Chapter I- Sad

8/13/2019 Chapter I- Sad

1/29

INTRODUCTIONTO SYSTEMS ANALYSIS

Prepared by: Engr. Joy N. Sadol

College of Engineering andTechnology


2/29

Kendall & Kendall 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall 1-2

The Information Age

Atomic Age, Computer Age, InformationAge

Information and paperwork Reasons for overwhelming information

and paperwork:

1. people - increase in population2. government - increased regulations

and control


3/29


Information Processing

Information Processing requires:Planning

PeopleMachinesMoney


4/29


What is a System?

A systemis a regularly interacting orinterdependent group of elements

forming a unified whole.

A systemis a collection of related parts

treated as a unit where its componentsinteract.


5/29


Examples of Systems

Water System Ecological System The Human Body


6/29


Major Attribute of A System

A System possesses qualities andattributes not found in the individual

elements. The whole is producing results that isgreater than the sum of the parts.

Example: A collection of mechanical andelectrical itemsbearings, gears,wires,nuts, bolts, stamped parts, etc.canbe assembled into an automobile.


7/29

Business Systems

A business system is a collection ofpolicies, procedures, methods, people,

machines, and other elements thatinteract and enable the organization toreach its goals.

Business systems often includemarketing, personnel, production,finance, and distribution elements.



8/29Kendall & Kendall 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall 1-8

Tasks of a Business System

An important task of a business systemis the managing and coordinating

function.

Business systems record deposits andwithdrawals, transfer funds, collect and

manage data about customers, or guidethe production or marketing aspects ofan organization.



Goals of a Business System

A goal for some organizations is to maximizeprofit and return on investment toshareholders

For others, such as mutual benefitassociations, the goal is to provide servicesor facilities to members, rather than profit to

shareholders. To others, such as nonprofit organizations,serve the public by providing healthcare,housing or food programs to those in need.



Information Systems

Information processing and handling is one ofthe most important components of many

businesses. Information Systems are collections of

procedures, programs, equipment, andmethods that process data and make it

available to management for decision making.



Data vs. Information

Data is the raw material that isprocessed and refined to generate

information. Information is the product that results

from processing or manipulating raw

data. Information is ultimately used to make

decisions.



SYSTEM FUNDAMENTALS

A business system is usually composed of many partsor elements called subsystems.

A subsystem performs a specified task that iscompatible with the goals of the larger system ofwhich it is a part.

system

ENVIRONMENT

boundary



The environmentis the people,facilities, rules, policies, and regulations

that surround a systemA boundaryis the perimeter, or line of

demarcation, between a system and the

environment. It distinguishes betweenthe system and the outside world withwhich it interacts.

Inputsare those items that enter theboundaries of the system from theenvironment and are manipulated bythe system



Processingis the conversion of inputs,or raw materials, to outputs, or finished

results.

Outputsare the product of processing.They are the end result of receivingdata or other input and processing it


15/29


TYPES OF SYSTEMS

Open Systems, also calledprobabilistic systems, are those in which

the output, or results, canneot bedetermined precisely, but can only beguessed at.

In Closed Systems, the result oroutput can be predicted with certainty.


16/29


The output of closed systems can bepredicted with relative ease and

accuracy by measuring the input ordemands placed upon the system. Forthis reason, closed systems are easierto manage than open systems.


17/29


GROWTH OF THEINFORMATION INDUSTRY


18/29


THE CHANGING LABOR FORCE


19/29


THE STUDY OF SYSTEMANALYSIS

System Analysis is the investigation ofbusiness or information systems. It isthe scientific study of the systemsprocess, including investigation of theinputs and outputs, in order to find

better, more economical, and moreefficient means of processing.


20/29


ADVANTAGES OF SYSTEMANALYSIS

The application of Systems Analysistechniques to information processing

has many benefits. These include:

1. Greater efficiency

Systems analysis methods help afirm to develop and maintain anorganizational structure and operatingprocedures for maximum efficiency.


21/29


ADVANTAGES OF SYSTEM ANALYSIS (cont.)

2. Maximum profits

A business firm that operates efficiently

and systematically is likely to generategreater profits.

3. Resources used to the bestadvantage

Systems analysis aids a firm in achievinghigh quality output with the least investmentof time, material and other resources.


22/29


4. Reduction of human effort

Systems analysis encourages the

best utilization and allocation of humaneffort and labor. Systems analystsattempt to uncover duplication,

redundancy, and wasted effort and toautomate procedure wheneverpractical.



23/29


5. Faster turnaround

Efficiently organized procedures and

operation s make it possible to reachgoals faster. This is true whether theoutput of the firm is the production of

goods or services, or the movement ofinformation, data, money, or the like.



24/29


6. Reducing or Eliminating Errors indata and information

An important goal of the systemsanalyst is to increase the accuracy ofthe data generated and processed by a

firm



25/29


7. Consistent operations andprocedures

Clearly written policy statements,diagrams, flowcharts, and such make itmore likely that a firms procedures and

practices will be followed and maintainedin a consistent manner. They also serveas guides for modifications or alterations.



26/29


LIMITATIONS OF SYSTEMSANALYSIS

1. Some business problems are beyond the scopeof systems analysis techniques. The most

skillfully designed data flow system cannot helpan organization that is falling because of seriousfinancial problems or because it is marketing aproduct people no longer want. Problems

created by pressures from outside theenterprise, such as from stockholders or thepublic, are also often beyond the reach of thesystems analyst.


27/29


LIMITATIONS OF SYSTEM ANALYSIS (cont.)

2. Systems analysis efforts cost time andmoney. Finding a long-term,

permanent solution to a problem canbe an expensive investment,compared to a short-term, temporaryanswer.


28/29


3. The human element can cause complication. A

system analyst must take this into consideration.Much of the analysts activities involve makingchanges in routines, systems, organizationalstructures, working patterns and conditions, and

in other areas. People tend to oppose change.They resist adjusting to unfamiliar situations,even those that are in their best interests in thelong run. The systems analyst has the

responsibility of preparing the employees,customers, management, vendors, and others toaccept the modifications and alterationsintroduced by a new system.



29/29

4. Effort is required to sell a system. Nomatter how promising a systems

analysis project may seem, it cannotsell itself. The people involved must beencouraged to cooperate in the

development and implementation of theventure to ensure its success.


Documents

Chapter I- Sad