns of the state.

“Of the 350 million people below the poverty line in the country

around 300 million are in the rural areas. These consist largely of the

landless labourers, small and marginal farmers, rural artisans and other

workers”. Over the course of three decades agricultural labourers and

marginal farmers have undergone little improvement. Various socio-

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economic measures such as land reform measures, minimum wages to

agricultural labourers, agro-based industrial workers etc. have not helped

to solve the problems of rural poor. Even the spectacular increase in

agricultural production in the regions of green revolution has not brought

uniform and substantial improvement in the wages of agricultural

labourers.

According to the 10th Five year plan growth of agro based industries

has been steel concentrated by a number of factors including

technological backwardness inadequate and irregular supply of raw-

materials, lack of organized market channels, imperfect knowledge of

market conditions unorganized nature of operation, inadequate

availability of credit constraint of infrastructure facilities including power

etc. and deficient managerial and technical skills. All these constraints

have resulted in a strewed. Cost structure policy this sector at a

disadvantages vis a vis the large industries and linkages with business

with in domestic and export markets.

Industries having backward and forward linkage with agriculture,

irrespective of their size and having a direct bearing on agriculture and

rural economics life may be placed in the category of agro based

industries. Is Industries provide the essential inputs and also function as

potential outlets for the agricultural outputs.

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Agro Based Industries has play an important role in modernizing

the agricultural sector, in raising the incomes of the farmers and in

stepping up agricultural productivity. These Industries contribute greatly

towards diversification of the rural economy which is the real answer to

the twin problems of rural poverty and unemployment. However, over

optimization with respective raw material supply and markets has led to

widespread underutilization of capacity in agro industrial investment. The

relatively poor performance of the rural agricultural related industrial

sector can be attributed to the restrictive approach adapted to the problem.

The preservation of traditional rural industries is of ten viewed as an

objective in itself, without examining their likely role in the process of

overall rural and national development these the protection of small rural

units has became more important can development and modernization of

such units. Without a political will or Govt. policy support the rural

entrepreneurs and their products may fail to enter the competitive market

and avail of the benefits of economic liberalization.

In future, an attempt should be made to top the “potential” of the

rural population from among the children of the traditional artisans and

give them intense training and orientation to convert their establishments.

The rural artisans who have the potential to contribute to the country’s

economy. Another problem relates to the size of the market which is very

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small. A strategy based on agro industry – cum – area development

approach leading to vertical and horizontal integration of the programs

can also sustain the industries in rural areas. It is necessary to evolve an

appropriate organizational set-up for the growth of agro industrial units.

Marketing continues to be a problem facing Agro small units. The

rural industries (Agro Based) has to depend on the local rural materials

for marketing its products.

To assess the reality of the Agro based industries in Walwa Taluka

of Sangli districts is one of the major objectives of the study. This study

of agro based industries has thrown light upon the impact and prospects

on cropping pattern, employment, wage and income in details. The

findings of the study are useful in formulating the agro industrial policy

and over all development of rural sectors.

1.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The present study highlights the transformation of the rural

economy depending upon the initiation of the process of rural agro-based

industries. In more precise terms the following are the objectives of the

study.

1. To find out the nature of relationship between agro-based

industries and the cropping pattern. In this context, the inter-

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relationship between cropping pattern and agro-based industries

will be analysed.

2. To study the changing occupational structure of population of

selected villages in the Walwa Taluka as a result of setting up of

agro-based industries.

3. To study to overall impact of agro-based industries on rural

economy with reference to Walwa Taulka and examine the

changes in the income level of the population and in particular the

agriculturists, agricultural labour and workers employed in the

agro-based industries.

4. To suggest measures for improvement of agro-based industrial

development of Walwa Taluka of Sangli district.

1.5 HYPOTHESES

The Present study aims at testing the following hypothesis.

1) Actual working process and technique of agro based industries are

still traditional.

2) The changing status of cropping pattern in sample villages of

Walwa Taluka is influenced by agro-based industries.

3) The income of farmers, agricultural laborers and agro-based

industrial workers was depends on agro-based industrial units.

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1.6 METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY

This is essentially a sample study and exclusively based on survey

and empirical data. Information for specific time period of January 2006

to December 2011 were collected form the selected sample. The criteria

for the selection of the sample for study are –

1.6.1. SELECTION OF AGRO – BASED INDUSTRIES:

In order to determine the impact of different agro – based

industries on Walwa Taluka, two industries were selected out of in

Walwa Taluka for the study.

The study takes into account these agro-based industries having

completed minimum 5 years of establishment of January 2006. It has

been observed that there are 3 to 4 agro based units fulfilling the above

condition and these units also play a predominant role in the Walwa

Taluka, therefore, data and related information were collected from them.

Selection of agro-based industries:

Sr.

No. Name of Agro-based industries Place

1 Rajarambapu Patil Co-Operative Sugar Factory Walwa

2 Din-Dayal BC Co-Operative Cotton Textile Industry Islampur

1.6.2 SELECTION OF VILLAGES:

This is mainly an intensive study of sample villages selected on the

stratified base and covered by all type of agro-based industrial units. The

impact of the setting up of agro-based industries were studied with

reference to the selected villages of Walwa Taluka. The units are in semi-

urban area.

1.6.3 SELECTION OF RESPONDENTS :

Selection of respondents as shown in table no.1.1.

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Table No. 1.1

Sample Villages, No of Farmers, Agricultural Labours and Agro

based Industrial Workers in Walwa Taluka

Sr.

No.

Name of the

Village

Farmers Agricultural

labours

Agro based

industrial

workers

Total

No.

Sample

Size 5%

Total

No.

Sample

Size

5%

Total

No.

Sample

Size

10%

1 Walwa 142 7 137 7 260 26

2 Bagani 128 6 107 5 254 25

3 Bavachi 128 6 215 11 300 30

4 Borgaon 147 8 244 12 330 33

5 Gotkhindi 140 7 220 11 232 23

6 Kameri 212 11 220 11 260 26

7 Islampur 138 7 131 7 300 30

8 Takari 135 12 225 11 205 21

9 Kasegao 140 7 140 7 241 24

10 Bahe 151 8 201 10 258 26

Total 1561 79 1840 92 2640 264

Ref.: Walwa Gram Panchayat, Talathi Records – 2012

The data consisting from the first two categories of respondents

represent the villages and the next two categories represent the agro

industrial places.

The selection of respondents in the case of farmers, agricultural

labours is based on 5% and agro-based industrial workers is based on 10

percent and for this it was used stratified random technique. The selection

of agro-based industrial entrepreneurs were based on the census system as

an established within 10 years.

In order to collect data from villages the households of

agriculturists and agricultural workers were firstly identified in terms of

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the definition provided by the Agri cultural Labour Enquiry Committee

and the households of farmers and agricultural labours were selected. On

the basis of stratified random sampling technique. The selection of

respondents from among the workers employed in agro based units were

also be based on stratified random sampling technique depending upon

the nature of employment e.g. Permanent, seasonal and casual etc. All the

agro-based units of the selecting agro-based industrial places are covered

by the study.

1.6.4. SOURCE OF DATA COLLECTION:

Two types of data were to be used in this study:

A) PRIMARY DATA:

The present study is mainly based on primary data which was

collected by personal canvassing of questionnaires in the concerned

villages. Four types of separate questionnaires were prepared three for

each group of the respondents and one of agro-based industries. This is

one of the major sources for data collection. Spot observations are yet

another source.

Information regarding the following aspects were collected viz,

demographic profile, agro-based industrial profile, number of workers

employed, Capital invested, Wage rate, nature of employment, cropping

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pattern, occupation pattern, irrigation facilities, wage-level, employment,

entrepreneurship income level and other related aspect and so on.

B) SECONDARY DATA:

Even though the study is almost exclusively based on primary data,

reliance on secondary data is also necessary. The Secondary data were

collected from the Govt. Reports i.e. Annual Survey of Industries. Central

Statistical Organization, Zilla Parishad of Sangli and Panchayat Samiti

Walwa and DIC for the period from 2006-2011.

Various research reviews on different aspects of agro based

industries and rural development published by individual and Govt. were

referred. It were provide a basis for the existing knowledge about the

impact of agro based units on rural economy.

1.6.5. Personal Discussions :

Personal Discussions with agro based industry owners / managers

support organizations and workers respondents were held for the purpose

of this study. The main focus of the discussions with government policy

and the workers respondents were the different issue relating the

development of workers.

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1.6.6 On the spot observation :

Observation method was also adopted in the present study.

Observation of Agricultural labors, agro units workers and agriculturists

were also made with respect to the various aspects of related studies.

1.7. CRITERIA FOR MEASUREMENT OF IMPACT OF AGRO-

BASED INDUSTRIES AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT:

i) Addition to employment

ii) Changes in income of the people

iii) Changes in cropping pattern

iv) Changes in wage - level

v) Changes in occupational structure of the people under study.

For this purpose various methods concerned with practical

significance method, comparative analysis method especially concerned

with price level were used, with the help of Microsoft Excel.

1.7. 1 Data Processing:

The data collected through questionnaire was processed with the

help of computer. Single response questions assigned a single variable

and multiple response questions were assigned multiple variable and

direct response questions assigned a direct variable. The data was then

entered into and processed by computer operator as per the instructions

given by the researcher. The responses to the broad type and open ended

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questions were examined. Classified and processed with the help of

computer. The data has been presented in the form of simple tabular

form. Both actual frequencies and percentages have been mentioned in

the tables. Some data has been presented in the form of graphs, tables and

diagrams.

1.7.2 Data Analysis:

The interpretation and analysis of the data in the study the simple

tools, like average, percentages, frequencies etc were used and important

conclusions are drawn and finally important recommendations are made.

1.8 CHAPTER SCHEME OF THE STUDY:

Keeping in view, the objectives the present study is divided into

seven chapters including observation, findings and recommendations.

The chapter first throws light upon research methodology of the

study. It covers introduction, genesis justification of the study,

statements of the problem, objectives of the study, hypothesis,

methodology of the study, data collection, data processing, data analysis

and chapter scheme of the study.

The chapter second is based upon the review of literature about the

present research subject. This chapter is also covered definitions, Nature,

Scope, Features and types of agro based industries and Empirical studies

of agro-based industries.

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Chapter third highlights the “Profile of Study Area” it gives an

overview of the Historical background of Sangli District. Geographical

location and physical setting, climate, rainfall in Walwa Taluka,

irrigation, Walwa Taluka land use pattern in Walwa, demographic

features, industrial profile, co-operative movements, banking, Socio

Economic indicators agricultural profile, in Walwa Taluka.

Chapter fourth highlights the “Agro-based industries and rural

development”. It also consists of effects of agro-based industries on rural

employment, changes in occupational pattern, and overall impact of agro-

based industries on rural development.

The last fifth chapter is Findings and Suggestions. In this chapter

the researcher concludes the analysis with some Suggestions.

*******

REFERENCES:

1 James Brown “ Improving Agro-industries in developing

countries finance and development report- 2001, p.43

2 Government of India “Sixth Year Plan 1980-85”, Planning

Commission, New Delhi, 1981, P-170.

3 10th five year plan – planning commission report 2007.

4 “Khadi Gramodyog” Role of Agro-industries in agricultural

economy by J. A. Khan Feb. 1997, p.281

5 Government of India, “Report of the National Commission

on Agriculture” (Part XV), Agrarian Reforms, Ministry of

Agriculture and Irrigation, New Delhi, 2001, P- 238.

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CHAPTER - II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1 INTRODUCTION

The most important long-run economic problem facing by country

is unemployment. Particularly disguised unemployment and this problem

are becoming increasingly acute day by day in spite of the planned efforts

to tackle it. The increase in unemployment has been mainly due to the

increase in the labor force unmatched by a similar increase in

employment opportunities. This fact highlights the vital importance not

only of checking population growth but also of expanding employment

opportunities by means of rapid industrialization.

Besides this large magnitude of unemployment there is a

substantial size of underemployment particularly among the rural

population which is about 70% of the country’s population. The most

serious problem in India therefore seems to be our inability to utilize to

the fullest possible extent our manpower resources. The planned and well

thought out development of agro industries of various types therefore

seems to be the most effective long-run solution of the problem.

Therefore, the socio-economic objectives of our planning i.e.

creation of employment opportunities and remove of poverty can be

achieved only by promoting agro-based industries and their dispersal all

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over the country. The growth of agro industries helps in creating avenues

for greater employment in the rural areas checking rural migration gainful

utilization of locally available resources and materials as well as by

products which are otherwise discarded as waste material. The nature of

agro-industries will depend largely on the local infrastructure raw

materials technical skill and availability of adequate and timely credit. So

the types of agro industries can be specified for all the areas in the

country.

This chapter contains the various of empirical studies on Agro-

based industries in India including Maharashtra state In addition, the

various aspects of agro-based industries are studies such as nature,

definition scope, features types & Govt. polity and importance & role of

agro-based industries, in India.

2.2 DEFINITIONS OF AGRO-BASED INDUSTRIES:

1. "Agro-based industries are those, which are involved in supplying

the farm with agricultural inputs besides handling the products of

the farm".

2. "Agro-based industries are those industries which have either direct

or indirect links with agriculture".

3. Village industry means any industry located in rural area, which

produces any goods or renders services with or without use of

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power and in which the fixed capital investment per head of an

artisan or worker does not exceed Rs 15,000/-.

4. "An agro-industry is an enterprise that processes raw materials,

including ground and tree crops as well as livestock. The degree of

processing can vary tremendously, ranging from the cleaning and

grading of apples to the milling of rice, to the cooking, mixing, and

chemical alteration that create a texturized vegetable food. Agro-

industries can be roughly categorized according to the degree the

raw material is transformed. In general, capital investment,

technological complexity, and managerial requirements increase in

proportion with the degree of transformation.

5) The national council of applied economic Research has defined

agro-based industries as those which use either agricultural raw

materials or make things that farmers need for their agricultural

needs. They include not only seeds, fertilizers, implements, plant

protection chemicals etc. but also the repair and servicing of farm

implements or machinery.

6) Agro-industrial integration can be defended as an organic link

between agriculture and the industries that use agricultural raw

materials on the one hand, and the industries that manufacture

agricultural inputs and agriculture that uses them on the other. The

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first are called agro-based industries or processing industries and

the second are called agriculture based industries that produce

agricultural inputs.

2.3 NATURE AND SCOPE OF AGRO-BASED INDISTRIES:

The definition coined by the units nations Industrial Development

organization restricts the scope of agro-industries in as much as it

includes only those industries which utilize the raw material of

agriculture including fisheries and forestry husbandry including dairy

agriculture, sericulture, meat and poultry do not specifically come under

its purview besides packing industry which is included as agro-allied

industry does not properly come in the concept as this industry littlies the

raw materials mainly from forestry and its end use extends into agro

allied industry. Thus a more viable and clear conception needs to be

projected to clearly demarcate various areas based on utilization and

fictional criteria. This also leads us to some other industries such as

compost making were agricultural work is manly utilized for en use as

input apiculture sericulture and lace culture which do not directly utilize

agricultural production but are mainly concerned with rearing of honey

bees skill worms and lace insects respectively and the cold storage which

only has the purpose of protection and conservation of produce.

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As such Agro-Industries can be defined as those industries which

are dependent on agriculture and on which agriculture is dependent. It can

be further elucidated as those industries which utilize the agricultural

produce for processing or Fabrication of products used in agricultural

production or commercial purposes.

Agro-industrial integration, agriculture receives its requirements

from the one and supplies its produce to the other. Naturally this involves

an integration of agriculture with the other two kinds of industries. In

such an integration the location of industries becomes important. It must

be in the village or at a place very near the village so that the raw

materials produced locally might be processed there and the required

agricultural inputs may be produced there with all the consequential

advantages of generating additional employment income and investment.

2.4 EMPIRICAL STUDIES OF AGRO-BASED INDUSTRIES

In course of time several industries using the ‘inputs’ of agriculture

and manufacturing ‘outputs’ for the use by agriculture have come into

existence in the country. Inspire of these developments, the overall

development of the Indian economy has lagged behind many developing

and developed economies where the concept of commercial agri-

enterprises has acquired added significance. From subsistence agriculture,

these economies have switched over to commercial agriculture. In this

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advanced stage of development, agricultural sector is required to cater to

the needs of globalization and liberalization by producing agri-goods for

world trade. It is believed that once agriculture is transformed from

subsistence agriculture to commercial agriculture, the productivity and

profitability of agriculture will not only grow but also help to expand the

export sector of the economy for earning valuable foreign exchanges for

the growth of the economy. This, therefore, is a big challenge for the

country. In the order to have a through discussion covering all these

aspects of development of agriculture, agro-industries and commercial

agri-enterprises, a national seminar was held sometime in the early part of

the new millennium in Nabakrushna Choudhury Centre for Development

Studies with the active participation of academicians, policy-makers,

technocrats and NGO’s. The deliberations and discussions in the seminar

were considered useful to provide necessary guidance to the government

for taking appropriate action for the development of agro-industrial

enterprises.

India is a developing country facing a number of problems such as

the population explosion, unemployment, poverty, paucity of capital, low

productivity, inequalities, low living standards, inflation and so on.

Taking into consideration the problems on one hand and over 60 years of

independence on the other. The growth of the Indian economy is rather

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slow. For the solution of the above problems and for rapid economic

development it was necessary to accept a mixed economy as an economic

system for the balanced growth of public and private sector together with

a major role for agro-based industries to contribute their mite in the

process of economic development.

Prof. L. P. Singh in his paper, “Co-operative processing in Rural

Development has mention about the importance of processing industries

in rural development. He has pointed out that processing is an important

stage in agricultural marketing under which efforts are made to process

biomass i.e. agricultural raw materials including ground and tree crops in

recent years the gamut of agro-processing has been attempted to be

widened by including processing of live stock and fisheries also within

the purview of agro processing. However despite all such efforts agro-

processing even today includes processing of agricultural commodities

only processing of ground and tree crop, to be more specific.

Prof. Ashok Mitra write, “Unless the institutional issue affecting

the Indian agrarian scene are first resolved it is fairly pointless to

expatiate on the arcadia that could be brought about through the

development of agriculture agro-based industries and small and cottage

industries”.

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Prof. R. A. Chaurasia has maintained in his book, “Agro Industrial

Development”, that the genomic foundation and the industrial scenery of

Pavt of U.P. The availability of resources like agricultural, livestock,

Forest, rock and minerals etc. and their complementary to existing and

new industrial unit, Industrial Structure, Infrastructure and Strategy of

Industrial Growth points suggesting units and locations of various small

scale industries for their future development have been that dealt within

the chapter of the book.

Dr. Rajagopal has pointed in his book ‘Agree Business and

Entrepreneurship’, Agri – Business and rural enterprise occupy an

important intermediate position between farms and consumers of farms

products and their expansion can be a catalytic factor in stimulating rural

development assistance has been related to what some perceive as a

conflict between growth and equality, one of the important potentials of

the agri-business and rural enterprises sector is in providing growth

possibilities without sacrificing the equity dimension.

Dr. Arun Bhargave has maintained in his Book “Rural Marketing

and Agri-business in India”. Agro-processing production of agro-

chemicals and farm machinery and trade are considered as parts of

manufacturing (Industrial) or Services (tertiary) sector with structural

transformation of the economy the share of agricultural production in the

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economy is going down that of processing distribution and trade is

increasing.

In the development countries agri-business is defined as the total

output arising from farm production and product processing at both pre

and post farm gate levels. In developing countries like India the agri-

business sector encompasses four distinct sub-sectors i.e. agricultural

inputs, agricultural production, agro-processing and marketing and trade.

All these add value or utility to the goods. Agri-business is emerging as a

specialized branch of knowledge in the field of management science and

practice of activities, with backward and forward linkages related to

processed food, feed and fiber including supply of inputs and services for

these activities.

Most of the development in agro processing is limited to the

progressive states such as Punjab and Maharashtra. For balanced regional

growth, special effort has to be on involving lagging states such as Bihar

and Orisa and the flung north eastern states in the emerging modern

system.

Dr. K. P. Sinha has pointed in his book ‘Agribusiness

Management’ India is an agricultural country. Since the independence

various efforts on the part of the government has been to develop it

quantitatively and qualitatively, in view of this recently in 2000,

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government had announced the first ever nation Agriculture policy to

actualize the vast untapped growth potential of Indian agriculture,

Strengthen, rural infrastructure, accelerate the growth of agribusiness,

discourages migration to urban areas, create employment in rural areas

securing fair standard of living etc.

Dr. T. Natrajan has pointed in is book “Organic farming for

Business”. What is the current situation of Agro industry Development in

India? India is a one of the leading producer of agriculture and livestock.

Commodities grains, fruits and vegetables, milk etc. However the share

of these products going for processing is very small. Also, India’s share

in world. Trade of processed food is 1.6%, and value addition is 20%.

(Ministry of food processing’ Annual Report 2005-06).

Key issues in food processing in India are the low level of

processing, consumer-perception regarding processed food and

unorganized nature of the processing sector. The level of processing at

the industrial level needs a closer look. Lower level of processing

reported at the industrial level does not mean that Indians do not consume

the processing foods. Instead most of the processing in done at the

household level – Jams, Pickles, Jellies and other traditional items are

usually made at home and preserved through traditional means such as

storing with salt, sundering etc. another important aspects of processing

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sector relates to traditional Indian food habits and the perception that

“processed food is not fresh”. This has also lead to low consumption of

processed foods. However, this nation is changing in the recent years

because of exposure to verity of processed foods in the supermarket and

higher awareness about the nutritional aspects of processed foods.

India’s next frontier of innovation is in the area of agribusiness and

agro processing, food processing industry is widely recognized as a

‘sunrise industry’ in India having huge potential for uplifting agricultural

economy which has been stagnant in the past few years, exposing

traditional Indian agriculture to modern technologies, creating large scale

processed food manufacturing and food chain facilities and consequently

generate employment and export earning. The vision for the food

processing sector in India is to make India the food basket of world and

achieve what has been achieved in the computer technology sector.

Prof. Pilar Santacoloma and Prof. Alexandra Pottger have

explained the relationship between economic development and agro-

based industries in their article “Strengthening farm – agribusiness

linkages” published in the book Corporate Agri-business. They pointed

out that the emphasis on the importance of complementarities and

linkages among industries in the development process. Farm –

agribusiness linkages gain in importance when systems develop. While in

27

subsistence farming producer and consumers are the same person, the

picture changes with agricultural development. Linkages refer to the

degree to which an industry is able to generate demand for the products

of other industries such as agricultural production on the one hand and

processed foods manufacturing on the other, and of the spectrum.

Upstream industries are engaged in the initial processing of agricultural

commodities. Examples are rice and flour milling, lather tanning, cotton

ginning, oil pressing, saw milling and fish canning. Downstream

industries undertake further manufacturing operation on intermediate

products made from agricultural materials. Examples are bread, biscuit

and noodle making, textile spinning and weaving garment making, paper

production and shoe and rubber products manufacturing. If a primary

processing industry is established this can lead encourage investment in

other industries up or down stream i.e. oil extraction leads to soap making

(downstream) and larger palm oil plantation upstream.

The National Seminar which was held during 21st and 22

nd January,

2000 was inaugurated by Shri. S. B. Misra, the then Chief Secretary of

Orissa under the president ship of Prof. B. Misra, Chairman of the Crntre,

Prof. S. N. Misra and Dr. A. K. Behera, Managing Director, APICOL,

were the coordinators of the seminar. During the National Seminar papers

were presented for discussion under three inter-related themes. The

28

classified themes were: (a) Importance of agro-industries in economic

development, (b) Problems of specific agro-industries and (c) Prospects

of development of agro-industries. These have been included in the book,

“Agro - Industries and Economic Development” Published by Deep &

Deep Publications.

Professor Baidyanath Misra in his paper on ‘Role of small

industries in Rural Development’ of rural industries for promoting rural

development. He felt that this would relieve pressure on land, establish

linkage between agriculture and industry, increase employment

opportunities, improve the economics of well-being of rural people by

increasing their income and prevent migration or rural population to cities

which increase slums. He raised three questions that would be relevant in

the context of developing small industries, even though, agro-industries.

First is the type of industries to be located in rural areas – the criteria of

location. The second is with regard to choice of techniques. Professor

Misra’s third question is with regard to protection to small-scale

industries. He was against any form of subsidy that helps vested interests.

A more appropriate government role, according to him, is increased

investment in rural areas for improving infrastructure, providing technical

training and expediting the delivery of necessary inputs, these provisions

29

would help agro-based small-scale industries to come up in a large

number in the rural areas.

Dr. A. K. Behera in his paper, ‘Agri-Business Scenario special

Reference to Orissa’ mentioned that the large agricultural base of the

state ideally lays the foundation for a diversified agro-processing

industry. There is scope for fresh fruit processing, banana processing,

pineapple, fibre and coconut processing units. Besides fruits, there are

potentials in vegetables like mushroom, potato, baby-corn, cereals like

sunflower and soyabean, spies like chilies, coriander, garlic, turmeric and

ginger, floriculture and aquaculture. The commercial agri-business is

particularly relevant in the context of expanding export trade for earning

valuable foreign exchanges under the impact of globalisation and world

trade.

Dr. Jagannath Lenka presented a paper entitled ‘An Economic

Inquire into the Determinants of Agro-Industry Development in Orissa’,

co-authored with Professor Adwait Mohanty. They analyzed that the

employment elasticity of investment in agro-based industries in Orissa is

0.36, relatively higher as compared to 0.24 in non-agro-based industries.

They took employment as the indicator of growth of agro-based industry

and emphasized the need for developing those industries.

30

Dr. Bhagabata Patro in his paper, ‘Employment Implications of

Agro-Industries in India’, a co-authored paper with Ms. Preyasi Nayak

questioned the various investment criteria as they ‘appear to be deficient

in tackling the fundamental problem of growing unemployment’.

However, neither was their contention worked out logically nor was their,

suggestion of a ‘Maximum Employment Generation’ elaborated, They

did echo the need for agro-based industries in rural areas and their

potential in employment generation-based on- some empirical figures

across industries.

Dr. Bhagban Sarangi’s paper on ‘Economic Potential of Agro-

Industries’ mentions that there is great potential for agro-industries in the

country, Accordingly, there is the need for backward and forward

linkages and co-ordination between related industries so that the by-

products are used simultaneously. There is, further, a need for advanced

management and use of marketing methods.

The paper presented by Sugata Ghose entitled ‘Present Status of

Coconut Processing Industry in India’ analyzing the scope of developing

coconut-processing industries in the country mentions that coconut can be

used as a fruit, fibre, oilseed, beverage and medicinal crop. Hence, there

is vast opportunity for investment in adding value to coconut. More

recently, the technology for processing coconut cream, spray dried

31

coconut milk powder, coconut vinegar, nata-de-coco and packaging of

tender coconut are developed by Coconut Development Board. In spite of

this, the coconut processing industries have come across with problems

like : (a) inadequate support extended to technology development, (b)

coconut culture is concentrated only in the southern parts of the country

and hence the industry is not diversified to other parts, (c) low priority

accorded to the industry by the central government on account of the

limited contribution of the coconut industry to national income, and (d)

absence of a rationalized tax structure for the benefit of the coconut

industry etc. The paper sets the motion for a full length discussion about

the other types of industries.

Dr. K. C. Samal in his paper, ‘Aquaculture (Shrimp) Industry in

and around Chilika Lake: Its Impact on Environment’ has expressed that

shrimp ponds by shrimp industry for carrying out shrimp culture. He has

pointed out that both shrimp ponds and shrimp gheries pollute the

environment by causing obstruction to natural drainage, water logging,

soil and water salinisation, damage to natural fisheries, loss of cultivable

and grazing land and siltation in the lake. His study recommends

abolition of shrimp culture and shrimp seedlings in and around Chilika

lake.

32

Dr. P. Sahu presented a paper titled, ‘Prospects of Seafood

Processing Industry in Orissa’, co authored by Dr. N. B. Pradhan. The

paper mentions that the shortage of conventional food leads to a search

for seafood from the coasts in order to meet the demand of growing

population in the domestic market. Besides, seafood gas also a great

export potential. For developing the industry steps should be taken to

build infrastructural facilities, modernization and up-gradation of

technology and marketing arrangements for the sale of the products.

Dr. Manaranjan Behera and Damodar Jena in their paper,

‘Marketing of Sabai Material : A study of Mayurbjanj Sabai Grass

Processing and Marketing Co-operative Society’, have studied the

marketing system of sabai materials of the society, A number of problems

and critical gaps with respect to marketing of sabai materials have been

pointed out by the authors. These problems are: non-adherence to the by-

laws stipulated by the society, purchase of sabai materials from

middlemen at inflated prices, inadequacy of working capital in relation to

fixed capital deployed in industries, and poor marketing facilities

etcetera, the authors have suggested, among other things, for the

cultivation, processing and production of finished items directly by the

society. Management orientation of the staff presently working in the

society must also receive added attention.

33

The paper of Dr. Shibalal Meher titled, ‘Role of Sericulture

Industry in the Economic Development of India’ mentions of productive

employment besides having and important role in earning foreign

exchange. He has suggested for streamlining the marketing system and

expansion of area under sericulture for rapid development of this type of

industries.

Dr. (Mrs.) Rashmi Mishra’s ‘Status and Prospects of Fruit Industry

in Orissa’ begins by stating that India ranks first in the world in terms of

fruit production. The problems identified by the author are : low capacity

utilization, excessive concentration of fruit industries in the urban areas

with very little spread effect in rural centers, inadequate expansion of

fruit processing and preserving units, lack of application of modern

technology and poor marketing arrangements either by the public or by

the private sector. She has suggested for large scale investment and

improvement of R and D facilities for the fruits industry in the coming

years.

Dr. B.P. Misra presented a paper titled, Food Processing Industry’s

Role in Economic Development’. He has pointed out that through India

has the first position in the world in the preproduction of fruits and

second position in vegetables, yet, only 1% of the total fruits and

vegetables are being processed in the country. He has pointed out that

34

India has the potential to export a substantial part of the production of

processed fruits and vegetables. For this the industries have to adopt

technologies and manufacturing practices to meet the requirements of the

world trade. But the new technologies will have to be preceded by a new

management outlook. In his article Misra has used SWOT analysis to

asses different aspects of the food processing industry.

The paper on ‘Sea Water Farming’ was presented by Mrs.

Nirupama Misra. The paper highlights the importance of Salicornia-

world’s first salt tolerant plant. The seed of the plant contains

approximately 30% of oil. Salicornia oil is an excellent type of vegetable

oil similar to sunflower oil. This is also used by cosmetic and

pharmaceutical industries. The residue remaining after oil extraction can

be used for human consumption or as protein concentrate to be used as

animal feed. The author, however, laments that very little attempt has

been made to exploit salicornia plant from the seacoast of the state. More

R & D activities be involved in extracting the plant for better commercial

use.

Mrs. Pramila Prava Patnaik in her paper ‘Food Processing

Household Units in Orissa: A Study in Chatrapur NAC’ has dealt with

consumer food processing in household units in Chatraopur town of

Ganjam district. The study has shown income, output and employment

35

generation in food processing units by employing family labour and hired

labour. Income generation is more in case of the former than the latter,

where as output generation shows the reverse trend. She suggests for

adequate supply of institutional finance to units and for the formation of

co-operative societies to assists the members with the supply of raw

materials, credit and marketing opportunities.

C. R. Das presented a paper on ‘Rural Development in Orissa

through Diary Sector’. He has mentioned several problems presently

faced by the dairy sector in the state of fering a few suggestions to

overcome those problems.

S. F. Jalil in his paper on, ‘Mushroom Production for Rural

Economic Development’ mentions about the growing importance of

mushroom cultivation in the rural economy of Orissa. He has suggested

that more attention be paid for the supply of quality seeds, training and

extension facilities, finance and marketing opportunities in the rural areas

in order to attract more rural population to adopt the prof ession which is

lacking at present.

The session started with the presentation of a paper by Dr. S. N.

Misra on, ‘A Model Plan for the Development of Agro-Industries in

Undivided Puri District during Ninth Five Year Plan (1997-2002)’. The

paper highlighted the following objectives: (a) the potential demand

36

existing for the agro-industrial projects in the state, (b) the available

supply of these to match with the growing demand, (c) the problems

encountered by agro-industries in course of their operation and finally the

measures envisaged during the Ninth Five Year Plan of Orrissa to

accelerate the development of these industries. Dr. Misra mentions that

the demand for agro-industrial products like cashew nut, prawn products,

dairy products, meat and meat products, poultry and packaging, etc. have

increased considerably. As against the demand, the supply of such

products has not increased commensurately and, hence, there is a gap

between demand and supply. Failure of supply to increase in paripassu

with the demand of the products is due to several organizational,

operational and administrative reasons. Removal of these problems

through well thought out planning and appropriate policy measures would

help to develop those industries to a large extent.

Dr. Sridhar Behera in his paper has discussed on, “Agro-Industries

and Agricultural Efficiency in Orissa – A Study of Angul Agricultural

District’. The author mentions about the low agricultural productivity

prevailing in the state. The productivity is lower even in comparison to

other states of the country. To increase productivity he has suggested the

following : (a) to develop an efficient land-person management system,

(b) to evolve proper water management system to use the valuable scarce

37

resources, (c) to introduce organic farming and (d) to develop efficient

communication system. He has summarized by saying that when all these

improvements are taken into consideration, the development of

agriculture and industries depending upon agriculture would likely to

develop.

Dr. R. M. Mallik, in his paper, “In Processing Value-added NTFT-

based Products in Orissa: Opportunities and Challenges’, has focused on

non-timer forest products. He has pointed out that the existing provisions

in the forest acts, financial, technical and other institutional impediments

are the major constraints for NTFP processing units. He has suggested for

decentralization and locally governing system for NTFP-based value-

added products by empowering Gram Panchayats to take up the

management and control NTFP processing units.

Dr. N. C. Dalai presented a paper on, “High-tech Agriculture and

Agro-industries. He has mentioned that Hi-tech agriculture is the key to

increasing both production and productivity. He has pointed out that

organic farming is presently considered as the best alternative to live in a

world free of toxicity and residual effect. He has highlighted the

importance of hydroponics technology and its prospects for the growth of

agriculture and agro-industries depending on it.

38

Dr. N. K. Sahu presented his paper on, ‘Food Processing Industries

and Industrial Policies of Orissa.’ In his paper he has advocated that

government is required to implement agricultural and industrial policies

properly. He has suggested for strengthening the linkage between

processor and grower and for providing financial assistance to food

processing industry in time and in adequate amounts.

Dr. Nilakantha Panigrahi in his paper, ’Prospects of Agro-

Industries in Tribal Reforms of Orissa’ mentions about the importance of

these industries in the tribal economy of the state. He has particularly

suggested for the formation of Self-Help Groups to serve as a link

between agriculture and agro-industries and between agro-industries and

the market. Since the SHG’s have worked well in the tribal areas in

establishing the above linkages, the obstacles standing on their way need

be removed to make them more operative.

The paper by Madhuri Padhi on, ‘Performance of Agro-produce

Processing Units in Undivided Puri District’ discusses about the problems

of agro-processing units and suggests measures for the removal of these

problems.

The agro industry is regarded as an extended arm of agriculture.

The development of the agro industry can help stabilize and make

agriculture more lucrative and create employment opportunities both at

39

the production and marketing stages. The broad based development of the

agro products industry will improve both the social and physical

infrastructure of India. India is one of the largest producers of food, and is

the largest producer of milk, sugarcane and tea, as well as the second

largest producer of rice, wheat, fruits, and vegetables in the world. Nearly

70% of the population depends on agriculture and agro-based industries.

Since it would cause diversification and commercialization of agriculture,

it will thus enhance the incomes of farmers and create food surpluses.

The agro industry mainly comprises of the post harvest activities of

processing and preserving agricultural products for intermediate or final

consumption. Market opportunities for the sale of fruit juices, sauces,

squash, pulp and ketchup, syrups, vinegar, barley water and canned fruits

have increased considerably. It is a well recognized fact across the world,

particularly in the context of industrial development that the importance

of agro industries is relative to agriculture increases as economies

develop. It should be emphasized that food is not just produce. Food also

encompasses a wide variety of processed products. It is in this sense that

the agro-industry is an important and vital part of the manufacturing

sector in developing countries and the means for building industrial

capacities.

40

REFERENCES :

1. Dr.V. Venkaiah - Impact of Agro-Based Industry on

Rural Economy. Himalaya Publication

Mumbai-1996, P-17-18

2. INDIA - Famine Enquiry Commission, 1944

3. S N Bhattacharya, - Rural Industrialization in India, B R

Publishing Corporation, Delhi, 1980, p

192;

4. INDIA - (Planning Commission) Village and

Small Industries Sector Framework,

New Delhi, July 1988, p 7

5. See: James E Austin - Agro-industrial Project Analysis, John

Hopkins University Press, London,

1981, p 3.

6. Dr.V. Venkaiah - Op.cit. P.22

7. Ibid - Page No.22

8. S. Nakkiran - “Agro Industries in Indian Economy”,

Khadi-Gramodyog, Vol. – 18, No.3,

June 1972. P.528.

9. Dr.V. Venkaiah - Op.cit. P.23-25.

10. Dr.V. Venkaiah - Op.cit. P.25-26.

11. Ibid - P. 274.

12. Ibid - P. 279

13. Dr. Sudhakar K. Pager - Impact of sugar co-operative industry

on Rural Development, Chandralok

Prakashan Kanpur, 2007 (P.35)

14. S.B. Vrma , U. P.

Singh, S. K. Jiloka

- ‘Rural Development Reforms’, Deep

and Deep Publications Pvt. Ltd., New

Delhi, 2006, (P.179).

15. R.P. Misra and K.V.

Sundaram ,

- ‘Rural Area Development’, Sterling

Publishers Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi, 1979,

(P. 148-149)

16. R.A. Chaurasia - “Agro Industrial Development”,

Chaugh Publications, Allahabad, 1988.

17. Dr.Rajagopal - ‘Agri-business and Entrepreneurship’,

Amol Publications, New Delhi-1990.

41

18. Dr. Arun Bhargave - ‘Rural Marketing and Agricultural in

India’, Surendra Publications,

NewDelhi-2010.P. 226

19. Ibid - P. 226-227

20. Ibid - P.266

21. Dr. K. P. Sinha - ‘Agribusiness Management’, A. K.

Publications, New Delhi-2009.

22. Dr. T. Natrajan - “Organic farming for Business”,

Swastik Publication, Delhi-2011.P. 27.

23. Ibid - P.27-28.

24. Ibid - P.44-45.

25. Depika M. G. and S.

Rajagopaln

- ‘Corporate Agribusiness Concepts and

Cases’, The ICFAI University Press

2005.

26. B. Misra, G.C. Kar

and S.N.Misra

- Agro Industrial and Economic

Development, Deep and Deep

Publications Ltd., New Delhi – 2004.

(P.179)

27. Economic Survey -2005, Govt. of India

28. RBI Report 2010. -

29. http://agro.indiamart.com/agro-industry-overview/

30. http://agro.indiamart.com/agro-industry-overview/

31. Arun Bhargav - Op.cit P.256-260.

32. Dr. T. Natrajan - Op.cit P.229.

*******

42

CHAPTER - III

PROFILE OF THE STUDY AREA

3.1 INTRODUCTION

In view of the importance of agro-based industries as a micro level

study a brief reference to rural agricultural development of selected

villages and profile of study area are necessary to be understood. It has

been said in support of agro-based industries. In order to have a better

appreciation of the study area, we must have the fact and figures referring

to the study area.

This chapter analyses the profile of the study area, Demographic

profile, population size. Agricultural profile concerned with land size,

irrigation pattern and cropping pattern in the study area etc. The main

purpose of this chapter is to present more comprehensive demographic

profile of farmer, agricultural labourers and labours in agro-based

industries in the area under study.

3.2 PROFILE OF THE SANGLI DISTRICT

The history of Sangli District is related with Maratha dynasty the

Mugal's, Aadilshaha and Maratha's struggled for providing

superemainacy on this reason. Shrimant Aappasaheb Patwardhan, The

Leader of Maratha Dynasty made Sangli. The Capital of "Sangli

Sansthan." In post independence Era in 1947 the District "South Satara"

43

was formed by adding some part the Satara District and the independent

erstwhile states Viz. Aundh, Jath, Sangli, Miraj, Kurundwad etc. In 1960,

the name of "South Satara" was changed "Sangli District". The

district Sangli is bounded by Vijapur district of Karnataka State in the

East, the part of Kolhapur district in the South, the part of Ratnagiri in

the West and Satara district in the North.

The district is located between 1.6.46 to 17.10 North Latitude and

73. 42 to 75.40 East Longitude Total Geographical area of the district is

8601.50 Kms. Average rainfall is about 50mm. Agriculture is the main

occupation in the district. Almost 77 percent people engaged in

Agriculture Thehe majoa eras are Jawar, Barja, Wheat, Sugarcane,

Cotton, Tobacco, and Groundnut. The gross cultivable land 8.66 lacks

hectors and net cultivated land is 5.69 lacks hectors. The land brought

under irrigation gross 119 thousand and net 97 thousand hectors. The

main river of Sangli district is Krishna and its tributaries are Varna and

Yerala. The work of lift irrigation project is in progress at Takari near

Sagarshwar and Mhaisal irrigation project is under construction near

Miraj.

The total population of Sangli district is 25.82 lacks. Population of

male and female is 11.28 and 10.81 lacks respectively. Percentage of

rural population to total population of district is 77 percent and rest is

44

urban. Literate population is 62.6 1 percent to total population. The

percentage SC/ST population to total population is 12.54 and 0.50

respectively. The total villages are 727 of which 723 are inhabitant and 4

are deserted. Electrification in the entire district is almost completed.

The numbers of banks in the district are 21 and its branches are

416. The registered factories are 2514 in operation. Total units of Large

and Medium Scale industries are 56. Units under small scale industries

registered 6046 provided employment to 31397 persons. Rs.18743 lack

has invested in these SSI units. Production capacity is Rs.22187 lacks.

M.I.D.C. is set up at five places and five Coop. Industrial estates are in

operation. The number of sugar factories and spinning mills are 17 and 13

respectively in the district. Sugar production is 5.22 lack tons.

Total length of railway track and road is 174 and 9703 Kms.

respectively. Agricultural production is marketed through 5 main

markets, 6 sub markets, 13 marketing societies and 21 fruit and

vegetables markets, Dairy, Poultry, Fisheries and Horticulture activities

having ample scope with adequate facilities in the district.

The medical facilities made available through 22 hospitals, 66

primary health units, 57 primary health centers. The Wanless Medical

Hospital at Miraj is famous for best Medical Centre in the country.

Walchand Engineering College is well known for growing talented

45

Engineers, Sangli district is developing fast and hence having ample

scope for insurance penetration. The Sangli district is well known for

cultural and political activities.

3.3 PROFILE OF THE STUDY AREA

The agriculture is the backbone of the Indian economy. It

contributes a sizable share not to the country's domestic product but also a

major part of working population which engaged in agriculture. In

addition to this it encourages other economic activities such as industry,

trade, commerce and transportation. The agriculture in Maharashtra state

and in study area is facing many problems such as low agricultural

productivity, over dependence on rain, heavy pressure of population lack

of use of improved technology, defective storage, large scale

unemployment and under employment. So there is an urgency of

developing agricultural sector on a priority basis. The price and pattern of

economic development is very much depends on agricultural

development.

The farmers on the basis of size of land holdings have been

categorized into three groups viz medium small and large farmers. The

farmers who have land holding of below one hectare are called as

marginal farmers. Those who have land holding between one and 2

hectare are called as small farmers. The farmers who have land holding

46

above of 5 hectare are called as big farmer. The Small farmer is mainly

depending on mansoons, without water supply the small farmers can not

increase agricultural production, besides it is not possible to increase

agricultural production, productivity and profitability without irrigation

facilities.

The Maharashtra is one of the leading states in the country in

agriculture and plantation crops. It is the largest producer of coffee in the

country. The small farmers in the state are producing tea, coconut,

cashewnut, pepper, cardamom, rubber, orange, grapes. In the study area

small farmers are producing sugarcane, cotton, wheat, maize, oil seeds,

groundnut, jowar and rice etc. The economic history of small farmers in

Walwa taluka received due attention of the scholars in the country and in

Maharashtra State. But unfortunately little attention was paid to the

writing of socio-economic history of small farmers and agricultural

labourers in the study area in view of economic development of these

sections of the society.

3.3.1. INFRASTRUCTURE FACILITIES IN WALWA TALUKA

There are 25 commercial regional rural banks, 4 urban co-operative

and one primary land development bank working in Walwa taluka during

20011-12. In addition to these banking services, 04 co-operative sugar

47

factories, 60 agricultural credit co-operatives, 19 milk producers credit

co-operative and 191 other co-operative are working in Walwa taluka.

There are 23364 motor vehicles in Walwa taluka including motor

cycles, cars, cabs, auto rickshaws, buses, tractors, ambulance, goods

vehicles and others, which made transportion easy. There is also a

provision of railway services with 28 kms broad gauge and one railway

stations at in Walwa taluka linking Karnataka and southern parts of

Maharashtra up to Bangalore. There are 91 post of fices. One telegraphic

of fice and 26 telephone exchanges with 13064 telephone service

facilities in Walwa Taluka.

3.3.2 Education Facilities in Walwa Taluka

There are 189 primary Schools, 56 high schools 20 pre university

colleges and 9 degree college in the Walwa taluka in the year 2011-12.

3.3.3 Health Facilities in Walwa Taluka

There are 11 Govt. primary health centers and 52 private hospitals

working in the taluka during 2011-12.

3.3.4 Location of Walwa Taluka

Walwa taluka is located in the top of the Sangli district, it situated

between 15-23 and 16-58 North latitudes and 74-05 to 75 - 28 east

longitudes at the North West part of Maharashtra State. Walwa taluka is

one of the biggest taluka in the district with an area of 78781 sq.km. It

48

lies on the border of Maharashtra State connecting Sangli district in the

North, Kolhapur district in the west and Bijapur district in the East.

3.3.5 Rainfall in Walwa Taluka

Normal Rainfall (in mms) during 1991 to 2010 - 680.90

Actual Rainfall (in mms) in 2009-10 - 706.3

During rainy days - Normal (1991 to 2010) - 40

Actual (2009-10) - 38

3.3.6 Pattern of Land Utilization in Walwa Taluka

The taluka has been the forefront in respect of agricultural and

other activities; it has an ideal agro-climatic conditions and enterprising

farming community. The taluka, with its salubrious and moderate climate,

accounts for an enormous area under sugarcane with enthusiastic farmers.

The Table no 3.1 reveals the utilization of land in the study area of

Walwa taluka.

Table No. 3.1

Pattern of Land Utilization in Walwa Taluka

Sr. No. Details of Land Utilization Area in

Hectares

1 Total Geographical area 78781

2 Area not available for cultivation 8803

I Area Under forest 2952

II Non Agricultural Land 4179

III Barren Land 4626

3 Other cultivable land 5434

I Cultivable waste land 1805

II Permanent land 67026

III Trees and Graves 129

4 Follow Land 7319

5 Area Sown 57902

I Net area sown 75604

II Area sown more than once 17702

Source: Sangli District statistics at a glance 2011-12.

49

The table No. 3.1 shows that the total geographical area of the Walwa

taluka is 78781 hectare, out of which land available for cultivation was

8803 hectare, other uncultivable land was about 4179 hectare and fallow

land was about 7319 hectare. The total area sown was 57902 areas shown

were 75604 and 17702 hectors of land considered as area shown more

than once.

3.4 DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF SMALL FARMERS AND

AGRICULTURAL LABOURERS

This profile consists the total population of the taluka according to

census 2001. It also includes literacy ratio, sex, density of population and

working population in Walwa taluka. The detail demographic profile is

shown in the Table no. 3.2

The identification details of small farmers and agricultural

labourers can be studied with the help of demographic characteristics viz

nature, composition, education and literacy, total population of Walwa

taluka has been shown in the following table.

50

3.4.1 Demographical Profile of Walwa Taluka

Table No. 3.2

Demographical Profile of Walwa Taluka

Sr.

No. Details of Population Number Percentage

1 Total Population (Rural) 335844 100

I Male 173263 51.60

II Female 162581 48.40

2 Total Population (Urban) 91533 100

IV Male 47279 51.65

V Female 44254 48.35

Total (Rural +Urban) 427317

3 Literates

I Male 187406 76.17

II Female 109417 62.43

4 Total Workers 185102 43.45

I Cultivators / Small farmers 80692 18.89

II Agricultural Labour 60826 14.23

III Agro Based Industrial worker 43524 10.20

Source: Sangli District statistics at a glance 2011-12.

The table no 3.2 reveals that the population of the Walwa taluka

according to 2001 census was 427327 out of which 335844 (78.59) rural

and 91533 (21.41) urban. There is 51.60 % male and 48.40% female in

rural and 51.15% male and 48.35 % female in urban.

The literacy rate is not satisfactory. It is only 76.17 percent of the

male and 62.43 of female. As regards the workers, nearly 18.89 percent

51

of the population is cultivator, 14.23 percent are agricultural labourers

and other services accounts for only 10.20 percent of the total population.

3.4.2 Population and Number of Villages in the Study Area

The population and number of villages in the study area in

comparison with state and district has been shown in table no. 3.3

Table No 3.3

Population and Number of Villages in the Study Area

Sr.

No.

Name of the

District

Population No. of

Villages Male Female Total

1 Maharashtra 50401000 46478000 96879000 3711

2 Sangli dist. 1320000 1264000 2584000 724

3 Walwa 220482 206835 427317 73

Source: i) Government of India census report 2011.

ii) Sangli District at glance 2011-12.

Table no. 3.3 shows the total population and number of villages in

Walwa in Sangli District and in Maharashtra state according to

2001census report. The population of Walwa taluka was and distributed

among 73 villages. In Maharashtra there are three 3711 villages and in

Sangli District there are 724 villages.

3.5 AGRICULTURAL PROFILE OF WALWA TALUKA

The agriculture and its allied activities are major occupations of the

people in the taluka. The 69.50 percent of land is under cultivation,

52

agriculture being a predominate occupation of the people. There are five

categories of farmers seen in the taluka on the basis of land holding but

among them three categories are considered important and they are

marginal farmers (below 1 hectare), small farmers (below 1 to 2 hectare)

and big farmers above 2 hectares. The land holding pattern of above

different categories of farmers is shown in the table no. 3.4

Table 3.4

Land Holding Pattern of Different Categories of Farmers in

Walwa Taluka

Category of

Farmer Number

Average

Area

(in hectare)

Average

Marginal Farmer 18580

(24.17)

9300

(4.62) 0.50

Small Farmer 21086

(27.43)

61500

(15.75) 1.50

Semi-Medium

Farmer

19570

(25.47)

58400

(29.21) 2.98

Medium Farmer 15442

(20.09)

71330

(35.67) 4.61

Big Farmer 2172

(2.82)

29400

(14.70) 13.53

Total 76850

(100)

199930

(100) 2.60

Source: Sangli District Statistics at a Glance 2011-12.

Note : Figures in brackets indicate percentage of the respective

number .

53

Graph 3.1

Land Holding Pattern of Different Categories of Farmers

in Walwa Taluka

The Table 3.4 and graph 3.1 reveals the status of distribution of

farmers in the taluka was not even. A large number of farmers in the

study area are belongs to marginal and small group holding just around

20 percent of land of the total land in the study area. The big farmers, i.e.

14.70 percent of total land holders, constitute only 2.82 percent of total

land holding. It is significant to note that semi medium farmers and

medium farmers shared nearly 64.88 percent of the total land holding.

They are on the top position in area acquiviring land holding. It reveals

that category of big farmers is dominating other categories of farmers in

Semi-Medium Farmer, 25.47

Small Farmer, 27.43

Marginal Farmer, 24.17

Big Farmer, 2.82 Medium Farmer, 20.9

54

area that is 15.07 percent of total land acquired only 2.78 percent of the

total land holders.

As regards the average land holding to the farmers under study

area. Table No. 3.4 shows that 24.23 percent of the sample farmers

having only as an average 0.49 hectare of land 29.23 percent of the

sample farmers having only 1.44 hectors of land. It is remarkable to note

that only 2.78 sample farmers have 14.50 hectors of land. Generally in

the study area as an average 2.67 hector of land per household.

3.5.1. Net Area Irrigated

Irrigation in Walwa taluka is insignificantly developed. Since

major part of taluka is dry, therefore it is considered as a drought hit area.

But the farmers residing in dry areas have made their own provision of

water facilities to their lands at their own cost by the way of wells and

tube wells. The small farmers of Krishna River belt have lift irrigation

facilities. The main sources of irrigation in the taluka are wells, bore

wells, lift irrigation schemes and some minor irrigation schemes of the

Government of Maharashtra. The Table no. 3.5 presents different sources

of irrigation in Walwa taluka.

55

Table No. 3.5

Source of Irrigation and Net Area Irrigated In Walwa Taluka

In 2008-09 and 2009-10

Sources

Area

Irrigated

(In hectare)

Percentage

Canals 45911 61.20

Wells 26592 35.45

Tube Wells 68 0.090

Left Irrigation 2440 3.25

Total 75011 100.00

Source: Sangli District Statistics at a Glance 2011-12.

The table no. 3.5 reveals that in Walwa taluka out of the total sown

area only 75011 hectare of land under irrigation facilities. Among the

various sources of irrigation, lift irrigation from Krishna and Koyana

Rivers was covered 64.45 percent of area and is on the top position. The

35.45 percent of area was under irrigation through wells and only 0.090

percent of land by tube wells. In certain parts of the taluka where

government constructed the check dams, from which provision of

irrigation facilities has been made through canals. Under these canals

45911 hectare of land was irrigated.

56

3.5.2. Cropping Pattern in Walwa Taluka

The crop plays an important role in the economy of small farmers

and agricultural labourers. The cropping pattern in Walwa taluka is

shown in table 3.6.

Table No 3.6

Cropping Pattern in Walwa Taluka

Crops

Irrigated

Area

(In hectors)

Non -Irrigator

Area (In

hectors)

Total Area

Sugarcane 24400 (69) - 24400

Cotton 2370 (8.59) 280 2650

Wheat 3018 (8.58) 800 3818

Maize 618 (7.75) 557 1175

Oil Seeds 844 (2.40) 25904 26748

Fruits 368 (1.046) - 368

Vegetables 631 (1.80) 844 1475

Pulses 1150 (3.27) 7223 8373

Jawar 850 (2.41) 10011 10861

Rice 921 (2.61) 3579 4500

Total 35170 (100) 49198 84368

Source: Sangli District Statistics at a glance 2011-12.

Table No. 3.6 reavels that Sugarcane 24400 (69), Cotton 2370

(8.59), Wheat 3018 (8.58), Maize 618 (7.75), Oil Seeds 844 (2.40), Fruits

368 (1.046), Vegetables 631 (1.80), Pulses 1150 (3.27), Jawar 850 (2.41),

Rice 921 (2.61) respectively.

*******

57

CHAPTER - IV

AGRO-BASED INDUSTRIES AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT

4.1 Introduction

The social and economic impact of agro-based industries on

rural areas is different from one industry to another, depending upon the

nature and size of the agro-based industry. An attempt has been made in

the proceeding chapters to give a critical review of the impact of different

agro-based industries on the employment, occupational pattern, wage

structure and income structure.

This chapter is divided into two parts. An attempt has been made to

give a comparative evaluation of the effect of the different kinds of agro-

based industries covered by the study. Further, it gives a brief outline of

the overall impact of agro-based industries on the rural economy, both at

the micro level and the macro level.

This chapter presents a comparative picture of the villages covered

by the study. Here, a comparison has been made of the different socio-

economic aspects of rural areas in the villages covered by agro-based

industries and a village not covered by agro-based industries.

The detailed analysis of the collected secondary data of various

aspects relating to the impact of agro based industrial units on rural

development under study is given below.

58

4.2 Effects of agro-based industries on rural employment

The establishment of agro-based industrial units may be expected

to result in the creation of indirect employment opportunities in the

related sectors, such as the farm sector and the tertiary sector. The

indirect employment created in the farm sector would mainly be in the

form of additional employment generated followed by the changes in the

cropping pattern, which in turn, were as equal to the location of agro-

based industries. This aspect of study takes into consideration the

additional employment opportunities created in the farm sector, either in

the same village or the surrounding villages by the location of the agro-

based industry. Further, in the context of the indirect employment

created in the farm sector, the relationship between the agro-based

industries and the cropping pattern has been studied with the help of

collected information under the study.

Since the Sugar factory and Cotton Textile Industry are located in

rural areas, the impact of these units on the creation of indirect

employment has been studied with reference to their places of

establishment. It has been observed that the tertiary sector developed in

the places where agro-based industries were established and that the

growth of this sector can be attributed only to the location of these agro-

based industries. In the context of this study on indirect employment

59

created by agro-based industries, it would not be out of place here to

determine the employment generated in the tertiary sector developed in

the places where agro-based industries were established. The present

chapter, therefore, also covers the impact of agro-based industries on the

employment generated in the tertiary sector as well.

The direct employment created by the agro-based industries under

study as classified into different types of jobs had been studies with

reference to the year 2006 to 2011. This is also the reference year for the

study of the employment created in the tertiary sector.

4.3 Rural Employment and agro based industrial units

The sub-section of this chapter covers analytical study of various

aspects of employment in the agro based units under study. This includes

direct and indirect employment considering with seasonal, casual, skilled,

unskilled, employment in the agro based industry units in Walwa Taluka

of Sangli district.

4.3.1 Direct Employment in Agro-based Industries

The volume of direct employment generated by agro-based

industries depends upon the nature of the industries. Since agro-based

industries are expected to provide employment opportunities to the

locally available manpower, the proportion of unskilled workers in the

employment profile of agro-based industries would be generally

60

substantial. But this proposition would not hold good universally because

the proportion of skilled and unskilled workers depends upon the degree

of the capital intensity of a particular agro-based industry. But there is

also a case for having agro-based industries that employ high proportion

of skilled and white-collar workers.

It is proposed to analyze the employment provided by the agro-

based industrial units of the two different places taken up for the study

during 2010-11 on the basis of the data given in Table 4.1. The workers

employed directly in agro-based industries have been classified on the

basis of the nature of their employment and on the type of work they

engaged in. The nature of employment has been subdivided into five

classes, but is depends on the nature, scope and business of the agro

based industry units under study.

(i) Permanent employment;

(ii) Seasonal-permanent employment;

(iii) Seasonal employment;

(iv) Casual employment;

(v) Seasonal training.

This classification is necessary because agro-based industries are,

by and large, seasonal in their operations and do not employ uniform

labour force throughout the year. It may be pointed out that the

61

proportion of permanent and seasonal workers largely depends upon the

nature of the agro-based industry.

Table No. 4.1 A

Employment in agro based industrial units in 2010-11

Nature of Employment Administra

tive Staff

Skilled

Workers

Unskilled

Workers Total

1 2 4 6 8

1. Rajarambapu Patil Co-Op.

Sugar Industry – Sakhrale

Permanent Employment 460

(51.33%)

300

(33.48%)

136

(15.18%)

896

(39.60%)

Seasonal - Permanent

Employment -

450

(39.57%)

687

(60.42%)

1137

(50.24%)

Casual Employment - 100

(69.56%)

130

(56.52%)

230

(10.16%)

Total 460

(20.32%)

850

(37.56%)

953

(42.11%)

2263

(100%)

2. Din Dayal BC Co-op. Cotton

Textile Industry, Islampur

Permanent Employment 160

(57.76%)

52

(18.77%)

65

(23.46%)

277

(73.47%)

Casual Employment - 15 (15%) 85

(85%)

100

(26.52%)

Total 160

(42.44%)

67

(17.77%)

150

(39.79%)

377

(100%)

Grand Total 620

(23.48%)

917

(34.73)

1103

(41.78)

2640

(100%)

(Bracketed figures shows percentages)

Source : Data collected through Agro industrial units records.

62

An idea of the employment provided during 2010-11 by the

selected agro-based industrial units has shown in Table 4.1 A. It is clear

from the table, the two agro-based industrial units, put together, provided

employment to 2640 workers. An analysis of the table reveals that

permanent employment was significant in the Cotton Textile industry,

which accounted for 73.74 per cent, followed by the Sugar factory with

39.60 per cent, of the total employment provided by these factories. The

permanent employment in the Cotton Textile industry is perceptible

because of the permanent nature of the functioning of the maize industry;

and it is considerable in the Sugar factory because of its capital intensity

and big size, leading to the employment of the highest proportion of

administrative and technical personnel (20.32 per cent) out of the total

employment in the two agro-based industrial units. As regards the

Permanent employment is significant in the according 1173 (44.73%)

permanent employment out of total 2640 in two agro based industrial

unit.

While seasonal-permanent employment in the Sugar factory is

1137 as regards casual employment, in the Sugar Factory, accounting for

230 (10.69%) per cent of the total employment. While it is 100 (26.52%)

in the Cotton Textile Industry.

63

4.3.2 Indirect Employment generated by the settingup of agro-based

Industries:-

Indirect employment i.e. employment in other sectors of the

selected agro based industrial places during 2006-07 and 2010-11 has

been shown in table no.4.1.B

Table No. 4.1. B

Indirect Employment

Agro-Industrial Place 2006-07 2010-11 Change in

Employment

Sugar Factory : Sakaharale 240 432 192

(55.36)

Cotton Textile : Islampur 127 329 202

(38.60)

Total 367

(100)

761

(100)

394

(48.22)

Source : Data collected through Agro-based industrial Records.

Table No. 4.1.B shows that the two agro base industrial places

provided indirect employment for 367 persons in 2006-07 and 761 in

2010-11. This figure shows that 48.22% increase in indirect employment

during 2010-11. An analysis of the table reveals that the 55.56% increase

in indirect employment in sugar factory. 38.60% in Cotton Textile

industry.

Thus the agro-based industries not only created employment

opportunities in the industrial units (i.e., direct employment) but also

64

created considerable employment opportunities in the tertiary sector

which developed because of the setting up of the agro-based industrial

units.

The agro-based industrial units, thus, resulted in the creation of

employment opportunities in different ways. The direct employment

provided by these agro-based industrial units depended largely on the

nature and size of the agro-based industrial unit in question.

The agro-based industries and the cropping pattern are interrelated.

The agree of interrelationship depends on the nature of the crop linked

with the agro-based industry and whether it is an irrigated crop or not.

The development of the tertiary sector and the employment

opportunities created in that sector were based on the nature of

employment and the level of technology adopted by the agro-based

industrial units. In brief, it may be said that agro-based industrial units not

only create employment in the industrial sector but also in related sectors,

such as the agricultural and tertiary sectors.

4.4 Changes in Occupational Pattern

The occupational position of the farmers in selected villages during

2006-07 and 2011-12 have been shown in Table No. 4.2 A and 4.2 B.

65

Table No. 4.2 A

Rural Occupational Structure of Farmers

Sr.

No. Occupation

2006-

07

2011-

12

1 Walwa

I Agriculture 4 5

II Agricultural Daily Wage Work 1 0

III Agricultural Annual Wage Work 2 0

IV Entrepreneurship of agro based industrial Units 0 2

V Total 7 7

2 Bagani

I Agriculture 4 6

II Agricultural Daily Wage Work 2 0

III Agricultural Annual Wage Work 0 0

IV Entrepreneurship of agro based industrial Units 0 0

V Total 6 6

3 Bavachi

I Agriculture 5 6

II Agricultural Daily Wage Work 1 0

III Agricultural Annual Wage Work 0 0

IV Entrepreneurship of agro based industrial Units 0 0

V Total 6 6

4 Borgaon

I Agriculture 7 7

II Agricultural Daily Wage Work 1 0

III Agricultural Annual Wage Work 0 0

IV Entrepreneurship of agro based industrial Units 0 1

V Total 8 8

5 Gotkhindi

I Agriculture 5 7

II Agricultural Daily Wage Work 1 0

III Agricultural Annual Wage Work 1 0

IV Entrepreneurship of agro based industrial Units 0 0

V Total 7 7

Source: Primary data based on the field survey.

66

Table No. 4.2 B

Rural Occupational Structure of Farmers

Sr. No. Occupation 2006-

07

2011-

12

6 Kameri

I Agriculture 9 10

II Agricultural Daily Wage Work 1 0

III Agricultural Annual Wage Work 1 0

IV Entrepreneurship of agro based industrial Units 0 1

V Total 11 11

7 Islampur

I Agriculture 5 6

II Agricultural Daily Wage Work 1 1

III Agricultural Annual Wage Work 1 0

IV Entrepreneurship of agro based industrial Units 0 0

V Total 7 7

8 Takari

I Agriculture 8 11

II Agricultural Daily Wage Work 2 1

III Agricultural Annual Wage Work 2 0

IV Entrepreneurship of agro based industrial Units 0 0

V Total 12 12

9 Kasegaon

I Agriculture 5 6

II Agricultural Daily Wage Work 1 1

III Agricultural Annual Wage Work 1 0

IV Entrepreneurship of agro based industrial Units 0 0

V Total 7 7

10 Bahe

I Agriculture 6 7

II Agricultural Daily Wage Work 1 1

III Agricultural Annual Wage Work 1 0

IV Entrepreneurship of agro based industrial Units 0 0

V Total 8 7

Source: Primary data based on the field survey.

67

It is observed from the table, 4.2 A and 4.2 B that number of

farmers during 2006-07 in Table 5.2 A and 5.2 B reveals that Walwa,

Bagani, Bavachi, Boargaon, Gotkhindi, Kameri, Islampur, Takari,

Kasegaon, Bahe was 4,4,5,7,5,9,9,5,8,5,6 and 3 respectively. The number

of farmers during 2011-12 in the same villages was 5,6,6,7,7,10,6,11,6

and 7 respectively.

The number of daily wage workers during 2006-07 in these

villages was 01, 02, 01, 01, 01, 01, 01, 02, 01 & 01 respectively. The

number of annual wage workers during 2006-07 was same in Walwa,

Gotkhindi, Kameri, Islampur, Kasegaon and Bahe. i.e. one and in Takari

there is two agricultural annual wage workers in 2006-07. The number of

entrepreneurship of agro based industrial units was negative i.e. 0 in all

sample villages during 2006-07. The number of entrepreneurship during

2011-12 in Walwa two and Boargaon One. It is clear from the table no.

4.2 A and 4.2 B that the Entrepreneurship of agro based industrial units

were started after 2007 and developed gradually up to 2011-12 and there

is no annual wage workers during 2011-12. It means agricultural annual

wage workers in 2006-07 were merged in agricultural occupations during

2011-12.

68

4.4.1 Changes in the Occupational Pattern of Agricultural Workers

In order to bring out the impact of agro-based industries on the

changes in the occupations of agricultural workers in rural areas,

5 percent of the agricultural workers' households of the selected villages

were analyzed in terms of their occupations in earlier years. The total

working population of respondent households, as in 2011-12, was

considered for this purpose. An analysis was also made of the percentage

of working population employed in agro-based industries located in and

around the villages. Further, the changes in the attitudes of agricultural

workers to farm-based and traditional occupations have been discussed.

Changes in the Occupational Pattern of the Working Population of

the Agricultural Workers' in selected Villages in Walwa Taluka

between 2006-07 and 2011-12. This is shown in table no.4.3.

69

Table No. 4.3

Changes in the Occupational Pattern of the Working Population of the Agricultural Workers' in selected Villages in

Walwa Taluka between 2006-07 and 2011-12 . This is shown in table no.5.13. Sr.

No

.

Name of

Villages Occupational Pattern in 2005-2006 Occupational Pattern in 2005-2006

Ag

ricu

ltu

re

Ag

ricu

ltu

ral

An

nu

al W

age

Wo

rk

Ag

ricu

ltu

ral

Dai

ly W

age

Wo

rk

Em

plo

ym

ent

agro

bas

ed

Ind

ust

ry

Em

plo

ym

ent

in t

erti

ary

Act

ivit

y

To

tal

Ag

ricu

ltu

re

Ag

ricu

ltu

ral

An

nu

al W

age

Wo

rk

Ag

ricu

ltu

ral

Dai

ly W

age

Wo

rk

Em

plo

ym

ent

agro

bas

ed

Ind

ust

ry

Em

plo

ym

ent

in t

erti

ary

Act

ivit

y

To

tal

1 Walwa 1 2 3 1 - 7 2 1 1 4 3 11

2 Bagani 1 - 2 1 1 5 2 - 1 1 1 5

3 Bavavhi 2 3 5 1 - 11 4 2 4 1 - 11

4 Boargaon 2 4 5 1 12 3 2 3 3 1 12

5 Gotkhindi 2 2 4 1 2 11 2 1 2 2 - 7

6 Kameri 3 3 5 - - 11 4 2 3 2 - 11

7 Islampur 1 2 2 2 - 7 2 1 2 2 - 7

8 Takari 3 4 4 - - 11 5 2 2 2 - 11

9 Kasegaon 1 3 2 1 - 7 2 2 2 1 - 7

10 Bhae 2 3 4 1 - 10 3 2 2 2 1 10

Total 18 26 36 9 3 92 29 15 22 20 6 92

(19.56) (28.26) (39.13) ( 10.00) (3.26) (100) (31.52) (16.30) (24) (21.73) (6.52) (100)

70

Table No. 4.3 reveals that in 2006-07, 19.56% agricultural

occupation 28.56% agricultural annual wage work, 39.13% agricultural

daily wage work 10% employment in agro-based industry and only

3.26% employment in tertiary activity. It reveals highest was in

agricultural daily wage work i.e. 36 out of 92 (39.13) and lowest in

tertiary activity. It can be seen that in all selected villages in Walwa

Taluka workers engaged in agriculture were near by same.

In 2011-12, 31.52% workers were engaged in agriculture

occupation, 16.30% agricultural annual wage works, 24% agricultural

daily wage works, 21.73% employment in agro-based industries and

6.52% employment in tertiary activities. The share of employment in

farm based occupation of agricultural annual wage work and daily wage

work declined from 28.26% to 16.30% and 39.13% to 24% respectively

during 2006-07 and 2011-12 . Increase in agriculture occupation from

19.56% to 31.52% during the same period. Increase in employment

agro-based industries and tertiary activity from 10% and 10.26% to

21.73% to 6.52% respectively during 2006-07 and 2011-12.

The shift in occupation to agricultural due to the regular cultivation

of two crops consequent upon the provision of the irrigation facility. The

change in occupation to employment in agro-based industries and tertiary

71

activity was influenced by two factors i.e. higher wages than agricultural

sector and the earning of a regular monthly income.

4.4.2 Occupational Background of agro-based industrial Workers:-

In this topic it is proposed to review the occupational background

of the workers employed in selected four agro-based industries. In the

present analysis, the occupational structure of the workers employed in

agro-based industries units has been studied with reference to the two

agro-based industries located at Walwa taluka. It is proposed to analyse

the previous occupations of the workers employed in agro-based

industries in year 2006-07 and 2011-12. This analysis is expected to

throw light on the occupational background of agro-based industrial

workers in 2006-07 and 2011-12. In order to define this occupational

background, it is intended to study how the agro- based industries

workers merged from other occupations during 2006-07 and 2011-12.

4.4.3 Occupational Background of the workers in Sugar Factory:-

Occupational background or occupational positions of workers

employed in sugar factory in Sakharale has Shows in the table no.4.4.

72

Table No.4.4

Occupational Background of Workers Employed in Sugar Factory in

Sakhrale between 2006-07 and 2011-12

Sr.

No. Occupation

2006-

07

2011-

12

1 Non agricultural daily wage work 17

(21.51)

4

(5.06)

2 Full time employed in agro-based

industries

27

(36.70)

37

(46.83)

3 Agricultural daily wage work 10

(12.65)

7

(8.86)

4 Own Business (Small & Cottage

industries)

13

(16.45)

16

(20.25)

5 Employment in tertiary activity 10

(12.65)

22

(27.84)

Total 79

(100)

79

(100)

The table no 4.4 gives an idea of occupational background of the

workers employed in the sugar factory in Walwa. In 2006-07, 21.51%

workers were non agricultural daily wage workers, 36.70% full time

engaged in sugar factory, 12.65% agricultural daily wage work, 16.45%

engaged in there own business (small & cottage industries) and 12.65%

employed in tertiary activity.

In 2011-12 non agricultural daily wage workers 5.06%, full time

employees in sugar factory 46.83, agricultural daily wage work 8.86%

and 20.25% engaged in there own business and 27.84% employment in

tertiary activity. It can be observed from this table that there is decrease in

non-agricultural daily wage worker and agricultural daily wage workers

73

and increase in all other occupations in 2011-12. There is due to

development of sugar factory and provided irrigation faculties.

It is clear that from the foregoing analysis that the workers relying

on different occupation in 2006-07 become full time workers in the sugar

factory by 2011-12. It may therefore be concluded that the importance of

farm-based occupations has been gradually declining following the

emergence of agro-based industrial units.

4.4.4 Cotton Textile Industries and Occupational Background -

Occupational background or occupational positions of workers

employed in Cotton Textile industries in Islampur during 2006-07 and

2011-12 has shown in the table no.4.5.

Table No.4.5

Occupational Background of Workers Employed in

Cotton Textile Industries in Islampur

Sr.

No. Occupation

2006-

07

2011-

12

1 Non agricultural daily wage work 13

(43.33)

4

(13.33)

2 Full time employed in agro-based

industries

7

(23.33)

16

(53.33)

3 Agricultural daily wage work 6

(20) -

4 Own Business (Small & Cottage

industries)

2

(6.66)

2

(6.66)

5 Employment in tertiary activity 2

(6.66)

8

(26.66)

Total 30

(100)

30

(100)

74

Table No. 4.5 evident that the occupational background of the

workers employed in Cotton Textile industry in Islampur during 2006-07

and 2011-12. During 2005-06, 43.33 % worker were non agricultural

daily wage workers, 23.33% Full time engaged in Cotton Textile

industry, 20% agriculture daily wage workers, workers engaged in their

own business and employment in tertiary activity. Were same i.e. 6.66.

In 2011-12 , 13.33% non agricultural daily wage workers, 53.33%

workers full time employed in Cotton Textile industry, 6.66% workers

engaged in there own business and 26.66% employed in tertiary activity.

It can be seen from this table that there is decrease in non-agricultural

daily wage workers in 2010-11. This is no change in their own business

during 2006-07 and 2010-11. An important point to be noted here is that

there is no single worker engaged in agricultural daily wage work in

2010-11. It means all agricultural daily wage workers in 2006-07 shifted

to Cotton Textile industries in 2011-12. There is increase in full time

employment in Cotton Textile and tertiary activity in 2011-12. The share

of employment agro-based industrial occupation was the highest i.e.

53.33% and agricultural daily wage work was lowest i.e. 13.33 in

2010-11. It may therefore, be concluded from the above analysis that the

setting up of the Cotton Textile industry in Islampur brought about an

improvement in the occupational status of the rural population and

uplifted than economically. In short it provided employment to the

75

educated unemployed and reduced the problem of disguised

unemployment in the farm sector.

4.5 RUEAL WAGE STRUCTURE

The agricultural labour and agro based industrial workers is

forming a substantial portion of the weaker sections of Indian population.

In Maharashtra they constitute 26.7 percent of the total workers and 40.4

percent of agricultural workers in 2006-07. This has decreased to 26.5

percentage of the total population and 36.7 percent of workers in 2006-07

the data were collected by the Researcher from all the 10 selected sample

villages in the taluka of Walwa during 2006-07 and 2011-12.

4.5.1 Wage Structure in Study Area

The wage structure of agricultural labours in selected villages and

agro based industrial workers in selected agro based industries are

shown in table no 4.6 A and 4.6 B.

Table No. 4.6 A

The Wage Structure of Agricultural Labours in Selected Villages

Sr. No. Village Wage Rate Per Day (2011-12 )

Male Female Children

1 Walwa 250 150 50

2 Bagani 250 150 75

3 Bavavhi 200 125 50

4 Boargaon 200 150 75

5 Gotkhindi 200 150 75

6 Kameri 250 150 50

7 Islampur 250 150 75

8 Takari 250 150 50

9 Kasegaon 250 150 50

10 Bhae 250 150 50

76

Table No.4.6 A shows that wage rate is same i.e. Rs.250 in Walwa,

Bagani, Kameri, Islampur, Takari, Kasegaon and Bahe due to setting up

agro based industries. There is lowest wage rate i.e. Rs.200 in Bavachi,

Boargaon and Gotkhindi because of absence agro based industries and

majority of population in these villages were agricultural labours. The

wage rates were very high in the villages covered by agro based

industries.

Table No. 4.6 B

Wage Structure of Agro Based Industrial Workers

Sr.

No. Agro Based Industry

Wage Rate Per

Month (2011-12 )

Skilled

Worker

Unskilled

Workers

1 Sugar Factory 37000 20000

2 Cotton Textile Industry 25000 10000

Table No.4.6 B reveals that in Sugar Factory Rs. 37000 wage per

month for skilled workers and Rs.20000 for unskilled workers. In Cotton

Textile Industry Rs.25000 per month wage for skilled workers and

Rs.10000 for unskilled workers. It may be observed that the wage rate is

high in sugar factory because Sugar Factory capital intensive and big

size.

77

4.6. Overall Impact of Agro-Based Industries on Rural

Development

4.6.1 Impact on Employment:-

The employment pattern and agro-based industrial units reveals-

that the employment opportunities created by these industries differ from

one industry to another, depending on the nature of the agro-based

industry. While some industries provide larger permanent employment,

some others create seasonal employment. For example, permanent

employment is significant in the maize and sugar industries. In the Cotton

Textile, it is substantial because of the permanent nature of the func-

tioning of .maize mills. It is greater in the sugar industry because of its

capital-intensive nature, for the share of administrative and technical

personnel in that industry is quite substantial. Nevertheless, the

employment of seasonal and casual workers is noteworthy in the sugar

factory.

As regards the employment created in the farm sector by the

cultivation of agro-based industrial crops, it is evident that the cultivation

of sugarcane and cotton created more additional employment

opportunities (i.e., a larger number of mandays of work) than the other

crops (covered by the present study). In respect of the development of the

tertiary sector and the employment opportunities therein, of the two

industries, the sugar industry ranked first.

78

4.6.2. Impact on Occupations:

Agro-based industries, irrespective of their nature and type,

brought about significant changes in the occupational pattern of the rural

population. The impact of these industries was the most pronounced on

the occupational positions of agricultural workers; and it was the least in

the case of agriculturists. Consequent on the setting up of agro-based

industries, there was an expansion in the range of occupations in rural

areas. This was so because of the entrepreneurship of agro-based

industrial units by rich agriculturists and because of the employment of

agricultural workers in unskilled jobs in agro-based industries.

The percentage of skilled workers in Cotton Textile industries was

much lower than that in the sugar industry. A large number of workers

were unskilled and were drawn exclusively from agricultural occupations,

whereas, in the sugar industry, the skilled and unskilled workers were in

equal proportions, the unskilled workers coming mainly from agricultural

occupations.

The employment in sugar industries resulted in a shift in

occupations they provided relatively greater permanent employment than

seasonal and casual employment. As opposed to this, there was

practically no shift in the occupation of workers employed in the cotton

textile industries. This was essentially due to seasonal employment in this

industry. The workers employed in this industry took up agro-based

79

industrial occupation only as a secondary occupation in addition to their

principal occupation (i.e., agricultural occupation).

4.6.3 Impact on Wages:

The development of agro-based industries in or around rural areas

substantially increased the wage rates for different agricultural

operations. The increase was more pronounced in the case of women and

child labourers than in that of men. Obviously, the wage differentials

were reduced among casual labourer’s men, women and children to a

large extent.

But wage differentials cropped up afresh in a new direction in rural

areas, i.e., between agricultural workers and agro-based industrial

workers.

Change in Wage rates of agricultural workers during 2006-07

and 2010-11 - Shows in table no. 4.7.

80

6.3.2 WAGES – Change in Wage rates of agricultural workers during 2006-07 and 2010-11 - Shows in table no. 4.7

Table No. 4.7

Average Daily and Annual Wage Rates of Agricultural Workers – Male-Female and Children in Different

Operations in Sample Villages (2006-07 to 2010-11)

Agricultural Daily wage work

Male Female Children

Year Ploughing

Sowing

weeding

and trans

plantation

Harvesting

and

threshing

All

agricultural

operations

Sowing

weeding

and trans

plantation

Harvesting

and

threshing

All

agricultural

operations

Sowing

weeding

and trans

plantation

Harvesting

and

threshing

All

agricultural

operations

Agricultural

annual

wage work

(per

annum)

Tending

cattle

(per

annum)

2006-

07

200 150 200 150 100 150 100 50 75 100 20000 2750

2010-

11

220 200 250 200 150 200 150 75 100 200 60000 10000

Source : Data collected through questionnaires.

81

The figures in Table No. 4.7 give an idea of the average daily wage

and annual wages of agricultural workers in Walwa Taluka during 2006-

07 and 2010-11.

For all agricultural operations, the wages of male workers-

increased from Rs.100 to 150 in 2010-11. The increase was from Re.

100.00 to Rs. 150.00 for women and from Re. 75 to Re. 100 for children,

the percentage increase being 25 in each of the two cases. The increase

was more pronounced among women and child workers than among male

workers. This indicates that the wage differentials went down

significantly among male, female and child workers.

In this village, the same wages were paid for different operations

for each of the categories of the workers who were-employed casually.

As for the wages of attached workers, while the wages of

agricultural annual wage workers increased from Rs. 20000 to Rs. 60000,

those of the workers engaged in tending cattle increased from Rs. 2750 to

Rs. 10000.

4.6.4 Impact on Income:

The impact of agro-based industries was significant on the income

levels of all categories of the rural population. The increase in incomes

was more spectacular in the households of agricultural workers and the

workers employed in agro-based industrial units themselves. The trend

82

therefore was towards a reduction in income disparities among the rural

households.

Even though the incomes went up substantially in all the industrial

places irrespective of the nature of the agro-based industry located

therein, the increase was relatively more pronounced in the villages

covered by the sugar and Cotton Textile industries a fact which may be

ascribed to the cultivation of sugarcane, an of shoot of the sugar industry.

In brief, the incomes of all the rural households, more particularly of

agricultural workers, increased irrespective of the nature of the agro-

based industry located in or around a rural area.

INCOMES – Changes in the Per Acre Incomes of Agriculturists in

sample Village between 2006-07 and 2010-11 shows in table no.4.8

Table No. 4.8

Changes in the Per Acre Incomes of Agriculturists in Sample Village

between 2006-07 and 2010-11

Size of the

land

holding (in

acres)

Number of

household

Average

number of

acres

cultivated per

house hold

Average in

come per

acre in

2006-07

Average in

come per acre

in

2010-11

Increase in

average in come

per acre by

2010-11 over

2006-07

Less than 5 16 3.66 18000 24000 6000 (33.33)

5-10 15 8.50 17500 22000 4500 (25.71)

10-15 12 12 15000 20000 5000 (33.33)

15-20 14 16 15500 20000 4500 (29.03)

20-25 9 21 14000 18000 4000 (28.57)

25-30 13 28.20 14000 19000 5000 (35.71)

Total 79 88.36 94000 1230000 29000 (38.85)

(Figures in brackets refer to the percentage increase in income over the

period.)

Source: Data collected through questionnaires.

83

Table No. 4.8 gives an idea of the changes in the per acre incomes

of agriculturists of between 2006-07 and 2010-11.

An analysis of the table reveals that the increase in the per acre

income was insignificant during the period covered by the study. By and

large, it was the same in the case of all the size holdings. While the size

holdings of 5 to 10 acres accounted for the lowest increase (i.e. 25.71 %),

the highest increase was observed in land-holdings of 25 to 30 acres

(35.71).

The percentage increase in the per capita, income of agricultural

workers' households has been shown in Table No. 4.9.

Table No. 4.9

Changes in the Per Capita Income of the Working

Population of Agricultural Workers' Households of sample Villages

between 2006-07 and 2010-11

Level of per capita income 2006-07 2010-11

Below 1000 8

(8.04) -

1000- 2000 23

(25.28)

7

(5.74)

2000-3000 26

(29.88)

17

(18.39)

3000-4000 28

(31.03)

20

(21.83)

4000-5000 7

(5.74)

24

(26.43)

5000 and Above - 25

(27.58)

Total 92

(100)

92

(100)

Source: Data collected through questionnaires. (Figures in brackets

refer to the percentage)

84

Table 4.9 shows that while there was not even a single household

earning more than 5000 per capita income during 2006-07. And there is

25 i.e. 27.58% household earning more than 5000 per capita income

during 2010-11. The income of 49 household i.e. 54.2% increased to

more than Rs.4000 by the year 2010-11. On the other hand the number of

households with income of less than Rs.4000 decreased 94.25% to

45.97% (85 to 44 household) during the period from 2006-07 to 2010-11.

The important point to be noted is that while the incomes of all the

households increased the households in the income groups of 1000-2000,

2000-3000 and 3000-4000 in 2006-07 registered a very sustained

increase.

4.7 Overall Impact of agro based industries

The findings of the present study throw light on how the rural agro-

based industries influenced the rural economy in particular and the

national economy in general. These agro-based industries, by raising the

income levels of the rural workers, brought about significant changes in

the standard of living and the social and cultural attitudes of the rural

population in general. Further, rural agro-based industries contributed to

the per capita income at the national level. The particular rural areas

investigated reflect a micro-level change in the economy,. whereas the

consequences of such changes covering a much broader area, say, the

85

whole state or nation, represent a macro-level transformation. To achieve

the predetermined objectives of the study, the provision data was

collected with a view to throw light upon the following important aspects.

4.7.1 Impact at the Micro Level

Consequent on the setting up of agro-based industries and the

cultivation of agro-based industrial crops, the structure of agricultural

output in the selected villages underwent a change. The growth in the

industrial and agricultural sectors in rural areas gave an impetus to the

growth of the tertiary sector, viz., banking, transport, communication,

hotel business, etc.

The setting up of agro-based industries resulted in the emergence

of growth centers of the selected places.

"Growth Centre" contains industrial activities having an

innovative and generative character and with defined tendencies towards

the multiplier effect. The economic activities at a growth centre are

endogenous and generate development impulses in an area. The industrial

activities can be resource-based or of an intermediate type or even

consumer type which can generate other secondary and tertiary activities

in the town and reinforce its growth potential. The growth centre will

have, in addition to the above, well developed services and administrative

functions. Growth center’s policy paves the way for planned urbanization

86

in the country and creates frontier check posts of migration from rural to

urban, settlements. Growth centre development through non-farm

activities-stimulates the growth of the primary sector, too.

The term "growth centre" refers to the rural area which has

acquired the status of a semi-urban or urban centre in terms of its

business and' employment potential and communication-cum-transport

facilities stimulated by the establishment of agro-based industries.

The development of the tertiary sector in the places where the

industrial units had been established provided further employment

opportunities for the rural population. It is no exaggeration to say that the

growth of agro-based industries generated employment opportunities for

the educated and skilled people in the secondary and tertiary sectors in

these rural areas. Employment opportunities were also created for the

unskilled workers in rural areas (i.e., agricultural workers) in the

agricultural sector consequent upon the cultivation of agro-industrial

crops.

The expansion of sugarcane cultivation encouraged the inter-state

and inter-district migration of the population. A number, of people

migrated from other States like Karnataka for jobs to these areas of

agricultural and industrial development. Even agricultural labourers

from neighboring districts migrated to the places where agro-based

industries were situated.

87

Agro-based industrial units have accentuated the development of

roads and communication facilities in the countryside. A majority of the

villages have been linked, by the construction of roads, with the places

where agro-based industrial units have been established. The

development of roads was necessitated by the need for transporting

agricultural raw materials (i.e., sugar-cane, grape and .maize in the

selected places) from the villages to the agro-based industrial units on the

one hand, and providing agricultural inputs to agriculturists in the villages

on the other. Moreover, the means of transport have changed. Farmers

have been increasingly replacing bullock carts with tractor trailers for the

transport of their agricultural output. Because of the improvement in

transport and communication, the rural people have had increasing access

to the growing towns.

By the operation of the demonstration effect, the affluent section of

the rural population has been switching over to a new way of life - "some

of the cultivators of agro-industrial crops in the villages have acquired

motor-cycles and Cars and frequently visit the nearby towns for shopping

and recreation. Many cultivators have constructed modern buildings in

their villages for residential purposes. These villagers have been sending,

and are aspiring to send, their children for higher education, especially for

college and university education.

88

The agricultural workers of the selected villages are able to find

employment almost throughout the year. The seasonal movement to other

places for employment has ceased after the setting up of agro-based

industries. They do not have to struggle any more for their minimum

requirements of life. Moreover, there has been a considerable change in

their way of life. Above all, they own consumer durables like Bikes, T.V.

and Cell Phone. Thus, there has been a great deal of improvement in the

standard of living of these agricultural workers.

4.7.2 Impact at the Macro Level

The establishment of agro-based industries was mainly based on

the availability of raw materials. These industries should, therefore, be set

up in rural areas where raw materials are available in plenty. Since the

rural folk form a major chunk' of the population, the employment

opportunities provided by agro-based industries are equally large in

proportion. This helps in the upliftment of the rural economy. In essence,

the setting up of agro-based industries in rural areas generates income and

thus improves the economic condition of the people which, in turn,

creates a potential demand for goods and services. This-demand may be

classified into three categories:

(i) The demand for non-food goods and services, which-would

increase as rural incomes increase.

89

(ii) The demand for inputs and services for agriculture

(including tools and equipment, repair services, transport,

processing, and supporting infrastructure and works), which

would increase with agricultural development.

(iii) The demand for manufactured goods.

Studies of household expenditure show that non-food items have

an increasing share in the budget of rural households as rural incomes

increase.

Likewise, the demand for non-food goods and services increases

when agricultural output increases. The demand stems from both

backward and forward linkages with agriculture. The former includes

demands for tools and equipment, repairs and supply services, buildings,

and works; the latter includes processing, transport and the marketing of

output.

Besides the markets generated by agricultural development,

external markets for manufactured goods and handicrafts from rural areas

can be a source of employment. An adequate rural infrastructure of fers

manufacturers ready access to the rural labour market, materials and

services. This indicates that agricultural development cannot be

considered in isolation; it requires continual improvement in

infrastructure. Moreover, it is a positive stimulus to the development of

agro-based industries .and of rural towns. Such towns form the natural

nodal points for the expansion of manufacturing activity. For this and

other reasons, it is important to consider the interaction between rural

development and the growth and role of rural towns, the latter being the

consequence of the development of agro-based industries in rural areas.

*******

90

CHAPTER - V

FINDINGS AND SUGGESTIONS

5.1 Introduction

This chapter concludes the research work by emphasizing some

important, observation and findings emerging from the study. The present

study was considered important to the researcher because till today

agricultural labour, agro- industrial labour are treated as unorganized and

weaker section of the society to achieve the predetermined objectives and

tested the hypothesis of the study, the primary and secondary data and

information was collected with a view to throw light upon the important

aspect of agro industrial sector. These aspects were relating to profile

of the study area, profile of cropping pattern. Agro industrial units

position, rural employment, rural occupation wage & income structure

and impact of Agro-industrial units on rural development.

On the basis of the analysis and interpretation of collected data and

information. Some important observation and findings are drawn and

important recommendations are made for consideration.

91

5.2 FINDINGS:

The summary of the major observations and findings of the study is

presented as follows:-

1. Comparing to other talukas in Sangli District the rain fall in Walwa

Taluka is satisfactory. So, its is considered as which is favourable for

sugarcane cultivation and horticultural activities.

2. It has been found that the geographical migration of the workers

seeking employment in agro-based industrial units was inter-state,

inter-district and intra-district in nature and that it was more

widespread among the workers of sugar industries. The Cotton

Textile industry was characterized by the inter-district and intra-

district mobility of the workers. One broad observation that has been

made is that there was a close relationship between the nature of the

agro-based industry and the type of geographical migration. The

sugar industries were on a different footing in view of the

sophisticated nature of their technology, which required skilled

technical personnel these industries had to draw their skilled

workers required from far of places, even beyond the state

boundaries, thus stimulating inter-state migration. It may therefore

be concluded that the nature of the industry exercised an enormous

influence on the nature of the migration; and this has been amply

92

demonstrated by the workers employed in the industries taken up for

study.

3. The sex composition of the male, female was 51.60% and 48.40% in

rural area respectively and in urban area 51.65 male and 48.35%

female.

4. It was observed that the farmers in the study area were changed

their cropping pattern as per the requirement of agro based

industries so cach crop were given much importance rather than

food grain crops. They started to cultivate Sugar cane, cotton oil

seeds, chili etc.

5. A great majority of the workers employed in agro-based industrial

units were drawn from the agricultural sector, particularly from the

wage-earning occupations. The local agricultural workers took up

most of the unskilled, semi-skilled and manual jobs in agro-based

industries.

6. The impact of the agro-based industry depended on the nature of

industrial units.

7. The shift in or increase in the number of occupations, depends

upon the nature of employment in agro-based industries.

8. The employment pattern of agro-based industries revealed' that the

employment opportunities created by these industries differed from

one industry to another, and depended on the nature of a particular

93

agro-based industry. While some industries provided substantial

permanent employment, some others created seasonal employment.

9. Employment in the sugar industries resulted in a shift in occupation

for they provided substantial permanent rather than seasonal and

casual employment.

10. Consequent on the setting up of agro-based industries and the

cultivation of agro-based industrial crops, the structure of

agricultural output in the selected villages had undergone a change.

The growth of agricultural and industrial sectors in rural areas

paved the way for the growth of the tertiary sector.

11. The sugarcane production has exceeded the target in the last three

years of the Eleventh Plan. Increased prices over and above the

statutory minimum price of fered by the State Government have

contributed to the expansion of the area under sugarcane

production. A number of sugar factories have been established in

both the traditional and non-traditional areas.

12. The cropping pattern may be in accordance with the soil and water

requirements of the area. Crops standing longer on the land and

needs more water could be easily substituted by leguminous crops

and soyabeans etc. which are ready within shorter span. But it was

not observed in study area due to agro based industries.

94

13. The minimum wages in agriculture labourers are not revised

periodically. In Walwa taluka the minimum wages are not revised

by any reasons.

14. An analysis of the study reveals that permanent employment in the

the sugar factory with was 896 (39.60%) and in Textile industry

Permant Employee was 277(73.47%).

15. The seasonal-permanent employment is the highest in the sugar

factory i.e. 1137 (50.24%).

16. As regards casual employment, it is extensive in the Cotton Textile

industry, accounting for 26.52% of the total employment. Next in

order is the sugar factory, which accounted for 10.16% of the total

employment of the sugar factory.

17. In respect of the type of workers employed, unskilled workers

constituted 42.11% of the total workers in the sugar factory and

41.78%, cotton textile industry. On the other hand, skilled workers

accounted for an almost 37.56% share in the sugar factory,

followed by 34.73% in cotton textile industry.

18. Another important change that may be noticed from the cropping

pattern during the period was the increase in the acreage under the

cultivation of Sugarcane, cotton.

19. The relationship between the agro-based industry and the cropping

pattern is different from industry to industry. The changes in the

95

cropping pattern and the setting up of agro-based industries go

hand in hand. In this way, the setting up of agro-based industrial

units is not always the single most important factor that brings

about changes in the cropping pattern, but may be the consequence

of irrigation.

20. The setting up of agro-based industries in or around rural areas

influenced the wage levels and occupational structure of the

workers in rural areas. This was true for all the ten selected villages

irrespective of the nature of the agro-based industry situated in

each one of them. The increase in wages had been more

pronounced in the case of women and children than in that of male

workers. In other words, the decrease in the wage differentials

among male, female and child workers was spectacular in the

agricultural sector during the period of the study.

21. For agricultural annual wage workers, the increase in wages was

more substantial in the villages covered by assured agro-based

industries than in the villages covered only by the agro-based

industry.

22. A comparison of the wages of agricultural workers from the

selected villages with the wages of unskilled workers employed in

agro-based industries shows that the wages of unskilled workers,

which were the lowest in agro-based industries, were perceptibly

96

higher than the highest wages in agriculture. Further, the present

high wages in agriculture might have been an of shoot of the

setting up of agro-based industries, without which they would have

been lower. The impact of agro-based industries on the rural wage

structure was two-fold—direct and indirect. First, the agro-based

industries employed agricultural workers for their unskilled

operations and were paying much higher wages than the wages

paid in agriculture. This was the direct impact on the wage levels

of agricultural workers and their earning capacity. Secondly, the

agro-based industries generated a pressure of demand for agri-

cultural workers, for they created additional employment in the

farm sector by the cultivation of agro-based industrial crops on the

one hand, and drew a considerable number of workers from the

existing agricultural labour force of the villages on the other. As

equal to this was a substantial increase in the wage rates for

agricultural operations.

23. The increase in income was relatively more pronounced in the

villages covered by the sugar and cotton textile industries; and this

can be ascribed to the cultivation of sugarcane, which was an of

shoot of the operations of the sugar industry. It was less in the

villages covered by the other industries.

97

24. It has been revealed by the present study that the average level of

employment is quite high in the irrigated villages. The farmers and

agricultural labourers without land are working larger number of

days than the agricultural labourers with land.

25. The “harvesting and threshing” operation was the highest paid in

both the years (i.e. 2006-07 and 2011-12) in the villages having

agro-based industries. “Ploughing” took the next position and

“sowing, weeding and transplantation” were the lowest paid types

of work.

26. The impact of agro-based industries on the incomes of

agriculturists is determined by the nature of the crop linked to the

agro-based industry. Since the cultivation of an agro-based

industrial crop involved risk and a substantial capital investment,

the farmers either made enormous profit or incurred losses,

depending upon different factors natural, marketing, governmental

policy of pricing agricultural produce.

27. An important finding has been that the role of agro-based

industries was very significant in increasing the incomes of the

households of the workers employed in agro-based industries.

More significant is the fact that the households of lower income

groups benefited much, and that almost all the households were

elevated to higher income groups. These households benefited by

98

direct employment in the agro-based industrial units. Thus, the

tendency had been towards a reduction in income disparities

among the rural households, which is a healthy sign of prosperity.

28. The employment pattern of agro-based industries reveals-that the

employment opportunities created by these industries differ from

one industry to another, depending on the nature of the agro-based

industry.

29. Agro-based industries, irrespective of their nature and type,

brought about significant changes in the occupational pattern of the

rural population. The impact of these industries was the most

pronounced on the occupational positions of agricultural workers;

and it was the least in the case of agriculturists. Consequent on the

setting up of agro-based industries, there was an expansion in the

range of occupations in rural areas.

30. The impact of agro-based industries was significant on the income

levels of all categories of the rural population. The increase in

incomes was more spectacular in the households of agricultural

workers and the workers employed in agro-based industrial units

themselves.

31. Consequent on the setting up of agro-based industries and the

cultivation of agro-based industrial crops, the structure of

agricultural output in the selected villages underwent a change. The

growth in the industrial and agricultural sectors in rural areas gave

an impetus to the growth of the tertiary sector, viz., banking,

transport, communication, hotel business etc.

99

5.3 SUGGESTIONS:

It is observed that, there are a number of possible measures which

can improve and develop the position of agro industrial units related

aspects the agro-industrial units. Development of rural economy and

potential employment of occupational opportunity and to add to their

welfare substantially As revealed by the study, the following are the areas

in which special remedial measures are immediately required.

1. Most of the recent studies on agricultural labour including the present

study have concluded that introduction of new technology in

agriculture has increased employment and wages of agricultural

labourers.

A number of other studies have come to the conclusion that more

innovations occur in already labour shortage areas. The more

imperfections in the inter regional labour markets, and the

concentration of labour requirements in the periods of peak demand

the more mechanization will occur. According to these studies, the

introduction of new input increases the demand for agricultural labour

at peak seasons. The result is an increase in wages during those

periods; and this increase can be considerable if there is an effective

organization of labour. The trouble and disputes become more

frequent among farmers and agricultural labourers. Under these

circumstances, the large farmers go for labour saving machines. The

100

employment effects of mechanization will differ in the short and in the

long run one must be aware of this destination. In the initial stage

mechanization will lead to an increase in the demand for agricultural

labourers as there is an increase in the intensity of cultivation. But

when there is complete mechanization this trend will be reversed.

2. On the other hand, in irrigated villages in Walwa taluka availability of

irrigation, adoption of new technology and higher intensity of land use

have contributed to a higher level of employment. Both Male and

female farmers and agricultural labourers work for a larger number of

days in crop production. In the non irrigated villages measures should

be undertaken by the government to develop dry land farming,

watershed development and soil conservation. The employment of

female agricultural labourers was very low in the irrigated villages as

well as in non irrigated villages. Female labourers will have to be

provided more employment in agricultural and other subsidiary

occupations. The farmers and agricultural labourers have both in

irrigated and non irrigated villages have very little non agricultural

wage employment in the area under study.

3. The Government till today unfortunately gave a secondary place to the

generation of additional wage employment in the rural area. The

National Rural Employment Programme is designed to provide

supplementary employment to the rural poor farmers and agricultural

101

labourers during the periods of seasonal unemployment. The total

outlay on N.R.E.P. was much lower than on Integrated Rural

Development Programme in the all five year plans. The tenth five year

plan allocated Rs. 1600 cores for N.R.E.P. while for I.R.D.P. the total

estimated expenditure was Rs. 4500 cores in the State.

4. To test the difference between the level of employment and income of

workers with land and without land. It was found that the difference

in the level of employment and income is found to be significant with

respect to farmers and agricultural labourers with land as well as

without land in both the irrigated and non irrigated selected sample

villages. This may largely be due to the fact the agricultural labourers

without land work for a large number of days than the farmers and

agricultural labourers with land but earn less income as compared to

the agricultural labourers with land. This is true in both types of

villages with and without irrigation facilities.

The farmers and agricultural labourers with land have a higher

level of income though they work for a less number of days. Therefore

only increasing the number of days of employment is not going to

improve the income of the rural farmers and agricultural labourers.

There is a case for redistribution of land in favour of landless

agricultural labourers. This will substantially increase their per capita

102

income and thereby improve the living conditions of the farmers and

landless agricultural labourers in the area under study.

5. It was revealed by the present study that the average wages paid to

agricultural labourers are quite low. The wage paid to female

agricultural labourers is lower than the wage paid to male agricultural

labourers. The wages in non irrigated villages are lower than the

wages in the irrigated villages. In irrigated villages on an average Rs.

70 to 80 per day wage is paid to male agricultural labour while female

agricultural labourers are paid Rs. 50 to 60 per day but in the non

irrigated villages male agricultural labourers are paid Rs. 50 to 60 and

female labourer is paid Rs. 30 to 40 only.

The minimum wages of agricultural labourers were revised in 1995

by Government of Maharashtra. The wage revision has been made

several times in Karnataka State The agricultural wage rate

recommended during 1999 and onwards was ranged between Rs. 100

to 125 per day. There is no effective implementation of the policy of

minimum wages in Maharashtra State because of non unionization of

agricultural labourers. There is no machinery to implement minimum

wages to agricultural labourers in rural areas.

The minimum wages of agricultural labourers should be subject to

revision with increase in the cost of living. Then only it can strengthen

the bargaining power of the farmers and agricultural labourers with the

103

employer. The outcome of such bargaining power will be determined

by factors like aggregate demand for agricultural labour, strength of

the organization of agricultural labourers and the extent of

intervention by the state government through its employment

programme and policies.

6. The minimum agricultural wages fixed should be implemented

effectively. The task of enforcing Minimum Wages Act through

legislation in thousands of villages is a gigantic problem. The co-

operation of the employers and agricultural labourers is essential. The

agricultural labour market is complicated by its heterogeneity of both

labourers and their employers and the local nature of the market.

There are farmers similar in socio economic status compared to the

agricultural labourers. They also need to be covered by the Minimum

Wages Act.

The effective implementation of the Minimum Wages Act needs

some degree of selectivity in the choice of the area of enforcement.

Those low wage areas or the backward non irrigated area where

farmers and agricultural labourers suffer from low socio economic

status must receive top priority. The state Government should set up a

squad group at the state level for consistent vigilance and supervision

over the implementation of the Minimum Wages Act. The

implementation of the Minimum Wages Act may work through the

104

committee of villages Panchayats. The objective of the Committee

would be to persuade the employers to enter into a broad

understanding regarding the level of wages. The functioning of this

Village Panchyat Committee needs to be supervised and guided by a

Watch Dog Committee at the state level. The State Committee should

lay down the working procedures and function as an appellate body to

look into the grievances arising out of the non implementation of

Minimum Wages Act. It is also necessary to strengthen the of ficial

machinery for inspection, conciliation and enforcement. The recent

Amendments to the Minimum Wages Act in Kerala and Maharashtra

are model to other states for implementation.

7. The long term solution to the problem of rural farmers and agricultural

labourers will depend upon their effective unionization. This is

primarily the field for local leaders, voluntary agencies and the left

parties. In Kerala and West Bengal, the Communist Party of India (M)

and its Kisan Sabha are responsible for the unionization of farmers

and agricultural labourers. The State Government can play the

supporting role in the organization of farmers and agricultural

labourers. The process of unionization will support policies relating to

programmes for social rehabilitation of farmers and agricultural

labourers and prevention of premature and unregulated farm

mechanization for enforcement of regulated wages.

105

8. No doubt the public sector programmes like N.R.E.P., R.L.E.G.P.

and IRDP are important but are not enough. There is a great scope

for greater employment generation in the agricultural sector. The

studies on large scale irrigation have shown that the present use of

irrigation water is not generating the maximum income per unit of

water. Appropriate policies must be prepared for increasing

cropping intensity which can greatly increase the employment and

the income of farmers and agricultural labourers. The policies and

the measures to bring about consolidation of land holdings improve

the prospect of greater employment in agriculture.

9. The provision of house sites and the improvements for houses of

farmers and agricultural labourers should also include provision of

sheds for subsidiary occupations. The mass construction of houses

would act as catalytic agent in generating more employment and

income for farmers and agricultural labourers. The construction of

houses and provision of house sites to farmers and agricultural

labourers should be taken up on top priority basis. The houses

constructed under the scheme of Indira Awas Yojana,

Dr.Ambedkar Housing Yojana and the construction of houses

under the Janata Housing Scheme for the poor should not be

entrusted to the contractors. The beneficiaries must be directly

given the materials and finance to construct their houses. The

106

money for house construction can be released in installments

directly to the beneficiaries so that the misuse of funds can be

prevented.

On the one hand the Government has initiated a number of

special employment programmes for creating greater wage

employment for the rural farmers and agricultural labour. But on

the other hand, policies leading to drastic reduction in employment

in the farm sector are being promoted. For example the National

Bank for Agricultural and Rural Development has decided to

permit refinancing of loans for combine harvesters at concessional

rate of interest. The using of combine harvester and mechanical

there shares will reduce employment considerably in harvesting

operations which provide the largest number of man days of

employment to farmers and agricultural labourers. This is not the

right time to introduce combine harvesters and mechanical there

shares in the country. Only the selective mechanization namely

tractorisation, which replaces bullock power can be advocated.

10. The rural labour problem is a great problem. It is a genetic task. A

multi purposed strategy should be adopted to solve the problems of

poverty, unemployment disguised unemployment, health housing

and standard of living of farmers and agricultural labourers. The

strategy includes the Guarantee of Employment under the policy of

107

National Rural Employment Guarantee Programme or Rural

Landless Labour Employment Guarantee Programme. The basic

minimum wage linked to cost of living index, unionization of the

rural farmers and agricultural labourers has the provision of low

cost housing and strengthening the public distribution system to

enable the farmers and agricultural labourers as to procure the

essential commodities at reasonable prices in the village itself.

Unless guaranteed employment is provided, there is no point in

fixing and implementing the Minimum Wages Act to agricultural

labourers. The employment programmes should be planned

realistically and should be taken up on a continuous basis without

affecting the normal agricultural work. The Idle farmers and

agricultural labour should be mobilized for bounding works, canal

construction, making roads minor irrigation and social forestry etc.

The farmers the agricultural labourers who are enterprising and

skilled can take to subsidiary occupations like dairy, poultry and

other agro business for their rapid economic development.

11. It was observed that the number of farmers and agricultural

labourers is increasing rapidly. There are 219381 farmers and

agricultural labourers in 1991. The number increased to 366259 in

2001. The Government and District administration has look into

the problems of farmers and agricultural labourers so that their

108

number can not further increased. If the government can not

control it carefully. It will create a class of farmers and agricultural

labourers, which class has to face many social, economic and

political problems in future.

12. The education of farmers and agricultural labourers increased to

some extent in study areas. There are some farmers and agricultural

labourers who are H.S.C. passed. They also educated their sons and

daughters. Now at present many sons and daughters of farmers and

agricultural labourers are working in state Government and Central

Government Departments. This is because of wide spread of

education and new education policy of Government of India and

Govt. of Maharashtra.

13. The rapid development of transport and communication has

changed the life style of farmers and agricultural labourers in

Walwa taluka. The some farmers and agricultural labourers have

BSNL landline phone connections, still some have mobile phones.

In irrigated villages farmers and agricultural labourers have two

wheelers. In irrigated villages the agricultural wages are high so the

agricultural labour economic condition is satisfactory. It helps them

to increase their income and standard of living. They are enjoying

with all necessaries of life.

109

14. There is a acute shortage of market places / centers and proper

transportation and storage service to store the production of Agro

based industrial products. In case of Agalgaon grape processing

units. All farmers in Agalgaon and sourrounding villages not

having their own storage facilities. They are supposed to store their

resign product in the cold storages of others with hire charges. So

the Government should provide them finance to cold storage at a

subsidised rate of interest. The market are also not available to get

fair prices the product so proper fair price markets should be

developed at taluka and village level.

15. Implementation of Bonus act the is not observed by all Agro-based

industrial units owners. Sugur Factory only gives bonus to all its

workers as per Bonus Act. The other agro-based industries are not

giving Bonus regularly to workers even though earns prof it

regularly. The Government should order the agro-based industrial

units to distribute bonus to its all workers.

16. The working hours in all agro-based industries are more than 12

Hours. The overtime payment is not given to workers. Holidays are

not allowed in some industrial units in the study area. They always

insist all no work no pay norms. So all factories and industrial units

110

are forced to give bonus and holidays to workers and overtime

payment for the excess work.

17. Lack of health and hygiene facilities on the campus of the factory

site. Except the Mahankali Sugar Factory all other agro-based

industries are not providing health and hygiene facilities to workers

at the factory site. In other words none of the agro-based industrial

units in the study area have their own hospitals for workers health.

The factory should be compelled to provide medical and hygienic

facilities to the workers.

18. Pensions are not given to retired workers. The retired workers of

Mahankali Sugar Factory are only given pension to retired workers.

All other agro-based industries are not giving pensions to retired

workers. The State Government should insist all the agro-based

industries to provide pension to retired workers of the factory.

19. Educational facility to workers and their children should be

provided by the agro-based industrial workers. All agro-based

industries in the study area should start their educational

institutions for the education to workers and their children’s.

Education is the fundamental right of the every children. The

Government should provided to some finance to agro-based

111

industries units to start schools on the factory site or in the near by

villages.

20. All factories should appoint social welfare of ficers for the welfare

of the workers.

21. The provision of residential facilities to workers. None of the

factory in the study area provides housing facilities at the factory

site. The most of the workers are living outside factory are and they

are coming to factory on their own vehicles. The agro-based

industries should provide residential and transportation facilities to

workers to come to factory for work in time and regular.

*******

112

BIBLIOGRAPHY

I. BOOKS

1. Agrawal A. A. (1991), Indian Economics Informatiom, Delhi:

National Publication House.

2. Agrawal A. A. (1976), Sugar Industry in India, Bombay:

Popular Prakation.

3. Angus Deaton (2001), The world Band Research Observe,

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5. Arora R. C. (1976), Integrated Rural Development, New

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7. Baur P.T. and Yamay B.S. (1957), The Economics of

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9. Bhattacharya S. N. (1980), Rural Industrialization in India,

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12. Dandekar.V.M. and Rath. W. (1992), “Bharat Mein Garibi”,

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13. Dastane Santosh (2011), Maharashtra 2011, Pune : Dastane,

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14. Datt R. D. Sundaram KPM (2008), Indian Economy, New

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15. Depika M. G. and S. Rajagopaln (2005), ‘Corporate

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16. Desai S. S. M. (Nov.2001), Agriculture and Rural Banking,

New Delhi: Himalay Publication.

17. Desai Vasant, Rural Develipment, Vol. I to VI, Bombay:

Himalaya Publication House.

18. Desai Vasant (2001), Small Scale Industries and

Enterpreneurship, Mumbai: Himalaya Publication House.

19. Dewet K. K., Varma J. D. & Sharma M. C. (1990), Indian

Economics, New Delhi: S. C. Chand & Company.

20. Dr. Pagar Sudhakar K. (2007), Impact of Sugar Co-

operative Industry on Rural Development, Kanpur:

Chandralok Prakashan.

21. Dr. Sinha K. P. (2009), Agribusiness Management, New

Delhi: A. K. Publication.

22. Gadgil D. R., Sagar Cooperatives in Maharashtra, New Delhi:

National Federation of Sugar Factories Ltd.

23. Garry. S. (1983), “Poverty Inequality and Development”,

Cambridge University Press London, P-138.

24. Haan H.H. (1988), Alternatives in Industries Development

Sugar Cane Processing in India, New Delhi: Sage Publication.

25. Inamdar N. K. (1965), Government and Cooperatives Sugar

Factories, Bombay: Popular Prakashan.

114

26. Jadhav M. G. (1984), Sugar Cane Cultivation – A Regional

Survey, Bombay: Himalaya Publication House.

27. Jalan Bimal (2004), Indian Economy, New Delhi: Panguin

Books India Pvt. Ltd.

28. Jha Shailendra (1990), Agriculture Labour, New Delhi: Deep

and Deep Publication.

29. Joshi B. M. (1990), Infrastructure and Economic Development

in India, New Delhi: Ashish Publishing House.

30. Kamat G.S. (1928), Management of Cooperative Sugar

Factories in Maharashtra, Maharashtra Rajya Sahakari Sangh.

31. Kharche R. M. (1979), Management of Sugar Cane

Development in Cooperatives Sugar Industry, Maharashtra

Rajya Sahakari Sangh, Pune.

32. Malyadri V. (1974), Socio – Economics Impact of the Sugar

Cooperative, Bombay: Commerce Prakashan.

33. Manonmoney N. & Selvaraj G. C. (2007), Economics of

Proper Industry in India, Ambala Cantt (India) : The

Associated Publishers.

34. Memoria C.B. (2008), Agricultural Problems of India, New

Delhi: Himalaya Publishing House.

35. Misra B. (1990), Agriculture Development (Problems and

Procpects), New Delhi: Ashish Publication House.

36. Misra S. K. (1995), Agro-based industrial development in

India, Mumbai: Himalaya Publication House.

37. Mohite Y. J. (1974), Sugar Cane Industry of Maharashtra,

Government of Maharashtra, Bombay.

38. Mustafa M. (1990), Labour Problems and Welfare – A Study

of Sugar Industry, New Delhi: Deep & Deep Publication.

115

39. Nakkiran S. (June 1972), “Agro Industries in Indian

Economy”, Khadi-Gramodyog, Vol. – 18, No.3.

40. Dr.Natrajan T. (2011), “Organic farming for Business”, Delhi

: Swastik Publication.

41. NIIR Board (1998), Hand Book on Agro Based Industries,

ISBN: 8186623124, Publisher : National Institute of Industrial

Research.

42. Pathak Becheha (2007), Indistrial Policy of India, New Delhi:

Deep & Deep Publication.

43. Prasad C. S. (2006), Sixty years of Indian Agricultural 1947 to

2007, New Delhi : New Century Publication.

44. Prof. Agrawal A. N. (Nov.2001), Indian Economy, New

Delhi: Himalay Publication.

45. Puri S.K. and Puri V.K. (2007), “Indian Economy”, New

Delhi: Himalaya Publishing House.

46. Dr.Rajagopal (1990), ‘Agri-business and Entrepreneurship’,

New Delhi: Amol Publications.

47. Raw B.V. (1988), Social economic change, New Delhi:

Himalay Publication.

48. Rawat D. S. (1989), District Planning for Industrial

Development, New Delhi: Commanwealth Publication.

49. Research References, Pains Division, India-2010, New Delhi:

Ministry of Information and Broad Costing.

50. See: James E Austin (1981), Agro-industrial Project Analysis,

London: John Hopkins University Press.

51. Sharma Somnath (1972), Socio – Economic Study of Agro-

Industries, New Delhi : Mittal Publication.

52. Dr. Sinha K. P. (2009), ‘Agribusiness Management’, New

Delhi : A. K. Publications.

116

53 Srivastav S. B. and Agrawal V. K. (2001), Agro based

Industries and pesticides formulations, Mumbai : Himalaya

Publication House.

54. Sundaram K.P.M. (2009), Indian Economy, Mumbai :

Himalaya Publishing House.

55. Tacke E. F. (1963), The World of Sugar Economy-Structure

and Policies, Vol.II, Published by Interntional Sugar Council.

56. Thakur Devendra (1995), Trends in Agro Industrial Sector,

Mumbai: Himalaya Publication House.

57. Vainkaiah (1996), Agro base industry and rural development,

Mumbai: Himalaya Publication House.

58. Varma S. B., Jiloka S. K. (2006), Rural Agricultural and

Marketing, New Delhi: Deep and Deep Publication Pvt. Ltd.

59. Venkaish V. (1987), Impact of Agro-based Industries on Rural

Development, Bombay: Himalaya Publishing House.

60. Vrma S.B., Singh U. P., Jiloka S. K. (2006), ‘Rural

Development Reforms’, New Delhi: Deep and Deep

Publications Pvt. Ltd..

117

II. REPORTS

1 11th five year plan – planning commission report 2010.

2 A Pamphlet Published by the VDPSSK Ltd., Sangli in 2001-02.

3 A Silver Jubilee Souvenir, Vasant Dada Sugar Institute (1975-2000),

Published by the Vasant Dada Sugar Institute in 2000.

4 Annual Convention Part 11997, Published by the Deccan Sugar

Technologist, Association India, Shivaji Nagar, Pune.

5 Annual Report 2009-10, Maharashtra Rajya Sahakari Sakhar

Karkhana Sangh, Bombay.

6 Annual Report of the National Fedration of Cooperative Sugar

Factories Ltd.New Delhi, For the year 2001-2010.

7 Annual Report of Rajarambapu Patil Co-operative Sugar Factory

Sakharale, Cotton Textile Industry, Islampur.

8 Bardhan Pranab “Rural Employment, Wages and Labour Markets in

India: A Survey of Report, Economic and Political Weekly, June 25,

July 2 and 9, 1975.

9 Cooperative Sugar Factories in Maharashtra: in Difficulty, Published

by the Chairman, Cooperative Sugar Factories Committee,

Government of Maharashtra, 1997.

10 Economic Survey of Maharashtra -2006-07 to 2011-12.

11 Government of India, “Report of the National Commission on

Agriculture” (Part XV), Agrarian Reforms, Ministry of Agriculture

and Irrigation, New Delhi, 1976.

12 Government of India, Report of the National Commission on

Agriculture” (Part XV), Agrarian Reforms, Ministry of Agriculture

and Irrigation, New Delhi, 1976.

13 James Brown “ Improving Agro-industries in developing countries

finance and development report- 1986.

118

14 Performance of Sugar Factories in Maharashtra Season 2001 to 2010-

11, Complited by Vasant Dada Sugar –Institute, Manjuari, Dist –

Pune.

15 Report of Sugar Industry Inquiry Commission, Government of India,

Directorate of Sugar Cane Development, New Delhi – 1974.

16 Sangli District at Glance 2006 to 2012.

17 Taluka Panchayat, Walwa Report – 2006-07 to 2011-12.

18 Village Accountant Reports of sample village from 2006-07 to 2011-

12.

19 Sangli District Industrial Board Report Published in 2006-07

20 Various Report of Maharashtra, Agro-based Industries Corporation.

III. ARTICLES –

1 Acharya S. - “Agricultural Wages In India: A Disaggregated

Analysis, Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics”, Vol. No. II,

April 1989.

2 Galenson N, “Economic Growth, Income and Employment”, paper

presented at the conference on Poverty and Development in Latin

America, Yale University. 1977.

3 Griffin, K. “Increasing poverty and changing Ideas about Developing

Strategies” paper presented at the Conference on Distribution,

Poverty and Development, Bogota, 1977.

4 Hinge BJ & Patil T. Y. – The Impact of Agro Industry on the

cultivators in the Sangli Region of Maharashtra Indian Journal of

Agricultural Economics Vol – 27, October – December 1971.

5 Kakwani.N.and Subbarao .K., “Rural Poverty and its alleviation in

India”, Economic and Political weekl, March 1990.

6 Khadi Gramodyog “Role of Agro-industries in agricultural economy

119

by J. A.Khan Feb. 1997.

7 NSS 50th Round and WSS 55th Round as quoted By Sundaram K.

In Employment and Poverty in 1990s. Economic and Political

Weekly, Vol.No. XXXVI, 32, August, 11-17, 2001.

8 Shrivastava S. C., "Sugar and Allied Industry in the Post

Independence Economic Development of the Country."

9 Sinha K.K., “The Poverty Concept”, Indian Economic Journal, Vol.

II, Conference, Issur, IEA, Bombay, 1977.

10 Tenduldar.S and Jain.L.R. , “Economic Reforms and Poverty”,

Economic and Political Weekly, June 1995.

IV. JOURNALS, PERIDOCALS & MAGAZINES -

1 Agricultural Economics, The ICFAI University Press, Journal 2007

to 2012.

2 ARTHA SANVAD, MARATHI ARTHASHASTRA PARISHAD,

2007 to 2012.

3 Business India, The Magzin of the Corporate World, Mumbai 2007

to 2012.

4 Entrepreneurship Development, The ICFAI University Press,

Journal 2007 to 2012.

5 Indian Co-operative Review, National Co-operative Union of India,

New Delhi - 2007 to 2012.

6 Maharashtra Co-operative Quarterly, Maharashtra Rajya Sahakari

Sangh, Pune – 2006-07 to 2011 to 2012.

7 Monetary Economics, The ICFAI University Press, Journal 2010 to

2012.

8 Sahakari Maharashtra, Maharashtra Rajya Sahakari Sangh, Pune -

2010 to 2012.

9 Sourthen Economist Published by Bangalore - 2006-07 to 2011 to

2012.

120

V. WEBSITES

1 www.mahaagri.gov.in

2 www.agriculturalproductsindia.com

3 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_India

4 http://www.midcindia.org/Lists/Policies%20Circulars%20and%20N

otification/Attachments/5/GrapesProcessingIndustryPolicy,2001.pdf

5 http://agro.indiamart.com/agro-industry-overview/

6 http://assamagribusiness.nic.in/agriclinics/Managing%20and%20

Developing.pdf

******

121

TITLE OF RESEARCH WORK – IMPACT OF AGRO-BASED

INDUSTRIES ON RURAL ECONOMY

Questionnaire to the Agriculturists

Name of the respondent : …………………………...……………

Name of the village : …………………………………………

Other Occupations : …………………………………………

1. How many acres of land do you own?

A) In this village:………… B) In the neighboring village :…….…..…

2. What is the total area cultivated by you?………………………………

3. What is the cropping pattern of your cultivated land during the year

2006-07 to 2010-11 ?

Particulars

1st Crop 2

nd Crop

Sugar-

Cane Grapes Maize

Groundnut/

Bajara Total

Sugar

Cane Grapes Maize

Wheat/

Jawar Total

4. What was the cropping pattern immediately before in sugar factory or

any other Agro- based industry was set up?

1st Crop 2

nd Crop

Sugar-

Cane Grapes Maize

Groundnut/

Bajara Total Sugar Grapes Maize

wheat/

jawar Total

122

5. What was the cropping pattern before irrigation facility is provided.

1st Crop 2

nd Crop

Sugar-

cane Grapes Maize

Groundnut/

Bajara Total Sugar Grapes Maize

Wheat/

Jawar Total

6. What are the factors that influenced you to produce sugarcane?

A) Income from the corn B) Setting up of nearness to the Sugar factory

C) Irrigation facility D) Encouragement by the to the factory

7. The costs of cultivating different crops per acre.

Sr. No Particulars

Name of the Crops

Sugar –

Cane Grapes Maize

Wheat/

Jawar

Groundnut/

Bajara

A Preparing the ground

1.Tractor plough

2.Labour cost

B Sowing

1.Cost of seed

2.labour cost

C Irrigation

1.Water cess

2.labour cost

D Application of fertilizers,

manures and insecticides:

1.Fertiliser cost

2.Manures

3.Insecticides

4.Labour cost

E Cost of weeding operations

1.Labour cost

F Cost of bunching operations

1.Labour cost

123

G Cutting operations

1.Labour cost

H Harvestion operations

1.Labour cost

I Any other cost (specify)

Total in Rupees

8. Income and Expenditure Statement of Different Crops

Sr.

No

Name of the

crop

Yield per

acre units

Price per

one unit Rs.

Revenue

from one

acre Rs

Cost per

one acre

Net income

from on

acre

1

2

3

4

9. What is the crop subsequent to Sugar-cane?

10. What is the income from such crop from an acre of land?

11. What is the net income of the following crops on one acre of

cultivation?

A) Sugar-Cane B) Cotton

C) Corn D) Jowar /Wheat

12. Are you able to get laborers for?

A) Daily wage farm work (for weeding, cutting, harvestion

operations etc)

B) Annual Farm work (Cultivating the land)

C) Seasonal farm work

D) Tending cattle (Annual)

E) Household work on annual basis

124

13. The particulars of wages paid to the different workers in different

years.

Sr.

No Class of works

2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11

M F M F M F M F M F

1 Daily wage farm work

(for weeding, cutting,

harvesting operations etc)

2 Annual farm work

3 Seasonal farm work

4 Trading cattle

5 Household work on annual

basis

14. Do you find any change in the attitude of agricultural workers? Yes/No

15. Do you propose to change the cropping pattern? Yes/No

16. If so, what are the changes that you propose to have?

……………………………………………………..………………………

17. Particulars of the household:

A) Annual Income in Yes/No

B) Whether any Land is acquired or building or cattle shed

constructed. If so, value of each item. Yes/No

C) Do you own any vehicle? Yes/No

D) Is your house electrified? Yes/No

18. Mention the overall impact of agro-based industries on your village in

the Following aspects (specify):

A) Educational institutions and development.

B) Primary Health Centers and setting up of dispensaries.

C) Rural roads D) Co-operative farming association

E) Association of sugarcane growers for the purpose of price

fixation and such other related problems.

F) Any other development.

Signature of Agriculturists

******

125

TITLE OF RESEARCH WORK – IMPACT OF AGRO-BASED

INDUSTRIES ON RURAL ECONOMY

Questionnaire to the Agricultural Workers

Name of the village : .……………………………...…………

Name of the respondent : .………………………………...………

1. A) what is your main occupation? …………………..………….………

B) How much income do you earn from this occupation per annum?

……………………………………………………………………….

2. The particulars of your family members:

Sr. No. Members M/F Age

1

2

3

3.The Particulars regarding the earning members of family at present:

Sr. No. Members Occupation Wage

1

2

3

4. The particulars of your family members employed in agro-gassed

industrial units:

Sr.

No Members

Name of the

industrial unit

Place of the

unit

Distance

the unit

Wages

and

salaries

1

2

3

4

126

5. Are you a native of this village? Yes/No

6. If not, where do you come from?

Village : , Taluka : ,

District : , State : Distance :

7. When do you come here?

A) Before 2 years B) Before 5 years

C) Before 10 years D) Before 15 years

E) Before 20 years

8. Are you settled here permanently? Yes/No

9. If not, when do you go back to your village? .…………………………

10. A) What was the main occupation before the agro based industrial

units were started? ..…………………………………...…………

B) Give the details of income from the main occupation?……………

C) What was the subsidiary occupation of the members of your

family before the agro-based industrial units were started?

………………………………………………………………………

D) What was the income from such occupation?……...………………

11. Please give the particulars of land cultivated by you

Particulars Before

irrigation

Before agro-based

industrial units Now

Number of acres owned

Number of acres

cultivable

Total value of land

Net annual income

127

12. The particulars of other assets owned by you

Name of Asset Before irrigation

Value M. income

Before agro-based

industrial units

Value M. income

Now Value M.

income

1. Livestock

i) Farming cattle

(including

equipment)

ii) Milch cattle

iii) Sheep

iv) Any other

(specify)

2.Poultry (local)

3.House

4.Any other

13. The wages paid for different types of work

Type of work Before

irrigation

Before agro based

industries Now

1.Annual farm work

2.Tending cattle

3.Daily farm work

i) Males

ii) Females

iii) Children

14. What is the total income of your family earned in the form of

agricultural wages in year? ….………………………………………

Signature of Agricultural Workers

******

128

TITLE OF RESEARCH WORK – IMPACT OF AGRO-BASED

INDUSTRIES ON RURAL ECONOMY

(I) QUESTIONNAIRE TO THE INDUSTRIAL UNITS

1. Name of the Industrial Unit : …..………...……………………………

Place of Location : ……………………….…………………

Year of Establishment : …………………………………………

2. What are the factors that influenced the location of the unit here?

….………………………………………………………………………….

3. What is the nature of organization?

…………...………………………………………………..……………….

4. How Many agriculturists are there as partners/shareholders?

……………...………………………………………………………….…..

5. a) What is the capacity of the plant? (Physical Units)

b) What is the percentage of capacity utilization at present

c) If underutilized, what are the reasons?

d) is the management taking any steps to increase the capacity

utilization?

Mention steps : Yes/No

6. What is the total investment of the unit? ...……………….……………

7. What are the various sources of finance for the unit?

Sr.

No.

Name of the unit or source of

finance Amount Rs.

i Owned Capital

a) Agriculturists

b) Non-Agriculturists

ii Commercial Bankers

iii Financial Institutions

iv Indigenous Bankers

v Government Subsidies

vi Any other source (Specify)

129

8. What price is paid to the raw materials (Unit-wise?) ……...………….

9. How many workers are employed in this unit-

i. Administrative Skilled Unskilled

ii. Others

10. Where from the workers are attracted? Give details.

Sr.

No. Place

Distance

from this

unit

Taluka District Earlier

occupation

1

2

3

11. The particulars of workers employed.

Type of

workers Male Female Children

Permanent

Temporary

Seasonal/Casual

12. The wage level and structures of industrial workers per months:

Type of

workers

Male Female Children

Month Day Month Day Month Day

Permanent

Temporary

Seasonal/Casual

130

13. Please give the wage level and structure of the managerial and

administrative staff.

Cadre Particulars (as per)

Month Day

a) Managerial

b) Supervisory

c) Manual

14. What is your opinion about the performance of workers?

a) Excellent b) Good

c) Satisfactory d) Not satisfactory

15. Are there any industrial or the unit which were started because of

setting up of the unit here Yes/No

16. If yes, What are they? …...……………………….……………………

17. If any such unit is within the organization, how many workers are

employed in it?.......................................................................................

18. Is Government encouraging this unit? ……………..………………….

19. If yes. It is through:

a) Finance b) Industrial Estate c) Material Supply

d) Subsidy e) Tax incentive f) Market

g) Any other (Specially)

20. What is opinion about the government policy towards this unit?

Please of fer suggestion to streamline the Governmental assistance

towards the small and agro-based industries……...……………….…

Signature of Organizer/Owner

******

131

TITLE OF RESEARCH WORK – IMPACT OF AGRO-BASED

INDUSTRIES ON RURAL ECONOMY

(II) QUESTIONNAIRE TO THE WORKERS EMPLOYED

IN AGRO-BASED INDUSTRIES

Name of the respondent : ……………………………………………...…

Name of the industry : ……………….……………………………..…

Name of the Village/town : ………………………………………………

1. How long have you been working in this industrial unit? Year ………

2. a) Nature of employment- permanent/seasonal/temporary. .…………..

3. Size of family (Members).

Sr. No. Particular Sex Age

1 Wife

2 Children

3 Other

4. The particulars of the earring members of the family present?

Sr. No. Occupation Wages Income

1

2

3

Total

132

5. The particulars of your family members employed in agro-based

industries (other than you)

Sr.

No. Particulars

Name of

industrial

unit

Place

of unit

Name

of your

village

Distance

of unit to

your

village

Wage

and

salaries

1

2

3

6. Are you a native of this village? Yes/No

7. If not, where do you come from? Please give the particulars (Name of

the village and the distance from this industrial unit)...……..…………

…………………………………………..……………….………………...

8. If you plan to change your present occupation, what is the next choice

of work?……………………………………………...……………………

9. What was the main occupation before the irrigation is provided? ..……

10. Give details of the income from main occupation.……………………

11.What was the main occupation before the agro – based industrial unit

were started? ………………………………………...………………..…..

12. Give details of the income from the main occupation. ………………..

13. If any, what was the income from such occupation….………………..

14. Do you own any land? …………………...……...…………………….

15. The particulars of your wage: Daily Rs.

Monthly Rs.

Signature of Worker

******