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CHAPTER-III
PROFILE OF THE STUDY AREA
Figure 3.1
Gulbarga district Map
2
Introduction:
Writing a profile of Gulbarga district is important and necessary. In this chapter
attempt is made to present a broad account of general and socio-economic
condition of Gulbarga district. The present chapter is divided between two section
i.e,
1. General profile of Gulbarga District
2. Gulbarga city profile
1. General profile of Gulbarga District.
About district
Gulbarga district is one of the three districts that were transferred from Hyderabad
State to Karnataka state at the time of re-organization of the state in 1956. The
district is one among the 29 districts of Karnataka State. It is located in the
Northern part of the state and lies between North latitude 17 10 and 17 45 and
between east longitude 76 10 and 77 45 The District is a biggest district in the
state covering 8.49 percent of the area and 5.9 present of population of the state. It
is bounded on the west by Bijapur district of Karnataka and Sholapur district of
Maharashtra, on the west by Bijapur district of Andhra Pradesh, on the north by
Bidar district of and Osmanabad district of Maharashtra and on the south by
Richur district of Karnataka. They are Afzalpur, Aland, Chincholli, Chittapur,
Gulbarga, Jewargi, Sedam, Shahapur, Shorapur and Yadagir.
3
Gulbarga district occupies 16,224 square kilometers area. It is the largest district in
the state in Geographical area which constitutes 8.46 percent area of the state. The
district is a draught prone area. The average rainfall is 777 mm. and the normal
rainy days are 46 in a year. The climate is very hot during the summer which
effects adversely on the work capacity of the people. The day temperature ranges
between 42o centigrade in summer to 26
o in winter. The period from December to
May is the driest part of the year.
The district has low mineral base. The important mineral found here is limestone
in Chittapur, Jevargi and Chincholi talukas. Therefore cement industry is the only
prominent large scale industry in the district. The district is sub-divided into 2
revenue sub-divisions viz. Gulbarga and Sedam. There are 10 revenue blocks in
the district namely Aland, Afzalpur, Chincholli, Chittapur, Gulbarga, Jewargi,
Sedam Shahapur, Shorapur and Yadagir. There are 8 educational blocks in the
district namely Afzalpur, Chincholli, Chittapur, Gulbarga North, Gulbarga South,
Jewargi and Sedam. The district has got 32 Hobalis, 04 town municipals, 4
muncipals, 10 Taluk Panchayats, 220 Grama Panchayats, 9 Assembly
constituencies in the district.
Brief History
Gulbarga, popularly called as “Kalaburgi” by the local people, was once a
capital of the bahamani Kingdom Gulbarga has a rich historical and cultural
4
traditions. Bahamanis, the earliest Muslim empire of South India chose Gulbarga
to be their capital and ruled from here from 1347 to 1425 A.D.
Mentioned as Kalburagi, Kalumbarige, Kalabarge, etc. in ancient inscriptions,
Gulbarga is popularly known as “Kalburgi” by the locals. Gulbarga district has its
roots deep in history. The famous dynasties of the south, the Satavahans, the
Chalukyas of Badami, the Rastrkuta, Shahis, the Aidil shahis, the Nizam Shahis
have ruled over the district.
In 1504 Gulbarga was permanently annexed to Adil Shahi kingdom of Bijapur. In
1657 with the invasion of Mir Jumla it passed into the hands of Mughals. Later
with the establishment of Asaf Jahi (Nizam) Dynasty of Hydrabad (1724 - 1948)
Gulbarga came under it. In 1863 when Nizam Government formed Jillabandi,
Surpur (Shorapur) became district headquarter, with nine Talukas of which
Gulbarga was one of them. In 1873 Gulbarga was formed into Separate district
with seven taluks. With reorganization of states in 1956 Gulbarga became Part of
Karnataka State and Divisional headquarter.
The Bahamani rulers built Gulbarga city with Palaces, Mosques, Gumbazs,
Bazaars and other public buildings. There are five score large and small Mosques
and three score and ten Darghas in Gulbarga. The City is described as a “Garden
of Gumbazs” So also number of Temples, churches and other religious centers are
spread all over the city.
5
Inside the fort the Jumma Masjid, a noteworthy monument of Gulbarga is in well
preserved condition. It is said that it resembles the famous mosque of ‘Cordova’
city in Spain. The Masjid measuring 216 ft. east-west and 176 ft north south
covering an area of 38016 sqft. Happens to be the only mosque in India, which is
completely covered. Fergusson observes this “ as one of the most remarkable of its
class in India in some respect unique.
Gulbarga City is located on an undulating plain, presenting a vast stretch of black
cotton soil. Being a Regional headquarters of government, it is an important city in
the northern part of Karnataka situated 623 km away from Bangalore and 220 km
from west of Hydrabad, Gulbarga is well connected. The city with 430265
population Gulbarga is humming with number of educational institutions and
variety of business activities.
Gulbarga district is very rich in cultural traditions. The vast stretch of fertile black
cotton soil of the district is known for bumper red gram and jawar crops. The
district is a “Daal bowl” of the state. The district is also known for cluster of
cement industries and a distinct stone popularly know as “Shahabad Stone”.
Gulbarga has been blessed by the incessant flowing of river Bhima in addition to
this, a few tributaries flow in this region. The upper Krishna project and
Bennethora Project are the two major irrigational ventures in the district. Gulbarga
which is known for the derth of industries is presently showing great deal of signs
of growth in the cement, textile, leather, and chemical production in the industrial
6
sector. One of the recent developments, where in the people of Gulbarga are proud
and boastful is that the establishment of central University. Indeed it is a feather to
its cap.
On 26th
September 2008, the cabinet meetings were held at Gulbarga. In the
meeting decision was taken by the cabinet that Yadgir is a new district. Therefore
the Chief Minster declares that as a new 30th
district. It has been come into force
on 30.12.2009 as per the gazette order. So here after the details of progress and
plan is made separately.
Soil:
Being located in the centre of Deccan plateau most part of the district is
covered by the fertile black soli. Besides this, other soils can also be found. The
details of taluka wise soil structure is given bellow
Table 3.1
Taluka wise soil structure of Gulbarga District
Soil Taluka
Shallow medium
black
Gulbarga,Yadagiri and Jewargi
Deep black Part of Gulbarga Chitapur Sedam, Chincholi and Shorapur
Red sandy land Part of Yadgir, Shorapur, Aland and afzalpur
Alluvial Banks of Bheema and Krishna rivers in Yadgir and
Shorapur
Source: District at a Glance 2009-10
7
Rainfall:
The rainfall in the district is very light and scanty and also it is uncertain.
The average rainfall in the district 918 mm (2008). The district received rainfall
both form the south west (locally called Mungari) and North-East (locally called
as Hingari) mansoon.the rainfall from both these period between May September
and other to December respectively.
Table 3.2
Annau Rainfall
Year Total
2002 525.99
2003 504.14
2004 578.64
2005 790.12
2006 508.6
2008 918
Source: District at a Glance 2009-10
8
Table 3.3
Rainfall and Rainy Days of Gulbarga District
Rainfall Rainy Days
Talukas Normal
rainfall in
MMs
(1941-90)
Actal
rainfall (in
MMs)
2008
Average
rainfall (in
MMs)
(2008)
Normal
(1941-
1990)
Actual
(2009)
Afzalpur 667 899 768 43 46
Aland 813 1352 805 45 57
Chincholi 1003 706 903 49 50
Chitapur 840 788 803 47 42
Gulbarga 823 678 646 48 40
Jewargi 853 936 642 43 41
Sedam 896 974 948 49 48
Shahapur 873 787 742 41 44
Surpur 767 964 576 40 37
Yadagir 855 1091 803 47 46
Total 839 918 764 45 45
Source: District at a Glance 2009-10
The district is a draught prone area. The average rainfall is 764 mm. and the
normal rainy days are 46 in a year. The climate is very hot during the summer
9
which effects adversely on the work capacity of the people. The temperature
ranges between 42 Centigrade in summer to 26 in winter. The period from
December to May is the driest part of the year.
River:
The Principle Rivers flowing in Gulbarga are Krishna and Bheema. Small rivers
running through the district are the Kagina, the Amaraj, the Bonnitora and the
Mullamari.
Geographical Traits:
The district has total area of 16174 Sq. Kms. This constitutes 5.93 percent
of the area of the state. The region is characterized by black cotton soil, expanses
of flat treeless surface, a range of hills covering a surface of about 60 miles and
same lower belts following the main rivers. The district is devoid of forest except
in the hilly portion of Aland and Chincholi. The area under forest is 4.2 percent of
the total area.
10
Table 3.4
Administrative Classification of Gulbarga District
Sl.N
o
Taluks Hoblies
Grama
Panchayaths
In habitted
Un-
Inhabitted
Towns/ Urban
Agglomeration
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 Afzalpur 3 22 89 4 0
2 Aland 5 39 135 1 1
3 Chincholli 4 32 137 11 0
4 Chittapur 5 35 122 3 5
5 Gulbarga 6 36 136 4 1
6 Jewargi 5 33 145 14 0
7 Sedam 4 23 109 8 3
8 Shahapur 5 36 145 9 2
9 Surpur 5 42 190 11 4
10 Yadgir 6 39 152 12 2
District 48 337 1360 77 18
Source: District at a Glance 2009-10
Demographic feature:
(A)Population and Human Resources
Gulbarga district is observed to be in the prolonged second stage of
demographic transition. It is experiencing rapid growth of population since 1951
11
with variations. The decimal growth rate has increased from 14.5 percent between
1951-61 to 24 percent between the period 1981 to 1991 and has slightly come
down to 21 percent between 1991-2001. The population of the district as per 2001
census is 31, 30,922 of which male population was 15, 92,789 and female
population is 15, 38,133. Among all the talukas, highest population is in Gulbarga
i.e.,6,75,679. next highly populated taluka is chitapur i.e., 3,66,802, the taluka in
which population is lowest in Afzalpur i.e., 1,80,071.
Table 3.5
Population trends during the 20th century
Years Population
Decadal
Variation
1901 883062 -
1911 964468 + 9.22
1921 887875 - 7.94
1931 990505 + 11.56
1941 1059716 + 6.99
1951 1213608 + 14.5
1961 1399457 + 15.31
1971 1739220 + 24.2
1981 2080643 + 19.6
1991 2582169 + 24.1
2001 3130922 +21.4
Source: census of India District census Hand book Gulbarga District 1961-2001
12
Table 3.6
Demographic Characteristics – 2001
Taluka Area in
(sq Kms)
Total
Population
Male Female Rural Urban
Afzalpur 1304.74 180071 92538 87533 160736 19335
Aland 1734.07 297136 152233 144903 261891 35245
Chincholi 1552.2 223646 113309 110337 206502 17144
Chittapur 1767.55 366802 186390 180412 238532 12870
Gulbarga 1734.53 675679 348665 327014 245414 430265
Jewargi 1825.71 235254 119598 115656 216075 19179
Sedam 1036.17 196154 97709 98445 156026 40128
Shahapur 1687.07 293518 148319 145199 249819 43699
Surpur 1838.18 336755 170092 166663 293133 43622
Yadgir 1709.16 325907 163936 161971 250173 75734
District 16224 3130922 1592789 1538133 2278301 852621
Source: District at a Glance 2009-10
District in Human Development:
Karnataka State has published Human development Report in 1999 based
on 1991 date for the then 20 district in the state. The progress in human
Development was brought out through another report published in 2005 for 27
13
districts in the state today based on 2001 Data. The position of the district along
with the other district in Hyderabad Karnataka Region is indicated in the following
table. The district in both the reports is at the bottom level.
Table 3.7
Human development situation in Gulbarga District
Year HDI
1991 Rank
HDI
2001 Rank
GDI
1991 Rank
GDI
2001
Rank
Bellary 0.512 18 .617 18 0.499 17 0.606 17
Bidar 0.496 23 0.599 21 0.477 23 0.572 22
Gulbarga 0.453 25 0.564 26 0.432 25 0.543 26
Koppal 0.446 26 0.582 24 0.428 26 0.561 24
Raichur 0.443 27 0.547 27 0.422 27 0.530 27
Source: Human Development Report 2005 Govt. of Karnataka.
The position of the district has come down from 25th to 26th in the State. This is
because of slow progress in the field of Education and fall in Income index.
Table 3.8
Health, Education and Income Index Rank of Gulbarga District
Year
Health
Index
Rank
Education
Index
Rank Income Index
Rank
1991 0.575 23 0.432 25 0.352 24
State 0.618 - 0.602 - 0.402 -
2001 0.632 20 0.572 25 0.490 25
State 0.680 - 0.712 - 0.559 -
Source: Human Development Report 2005 Govt. of Karnataka.
14
Thus the position of the district has not improved significantly over the years. The
gap between the State and the district is reduced by only a margin of 0.2 (From
0.88 to 0.86)
In recent years a High Power Committee was constituted by the govt. of
Karnataka to look into the problem of regional imbalances in the state. The
Committee (popularly known as Nanjundappa Committee) submitted its report in
2002. The committee, on the basis of various socio-economic indicators assessed
the development of 175 talukas in the state. The Committee has identified nine
talukas among the ten talukas in Gulbarga district as the most backward talukas.
Table 3.9
Most Backward Talukas of Gulbarga District in Karnataka State
Taluka Rank in State Index
Sedam 155 0.72
Chittapur 165 0.65
Afzalpur 170 0.62
Aland 172 0.61
Chincholi 173 0.57
Jewargi 174 0.57
Source: Report of the High Power Committee for Redressal of Regional Imbalance in Karnataka,
Govt. of Karnataka Bangalore 2002
15
Density and sex ratio:
Density of population i.e., number of people per square kilometer of area.
According to 2001 census. Gulbarga district has the density of population of 193
sq km. this is lower than state average which is 275 per sq.Km.
The sex ratio is 966 per 1000 male persons. This is slightly above the state average
of 965 and well above the national average of 933. 72 percent of the population
lives in rural areas.in Gulbarga district sex ratio is 938 which is equal to state
average which is 966. This sex ratio highest in Sedam 1008 and lowest in
Gulbarga i.e., 938.
Table 3.10
Density and sex ratio in Gulbarga district
Taluka Sex Ratio Density
Afzalpur 946 116
Aland 952 150
Chincholi 974 121
Chittapur 968 175
Gulbarga 938 303
Jewargi 967 104
Sedam 1008 189
District 966 193
Source: District at a Glance 2009-10
16
Literacy level:
Being a backward district, Gulbarga has the lowest literacy level. The total
literacy level of the district in 1991 census is 38.54 percent which is far less than
the state literacy rate which is 36.05 percent. Out of 38.54 percent literacy rate of
district 52.08 percent male literacy level and 24.49 percent of female, both are less
campared to the male and female literacy rate in state which is 67.26 and 44.34
percent respectively.
In the 2001 census, the literacy rate has been increased to 50.65 percent. But it is
again for less the state literacy rate i.e., 67.04 percent out of 50.65 percent the
male literacy rate is 62.52 percent and female literacy rate is 8.40 percent, which
are comparatively less than the state 76.29 percent and 57.45 percent respectively.
The taluka wise literacy rate of the district is given in the table.
Table 3.11
(A) Literacy level of Gulbarga District
Talukas Male Female Total
Afzalpur 63.6 37.5 50.9
Aland 66.0 39.2 52.9
Chincholi 62.3 34.7 48.6
Chittapur 61.0 37.7 49.5
Gulbarga 76.3 56.1 66.5
Jewargi 57.9 29.9 44.1
Sedam 56.4 33.4 44.8
District 61.8 37.9 50.0
Source: District at a Glance 2009-10
17
Among all the talukas, the literacy rate of Gulbarga taluka is high i.e., 66.5 percent
and that of Yadgir is very low i.e., 37.2 percent whereas in all other talukas more
or less the literacy rate is same, with one or two percent difference. Gulbarga
taluka has the highest literacy level in the district, because it posses more
educational institution than the other talukas, and also higher education facilities
available in this taluka. And also have seen the literacy and education trends of
Gulbarga district is given in the table.
Occupational Structure:
The analysis or occupational structures of the district indicate that the
district is still economically backward, with a large proportion of population
engaged in agriculture. The percentage of agriculture labourers has increased in
recent years. The Occupational Structure is shown the following table the district
economy is mainly an agricultural economy as agriculture contributes 31.7 percent
of district income and provides employment to 67 percent of the population. A
large part of the land is under dry land cultivation as the area under irrigation is
only 18.8 percent of the net area sown.
18
Table 3.12
Occupational pattern of the workforce (Main workers %) in Gulbarg District
Census
Year
Cultivators Agricultural
labourers
Household
industry
Other
Workers
Total
1961 45.55 26.44 9.21 18.8 100
1971 34.13 36.55 4.4 24.92 100
1981 36.78 43.95 2.66 16.61 100
1991 35.19 50.15 2.06 12.6 100
2001 27.1 40 2.5 30.4 100
Source: Source: District at a Glance 2009-10.
The occupational structure is stagnant over the time period. The proportion of
population engaged in agriculture has increased from 70 percent in 1961 to 75
percent during 1981-91 and has fallen down to 67 percent in 2001. The other trend
observed is the percentage of agricultural laborers was increasing till 1991. It has
increased from 26.44 percent in 1961 to 40.1 percent in 1991 but has come down
to 39.96 percent in 2001. Though the share of tertiary sector in district income has
increased from 36.6 in 1991 to 45.2 percent in 2001-02 but its share in
employment has increased from 12.6 to 30.4 percent in 2001 during the same
period. Thus a trend of employment generation in service sector is set in post 1991
period.
19
Economic profile:
The district economy is dominantly agricultural in its nature and nearly 75 percent
of populations living in rural areas are dependent on agriculture. Therefore,
agriculture is compared as the main contributor to the district income, these sector
contributors 45 percent of the total district income.
Agriculture:
The total geographical area 16,10,208 hectares the utilization of land
pattern in Gulbarga district can be discerned (distributed) in the table, the Net
sworn land in Gulbarga 1194669 hectares and its account to 71.56 of total
geographical area.
On the other hand, hardly 28.44 percent of the geographical area is distributed
other activities. It is clear from table that net area sworn is high in Jewargi i.e.,
163052 hectares and that of Sedam is very low i.e., 85230 hectare where as in all
the other taluka its amount was steady.
20
Ta
ble
3.1
3
(A)L
an
d u
se C
lass
ific
ati
on
: (U
nit
: A
rea
in
Hec
tare
s)
Lan
d N
ot
avail
ab
le
for
cult
ivati
on
Un
cult
iva
ted
la
nd
excl
ud
ing
fa
llo
w l
an
d
Fall
ow
lan
d
Are
a s
worn
T
alu
ka
A
rea
un
der
Fore
st
Lan
d p
ut
to n
on
agri
.use
s
Barr
en
&
un
cult
iv
ab
le
lan
d
Cu
ltiv
a
ble
wa
ste
Pm
t.
Pa
stu
res
&
oth
er
gra
zin
g l
an
d
Mic
s.
Tre
e
cro
pes
,
gro
ves
Cu
rren
t
fall
ow
s
Oth
er
fall
ow
lan
d
Net
T
ota
l
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Afz
alp
ur
78
5819
239
5
45
8
13
22
10
6539
215
113643
131180
Ala
nd
2854
3465
314
2
97
4
34
69
58
15620
1820
142015
177219
Ch
inch
oli
19622
3006
130
03
2
72
3
65
16
86
2
500
450
109172
126108
Ch
itta
pu
r 6150
9368
368
9
45
30
67
4
21
28820
1500
121695
142366
Gu
lbar
ga
4121
8150
422
3
78
4
32
2
67
15705
547
135952
142349
Jew
arg
i 310
8317
18
38
29
4
64
86
62
4600
354
163052
184668
Sed
am
2181
3295
682
3
36
0
30
66
50
1400
40
85230
102008
Sh
ahap
ur
4995
12308
345
6
14
11
33
50
71
18510
5260
110131
146240
Su
rpu
r 4897
10804
142
36
7
95
5
60
1
54
0
23000
3500
122150
162034
Yad
gir
23881
6420
10
35
0
17
9
28
04
11
0
30300
5400
91629
112925
Dis
tric
t
69089
67952
631
55
1
18
02
3
76
10
18
51
144994
19086
1194669
1427097
So
urc
e: D
istr
ict
at a
Gla
nce
20
09
-10
21
Table 3.14
(B)Distribution of Land holding in the district
Number Percentage Area Percentage
Marginal Holding 112331 20.46 13463 1
Small holdings 191271 34.86 281868 20.93
Semi Medium 158492 28.87 435718 32.36
Medium 73750 13.45 435001 32.32
Large 12956 2.36 180220 13.39
Total 548808 100 1346270 100
Source: District at a Glance 2009-10
The above table reveals that the distribution of land holdings indicates the
domination of semi medium holdings. They form 28.87 percent of total holdings
and cover an area of 32.36 percent in Gulbarga district
Irrigation:
Like other parts of the country, agriculture economies of the Gulbarga
district also depend upon rainfall. Therefore, development of irrigation facilities
would open new door to the farmers of this region. However, the district has only
two major rivers viz., Krishna and Bheema, following trough territory. Hence
large part of the district has to depend upon other sources of irrigation.
The table shows the various sources of irrigation and the land irrigated by them in
the district.
22
Table 3.15
Area Irrigated through various sources
Taluka Canals Tanks Wells Borewells Lift
Irrigation
Other
Sources
Total
Afzalpur 0 0 6937 2435 1402 30 10804
Aland 0 193 7349 4243 320 137 12242
Chincholi 670 60 1363 1040 138 55 3326
Chittapur 0 0 672 444 202 102 1420
Gulbarga 0 182 3291 2999 187 0 6659
Jewargi 33271 0 2696 1949 355 180 38451
Sedam 0 254 802 885 0 457 2398
Shahapur 60375 252 1607 866 1137 0 64237
Surpur 88523 510 632 727 1093 4062 95547
Yadgir 2265 1758 4091 7094 519 485 16212
District 185104 3209 29440 22682 5353 5508 251296
Source: District at a Glance 2009-10
Out of the total sworn area 1194669 lakh area receive water through various
source of irrigation. Canals are the main source of irrigation in the district, as they
irrigate 70.96 percent of total irrigated land. Next comes well which account for
19.90 percent of the total irrigated area.
23
Cropping Pattern
The cropping pattern is mainly dominated by food crops. Tur is the main
crop produced in the district. The district is called as Tur Bowl of the state. Jawar
is the other main food crop Sunflower and Groundnut are the major oilseeds which
occupy the area of 1783870 and 59047 respectively. The bellow table shows that
the main features of the cropping pattern is predominance of pulses over other
crops
24
Ta
ble
3.1
6
Are
a u
nd
er P
rin
cip
al
Cro
ps
Cer
eals
(in
Ha)
C
erea
ls
Pu
lses
O
il s
eed
Talu
ka
Pa
dd
y
Jow
ar
Ba
jra
Maiz
e W
hea
t O
ther
cere
als
&
Min
or
Mil
lets
Tota
l
Cer
eal
s &
Min
or
Mil
lets
Gra
m
Tu
r O
ther
Pu
lses
To
tal
Gro
u
nd
nu
t
Su
nfl
o
wer
Oth
er
Pu
lses
T
ota
l
Oil
seed
s
Afz
alpur
13
3
15
24
1
12
4
653
2810
0
36124
20900
40800
83
4
62
53
4
10
60
2
38
05
1
19
6
26
06
1
Ala
nd
125
3
81
50
8
87
2
819
4755
0
52721
22558
32183
99
47
6
46
88
4
59
4
72
74
6
36
0
54
09
3
Chin
choli
21
6
32
50
4
98
9
89
1891
8
35697
18142
41500
23
25
2
82
89
4
50
7
55
39
22
47
27
Chit
tapur
487
3
14
20
2
02
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Gulb
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Infrastructure:
The district also lacks adequate infrastructure which is one of the basic
cause of long economic stagnation in the district. The total length of surface roads
is only 28.26 kms. The length of village roads is 3678.75 kms. A large part of
these roads are closed during rainy season. The total length of railway line is 225
kms. The districts headquarter lies on the main National Network. But the internal
network availability is very low. Only 5 talukas Afzalpur, Chittapur, Gulbarga,
Sedam and Yadgir are connected by a railway line.
Table 3.17
Infrastructure
Taluka State
Highways
Major
District
Roads
Other
District
Roads
Village
Roads
Railway Route
Length
Afzalpur 137.80 160.13 0 841.47 31
Aland 245.50 126.35 0 113828 0
Chincholi 179.86 84.89 0 117958 0
Chittapur 201.96 359.13 0 722.92 6
Gulbarga 165.38 144.57 0 926.20 6
Jewargi 37.82 417.15 0 1114.26 0
Sedam 154.70 242.80 0 449.92 3
District 160000 2932.00 0 8994.00 23
Source: District at a Glance 2009-10
26
Industrial in Gulbarga District:-
The economy of the Gulbarga district is primarily of agricultural in nature. Out of
the 30 district of the state the rank of Gulbarga is 18th
for the growing population,
agricultural sector is unable to provide increasing percapita income. It is suffering
from lack of raw material, availability of infrastructure, adequate support from
government department and as well as financial institution to provide the adequate
financial facilities. The district has no place in the industrial map of Karnataka.
Origin:
There were no industries on a large scale in the ancient days or during the
medieval period. It was only in 1883 that a large scale textile factory came into
existence in Gulbarga town. In large-scale cement factory was started at Shahabad.
These two factories have withstood a variety of vicissitudes. Indigenous industries
of a cottage type seem to have flourished in the district even during the days of the
Rashtrakutas, their prosperity depending on the needs of the local population.
Weaving was the prominent cottage industry providing employment to many. It
has
been said that, " In most of the common industries the rule was production for the
local market…………Spinning and weaving formed a major industry which
occupied considerable numbers, and guilds of weavers were in a flourishing
condition and took an active part in many local concerns." Information on
conditions pertaining to industry became more copious and precise after the
27
foundation of the Vijayanagar and Bahmani kingdoms. "The most important
mineral found and worked extensively in the district is laminated limestone, which
occurs at Shahabad on the Great Indian Peninsular Railway, Chittapur on the
Nizam's Guaranteed State Railway and also in the Gulbarga and Seram taluks. The
stone is known as Shahabad stone, from the name of the place where it was first
quarried, and is employed largely in roofing and flooring.”
“Among hand industries are the weaving of cotton and silk saris and cloth of gold
and ordinary cotton cloth and cotton tweeds. In the Chincholi taluk, the shepherds
make blankets of very superior quality valued at from Rs. 10 to Rs. 50, which are
durable and water-proof. A large spinning and weaving mill, two miles west of
Gulbarga, began working in 1886. There is one ginning factory in the Seram
taluk."
Next in importance to the above old-time industries were pottery, carpentry, gold
smithy and black smithy, which were a part of the old rural economy all over the
district. Most of these industries were organised on a domestic or cottage basis and
were in the hands of a class of hereditary artisans. Production was intended mainly
for the requirements of the village and there was very little of export of the
finished products to places outside the village. These industries, though found
even now, are not as prosperous as they were in the early days. Two important
causes which have brought about the decline of rural and cottage industries are
firstly that machine-made goods have come into the market and secondly that the
28
taste of people has changed as a result of contact with other regions. Hand-woven
cloth gave place to mill-made cloth partly because the latter looked better hut
mainly because it was cheaper, a long list may be made of articles used in a house-
hold which once were got from particular localities within the district. But which
now have been replaced by a different style of articles from outside but serving the
same purpose. Large earthen pots with carvings on the top were used even in
affluent households in the past for storing water. Earthen pots are not at all used by
well-to-do families at present. The goldsmith, who used to make ornaments for all
people-rich and poor-in the village, is now approached only by the poorer families.
The more well to do buy jewels of finer workmanship in the large cities. Another
cause for the decline of the rural industries may be attributed to their narrow
specialization and their confinement to particular castes. It is relevant
to quote here: “If an industry is localised in small areas, or is confined to narrow
sections of people, it is difficult to improve it or to arrest the course of its decay.
If, on the contrary, it is widely practiced and derives nothing from specially
favorable conditions, it has great vitality and responds vigorously to stimulus.
Large quantities of pure quartz are available in the Yadgir taluk. There are
indications in some places that there was indigenous glass smelting centers in the
area. In Shorapur taluk, at a place called Jamalpur, ancient furnaces and glass slags
are still to be found, though at present glass is not smelted there. The most
29
important cause for the decline of this industry might have been the importation of
cheaper variety of bangles, whether of glass or lac.
Another important industry which existed in the district from " time immemorial "
was salt manufacture. Edible and tanning salts were produced by methods of
lixiviation of saline earth or
by direct solar evaporation of brine from wells.
Yet another industry which has now decayed and which existed during the time of
the· Nizams was the manufacture of tassels for the fez caps. It has been estimated
that nearly 500 women and children were employed in this industry. It is seen
from records that there were four tassel factories in the district. With the changes
of time and fashion, the fez caps have become rare. The raw materials required for
the manufacture of tassels are not locally available and have to be imported from
foreign countries and therefore this industry has completely decayed in the district.
The Mahboob Shahi Kulburga Mills Co.Ltd., Gulbarga was established as early as
1883. Messrs Sabhapathy Iyah and Industry Akhilandayya, who hailed from
Bangalore, approached the Nizam's Government for a Sanad to establish a cotton
spinning and weaving mill at Gulbarga. With an authorised capital of Rs. 12 lakhs
divided into 2,400 shares of Rs. 500 each. The foundation-stone of the Mills was
laid on month January 1884. A legal flaw having been discovered in regard to the
constitution, the company had to be wound up, reconstituted and again registered
30
in Bombay on the 24th August 1888 under the Indian Companies Act of 1882,
under the name and style as obtains today.
Narayandas Brothers' Oil Mills is another fairly large-scale industry in Gulbarga,
located in the Nehru Ganj area on Humnabad road. Started as a small-scale
industry in the year 1952, the mills gradually developed into a large-scale industry
and registered as such in the year 1964, with the installation of a solvent extraction
plant of 50 tons' capacity. It employs on an average about 120 persons per day.
During 1963-64, the mills extracted 2,286 tons of groundnut oil and produced oil
cakes to the extent of 3,380 tons. Besides, 648 tons of solvent oil out of cake and
8,000 tons of edible oiled cake were also produced during the same year. In 1965,
30 units, all located in Gulbarga Leather town, engaged in manufacture of
chappals and shoes. These units Footwear had invested about Rs. 7,000 and
employed 120 workers. During 1965, an output valued at about Rs. 1.5 lakhs was
turned out by these units. The handloom weaving industry, as the premier cottage
industry, has contributed is share in building up the economy of Gulbarga district
in 1965. It was estimated that there were 16,500 handlooms in the district, with a
total artisan population of about 20,000. The number of saw mils in the district
was 18 in 1965. Were located in Gulbarga town. The remaining four were located
in Shorapur and Aland taluks.
small industries like, general engineering, automobile workshop units engaged in
the manufacturing agricultural implements, wooden furniture, leather, footwear,
31
soap, cement pipes, khandasari mills and other allied industries are found in the
district. Total factories as on 31/3/1998 were431, providing the employment for
19612 persons.
The natural sources are scanty found in the district; therefore, many industries of
the district have depend upon the agriculture output for their output for their input.
However, gypsum and limestone are found in certain part of the district. gypsum is
found in Gulbarga in some parts of Shahabad in large quantity which is used for
the manufacture of the cement called “Plaster of Paris”.
Extensive deposits of limestone of Bhima series occur over an extent of
1500sq.km miles, in the taluka of Jewargi, chittapur, chincholi, sedam and
Gulbarga. The limestone is made up of massive bad ranging in thickness from 6”
to 2”. The limestone being massive variety, chemical grade highly variable
generally. the extensive deposits of cement grade are available in the area. The
total estimated reserve available in the area. The extensive deposits of cement
grade are available in the area.
Small scale industries
As on March 1986, 433 units were registered in the district with total investment
321.24 lakh for 2,672 persons compared to 2009-10 was there are 16,352 Small
scale industries in the district with an investment of Rs. 33,124.87 lakh with
employment for 69,487 persons. Again 16815 units were registered in the district
with an investment of 34843.8 lakh with employment for 71078 persons in 2011-
32
12.Number of registered SSIs in the district during last year with investment and
employment generated are given the following table.
Table 3.18
Registered SSI Units in Gulbarga District
Year Units Investment Employment
1986-87 433 321.24 2672
1987-88 432 359.60 2494
1988-89 460 457.14 2330
1989-90 381 296.34 1797
1900-91 402 392.92 1629
1991-92 250 438.61 1609
1992-93 321 601.06 1402
1993-94 362 455.16 1968
1994-95 384 329.46 1887
1995-96 372 812.83 1933
1996-97 371 838.43 1725
1997-98 2483 1678.86 7120
1998-99 422 1590.31 2013
1999-00 439 2454.26 1978
2004-05 719 1,731 1,963
2005-06 804 1,620 2,919
2006-07 883 1,300 1,859
2007-08 882 3,386 3,393
2008-09 801 2,513 2,759
2009-10 16532 33124.87 69487
2010-11 16810 34784.32 71049
2011-12 16815 34843.8 71078 Source: KSFC’s Assistance to Gulbarga District prepared by planning and Development
Department H.O.K.S.F.C.Bengalore, 1991 P-2 & Karnataka At a Glance 2009-2010
Number of registered SSI’s in the district during 16815 with a total investment Rs
34843.8 lakh and had facilated employment for 71078 in the year 2009-10.
33
Table 3.19
Taluka-wise small scale Industrial units in Gulbarga District
SN
Category
Taluka
No. of units
Investment in Rs.
Lakhs
Employment
in numbers
1. Afzalpur 284 269.43 917
2. Aland 363 293.94 1350
3. Chincholi 445 407.22 1772
4. Chitapur 1074 1464.53 5295
5. Gulbarga 3282 6407.72 17880
6. Jewargi 305 324.91 1148
7. Sedam 971 797.06 4533
8. Shahapur 783 508.59 3149
9. Shorapur 748 443.16 3280
10. Yadgir 1082 1116.14 4578
Total 9347 12032.70 43902
Source: Karnataka at a Glance 2009-10
The total numbers of SSI units as on 31.03.2010 were 9347. Taluka-wise small-
scale industrial units in Gulbarga District as on 31.03.2010.Now the number of
SSI unties has been increased from 9347 in the year 2009-10 to 11,649 in the year
2008-09,The total number of SSI in Gulbarga district during the year 2009-10
34
were 3282. The total investment in SSI units was 6407.02 lakhs and the
employment potential was 17880 numbers.
Table 3.20
Factories and Employment
Textiles Chemical Engineering Others Total Employment
Afzalpur 0 1 0 1 2 350
Aland 1 0 1 1 3 1500
Chincholi 0 0 1 0 1 50
Chittapur 0 0 4 6 10 4820
Gulbarga 1 3 11 58 72 3450
Jewargi 0 0 1 0 1 50
Sedam 0 0 1 4 5 3100
Shahapur 0 0 1 10 11 340
Shorapur 0 0 1 4 5 300
Yadgir 0 0 2 21 23 589
Total 1 4 23 105 133 14549
Source: District At a Glance 2009-10.
It may be noted from the table shows that in Gulbarga district there are two textile
industries are existing during 1999-2000. the total industries registered in the
district is 94 and the employment provided by these industries are 13320.
Banking Facilities:
Due to lack of financial facilities, industrial sector of this district is not a growing
at desired rate. The district has totally 171 98 commercial banks. Each branch of
the commercial banks covers the population of 13,600 as again 8500 the country
35
as a whole. in the light of the huge population of the district. In fact, the existing
branches are not providing adequate financial facilities for the development of the
district in the industrial agricultural allied fields.
The Co-operative movement in Gulbarga district has not developed as compared
with neighboring district of Raichur and Bidar. The momentum of co-operative
movement was accelerated from the second five year plan on ward. there are 994
all type of co-operative with a membership of 31.4lakhs in the district. About 233
S and 6 farmers service societies are functioning in the district.
36
2. Gulbarga City Profile:
Figure 3.2
Map of Gulbarga City
Gulbarga city profile
Gulbarga is a city in the Indian state of Karnataka. It is the administrative
headquarters of Gulbarga District. Formerly, It was a part of Nizams Hyderabad
State. The city of Gulbarga was founded by the Bahamani Sultans in the 14th
37
century as their capital. The northern Deccan, including the district of Gulbarga,
passed under control of the Sultanate of Delhi. The revolt of the officers appointed
from Delhi resulted in finding of the Bahamani Sultanate in 1347 by Hassan
Gangu, who chose Gulbarga to be his capital.
GULBARGA was known as 'KALBURGI' in former days which means stony land
in Kannada, but also means "rose petals" in poetic Persian. Gulbarga district is
situated in the northern part of Karnataka State. In the earlier days, Gulbarga was a
district of Hyderabad Karnataka area and became a part of Karnataka State after
re-organization of states.
Gulbarga is well connected by road, rail and air with respective distances from
various cities namely,
Hyderabad -220 km
Bangalore -623 km
Bijapur -130 km
Bidar -120 km
Basavakalyan -80 km
The Bidar-Srirangapatnam State high way made road transportation easy to travel
between Bangalore andother neighboring states [like Andra Pradesh, Maharashtra,
Goa].
A railway line connecting the southern part of India to Mumbai and Delhi passes
through Gulbarga and it is well connected by trains to all major parts of India.
38
Like Bangalore, Mumbai, Delhi, Chennai Hyderabad, Ahmedabad, Rajkot,
Coimbatore, Kanyakumari, Trivandrum, Nagarcoil, Bhubneshwa, Jodhpur, etc.
The nearest airport is in Hyderabad (220 km). Now Govt of Karnataka has
sanctioned new Airport to the Gulbarga City. The Airport is under construction
near a village called Srinivas Saradagi. The construction at the site had started in
July 2008 and shall be completed in two years time.
History
In the 6th century, the Rashtrakutas gained control over the area around present-
day Gulbarga, but the Chalukyas regained their domain and reigned for over two
hundred years. Around the close of the 12th century, the Yadavas of Devagiri and
the Hoysalas of Halebidu took control of the district. The present Gulbarga
District and Raichur District formed part of their domain. The city of Gulbarga
was founded by the Bahmani Sultans in the 14th century as their capital. The
northern Deccan, including the district of Gulbarga, passed under control of the
Muslim Sultanate of Delhi. The revolt of the Muslim officers appointed from
Delhi resulted in founding of the Bahmani Sultanate in 1347 by Hassan Gangu,
who chose Gulbarga (Ahsenabad during this period) to be his capital. From 1724
to 1948 Gulbarga was part of Hyderabad state ruled by the famous Nizams. It was
integrated into India in September 1948 after the Indian army defeated the Nizam.
39
Regional Importance
Gulbarga's old moated fort is in a much deteriorated state, but it has a number of
interesting buildings inside including the Jama Masjid, reputed to have been built
by a Moorish architect during the late 14th or early 15th century who imitated the
great mosque in Cordoba, Spain. The mosque is unique in India, with a huge dome
covering the whole area, four smaller ones at the corners, and 75 smaller still all
the way around. The fort itself has 15 towers. Gulbarga also has a number of
imposing tombs of Bahmani kings, a shrine to an important Muslim saint,
SharanaBasaveshwara Temple, Sri Sai baba temple, Sri Ram Mandir and Sri
Bhavani Shankar temple (SriSadashivmaharaj). Sri KshetraGhangapur is a famous
pilgrimage center of God Sri SadguruDattarya, situated very close to Gulbarga.
Thousands of pilgrims visit
Gulbarga during the annual festival held at the holy shrine of KhwajaBande
Nawaz Darga to commemorate his death anniversary.
Geography
Gulbarga city is located at an altitude of 458 meters above mean sea level (MSL)
and its geographical coordinates - 17°22' North latitude and 76°46' East longitude.
Gulbarga is located on the vast expanse of gently undulating plain. The terrain
drains towards It is surrounded by small hillocks towards the north and northwest
side. The city is spread around the natural lake (The Sharana Basveshwara Tank),
which is the lowest point of the city and catchment for all run-off and storm water.
40
The red laterite soil and black cotton soil are the main soil types found in the area.
The laterite rock is the commonly available cheap building material in the area.
The black cotton soil is found in patches and is utilized for mainly agricultural
purpose.
Climate and Rainfall
The weather in Gulbarga constitutes of 3 main seasons. The summer spans from
February to June. It is followed by the south west monsoon that spans from the
June to September. Then It is followed by dry winter weather until January.
Temperatures during the different seasons are:
1. Summer : 40 to 44 °C
2. Monsoon: 27 to 34 °C
3. Winter: 10 to 26 °C
The climate of the region is predominantly extreme in summer season. Although it
is divided into three distinct seasons: summer, from February to July; monsoon,
from August to September; and winter, from October to January; the city
experience generally hot and humid climate with prolonged summer. The
Temperature ranges from 40oC to 16oC. The humidity ranges between 60 percent
and 40 percent. The average annual rainfall is around 730 mm. This region has
suffered from failure of monsoons since last three years.
41
DEMOGRAPHY
Gulbarga city accounts for 14% of the district’s total population and about 50% of
its urban population. As per census 2001 the city addressed as Gulbarga Urban
Agglomeration(GUA) comprises of city corporation Gulbarga and three
outgrowths namely Kusnoor(part), Rajapur and Kotnoor Darwesh. The city
experienced an average population growth rate of 40% in the last two decades,
against a high growth rate of 50% in the 60’s and 70’s. As compared to other class
I cities in the state, which registered a decline in the population growth rate in the
last two decades, except Bangalore, Gulbarga has sustained an average growth rate
of 40% over the same period, in spite of being an industrially backward area. The
sustained growth rate can be attributed to the importance given to this city as a
divisional headquarters and administrative hub, and the development of the city as
a regional Market and service centre.
The populations increase after 1961 is attributed to the importance given to these
areas by Karnataka after the reorganization of states in 1956. The compounded
annual growth rate (CAGR) of population from 1961 to 1981 is 4.2 percent and
has since sustained at 3.5 percent in the last two decades (1981-2001).
Population Density
Following the trends of population growth, the population density has shown high
growth during the past three decades in Gulbarga, to cater to which, the CC
jurisdictions were increased in the last decade. While the city’s overall density is
42
quite high, the core area and bazaar areas, in the heart of the city, are more densely
populated than the fringe areas. Further, the area of CCG after 2001 census has
undergone further increase from55 sq.km to 65sq.km due to inclusion of the three
outgrowths within the CCG boundary so as to provide the municipal services to
the fringe areas also.
Overview of the ULB
Gulbarga City Municipal Council came into existence on June 15th 1965. Later it
is upgraded as a Gulbarga Mahanagara Palike on October 2 1982.
Table 3.21
Existing Scenario of the ULB at a Glance
S N Indicators City/ ULB
1 Location (Longitude and Latitude) 17°20′N 76°50′E
17.33°N 76.83°E
2 Area (in Sq. Km.) 64 sq. km
3 Slum area (in Sq. Km.) 1.48 sq. km
4 Demography-Population Population
5 2001 Census 427,929
6 20011 Census 532,031
7 2001 Census (projected ) 659718
8 2001 Census projected ) 818050
9 No. of Households (2001) 73,845
10 Present Population 532,031
11 Present population 532,031
12 No. of Households (2001) 73,845
43
13 Average household size 2001 6
14 No. of Municipal Wards 55
15 No. of Slums 60
16 Notified 42
17 Non-notified 18
18 Slum population 60190
19 No of households in slums 12084
20 Percentage of Slum population
covered in ULB 11
The total population of Gulbarga city for the year 2011 was 5, 32,031 where it has
shown a constant increase in the population with varying rate of growth from
decade to decade. The decennial growth rate of Gulbarga city (2001-2011) is
17.94% with population density considered to be high at233 persons per sq km.
As seen in table 1-1, of 5.32 lakhs people in Gulbarga, 11% of the population
currently lives in 60 slums, covering an area of 1.48 Sq. Km spread over
Government, local body and private lands (year 2011). Location wise, around 50
slums are located in the core area are characterized by closely knit clusters while
in fringe areas, the settlements are found scattered all over the city.
SEX RATIO
The current sex ratio (female population per 1,000 male populations) in Gulbarga
is 920, which is lower than the State urban average of 940 and higher National
urban average of 901. Although, the sex ratio in last decade has shown drastic
44
improved (901 sex ratio as per census 1991), but the region remains among the
most vulnerable to pre-natal sex determination and selection.
LITERACY
Across districts, Gulbarga has one of the lowest literacy rates in the district (50.65
percent, as per census 2001). The current literacy rate (percentage of literate
population to the total population above six years of age) in the CC is 66.7 percent
(the male literacy rate is 73 percent and the female literacy rate is 59.7 percent) –
lower the State urban average of 71.4 percent and National urban average of 70.1
percent. This is in spite, the significance attributed to the city as a regional
educational center and the home to Gulbarga University. Although the literacy rate
has improved by almost 10 percent in the last decade, it is still considerably lower.
Land use of the city
Gulbarga has been blessed by the incessant flowing of river Bhima in addition to
this, a few tributaries flow in this region. The city has rich built heritage and
traditional buildings (i.e. Mosques, Darghas and temples). Gulbarga indicates that
the total area under City Corporation jurisdiction is 5,500hectares for 2001, out of
which only around 46% is developed. The review of land utilization reveals that,
47% of the developed area is under residential use and 24% is under public semi-
public, 12% of the land is under industrial use and 4% of the land developed is
under parks, playgrounds and open spaces. A significant area of land in Gulbarga
is under the university. There has been significant increase in area under
45
residential use, to cater to the growing population and to balance the growth and
enhance economic development in the area, City Corporation had equally
increased the share of area under transportation use, public and semi-public, and
for parks and open spaces. The different land use pattern in Gulbarga City.
Municipal finance
Resource mobilization and financial stability is of paramount importance for any
city’s health and plays a vital role in the development. The source of revenue for
CCG is primarily categorized into tax and non tax based. The tax based revenues
mainly includes revenues collected from property tax, advertisement, professional
and terminal taxes. While the non tax based revenue comprises of rentals from
municipal properties, service user charges, and penalties. Transfers from state
government generally include shared taxes, general and specific purpose grants
and grants recommended by State Finance Commissions. In addition, capital
receipts consist of loan from the government and revenues earned from sale of
land and grants received on account of MP and MLA funds.
As per City Management report of CCG, it was observed that there has been a
decrease in the revenue sources 2007-2008 to 2008-09 and 13% has been
increased in the year 2008-09 to 2009-10 of CCG in terms of tax revenues and
non-tax revenues. Out of total revenues of CCG, there have been no grants from
the government. As indicated above, the establishment costs or the salary
expenditures nconstitute nearly 18% of total expenditure of the corporation. This
46
account was in surplus and varied in the range of minimum of Rs -58.03 lakhs in
2007-08 to maximum of Rs 1758.58 lakhs in 2008-09 and Rs.660.42 lakhs in
2009-10.
Housing Scenario
The urban character of Gulbarga City is found to be complex where each area
exhibits its own characteristics. Till date the old city has been retaining its original
as well as traditional character and ethos, acting as religious node is packed with
overcrowded streets and weak infrastructure levels. On the other side, due to the
availability of all services, cultural attractions, areas adjacent to the city core has
always been under constant development pressure and with increasing congestion.
In contrast, the peripheral areas altogether embraced by the municipal wards do
have a strikingly different development pattern with well organized development
pattern and better infrastructure, thereby encouraging the population to shift from
older areas to these areas for a better living and hygienic life.
With escalating level of urbanization and a high increase of population, the
increase in housing could not be matched with the increasing demand which
resulted in housing gap and insufficient infrastructure. Rapid growth of slums in
Gulbarga has put a lot of pressure on the existing land resources and infrastructure
levels, leading to further deterioration of physical environment. Factors that
contribute to slum development in Gulbarga include migration of people for jobs,
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availability of cheap living options such as outside temple complex where they get
offerings of pilgrim and tourists.
Diagnostic Assessment of slums:
The living conditions in slums represent the pathetic conditions of urban poor.
Individuals and communities living in slums face serious challenges in their
efforts to survive. Severe inadequacies in access to water, sanitation, shelter,
health and education has deprived slum dwellers of some of the most basic
amenities. For assessing the current situation of slums, appropriate indicators are
required to understand the depth of problems. These indicators are derived from
RAY guidelines wherein a detailed household/livelihood survey was conducted to
identify slums which are characterized by poor quality of housing and poor
infrastructure. The following sections provide insights into the real picture of
slums.
With increase in population of the city, housing needs grew, which could
not be met by formal housing market. Migrant population, which could not avail
the facilities of suitable housing and lack of monetary support were forced to
satisfy their needs by occupying both private and public vacant lands and resulted
in formation of slums and more number of squatter settlements. Slums are
predominantly scattered and found mostly on private lands.
The existing scenario in Gulbarga has got two distinct dimensions- housing and
infrastructure. Such a high residential density coupled with acute shortage and
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dilapidation of housing stock marred with extremely poor infrastructural
conditions necessitates redevelopment and renewal works so as to improve the
habitability of these areas for the urban poor.
Gulbarga City has a total of 60 slums, in which 42 slums are notified and
remaining 18 slums are Non Notified and the most of these are built on lands
under the ownership of Urban Local Body. Over 70% of slums have existed more
than 10 years in the city due to the fact that Gulbarga has been one of the
continuously inhabited cities in India. The total population is 5, 32,031 which is
about 11% of the total city population. With respect to physical location, 7% of the
slums are located on hazardous sites. In which Kanakpur is located in the low
lying area considered to be one of the hazardous2 by the urban local body.
Likewise, 26% of the slums are found to be located along the major road network
and railway lines; and 27% along nallahs and water bodies, thereby vulnerable to
natural disasters/ flooding. Most of the slum settlements are concentrated around
CBD or any other dominant location/land use by forming larger clusters around it
(as seen in map 1-2). As evident in map 1-2, 83% of the slums are located in the
core area of the city while remaining 17% in fringe area. The abutting land use
surrounding slums is predominantly residential in nature, followed by commercial
use.
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Reference:
1. KSFC’s Gulbarga District prepared by planning and Development
Department H.O.K.S.F.C.Bengalore, 1991 P-2.
2. Karnataka At a Glance 2009-2010
3. District At a Glance 2009-10.
4. Government of Karnataka Gazetteer “A Hand Book of Karnataka”
Bangalore. 2001& 2005.
5. Census of India District census Hand book Gulbarga District 1961-2001
6. Human Development Report 2005 Govt. of Karnataka.
