Chapter Nine: The Imperfect Tense

Chapter Nine: The Imperfect Tense ( ן ז מ יד ע ת )

.Steffen Han August 2010 ברוך השם

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Chapter Nine

The Imperfect Tense (יד ת ן ע מ ז ) 9.1 How to use the Hebrew Imperfect Tense Some grammar textbook would insist that the Imperfective in Hebrew is not really a tense as such; rather it is an aspect of the verb. The Imperfective is used in the ך"תנ to express an incomplete action expressed by the root nonetheless, in which case, its time frame could be in the future or the present. 9.2 The Imperfect Tense is used:

i. To express an incomplete action denoted by the controlling verb, which could be at the moment or after the action of the verb;

ii. To express a repetitive or habitual action; it does not express the time or the moment of the action of the verb, that is, the moment when the action of the verb takes place, hence the time of the action of the controlling verb could be in the past, the present or the future.

iii. In Modern Hebrew, as the Active Participle is used for the Present Tense, thus, the Imperfect Tense is used exclusively to function as the Future Tense.

iv. In Classical Hebrew, the Imperfect Tense could have a sense equivalent to the English Present Tense or a Continuous Tense.

v. The Present Tense in Hebrew could be expressed, more often than not, by the use of the Active Participle, as noted.

9.3 The Imperfect Tense is one among the four or five Infinitive derivatives, at least in Hebrew. To configure the Imperfect Tense, the pair of default vowels in currency in the Infinitive Construct of each binyan would be used as the base vowel in the construction of the Imperfect Tense of each respective binyan. A sample of the default vowels in the Infinitive Construct of each binyan, using the word קטל as an example, is given below:

Hebrew Verbal System


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9.4 The vowel in the head syllable of the non-Qal binyanim which constituted part of the prosthesis of each banyan is immutable. The consonant of the prosthesis, however, would be occupied by the pronominal preformative, the ן "אית , but the vowel would remain the same, as the vowel in these samples: ל ט י ק he will be murdered, the third person masculine singular for Hophal binyan; בו ת כ י they (those) will be inscribed, the third person plural masculine for Niph’al binyan of the root כתב. 9.5 Generally speaking, the stem vowel is given in the Infinitive Construct of each binyan, particularly the non-Qal active voice where the vowel [..] ( צרי) would be used as the stem vowel whenever the configuration of the Imperfect Tense is needed. The Qal binyan is given by default a separate set of default vowels, head and stem vowels, for all verbal forms: in the case of Qal Infinitive, it is a pairing of [˙+ ] ( הו לם +שווא In the case of the Niph’al binyan, the zero vowel sufformative conjugation .(חסר would assume the vowel [..] ( צרי), resembles verbs in the active voice, but Niph’al binyan takes the vowel [ ] ( פתח) in consonantal sufformative conjugation. The vowel meanwhile is used as theme or stem vowel in non-Qal passive voice (פתח) [ ]binyanim, namely the Pu’al and the two forms of Hophal. The Hiphil binyan has the vowel [ י . as its standard epenthesis, which is immutable, stem vowel (הי ריק מל א) [in the vocalic and zero vowel sufformative conjugations but it accepts the vowel [..] .in the consonantal sufformative inflection (צר י ) 9.6 Conjugation of the Imperfect Tense The Imperfect has been understood as the preformative conjugation for reason of the ן "אית . It is found that working with the sufformative conjugations turned out to be

more manageable instead: naturally, dependent on individual preference. To install the Hebrew Imperfect Tense, there are three sets of conjugation would be applicable: (i) the consonantal sufforamtive conjugation, (ii) the vocalic sufformative conjugation, and (iii) the zero vowel sufformative conjugation, involving the pronominal preformatives the ן" אית pairing with the sufformatives the נה "יו , making adjustment

Vowel schemes of the Infinitive Construct of the biyanim

Hophal Hiphil Hitpa’el Pu’al Pi’el Ni’phal Qal

ל ט ק ה יל ט ק ה ל ט ק ת ה ל ע פ ל ע פ ל ט ק ה ט ל ק



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to contiguous שוואים and or ו א ח ט ף ש (composite shewa) whenever a weak or guttural consonant is present at the head of the root, or for that matter, anyone other position of the verbal root. (i) There are two members in the

consonantal sufformative conjugation involved in the inflexion of the Imperfect Tense, namely, feminine second person plural you ladies נ ה--- ת (2fp) and feminine third person plural those women נ ה--- ת (3fp), each consists of one pronoun prefix from ן "אית and one pronoun suffix from נ ה"יו forming a splice of נ ה --- ת to bracket the

verbal root, as the vowels in the sample word: ת כ ת נ ה ב , those women/you ladies will write, the Qal Imperfect Tense for כתב. The same pair of affixes נ ה--- ת would be used for the two, namely, second person feminine plural and third person feminine plural. There is no accent shift involved in the consonantal sufformative conjugation in the Imperfect Tense as the stress remains in the second syllable of the root. The rule of contiguous שוואי ם would be summoned to duty.

(ii) (a) There are three pairs of

pronominal affixes would be used in the vocalic (vowel) sufformative conjugation in the Imperfect Tense, namely, feminine second singular you lady י --- ת (2fs), masculine second person plural you men ו--- ת (2mp), and masculine third person plural those men ו --- י (3mp), as the vowels in the sample word: י יא ב ת you (lady) will bring for the verbal root ב י ;בוא ת כ ת you (lady) will write for the root יא ו ;כתב י ב they (men) will bring, ת בו כ י they (men) will write, הו א פ ת you men will bake for the root .אפה

(b) Rules related to pillion, stem vowels are not applicable to the vocalic sufformative conjugation as the vocalic sufformative conjugation would go through a procedure whereby the hind consonant of the root would be abdicated and reuse with the vowel from the vocalic pronominal to form a new, hind syllable.

Imperfect נ ה--- 2fp you ladies נ ה--- ת נ ה--- 3fp those women נ ה--- ת

Imperfect 2fs you lady ---י י--- ת 2mp you men ---ו ו--- ת 3mp those men ---ו ו--- י



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(iii) There are five members in the zero vowel sufformative conjugation involved in the Imperfect Tense but each of these five is loaded with a preformative from ן "אית : namely, first person singular both genders I (1cs), first person plural both genders we (1cp); masculine second person singular you man (2ms), feminine third person singular she (3fs), and masculine third person singular he (3ms), as the vowels in: ל א כ or ל אוכ I will eat. ה ת פ she will bake, ש ל ב ת she will bake, Pi’el of בש ל to bake, בות ש נ we will strike for the root שבת to strike.

9.7 A Summary of Imperfect Tense Inflexion: The same principle will be applicable to the inflexion of the Imperfect Tense of all binyanim, active as well as Passive.

Plural נה"יו+ן"אית Singular 1 cp נו א נ ח מממנ מממא י א נ 1cs 2mp ם ת א ומממת מממת ה ת א 2ms 2fp ת א נ ה ה מממנ ת מממ ת י ת א 2fs 3mp ם ה ומממת מממי 3ms הוא 3fp ן ה נהמממת מממת יא ה 3fs

Imperfect 1cs I א --- Icp we נ --- 2ms you man ת --- 3ms he י --- 3fs she ת ---



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9.8 Qal Imperfect Tense

As far as the vowel pattern is concern, the Qal Imperfect Tense is given with a pair of default vowel, as that of the vowels in the Qal Infinitive Construct. On to the root various pronominal prefixes, the ן "אית and suffixes, the נ ה"חו , would be

added to install the Qal Imperfect Tense, as shown in Table (a). Some textbooks prefer to have the paradigm arranged according to the third person singular masculine as shown in Table (b). In so doing, textbooks generally seek to render the student the most convenient and easy way to memorize the paradigm, suiting the need of as many people as possible. Either way, it means the same thing and serves the same purpose. Once the student has successfully understood that the Imperfect Tenses is a derivative of the Infinitive Construct together with the default vowels, the rules and mechanism of conjugation choosing from one of the three: zero vowel sufformative conjugations, consonantal

sufformative conjugation and vocalic sufformative conjugation, there would be no need to rote up the paradigm. 9.9 The default vowel for the Qal Imperfect Tense—head and stem vowels—would be a combination of [˙ + ] ( ו א ר ־ ש ס ם ח חו ל ), the same pair of default vowels used in the Qal Infinitive Construct. In the case of Qal Imperfect Tense, only verbs with one or more weak or guttural consonants in any one position of the root would require adjustment to receive or reject the default, head שווא, which is suppose to come under the head consonant of the root or resulting from inflexion by adding the pronominal prefixes, the ן "אית , to the root. When making accommodation for the presence of ף ש ו א ח ט (composite shewa) under such circumstances, the preceding vowel in ן"אית would reflect such changes by the adoption of a שווא of the same class as that of ף ח ט ו א ש . For the other binyanim, the stem or theme vowel for active, dynamic verbs would be [..] ( צר י): the Nipha’al Imperfect is treated as an active, dynamic verb in vocalic sufformative conjugation, assuming the vowel [..] ( צר י) but loads the vowel

Qal Imperfect Table (a):

ט לא ק 1cs י א נ

ט לת ק 2ms ה ת א

ל ת ט ק ת 2fs י א

ט לי ק 3ms הוא

ט לת ק 3fs יא ה

ט לנ ק 1cp נו א נ ח

לת ט ק 2mp ו ם ת א

ל ת ט ק נה 2fp נ ה ת א

לי ט ק 3mp ו ם ה

ל ת ט ק נה 3fp ן ה

Qal Imperfect Table (b):

ק ט לי 3ms הוא

יא ה 3fs ק ט לת

ה ת א 2ms ק ט לת

ת א 2fs ל ת ט ק י

י א נ 1cs ט לא ק

נו א נ ח 1cp ט לנ ק

ם ת א 2mp לת ט ק ו

נ ה ת א 2fp ל ת ט ק נה

ם ה 3mp לי ט ק ו

ן ה 3fp ל ת ט ק נה



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[ ] ( ח פ ת ) in consonantal conjugation; in Qal stative, intransitive verbs or verbs of the passive binyanim outside the Niph’al binyan, the vowel [ ] ( ח פ ת ) is used as the theme vowel in the Imperfect Tense. Choice of the pillion or stem vowel would be determined by the nature of the binyan: active or passive voice verb. 9.10 Additional Points on the Vowels Generally when a root is headed by a weak consonant in the פ " position in the Imperfect Tense, the following vowel combinations would be appropriate:

ן " אית when in the role as pronominal preformative (one from the (אלף ) [א ] • ), generally it takes [ ] ( סגו ל) in places where the usual vowel beneath the preformative would be a [.] ( יק יר ח ), mostly by dint of two contiguous שוואי ם. In cases where the vowel beneath the preformative normally is a שווא נ ע (assigned by default to the preformative), the vowel under the [א] ( אלף) would be a [ ] (חטף פ תח) as the [ א] ( אל ף) could not carry the שוו א נע. In cases where the head prosthetic vowel is immutable, the [א] ( אלף) would assume the default prosthetic vowel of the binyan, mostly in the Causative stems.

• Generally, [א] ( אל ף) would accept [ ] ( חטף סגו ל) when it heads the verbal root of a verb, in lieu of the שווא נ ע for use in the Qal Imperfect Tense as well as in the Qal Infinitive Construct.

• The [א] ( אלף) as a preformative in the six-member א"פ verbs would shoulder a [˙] ( הול ם חס ר) as the head syllable vowel.

• When [ א] ( אלף) falls in a hind position of a verbal root, it is vowelless or quiescent in the conjugation of all binyanim; thus the preceding consonant (the middle consonant of the root) is given (lengthening to) a [ ] (קמץ) in zero vowel inflection in Qal binyan; and the passive form of Intensive and Causative binyanim; the Niphal Imperfect is given a [..] ( צר י) as well as the active voice of the Intensive and Reflexive stems; whereas Hiphil has its own epenthesis; but the middle consonant in front of the silent [א] ( אלף) would assume the vowel [ ] ( סג ול) in consonantal sufformative conjugation in the Imperfect Tense of all binyanim. In vowel suffix conjugation involving the presence of a mute [א] ( אלף) in the rare position of a root, the usual rules of abdication of the hind consonant and shortening of the pillion vowel would be applicable.



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• In Qal Imperfect, when [ ח] ( ית ח ) and [ע] (עין) are in the head position of the root, it would assume the [ ] ( חטף סגו ל) bringing itself in harmony with the vowel [ ] ( סגו ל) which is given beneath the preformative [ א] ( אל ף).

ית) [ח ] • ח ) may accept שווא נ ח. .שווא נח may accept (עין ) [ע ] • ] would prefer (עין ) [ע ] • ] ( פ תח התף ). • There is assimilation of [נ] ( נון) in ן "פ verb, which does not interrupt the usual

pattern of conjugation. 9.11 Conjugation of the Imperfect Tense of the weak verbs would be more or less consistent and similar to the three types of inflexion: (i) the consonantal Suffix Conjugation; (ii) the vocalic Suffix Conjugation, (iii) the zero vowel Suffix Conjugation that have been used to configure the Qal Imperfect Tense of the regular, strong verbs. 9.12 In ע " ע verbs, ה "ל verbs and hollow verbs, a helping vowel expressed in [י ] ( סגו ל unlike the case in the regular verbs in the ,שווא נע is used instead of a (מלא consonantal conjugation; whereas in א "ל verb, as noted above, the stem vowel is a [ ] א " ל while the (סג ול ) is silent, as the vowel pattern in the following sample words: ינ ה תוס ב ( ע "ע ינ ה ,( ג ל ת ( ה "ל צ ,( מ ת ) אנ ה א " ל נ ה ,( תוש ב ( י /ו"פ ג ל ,( ת ת ) ינ ה ה " ל ) etc. 9.13 Sample of Qal Imperfect of Irregular Verb: היה (i) When special emphasis is needed, the verb י ה ה is used as verb to be in the role of a link verb, which pattern of conjugations is given as the Table:

1cp we will be י ה ה נ י ה ה א I will be 1cs

2mp you will be יו ת ה י ה ת ה you will be 2ms 2fp you will be י ינ ה ת ה י ת י ה you will be 2fs 3mp they will be יו ה י י ה ה י he will be 3ms 3fp they will be י ינ ה ת ה י ה ת ה she will be 3fs

(ii) By way of this, the vowel pattern in the conjugation of another verb: חיח to live would be identical with that of היה.



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9.14 Niph’al Imperfect Tense Interestingly, there are some words that are used in the ך"תנ appeared only in the Niph’al binyan, a sample of these given in the Perfect Tense in the third person masculine singular is offered here: 9.15 Composition and Conjugation of Niph’al Imperfect Generally, verbs in the Niph’al stem assume a passive role; when the subject of a Niph’al verb acts upon itself, it is reflexive, as in the sample word: ת ר ס נ he hid himself. A verb in the Niph’al in the plural might be used to express a reciprocal action; in which case, it could assume a sense of a middle voice, as in the sample word: ח מ ו ל נ they fought among themselves. 9.16 Rules of conjugation and the use of pronominal preformatives and sufformatives for the Niph’al Imperfect would be identical to the pattern used in the Qal Imperfect Tense. In cases of zero vowel conjugation of Niph’al Imperfect Tense, the pillion vowel would be given a [..] ( צרי) which is also used as the theme vowel in conjugation of the Imperfect Tense of all persons in the active voice of the Intensive binyan, including Reflexive stem. In the two consonantal conjugations of the Niph’al Imperfect, the vowel [ ] ( פתח) is used as the pillion, theme vowel keeping close to the general rule that the vowel [ ] ( פתח) is closely linked with verbs in the passive voice. In vocalic (vowel) suffix conjugation of Niph’al Imperfect, the rules of abdication of the hind consonant and shortening of the stem vowel to a שווא would be applicable.

נ א נ ח he groaned in pain, he sighed.

ם ח נ he felt sorry, he felt remorse, he repented

ט ל מ נ he escaped.

ר ת ס נ he hid himself.

ל ה ק נ he assembled.

ם ד ר ,he was brainless, he was deeply asleep נ

ע ב ש נ he swore, he bound himself by an oath



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9. 17 In the Niph’al Imperfect, the gutturals of [ ח] (ית ח ) and [ע] ( עין) when heading a verbal root would reject the [נ] as a result of assimilation of the דגש and cause the vowel beneath the (נון )preformative to be lengthened to a [ ..] in (אל ף) [א] including that of ,(צר י )the role of the preformative for the first person singular both genders, as in the sample words: ד מ י ע ל , ט ע א . 9.18 In other cases when these two are given in the middle consonant of the root (the -ע position), the pillion, theme vowel would be shortened to [ ] ( חתף normally שוו א in places where a (פתח would be needed, as in the sample words: א לו ק י י , ח ר ב ת .

9.19 The assimilation of [נ] ( נון) in ן "פ verbs would not disturb the usual pattern of conjugation in the Niph’al Imperfect. 9.20 Verbs originally begin with a [ו] (וו) in the head of the root but ended up as [י] ( יוד) ( י /ו "פ verbs) in Qal (Perfect as well as Imperfect) would resume or restore back the ו ש ב :in Niph’al binyan, as in the sample word (וו) [ו ] Conjugations in the Niph’al of . י these verbs would duplicate the paradigm as the Niph’al Imperfect regular verbs. 9.21 For ח / ע" ל verbs of Niph’al Imperfect, the pattern of conjugations would be the same as the regular verbs of Niph’al Imperfect, except that the pillion vowel is given a [ ] נוב ה since the (פתח ) ח ג ת פ (pathach furtive) actually belongs to the preceding vowel, as shown in the sample word: ח ל ש א ; but these ח /ע "ל verbs could carry a שוו א נח, as reflected in the sample word: ל ש ת נ ה ח .

Niph’al Imperfect Table (a):

ל ק י 3ms הוא ט

יא ה 3fs ל ק ת ט

ה ת א 2ms ל ק ת ט

ת א 2fs ל ק ת ט י

י א נ 1cs ל ק א ט

נו א נ ח 1cp ל ק נ ט

ם ת א 2mp ל ק ת ו ט

נ ה ת א 2fp ל ת ק ט נה

ם ה 3mp ל ק י ו ט

ן ה 3fp נה ל ט ק ת

Qal Imperfect Table (b):

ל ק א ט 1cs י א נ

ל ק ת ט 2ms ה ת א

ל ק ת ט י 2fs ת א

ל ק י ט 3ms הוא

ל ק ת ט 3fs יא ה

ל ק נ ט 1cp נו א נ ח

ל ק ת ו ט 2mp ם ת א

נה ל ט ק ת 2fp נ ה ת א

ל ק י ו ט 3mp ם ה

ק ט ת נה ל 3fp ן ה



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9.22 Pi’el Imperfect Tense

i. The Pi’el Imperfect is the active voice of the Intensive binyan, which often expresses a simple action in the future time. It is also used to express a habitual, repetitive or customary action, a role similar to the Simple Tense in the English language.

ii. Verbs of stative and intransitive nature in the Qal binyan would assume an active and dynamic meaning when taking on the Pi’el conjugation.

iii. Words are noun and adjective in origin when performing the function of a verb would be conjugated in the Intensive Pi’el paradigm but assume a simple binyan in meaning; these verbs would not take on the intensive binyan in meaning.

9.23 Composition and Conjugation of Pi’el Imperfect

i. The name is given as ל ע פ or ל י ע פ , but the default vowels in the Pi’el Infinitive Construct are assigned a combination of [ + ] ( צ רי +ד גש +פתח ) as shown in the sample: א מ צ , which would be the basic vowel scheme to install the Pi’el Imperfect in all persons, gender and number (singular and plural) of all verbal roots. Interestingly, this basic unit of default vowels is identical with the D stem or Pa’el binyan of Aramaic verbs. Onto this basic unit pronominal preformatives together with the consonantal suffix conjugation and vocalic suffix would be carried out: the zero vowel conjugation does not require pronominal. The pronominal preformative would be attached to the front and the שוו א נע, which comes with the ן "אית but would not go through shortening process as the vowel beneath the first consonant of the verbal root in this case is not another שווא נ ע, therefore no contiguous שוואי ם; with the exception of [א] (אל ף) for the first person singular both genders, however, a [ ] .שווא נע could not carry the (אלף ) [א ] would be assigned as (חתף פת ח )The Pi’el is an active voice binyan, which means the theme or pillion vowel, as a general rule, would load a [..] ( צרי).

ii. Only verbal roots which carry a guttural in the second or middle consonant that resists the דגש would the rule of compensatory lengthening of preceding vowel or virtual doubling which reject the דגש without lengthening the preceding vowel be applicable.

Sample of PC for Pi’el Imperf

zero vowel PC א ה ל ל 1cs י א נ

vocalic PC לו ל ה י 3mp ם ה

consonantal PC נ ה ל ל ה ת 2fp נ ה ת א



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9.24 The default vowel scheme of Pu’al Imperfect The meaning and usage of verbs in Pu’al binyan would be understood as passive voice, expressed with “to be + past participle” in English. The same rule and process of conjugations used in Pi’el דגש inflection shall be applicable to Pu’al binyan, but as a general rule, binyanim in the passive voice employ the vowel [ ] ( פתח) as the pillion or stem vowel. The default vowels given in Pu’al binyan is a pair of [ + ] ( פתח +דגש + קבוץ ) which are almost identical as that in Pi’el binyan, thus the conjugations to be used in Pu’al binyan would be similar to the paradigm which is used in Pi’el binyan. 9.25 Reflexive Imperfect Tense

i. As a matter of practical convenience, the Reflexive stem is place under the Intensive group chiefly the basic unit in Pi’el binyan is utilized to set up verbs in the Reflexive binyan with the addition of a key prosthesis the ת ח syllable.

ii. In the conjugation of certain words in the Reflexive binyan, metathesis would take place where the consonant [ ת of the prosthetic syllable (תו) [ ת ח would swap with the head consonant of the roots, as shown in the sample word: ר מ ת ש ח they guard themselves.

9.26 Causative Imperfect Tense A. The Hiphil Imperfect

i. The meaning and usage of causative stem would appropriate a sense that would place the English words “to cause to happen” to the verb in Hiphil to capture its meaning or implication; under certain conditions, verbs in the Hiphil binyan could be rendered as an indicative or declarative mood. In yet other situation, the Hiphil could

Sample of PC for Pu’al Imperf

zero vowel PC ם נ ח י 3ms הוא

vocalic PC י נ ח מ ת 2fs ת א

consonantal PC נ ה מ נ ח ת 3fp ן ה

Sample of PC for Reflexive Imperf

zero vowel PC ב ת כ ת ת 3fs יא ה

vocalic PC בו ת כ ת ת 2mp ם ת א

consonantal PC ת כ ת ת נ ה ב 2fp נ ה ת א

Sample of PC for Hiphil Imperf

zero vowel PC יב אוש 1cs י א נ

vocalic PC י יב תוש 2fs ת א

consonantal PC תוש נ ה ב 2fp נ ה ת א



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function in a manner similar to the Intensive that transforms an intransitive verb to a transitive verb.

ii. Characteristically, the Causative binyan in the active voice is given the epenthesis [ י . and the head prosthesis is assigned a syllable (היריק מלא ) [of [ ה ] forming a basic unit of prosthesis and stem vowel as shown in the sample: יל ק ט ה where both the vowel פתח beneath the prosthesis and the epenthesis would be immutable during conjugation of all persons, both genders, singular as well as plural in the zero vowel conjugations and the vocalic conjugations, except the consonantal conjugation (2fp and 3fp) of the Imperfect Tense which would be given a [..] ( צרי) as stem vowel, typically of active binyanim. The pronominal prefixes and suffixes from ן "אית and נה "יו would be added to embed the root without disturbing the

default vowels: the prosthetic syllable acting with the head consonant of the root constitutes a close syllable, thus a ח שוו א נ is needed underneath it.

B. The Hophal Imperfect

i. The same default vowel scheme used in Hiphil would be applicable to the conjugation of the Hophal or Huphal where the head prosthetic syllable would be either [ ] or [ ה for the Causative [ ה passive binyan and the epenthesis [ י . ] is given place to the vowel (הי ריק מל א) for reason the Hophal or (פתח) [ ]Huphal is a passive binyan, which as a general rule, always loads the vowel [ ] ( פתח) as theme or pillion vowel. Similarly, the prosthetic syllable acting with the head consonant of the root forms a close syllable, thus a שווא נח is needed beneath the head consonant of the root.

ii. By this stage, it would be no longer necessary to recite or rote up the full paradigm of each binyan, once the Imperfective of the Hebrew verb has been properly understood.

Sample of PC for Hophal Imperf

zero vowel PC ה ל י ג 3ms הוא

vocalic PC י ל ג ת 2fs ת א

consonantal PC ל ג ת 3fp ינ ה ן ה

Sample of PC for Huphal Imperf

zero vowel PC 3 י ג שms הוא

vocalic PC י ש ג ת 2fs ת א

consonantal PC ג נ ה ת ש 3fp ן ה

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Chapter Nine: The Imperfect Tense