CHAPTER ONE. “THOSE WHO FORGET THE MISTAKES OF HISTORY ARE CONDEMNED TO REPEAT THEM”

CHAPTER ONE

THOSE WHO FORGET THE MISTAKES OF HISTORY ARE CONDEMNED TO REPEAT THEM

1. FORM OUR SELF-IDENTITY 2. AVOID MISTAKES MADE IN THE PAST 3. MAKE WISE CHOICES IN THE FUTURE

1. PROVIDES US WITH A PERSPECTIVE ON HOW CHRISTIANS HAVE ATTEMPTED TO CARRY OUT JESUS OF NAZARETHS GOSPEL MESSAGE. 2. TO GAIN A BETTER SENSE OF THE CHRISTIAN IDENTITY 3. TO DISTINGUISH THE ESSENTIAL FROM THE NONESSENTIAL IN CATHOLIC CHRISTIAN PRACTICE 4. TO CHOOSE WISELY THE ACTIONS WE TAKE IN SHAPING OUR WORLD AND FUTURE.

1. AS CATHOLIC 1. DEEPEN YOUR SENSE OF IDENTITY 2. AS A NON-CATHOLIC CHRISTIAN 1. INFORM YOU OF PARTS OF YOUR OWN CHURCHS HISTORY 3. AS A NON-CHRISTIAN 1. GAIN AN APPRECIATION OF THE CATHOLIC CHRISTIAN IDENTITY

A. VATICAN COUNCIL (1962-1965) A. A. CHANGES IN THE MASS B. B. CHANGES OIN THE LITURGY C. C. THE ROLE OF DEACONS

WITHOUT ADEQUATE KNOWLEDGE OF PEOPLE AND INSTITUTIONS, OUR DECISIONS REGARDING THEM OUR UNFAIR AND/OR UNREASONABLE

1. CULTURES 2. SOCIETIES 3. NATIONS

DIFFERENT DIMENSIONS OF ASPECTS OF HE CHURCH

CHURCH AS THE BODY OF CHRIST IN THE HEBREW SCRIPTURE: THE ISRAELITES. IN THE CHRISTIAN SCRIPTURE: THOSE WHO FOLLOW CHRISTS CALL.

INSTITUTION: ORGANIZED PATTERNS, RULES AND SOCIAL STRUCTURES THAT HAVE DEVELOPED TO HELP CARRY OUT A GROUP OR MOVEMENTS PURPOSE

PHYSICAL TANGIBLE PROOF THAT GOD IS WITH US: THE SACRACMENTS THE CHURCH IS A PHYSICAL SIGN OF GODS SAVING LOVE THE CHRISTIAN COMMUNITY MAINTAINS ITS IDENTIY THROUGH ITS LITURGICAL CELEBRATIONS

THE OFFICIAL MESSENGER OF PROCLAIMING THE WORD OF GOD ANY GATHER AT WHICH CHRISTIANS READ THE WORD OF GOD REFLECTS THE CHURCH ACTTING AS A HERALD THE MASS, PUBLICATIONS AND COMMITTED ACTIONS BY CHRISTIANS HERALD THE GOOD NEWS

JESUS EXAMPLE A THE LAST SUPPER: SERVANTS WHO GAVE OF THEMSELVES AND MAKE SACRIFICES FOR OTHERS BECOMES SERVANTS THROUGH: INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURES AND THE EFFORTS OF INDIVIDUAL CHRISTIANS

CHAPTER 2: A CHURCH OF CONVERTS

JESUS RAISED IN NAZARETH IN GALILEE GOSPELS OF MATTHEW, MARK, LUKE AND JOHN ARE SOURCES OF INFORMATION OF CHRISTS LIFE WRITTEN 40-70 YEARS AFTER HIS DEATH DRAWN ON ORAL TRADITION WRITTEN FOR THE PURPOSE OF CONVERTING PEOPLE JESUS PUBLIC LIFE BEGINS WITH HIS BAPTISM BY JOHN THE BAPTIST IN THE JORDAN RIVER

THE CHURCH SPREADS ACROSS THE EMPIRE THE RESURRECTION OF JESUS IS THE STARTING POINT THE APOSTLES: PETER, JOHN AND JAMES WERE THE MOST IMPORTANT WITHIN ONE CENTURY CHRISTIANITY SPREAD ACROSS THE ROMAN EMPIRE

THE EARLY CHRISTIANS FIRST APOSTLES AND CONVERTS WERE JEWS FIRST CHRISTIANS WERE A SECT WITHIN THE JEWS WHO BELIEVED THAT CHRIST WAS THE MESSIAH SOME JEWISH LEADERS (SADDUCEES) REGARDED THE CHRISTIANS AS NONCONFORMISTS AND SHOULD BE SUPPRESSED. ONE OF THE EARLIEST CONVERTS WAS STEPHEN; A HELLENTISTIC JEW DENOUNCED BY THE SANHEDRIN FOR SPEAKING AGAINST THE TEMPLE STONED TO DEATH PERCECUTION FOLLOWS FOLLOWERS BEGIN TO SPREAD WORD AMONG NON-JEWS (GENTILES)

PREACHING TO THE GENTILES WOULD THE GENTILES BE REQUIRED TO OBSERVE JEWISH LAW? FEAR THAT THE CHURCH WOULD BE TAKEN OVER BY THE GENTILES AND LOSE ITS JEWISH CHARACTER PAUL (SAUL OF TARSAS) PRESENT AT THE STONING OF STEPHEN WHAT MAKES A MAN RIGHTEOUS IS NOT OBEDEIENCE TO THE LAW, BUT FAITH IN JESUS CHRIST THE CHURCH SHED ITS JEWISH CHARACTER AND BECAME THE CHURCH OF THE WORLD

PAULS ROAD TRIP ASIA MINOR GREECE WENT ONLY TO THOSE CITIES WHERE THE GOSPEL HAD NOT YET BEEN PREACHED HE BELIVED THAT CHRIST WAS THE FULFILLMENT OF THE PROMISES OF THE HEBREW SCRIPTURE EPISTLES ARE LETTERS HE WROTE TO CHRISTIAN COMMUNITIES; ATTEMPTING TO STAY IN TOUCH AND MAINTAIN CHRISTIAN UNITY MARTYRED AROUND 64 A.D. UNDER CHARGES OF TREASON DURING THE REIGN OF THE EMPEROR NERO

OTHER EARLY MISSIONARIES PETER ALSO MARTYRED DURING NEROS REIGN CONVERSION OF GENTILES MUCH MORE SUCCESSFUL THAN JEWISH CONVERSIONS

WHAT AIDED THE MISSIONARY JOURNEY? ROMAN PEACE (PAX ROMANA) SYSTEM OF ROADS THE ROME WAS THIRSTING A SPRITUAL HUNGER

WHY THE POPULARITY OF CHRISTIANITY? EMBRACED ALL PEOPLE RICH AND POOR SLAVES AND NOBLES MEN AND WOMEN GAVE HOPE TO THE TO THE POWERLESS APPEALED TO THOSE TURNED OFF BY THE ROMAN LAVISH LIFESTYLE OFFERED A PERSONAL RELATIONSHIP WITH GOD PROMISED ETERNAL LIFE AFTER DEATH CHRISITANITY WAS FOUNDED ON A HISTORICAL PERSON THE LIVING EXAMPLES OF THE CHRISTIAN COMMUNITY

THE LASTING LEGACY OF THE APOSTLES

SECTION 3.1 GENTILES ATTRACTED BY PAULS MESSAGE THAT GOD SAVES ALL MEALS AND THE EUCHARIST TOOK PLACE IN HOMES IN ORDER TO BREAK BREAD AND SHARE THE GOOD NEWS WORSHIPPED AND LIVED IN A COMMUNAL SETTING CONFLICT WITH JEWS FOLLOWED BY PERSECUTION PAUL JOURNEYED TO EPHESUS, THESSALONICA, CORINTH AND PHILIPPI

PAGAN DEITIES GREEK AND ROMANS WORSHIPPED ANTHROPOMORPHIC DEITIES HUMAN TRAITS AND FRAILTIES ROMAN RULERS OFTEN VIEWED THEMSELVES AS GODS ROMANS VIEWED THE CHRISTIANS WITH A CERTAIN AMOUNT OF CYNICISM JESUS WAS IN STARK CONTRAST TO ROMAN CONCEPTIONS OF GOD

SMALL CHRISTIAN COMMUNITIES: PRAYER AND MUTUAL LOVE PAULS LETTERS, EPISTLES, REMAIN TO EMPHASIZE HIS IMPORTANT ROLE CHRISTIAN COMMUNITIES WERE A TESTAMENT TO THEIR MESSAGE PAULS SECOND AND THIRD JOURNEYS DEVELOP THE COMMUNITIES

COMMUNITIES ON PAULS SECOND JOURNEY FOUR YEARS WITH SILAS, TIMOTHY AND LUKE TRAVELED TO PHILIPPI (map page 48)

LOVE BRINGS CONVERSIONS IN PHILIPPI PAUL JAILED FOR CASTING A DEMON OUT OF A SLAVE GIRL WHO WAS A FORTUNE TELLER EARTHQUAKE OCCURS PAUL CONVERTS HIS JAILOR EVENTUALLY RELEASED BECAUSE HE WAS A ROMAN CITIZEN

RUN OUT OF THESSALONICA THREATENED WITH THE CHARGE OF TREASON BECAUSE OF HIS PREACHINGS

REJECTION IN ATHENS GREEKS WERE SKEPTICAL OF CHRISTIANITY THE POSSIBILITY OF THE RESSURRECTION

CHALLENGE IN CORINTH STAYED AT THE HOME OF PRISCILLA AND HER HUSBAND AQUILA CORINTH WAS CONFRONTED WITH A SPLIT IN THE CHRISTIAN COMMUNITY MANY OF PAULS LETTERS TO THE CORINTHIAN CHRISTIAN COMMUNITY REFLECT THIS FACTIONALISM IT IS EVENTUALLY RESOLVED

THE COMMUNITIES ON PAULS THIRD JOURNEY TAKING ON MAGICIANS IN EPHESUS EPHESUS WAS A CROSSROADS OF TRADE FROM THE EASTERN AND WESTERN PORTION OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. FALSE HEALERS AND SILVERSMITHS LED THE OPPOSITION TO PAULS PRESENCE SILVER STATUES TO THE GODDESS DIANA (ARTEMIS) WERE POPULAR

TROUBLES FOR PAUL IN JERUSALEM A MISSION OF MERCY JERUSALEM WAS CONFRONTED WITH STARVATION AGAIN PAUL GOES TO JERUSALEM TO BRING NEEDED FOOD CONFLICT BETWEEN JEWISH CHRISTIANS AND GENTILE CHRISTIANS AGAIN RISES PAUL WAS CONCERNED FOR HIS SAFETY

THE CHRISTIAN TESTAMENT: LETTERS, STORIES AND INSPIRATION DEVELOPMENT THE CHRISTIAN ORALLY AND IN WRITING LETTERS, ACCOUNTS OF JESUS LIFE AND THE LIFE OF THE APOSTLES BY THE END OF THE 4 TH CENTURY, 27 WRITINGS WERE DESIGNATED THE CHRISTIAN CANON OR STANDARD

PAULS EPISTLES: LETTERS OF LOVE TO THE CHRISTIAN COMMUNITIES PAULS LETTER TO THESSALONICA WAS HIS FIRST EPISTLE HE ADDRESSED HIS LETTERS TO THE CHURCHES MEANING ASSEMBLIES IN THE PARTICULAR COMMUNITIES OTHER EPISTLES WERE WRITTEN TO THE ROMANS, GALATIANS, CORINTHIANS, AND EPHESIANS ONE OF THE LETTERS WAS TO CONVINCE THE MEMBERS THAT THE SECOND COMING WAS NOT NECESSARILY AT HAND HIS LETTERS WERE CIRCULATED THROUGHOUT CHRISTIAN COMMUNITIES, LONG AFTER HIS DEATH

PAULS MESSAGE SUMMARIZED GOD SO LOVES US THAT HE SENT HIS SON TO SUFFER AND DIE IN ORDER TO SHOW US WHAT LIFE IN GOD IS ALL ABOUT. BELIEF IN JESUS NOT ADHERENCE TO THE LAW IS WHAT SAVES US.

TREASURES PASSED ON MUCH DEBATE AS TO THE AUTHENTICITY OF SOME OF THE APOSTLES LETTERS PROBABLY DICTATED TO A SCRIBE SOME MAY HAVE BEEN AUTHORED BY PEOPLE WHO KNEW PAULS STYLE GOSPELS BEGAN TO BE WRITTEN DOWN BETWEEN 65-70 A.D.

THE GOSPELS: ANSWERS TO THE QUESTION, WHO WAS JESUS? WRITTEN DURING THE LAST THIRD OF THE FIRST CENTURY GOSPEL MEANS GOOD NEWS

THE GOOD NEWS TOLD, THEN WRITTEN DOWN WRITTEN DOWN BECAUSE ONLY FEW PEOPLE LIVING AT THE TIME BEEN WITNESSES TO CHRISTS LIFE IN ORDER TO SPREAD THE WORD

DIFFERENT GOSPELS, DIFFERENT AUDIENCES MARK BETWEEN 65-70 A.D. DIRECTED TO GENTILES SOURCE FOR MATTHEW AND LUKE MATTHEW BETWEEN 80-100 A.D. IN ANTIOCH FOR A JEWISH AND GENTILE COMMUNITY HOW JESUS AS THE MESSIAH FULFILLED THE HOPES AND PROPHECIES OF THE JEWISH TRADITION LUKE AROUND 85 A.D. A COMPANION OF PAUL WHO WAS A DOCTOR AND A GENTILE DEPENDENT ON PREVIOUS GOSPELS; WRITTEN FOR GENTILES JOHN AT END OF FIRST CENTURY JESUS WAS DIVINE AND GOD-MADE-FLESH MANY FEEL IT WAS WRITTEN BY CONTEMPORARIES OF THE APOSTLE JOHN BASED ON HIS TEACHINGS

OTHER WRITINGS OF THE CHRISTIAN TESTAMENTS ACTS OF THE APOSTLES WRITTEN BY LUKE CHURCHS EARLY DEVELOPMENT AND SPREAD OF GOOD NEWS EPISTLES LETTERS FROM JAMES, PETER, JOHN AND JUDE LETTER TO THE HEBREWS OF UNKNOWN AUTHORSHIP BOOK OF REVELATION HIGHLY SYMBOLIC AND MYSTERIOUS IMAGES INSPIRING CHRISTIANS DURING PERSECUTIONS TWO ESSENTIAL FEATURES OF CHRISTIANITY SMALL LOCAL COMMUNITIES OF BELIEVERS IN JESUS SCRIPTURES OF THE CHRISTIAN TESTAMENT ESSENTIAL FEATURES OF THE COMMUNITIES

A MOB ATTACK AND ROMAN PROTECTION NARROWLY ESCAPES DEATH AT THE HAND OF A JEWISH MOB PROTECTED BY ROMAN SOLDIERS HELD UNDER HOUSE ARREST IN THE CITY OF CAESAREA WANTED HIS TRIAL HELD IN ROME BECAUSE HE WAS A ROMAN CITIZEN

CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS LEGACY LEFT BY PAUL AND OTHER APOSTLES SMALL CHRISTIAN COMMUNITIES THE GIFT OF THE CHRISTIAN (NEW) TESTAMENT LEGACY AFTER RENEWAL AT THE SECOND VATICAN COUNCIL IN THE 1960s.

PAULS FINAL YEARS IN ROME SPENT SEVERAL YEARS UNDER HOUSE ARREST IN ROME EVENTUALLY FREED AND VISITED CHRISTIAN COMMUNITIES IN GREECE AND ASIA MINOR IN 64 B.C., HE BECOMES ONE OF THE VICTEMS OF THE EMPEROR NEROS PERSECUTIONS CHRISTIANS WERE BLAMED FOR THE BURNING OF A LARGE PORTION OF ROME THEY ALSO WERE VIEWED AS TREASONOUS AND UNPATRIOTIC

THE FINAL BREAK WITH JUDAISM: CHRISTIANITY AS A NEW RELIGION BY THE END OF THE FIRST CENTURY, CHRISTIANITY WAS NO LONGER VIEWED AS A MOVEMENT WITHIN JUDAISM IT HAD ROOTS WITHIN JUDAISM, BUT WAS A RELIGION IN AND OF ITSELF

JESUS THE JEW JESUS WAS RAISED A AS JEW SPOKE ARAMAIC FOLLOWED THE TORAH HAD JEWISH FRIENDS EARLIEST FOLLOWERS WERE JEWS

THE BREACH WIDENS IN 62 A.D., JAMES THE LEADER OF THE CHRISTIANS IN JERUSALEM IS STONED TO DEATH AND CHARGED WITH BLASPHEMY BY THE HIGH PRIEST

A MATTER OF SURVIVAL IN 66 A.D. THE JEWS REBEL AGAINST ROME IN 70 A.D., ROME CONQUERS JERUSALEM AND DESTROYS THE TEMPLE IN ORDER FOR JUDAISM TO SURVIVE, CONFORMITY WAS REQUIRED JEWISH SYNAGOGUES NO LONGER WELCOME NONCONFORMING CHRISTIANS OFFICIAL SPLIT BETWEEN JEWS AND CHRISTIANS OCCURS IN 90 A.D.

STUDY GUIDE FOR CHAPTER 3 PAULS SECOND AND THIRD JOURNEYS PAULS ROMAN CITIZENSHIP WHO WAS THE EMPEROR WHEN PERSECUTION OF THE CHRISTIANS BEGAN? HOW WERE PETER AND PAUL EXECUTED? WHAT HAPPENED TO PAUL IN THE FOLLOWING CITIES: ROME, EPHESUS, ATHENS, THESSALONICA, PHILIPPI, CORINTH? WHAT DO THE EPISTLES AND GOSPELS CONTAIN? HOW DID THE GOSPELS DEVELOP? WHAT WERE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE VARIOUS GOSPELS?

STUDY GUIDE CHAPTER 3 (CON.) CIRCUMSTANCES THAT LED TO THE JEWS DISTINGUISHING THEMSELVES FROM THE CHRISTIANS? HOW WERE TRADITION AND SCRIPTURES GROUNDED IN EARLY CHURCH DEVELOPMENT? HOW MANY BOOKS ARE IN THE CHRISTIAN TESTAMENT? WHO WROTE THE EPISTLES? WHAT ARE THE ACTS OF THE APOSTLES? WHAT DOES THE WORD GOSPEL MEAN?

CHAPTER 4: GOLD TESTED IN FIRE COURAGEOUS FAITH AND A CLEAR DOCTRINE THE EARLY CHURCH WAS IN A MAJORITY GENTILE WORLD THERE WERE STILL ARGUMENTS WITHIN THE CHURCH AS FAR AS DOCTRINAL MATTERS THERE WAS THE THREAT OF PERSECUTION

COURAGEOUS FAITH AMID THE FIRES OF PERSECUTION WHY WERE CHRISTIANS A THREAT TO ROME? ROMAN DEMAND FOR CONFORMITY CHRISTIANS VIEWED AS UNPATRIOTIC FORCES OF DISUNITY POTENTIAL FOR ANGERING THE PAGAN GODS

PERIODIC PERSECUTION LAWS NOT ALWAYS ENFORCED AGAINST CHRISTIANS CHRISTIANS WERE LOOKED UPON WITH SUSPICION THE EMPIRE HAD EXPANDED INTO SYRIA, GREECE, ASIA MINOR, SPAIN, GAUL, ITALY AND AFRICA GREATER OPPORTUNITY OF CONFLICT WITH VARIOUS PAGAN PEOPLE

WELL-KNOWN EARLY MARTYRS IGNATIUS OF ANTIOCH JUSTIN: APOLOGIST OR DEFENDER OF THE FAITH

CHURCH STRUCTURES AND ROLES DEVELOP THE CHURCH WAS HELD TOGETHER BY ITS ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE BISHOPS ELECTED AND CHOSEN AS SUPERVISORS OF COMMUNITY PRIESTS DEVELOP LATER DEACONS AND DEACONESSES WELFARE OF THE SICK, POOR AND WIDOWS NOT FULL TIME POSITIONS

THE BISHOP OF ROME AS PETERS SUCCESSOR ORIGINALLY, THE BISHOP OF JERUSALEM WAS THE MOST IMPORTANT POSITION WITHIN THE EARLY CHURCH IN 70 A.D., THE BISHOP OF ROME RISES TO PROMINANCE PETER THE ROCK IMPORTANCE OF ROME POLITICALLY

BARBARIANS THREATEN THE EMPIRES ORDER THE PAX ROMANA (ROMAN PEACE) DID NOT NECESSARILY BRING PEACE TO ALL ROMANS; THERE WAS RELATIVE ORDER BARBARIANS WERE MASSING ON THE BORDER OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE BARBARIANS: PEOPLE WHO SPOKE AN UNFAMILIAR LANGUAGE. THE ROMAN FEAR OF THE BARBARIANS AND ANY FORM OF DISSENT LED TO THE PERSECUTION OF THE CHRISTIANS

THE DECLINE INTO CHAOS FROM 100-200 A.D. SAW WORSE EMPERORS CRUELER PERSECUTIONS DECLINE IN THE INFLUENCE OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE

NO TOLERANCE FOR NONCONFORMITY CHRISTIANS UNPATROITIC REFUSED TO TAKE PART IN EMPEROR WORSHIP PACIFIST DID NOT BELIEVE IN WARFARE

DIOCLETIANSS PERSECUTIONS REORGANIZED THE GOVERNMENT DEMANDED COMPLETE UNIFORMITY

CHRISTIANS WHO SACRIFICED TO IDOLS. WHAT TO DO? THE ISSUE OF APOSTATES PUBLIC PENANCE AND THE RITUAL OF REENTRY, WERE THE FIRST FORMS OF WHAT WE NOW KNOW AS THE SACRAMENT OF RECONCILIATION

CONSTANTINES CONVERSION: A NEW ERA FOR THE CHURCH HE CHANGED THE POWER OF THE CHURCH EVEN THOUGH HE WAS NOT A CHRISTIAN

A CLAIM OF VICTORY THROUGH THE SON OF GOD CONSTANTINE CHALLENGES HIS RIVAL TO BE EMPEROR OF ROME THE NIGHT BEFORE THE DECISIVE BATTLE HE HAS A VISION OF A CROSS HE HAS HIS WARRIORS PLACE THE FIRST TO LETTERS OF CHRISTS NAME ON THEIR SHIELDS CONSTANTINE CREDITS HIS VICTORY TO THE SON OF GOD. HE DOES NOT BECOME A CHRISTIAN UNTIL LYING ON HIS DEATH BED IN 337 A.D.

CHRISTIANITY BECOMES LEGAL INITIALLY CONSTANTINE AGREED TO SHARE CONTROL OF THE EMPIRE HE WOULD CONTROL THE WESTERN PART OF THE EMPIRE

THE EDICT OF MILAN PASSED IN 313, THIS ACT MADE CHRISTIANITY A LEGAL RELIGION NO LONGER WOULD CHRISTIAN SERVICES BE HELD UNDERGROUND NO LONGER WERE CHRISTIAN CLERGY TAXED MANY CHURCHES WERE CONSTRUCTED BY CONSTANTINE

A NEW CAPITAL FOR A FRESH START IN 324, CONSTANTINE DEFEATS HIS CO-EMPEROR AND UNIFIES THE EMPIRE THE CITY OF ROME WAS DECAYING ARCHITECTURALLY AND SOCIALLY CONSTANTINE CONSTRUCTS A NEW CAPITAL IN THE EAST AT THE TOWN OF BYZANTIUM AFTER HIS DEATH IT WOULD BE CALLED CONSTANTINOPLE

CHURCH AND STATE INTERTWINED CONSTANTINE FOLLOWED THE ROMAN EMPERORS TRADITION OF BEING INVOLVED IN THE AREA OF RELIGION CHRISTIANS, NOW BEING LEGAL BECAUSE OF THE EFFORTS OF CONSTANTINE, WERE HESITANT TO RESIST HIS INTRUSIONS THE DILEMMA OF BEING TRUE TO THE FAITH AND BEING SUBSERVIENT TO THE GOVERNMENT, WOULD REMAIN A PROBLEM FOR THE CHURCH FOR CENTURIES CAESARO-PAPISM POLITICAL LEADER IS ALSO HEAD OF CHURCH

THE OFFICIAL RELIGION OF THE EMPIRE IN 380, THE EMPEROR THEODOSIUS DECLARES CHRISTIANITY THE OFFICIAL RELIGION OF THE EMPIRE CHRISTIANS ONLY WERE ALLOWED TO SERVE IN THE MILITARY BY 500. WHILE INVOLVEMENT IN THE GOVERNMENT WAS BENEFICIAL, THE POTENTIAL FOR CORRUPTION WAS ALSO GREATLY INCREASED ACCUMULATION OF CHURCH PROPERTY LED TO INCREASINGLY GREEDY CHURCH OFFICIALS IN MANY CIRCUMSTANCES

CLARITY OF DOCTRINE EVEN DURING PERSECUTION, THE CHURCH DID NOT REMAIN FREE FROM CONFLICT OVER DOCTRINAL MATTERS THE CHURCH HAD TO ESTABLISH DOCTRINE THAT WAS CONSISTENT WITH THE WORD HERESY: BELIEFS CONTRARY TO SOME ESSENTIAL DOCTRINE

GNOSTICISM: A DENIAL OF CHRISTS HUMANITY AROSE DURING THE PERIOD OF EARLY PERSECUTIONS ALL MATERIAL THINGS WERE EVIL, SUCH AS THE HUMAN BODY CHRIST WAS DIVINE NOT HUMAN; HIS HUMAN FORM WAS AN APPARITION SALVATION WAS A SPECIAL GIFT ONLY AVAILABLE TO THE GNOSTICS IRENAEUS, BISHOP OF LYON, OPPOSED THE GNOSTICS CLARITY OF CHURCH DOCTRINE EMERGES IN THE FIGHT AGAINST THE GNOSTICS APOSTLES CREED EVOLVED FROM THIS CONFLICT

ARIANISM: A DENIAL OF CHRISTS DIVINITY AROSE AT THE TIME OF CONSTANTINES REIGN PROPOSED BY AN ALEXANDRIAN PRIEST NAMED ARIUS CHRIST WAS NEITHER DIVINE NOR HUMAN THEY DID NOT BELIEVE A GOD WHO WAS UNKNOWABLE BY HUMANS, COULD TAKE HUMAN FORM JESUS WAS SUBORDINATE TO GOD JESUS WAS NEITHER DIVINE NOR HUMAN; IN BETWEEN

THE COUNCIL OF NICAEA AND THE NICENE CREED 325 COUNCIL OF NICAEA DOMINATED BY CHRISTIANS FROM THE EAST ARIAUS DECLARED A HERETIC NICENE CREED CHRIST IS ONE WITH GOD; NOT CREATED BY GOD STATEMENT OF BASIC BELIEF SYSTEM FOR THE CATHOLIC CHURCH FOR OVER 1,600 YEARS

NOTE ON HERESY HERETICS NOT NECESSARILY TROUBLE MAKERS HERESY IS A BELIEF AGAINST AN OFFICIAL CHURCH TEACHING

ATHANASIUS: JESUS AS THE BRITLLIANT REFLECTION OF GOD BISHOP IN NORTH AFRICA FREQUENTLY WAGED DOCTRINAL BATTLES AGAINS THE ARIANS HE COMPARED JESUS TO GOD AS THE BRILLIANCE OF LIGHT

BY THE END OF THE FOURTH CENTURY CHRISTIANS WERE FREE TO PRACTICE THEIR RELIGION GOVERNMENT INVOLVEMENT IN CHURCH AFFAIRS RULERS ATTEMPT TO USE THE CHURCH TO THEIR ADVANTAGE SOME CHURCH LEADERS FELT OBLIGED TO LISTEN TO POLITICAL LEADERS

BUILDING THE CITY OF GOD THE CHURCH DURING THE 4 TH AND 5 TH CENTURIES

HOLINESS IN THE WILDERNESS, LEADERSHIP IN THE WORLD ARIANISM WAS PARTICULARLY STRONG AMONG THE BARBARIAN CONVERTS

MONASTICISM: THE QUEST FOR HOLINESS RETREATING FROM THE WORLD IN ORDER TO FIND TRUTH AND MEANING IN THE SILENCE OF THE WILDERNESS ANSWERING BASIC QUESTIONS FOLLOWING THE EXAMPLES OF JESUS AND OTHER EARLIER PROPHETS MOVING AWAY FROM THE WORLD TO PURSUE HOLINESS ORIGINALLY ALONE BANDED INTO SMALL COMMUNTIES TO LIVE UNDER COMMON RULES (GUIDE LINES)

ANTHONY OF EGYPT: PIONEER HERMIT AROUND 270 HE MOVES TO THE DESERT OF EGYPT AND REJECTS HIS PREVIOUS LIFE SOLD ALL HE HAD RUMORS QUICKLY SPREAD OF HIS HOLINESS ATHANASIUS WRITES OF HIS KINDNESS

MONASTICISM BY 390, 50,000 MONKS ATTENDED EASTER SERVICES ONE OF THE APPEALS OF MONASTICISM SOME WERE REJECTING SOFT-COMPLIANT CHRISTIANITY

CONTEMPLATION BEING SILENTLY PRESENT OR ATTENTIVE TO THE LOVING GOD MONKS AND NUNS IDENTIFIED THEMSELVES AS NEIGHBORS FOR ALL TRAVELERS AND THE POOR OR SICK MONASTERIES OPEN HOSPITALITY TOWARDS THESE GROUPS BECAME A CENTRAL PART OF MONASTIC LIFE

BASILS RULE FOR COMMUNAL MONASTIC LIFE THE ECCENTRICITY OF SOME MONKS LED TO THE CREATION OF A RULE OR GUIDE FOR THE MONASTIC LIFE SEEK GOD THROUGH PRAYER AND SERVE THE POOR AND SICK BASIL RULE WAS PARTICULALY POPULAR IN MONASTERIES IN THE EAST: GREECE, EGYPT, PALESTINE OWN ALMOST NOTHING EAT ONLY WHAT IS NECESSARY OBEY THE ABBOT OF THE MONASTERY HIS ROLE WAS TO APPLY THE SUPREME RULE OF THE GOSPEL TO EVERYDAY LIFE

JEROME: THE MONK AS SCHOLAR TRAINED IN LATIN AND GREEK, HE CONVERTED TO THE FAITH OF HIS MOTHER-CHRISTIANITY EVENTUALLY, AFTER BEING A HERMIT, HE BECAME THE POPES SECRETARY AFTER 15 YEARS OF WORK, HE AND NUMEROUS OTHER MONKS IN JERUSALEM TRANSLATED THE BIBLE INTO LATIN FROM THE ORIGINAL GREEK AND HEBREW THIS TRANSLATION IS KNOWN AS THE LATIN VULGATE LATIN WAS THE LANGUAGE OF THE COMMON PEOPLE IN THE WEST.

LEGACY OF AMBROSE AND AUGUSTINE EARLY MONKS FOCUSED CONVERSION ON THE PERSONNAL LEVEL-THE RIGHT HEART AUGUSTINE AND AMBROSE FOCUSED ON THE RIGHT BELIEF-DOCTRINE STRONG THEOLOGICAL BELIEF AMBROSE WAS A MENTOR OF AUGUSTINE

AMBROSE: THE RELUCTANT LEADER THE PEOPLES CHOICE EMPIRE WAS OFTEN DIVIDED BETWEEN CATHOLIC AND ARIAN CHRISTIANS THE APPOINTMENT OF AN ARIAN BISHOP OF MILAN LEADS TO RIOTS IN THE STREETS AMBROSE, A POLITICAL FIGURE IN MILAN, RESTORES ORDER THE PEOPLE CRY FOR HIS APPOINTMENT AS BISHOP

ADMINISTRATOR, STUDENT, TEACHER AND PASTOR WROTE EXTENSIVELY ON THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE PEOPLE TO JESUS AND TO THE CHURCH DURING THE BARBARIAN INVASIONS HE EVEN TURNED OVER CHURCH JEWELS TO RANSOM MEMBERS OF HIS CONGREGATION FROM THE GOTHS

COURAGE IN THE FACE OF IMPERIAL POWER STOOD UP AGAINST THE EMPERORS INTERFERENCE IN CHURCH MATTERS THE EMPEROR IS IN THE CHURCH, HER DOES NOT RULE OVER IT CHALLENGED THE EMPEROR THEODOSIUS WITH PUBLIC PENANCE, WHEN HE THREATENED MEMBERS OF AMBROSE CONGREGATION HE PLAYED A KEY ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF A CONFUSED AUGUSTINE

AUGUSTINE: LONGING FOR THE CITY OF GOD GREW UP IN NORTH AFRICA MOTHER, MONICA, WAS CHRISTIAN FATHER BAPTIZED LATER IN LIFE FATHER WAS A ROMAN OFFICIAL WELL EDUCATED

IN SEARCH OF MEANING CONFUSED AS A YOUNG MAN TRAINED TO BE A LAWYER MOVED TO ROME AND THEN MILAN WAS A MANICAEAN TWO GODS: ONE GOOD AND THE OTHER EVIL THEREFORE NO ONE RESPONSIBLE FOR WHAT THEY DID INFLUENCED BY PLATO AND AMBROSE PLATO BELIEVED IN THE SPIRITUAL ESSENCE OF MAN- THE SPIRIT=GOD HAD SEVERAL MISTRESSES

FROM CONVERT TO BISHOP AUTOBIOGRAPHY: THE CONFESSIONS AFTER HIS MOTHER DIES HE MOVES BACK TO AFRICA EVENTUALLY BECOMES BISHOP OF THE CITY OF HIPPO

CHALLENGE TO ERRING GROUPS DONATISTS SACRAMENTS WERE NOT VALID IF THE BISHOP ADMINISTERING THEM WAS GUILTY OF SIN AUGUSTINE REMINDS CHRISTIANS THAT THE SACRAMENTS COME FROM GOD NOT THE BISHOP PELAGIANS IT IS POSSIBLE TO ACHIEVE HEAVEN WITHOUT GODS ASSISTANCE (GRACE) AUGUSTINE PREACHES THAT WITHOUT THE GRACE OF GOD THROUGH OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST, NO GOOD THING CAN BE ACCOMPLISHED

THE CITY OF GOD IN 410, THE BARBARIANS SACKED THE CITY OF ROME BLAME WAS CAST OF THE CHRISTIAN COMMUNITY BY SOME DISAPPEARANCE OF POLITICAL POWER TO WITHSTAND THE BARBARIAN INVASIONS AUGUSTINES RESPONSE: THE CITY OF GOD HISTORY IS AN ONGOING STRUGGLE BETWEEN THE CITY OF GOD AND THE CITY OF MAN FAITH IN GOD LIVING IN SERVICE AND LOVE PURSUE SELFISH INTERESTS AND PERSONNAL GRATIFICATION AT THE LAST JUDGEMENT THE CITIES WEILL BE SEPARATED ROME WAS THE CITY OF MAN THE CHURCH WAS THE CITY OF GOD

THE RISING PAPACY AS ROME FELL TO THE BARBARIANS, A POLITICAL VACCUUM WAS CREATED THE CHURCH FILLED THIS VOID IT PROVIDED STABILITY AND GOVERNANCE

LEO THE GREAT: REDEFINING THE POPES ROLE LEO SHAPED THE ROLE OF THE PAPACY BEGINNING IN 440 LEO WAS RELIED UPON AS A MEDIATOR SETTLED DISPUTES BETWEEN ROMAN POLITICAL AND MILITARY LEADERS THE POPE WAS EXPECTED TO BE ALL OF THE FOLLOWING ADMINISTRATOR, SCHOLAR, STATESMAN, SPIRITUAL LEADER AND SAINT

THE SUPREME PONTIFF LEO USES THE TITLE PONTIFEX MAXIMUS THE POPE IS THE HIGHEST BRIDGE BETWEEN GOD AND MAN THE POPE IS CONSIDERED THE SUPREME RELIGIOUS AUTHORITY IN THE WESTERN PART OF THE EMPIRE LEO WAS A SPIRITUAL FATHER AND POWERFUL STATE OFFICIAL POPE: FROM THE GREEK PAPPAS OR FATHER

THE POPE AS PEACEMAKER ATTILA, KING OF THE HUNS THREATENS WESTERN EUROPE WHILE HE IS STOPPED IN GAUL, HE THEN THREATENS ITALY LEO IS ABLE TO CONVINCE ATTILA TO NOT ATTACK ROME 10 YEARS LATER, LEO HE PREVENTS THE VANDALS FROM KILLING THE ROMANS IN THEIR ATTACK ON ROME THE PRESTIGE OF LEO AND OF THE PAPACY INCREASES, WHILE THE RESPECT FOR THE ROMAN CIVIL AUTHORITY DISMINISHES

LEO AND CHURCH CONTROVERSIES BIGGEST INTERNAL PROBLEM LEO CONRONTED WAS THE GROWTH OF ARIANISM IN THE EASTERN PART OF THE CHURCH MANY BARBARIANS HAD BEEN CONVERTED BY ARIAN PRIESTS

THE COUNCIL OF CHALCEDON: JESUS HAS TWO NATURES A GROUP OF CHRISTIANS CHALLENGED THE CONCEPT OF CHRISTS INCARNATION: JESUS IS BOTH GOD AND MAN COUNCIL OF CHALCEDON RESOLVES THESE DIFFERENCES EVEN TODAY IN SYRIA AND ETHIOPIA, THE JACOBITE AND COPTIC CHURCHES DENY THE DUAL NATURE OF CHRIST

TOWARD CONFLICT BETWEEN EASTERN AND WESTERN CHRISTIANS AT THE COUNCIL OF CHALCEDON: BISHOP OF ROME WAS CONSIDERED HE MOST IMPORTANT AMONG ALL BISHOPS NEXT IN IMPORTANCE WAS THE PATRIARCH OF CONSTANTINOPLE, REPLACING THE BISHOPS OF ANTIOCH AND ALEXANDRIA LEO OBJECTS TO THIS BECAUSE HE FELT IT WAS POLITICALLY MOTIVATED THE EMPEROR OF THE EAST WAS IN CONSTANTINOPLE THE EMPEROR WOULD INTERFERE MORE IN CHURCH MATTERS (CAESARO-PAPISM) THIS LED TO 5 CENTURIES OF CONFLICT BETWEEN THE CHURCH IN THE EAST AND WEST.

GROWTH IN A CRUMBLING EMPIRE SPREADING THE FAITH, BRINGING ORDER TO CHAOS 5 TH CENTURY MORAL, INTELLECTUAL AND SPIRITUAL LEADERSHIP EVOLVES AS ROME FELL POLITICALLY, THE CHURCH GREW THROUGH MONASTICISM, CHURCH SCHOLARSHIP THE GROWING POWER OF THE PAPACY DISINTINGRATION OF POLITICAL AUTHORITY IN THE WEST BETWEEN 450-700 POLITICAL POWER OF EMPIRES REPLACED BY FEUDALISM

GROWTH OF CHRISTIANITY CONVERSION OF PAGAN RULERS AND THEIR FOLLOWERS, LEADS TO RISE IN CHRISTIAN POPULATION BISHOPS AND MONASTARIES INCREASE THEIR PROPERTY SOME BISHOPS ATTEMPT TO OVERTHROW THE POWER OF MONARCHS DURING THE DARK AGES THERE FREQUENTLY IS A STRUGGLE BETWEEN CHURCH AND STATE FOR POWER MONASTARIES BECOME DEPOSITORIES FOR LEARNING AND SPIRITUAL GUIDANCE

A PICTURE OF CHRISTIAN LIFE TYPICAL LIFE FOR A CHRISTIAN IN THE DARK AGES GOD AS RULER LIFE SPAN WAS SHORT GOD OVERSAW CREATION PEOPLE WERE AWARE NOT ONLY OF GODS GRACE BUT ALSO THE PRESENSE AND POWER OF THE DEVIL

CHRISTIAN LIFE (CON.) MASS AND SACRAMENTS EUCHARIST WAS CENTRAL TO CHRISTIAN WORSHIP BY THE 6 TH CENTURY MASS WAS STANDARD MEANS FOR CELEBRATION OF THE EUCHARIST DIFFERED IN T HE EAST AND WEST IN THE EAST A CURTAIN SEPARATED THE SANCTUARY FROM THE CONGREGATION VENERATION OF SAINTS IN PARTICULAR MARTYRS VIEWED AS INTERCESSORS FOR THE PEOPLE IN HEAVEN RELICS, FEAST DAYS AND FAVORITE SAINTS OF TOWNS BEGAN TO BECOME MORE COMMONPLACE BY THE 6 TH CENTURY

CHRISTIAN LIFE (CON) THE CLERGY 5 TH -7 TH CENTURY THE QUALIFICATION FOR THE PRIESTHOOD BECOMES STRICTER AND MORE STANDARDIZED TO BECOME A PRIEST NOT HAVE DONE PUBLIC PENANCE NOT SERVED IN THE ARMY SINCE BAPTISM NOT PAID FOR PUBLIC PAGAN GAMES NOT BEEN A PAGAN PRIEST IF MARRIED-WIFE MUST HAVE BEEN A VIRGIN AND NOT HAVE BEEN MARRIED TWICE OR BEEN A WIDOW

LATER QUALIFICATIONS FOR THE PRIESTHOOD PRIESTS WERE OFTEN CHOSEN BY THE TOWNSPEOPLE OR A RULER OF A PARTICULAR AREA A PRIEST COULD NOT BEEN EVER MARRIED NOT ILLITERATE NOT A PROVEN CRIMINAL NOT PHYSICALLY DEFORMED

THE POLITICAL SCENE, WEST AND EAST BARBARIAN PRESSURES IN THE WEST CHURCH WAS STONGER THAN THE STATE IN THE WEST-JUST THE OPPOSITE IN THE EAST IN THE WEST, THE STATE WAS TOO WEAK TO WITHSTAND A VARIETY OF BARBARIAN INVASIONS THE CHURCH FILLS THE VOID AS A STABLE STRUCTURE IN THE WEST

CONTROL OF THE CHURCH IN THE EAST EASTERN EMPERORS WERE OFTEN ARIAN CHRISTIANS THEY APPOINTED BISHOPS WHO WERE ARIANS THIS IN SPITE OF THE FACT THAT THE COUNCIL OF NICAEA DECLARED ARIANS TO BE HERETICS EASTERN MISSIONARIES WERE OFTEN ARIANS, THEREFORE THEIR CONVERTS WERE GENERALLY ARIANS

CHIEFTAINS INSTEAD OF ROMAN EMPERORS AFTER 476, THE WESTERN EMPIRE WAS RULED BY CHIEFTAINS WHO WERE APPOINTED BY THE BYZANTINE EMPERORS UNDER THEODORIC, A GOTH ARIAN RULER, THE WEST DID ENJOY A PERIOD OF RELATIVE CALM

AS CLOVIS GOES, SO GO THE BARBARIANS CLOVIS, A PAGAN KING OF THE FRANKS IN GAUL (FRANCE), THE FRANKISH TRIBES WERE UNITED THE FRANKS, EVEN THOUGH THEY WERE PAGANS, WERE MORE ACCEPTABLE TO THE CATHOLICS IN THE WEST THAN THE ARIANS

FROM PAGAN TO CHRISTIAN CLOVIS WIFE WAS A CHRISTIAN HE PREFERRED THE POPULATION TO BE OF THE SAME RELIGION IN 486, HE GOES THROUGH A CONVERSION PROCESS SIMILAR TO CONSTANTINE

ARIANISM ON THE WANE, CHRISTENDOM ON THE RISE AFTER HIS CONVERSION, CLOVIS SPREADS CHRISTIANITY THROUGHOUT THE REGION WE KNOW TODAY AS FRANCE (FRANKS) FRANKISH KINGS RULED TO THE POINT WERE SEPARATION OF CHURCH AND STATE WAS INDISTINGUISHABLE CATHOLIC POPULATION IN THE WEST GROWS SIGNIFICANTLY IMLIMENTATION OF THE GREGORIAN CALENDAR BASED ON THE YEAR OF CHRISTS BIRTH

JUSTINIAN: THE LAST STRONG EMPEROR RULED FROM 527-565 RULES OVER THE EASTERN EMPIRE: AN AREA ENCOMPASSING TURKEY, SOUTHERN RUSSIA, EGYPT, SYRIA, GREECE, LEBANON, IRAQ AND JORDAN

JUSTINIAN CODE FORMS THE BASIS OF EUROPEAN LAW HE CHRISTANIZES THE ROMAN CODE OF LAW LAW BETTER REFLECTS A CHRISTIAN CODE OF ETHICS

PERSECUTION OF JEWS AND OTHERS HE BELIEVED ALL OF HIS SUBJECTS SHOULD BE OF THE SAME FAITH JEWS WERE EXPECTED CONVERTS HOWEVER THEY OFTEN PROVIDED SERVICES IN AREAS THAT CHRISTIANS WERE FORBIDDEN TO PROVIDE USURY: THE LENDING OF MONEY FOR A PROFIT SINCE JEWS WERE FREQUENTLY FORBIDDEN TO OWN LAND OR TAKE PART IN CERTAIN PROFESSIONS THEY BECAME MONEY LENDERS OR BANKERS

AN EMPEROR IN CONTROL OF THE CHURCH JUSTINIAN CONTROLED CHURCH OFFICIALS HIS APPOINTEES AS BISHOPS, OFTEN ACTED MORE LIKE GOVERNORS RATHER THAN CHURCH OFFICIALS THE CHURCH OF HAGIA SOPHIA (HOLY WISDOM) WAS HIS MOST NOTABLE WORK OF ARCHITECTURE BACAME A MOSQUE AND IS NOW A MUSEUM AFTER JUSTINIANS DEATH, EMPERORS IN THE EAST WERE WEAK THE EAST WILL SLOWLY DISINTEGRATES FALLS TO THE MUSLIM TURKS IN 1453

THE MONASTERIES: ISLANDS OF CULTURE. FOUNDRIES OF FAITH ROOTS OF MONASTIC LIFE CAN BE FOUND HERMITS LIKE ANTONY OF EGYPT EARLY COMMUNAL LIVING SUCH AS BASIL AFTER THE FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE THE MONASTERIES SERVED SPOKES PERSONS FOR THE FAITH AND SOCIAL ORGANIZATION

PATRICK: THE MONK AS MISSIONARY (389-461) AT THE AGE OF 16 HE WAS CAPTURED BY PIRATES FROM IRELAND AT HIS HOME IN GAUL TAKEN TO BE A SLAVE ESCAPES AFTER 6 YEARS JOINS A MONASTERY IN GAUL AND EVENTUALLY RETURNS AS A MISSIONARY TO IRELAND AND WORKS AMONG THE CELTS

THE MONASTERY AS A MISSIONARY CENTER MONASTERIES OF IRELAND ORIGINALLY MANNED BY FRENCH MONKS TAUGHT READING, WRITING AND CHRISTIANITY UNTIL A CELTIC WRITTEN LANGUAGE WAS DEVELOPED, THEY TAUGHT LATIN MUCH OF THE FREE TIME OF MONKS AND NUNS WAS SPENT IN COPYING ILLUMINATED MANUSCRIPTS. IRISH MONASTERIES BECAME THE FOCAL POINT OF CHRISITANITY THROUGHOUT NORTHERN EUROPE GERMANY, SWITZERLAND AND THE BRITISH ISLES.

THE STUFF OF LEGEND PATRICK WORKS 25 AS A MISSIONARY IN IRELAND AFTER HIS DEATH, LEGENDS DEVELOP

BRIDGET: FROM SERVANT GIRL TO MONASTIC LEADER MOTHER WAS SLAVE OF FATHER SHE WAS RAISED BY A DRUID PRIESTESS WE SHE WAS RETURNED TO HER FATHER, SHE REFUSED TO MARRY SHE STARTED A MONASTERY FOR NUNS EVENTUALLY 13,000 WOMEN JOINED MONASTERIES IN IRELAND

THE DOUBLE MONASTERY OF KILDARE MEN AND WOMEN LIVED IN SEPARATE DORMITORIES AND WORKED APPART FROM EACH OTHER IT WAS A SELF-SUFFICIENT SOCIETY THE SCHOOL AT KILDARE WAS KNOWN THROUGHOUT EUROPE FOR ITS LIBERAL ARTS CURRICULUM

BENEDICT: A BALANCE OF WORK AND PRAYER INITIALLY SOUGHT SOLITUDE FROM THE WORLD AS THE HERMITS WAS TRAINED TO BE A LAWYER AS OTHERS JOIN HIM IN SECLUSION, HE BEGINS TO FORM A SELF-SUFFICIENT COMMUNITY IN 529 MUCH OF THE MONKS WORK WAS SPENT IN THE SCRIPTORIUM; COPYING BOOKS AND MANUSCRIPTS BENEDICT IS CONSIDERED AS THE FATHER OF WESTERN MONASTICISM HIS SISTER SCOLASTICA, STARTS A COMMUNITY OF NUNS NOT FAR FROM BENEDICT BOTH ENCOURAGE A BALANCE OF WORK AND PRAYER IN THEIR LIVES

GREGORY THE GREAT: A POPE ENGAGED IN THE WORLD WHILE MONASTICISM DISPLAYED ONE METHOD THE CHURCH UTILIZED TO SPREAD THE WORD, GREGORY THE GREAT AND THE USE OF PAPAL POWER IN THE POLITICAL WORLD WAS ANOTHER METHOD OF PUBLICITY

FROM GOVERNMENT OFFICIAL TO RELUCTANT POPE A GOVERNMENT OFFICIAL IN ROME DURING A PERIOD OF FAMINE HE WAS ALSO RESPONSIBLE FOR THE AREA OF SOUTHERN ITALY HE RESIGNED THIS POSITION AND BECAME A MONK HE REFUSED A LEADERSHIP POSITION AT THE MONASTERY THE POPE ASSIGNED HIM TO BE A RESPRESENTATIVE TO THE EASTERN EMPEROR IN 580 HE BECOMES POPE SELECTED BY THE PEOPLE AFTER THE DEATH OF THE POPE

AN ABLE LEADER: A FRIEND OF THE POOR MULTI-TASKER EDUCATOR FARMER ADMINISTRATOR THEOLOGIAN BUILDER TOOK PROFITS FROM CHURCH OWNED FARMS AND REBUILT THE INFRASTRUCTURE OF ROME AND SOUTHERN ITALY

CHURCH EDUCATOR ENCOURAGED THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHURCH SCHOOLS FOR THE EDUCATION OF PROSPECTIVE PRIESTS LATER MAKES SCHOOLS AVAILABLE TO THE LAITY HE ENCOURAGED THE CLERGY TO BE CELEBATE, BUT DID NOT INITIALLY REQUIRE IT WROTE SEVERAL HUNDRED LETTERS TO CLERGY DEFINING PROPER RITUALS IN THE CHURCH COMMUNITY

LITURGICAL MUSICAL INOVATOR DEMANDED WRITTEN MUSIC FOR LITURGY THESE WERE RELATED TO THE FEAST DAYS OF THE CHURCH AS WELL AS THE PSALMS AND HYMNS TO BE USED IN CHURCH LITURGY MANY OF THESE LITURGICAL HYMNS EVOLVE INTO WHAT IS CALLED GREGORIAN CHANT

DIPLOMAT SENT MISSIONARIES TO NORTHERN ITALY AMONG THE LOMBARDS HE WOULD RATHER HAVE MADE ALLIANCES WITH THE BARBARIANS AND SLOWLY CONVERT THEM, RATHER THAN RESIST THEM WITH PHYSICAL FORCE EVENTUALLY THEY WERE CONVERTED AND FORM A FOUNDATION FOR A SOLIDLY CHRISTIAN WEST

THE MISSION TO BRITAIN AUGUSTINE OF CANTERBURY AND 80 MONKS WERE THE INITIAL WAVE OF MISSIONARIES AMONG THE ANGLES AND SAXONS IN ENGLAND IN 597, KING ETHELBERT (ACCORDING TO VENERABLE BEDE) WELCOMES THE MONKS AND EVENTUALLY CONVERTS TO CHRISTIANITY THIS VOLUNTARY CONVERSION TAKES OVER 100 YEARS, BUT IS A FIRMER FOUNDATION FOR THE FAITH GREGORY TAKES THE TITLE SERVANT OF SERVANTS OF GOD WHILE THE EAST APPEARS TO BE MORE STABLE- ECONOMY, LANGAGE-IT WILL BE THREATENED DOWN THE ROAD

NEW THREAT: MUSLIM CONQUERORS FOLLOWERS OF MOHAMMAD (570-632) DEDICATED TO SPREADING THEIR RELIGION THEY WERE KNOWN AS MUSLIMS THEIR RELIGION WAS ISLAM=SUBMISSION TO GOD

CONQUERING THE MEDITERRANEAN REGION IN THE NAME OF ALLAH MUHAMMAD WAS A MERCHANT LEADING CAMEL CARAVANS AND HE WAS ACQUAINTED WITH THE JEWISH AND CHRISTIAN RELIGIONS REVELATIONS CAME TO HIM FROM THE ANGEL GABRIEL HIS SCRIPTURES CONTAINED ASPECTS OF JEWISH AND CHRISTIAN SCRIPTURES THE KORAN (QURAN) IS THE SACRED SCRIPTURE OF THE MUSLIM RELIGION

ISLAM (CONTINUED) BELIEVED THAT THERE WAS ONLY ONE GOD-ALLAH THOSE AREAS THAT WERE CONQUERED BY THE MUSLIM ARMIES WERE NOT FORCEBLY CONVERTED THOSE WHO DID NOT CONVERT HAD TO PAY A TAX CONVERSIONS OFTEN TOOK PLACE IN ORDER TO NOT PAY THE TAX CONQUERED MUCH OF THE REGION SOUTH AND EAST OF THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA AFTER THE SEIGE OF CONSTANTINOPLE IN THE 8 TH CENTURY, AS TRADE TO THE EAST WAS DISRUPTED, THE CHRISTIANS FEARED A THREAT TO THE WEST

STOPPED IN GAUL THE MUSLIMS CONQUERED SPAIN DURING THE EARLY YEARS OF THE 8 TH CENTURY THE JEWS, WHO HAD BEEN PERSECUTED BY THE CHRISTIANS, WERE RECEPTIVE TO THE MUSLIMS THE MOORS, AS THE MUSLIMS WERE KNOWN IN SPAIN, DID NOT PERSECUTE THE JEWS GAUL APPEARED RIPE FOR MOORISH CONQUEST CHARLES MARTEL, A MAYOR-OF-THE-PALACE, STOPS THE MOORISH ADVANCE AT TOURS IN 732. IN SPITE OF THEIR THREAT, THE MUSLIMS KEEP ALIVE INTEREST IN GREEK PHILOSOPHY AND CULTURE DURING THE DARK AGES IN THE WEST.

IMPLICATIONS IN THE 5 TH -7 TH CENTURIES FOR THE CHURCH ALLIANCE OF CHURCH AND STATE WOULD COMPROMISE THE CHURCH AND THE PAPACY LEARNING, THE ARTS AND FAITH ARE KEPT ALIVE BY MONASTERIES UNDER THE RULE ESTABLISHED BY BENEDICT THE CHURCH BECOMES AN ADVOCATE OF THE POOR GREGORY THE GREATS STANDARDIZATION OF CHURCH MUSIC LEADS TO MUSIC IN THE CHURCH AND MUSIC IN THE ARTS IN SOCIETY STANDARDS ARE SET FOR THE CLERGY IN ORDER TO AVOID CORRUPTION AND TO PROVIDE FOR A KNOWLEDGEABLE CLERGY CELEBACY WAS SEEN AS A WAY TO AVOID CORRUPTION ISLAM AND CHRISTIANITY BECOME COMPETITORS

CHURCH AND EMPIRE IN TENSION

TWO ENGLISH SOURCES OF LIGHT THE INFLUENCE OF TWO BENEDICTINE MONKS IN ENGLAND BONIFACE KNOWN AS THE APOSTLE OF GERMANY FOR HIS MISSIONARY WORK BEDE KNOWN FOR HIS SCHOLARSHIP AND HISTORY OF THE EARLY CHRISTIAN CHURCH IN ENGLAND

BONIFACE: APOSTLE TO THE GERMANS (675-754) STARTED PREACHING IN THE NETHERLANDS MET LITTLE SUCCESS POPE SENDS HIM AMONG THE GERMANIC TRIBES EVENTUALLY MADE BISHOP

A WANDERING BISHOP RATHER THAN PREACHING WITH A FIRE AND BRIMSTONE APPROACH, HE USES THE SOFTSELL APPROACH UTILIZING LOGIC, HE IS ABLE TO CONVINCE MANY GERMANS TO CONVERT TO CHRISTIANITY

WORKING WITH THE FRANKISH GOVERNMENT FRANKS, WHO WERE CHRISTIANIZED UNDER THE LEADERSHIP OF CLOVIS, WERE NOW RULED BY HIS GRANDSON PEPIN THE SHORT(751) BONIFACE CROWNS PEPIN KING WHILE SERVING AS THE POPES REPRESENTATIVE BONIFACE RETIRES AS BISHOP AND RETURNS TO THE NETHERLANDS AND IS EVENTUALLY MARTYRED

BEDE: THE HISTORIAN MONK KNOWN AS VENERABLE BEDE (DESERVING OF VENERATION AND RESPECT) INFLUENCED BY THE MONKS FROM THE MONASTERY NEAR HIS TOWN EVENTUALLY JOINS THE MONASTERY AND NEVER LEAVES THIS LOCAL MONASTERY PRIMARILY KNOWN FOR HIS HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH CHURCH AND PEOPLE (731) FROM HIS ACCOUNT WE KNOW OF THE INFLUENCE OF THE MONASTERIES IN EARLY ENGLISH HISTORY

CHURCH AND STATE ENTANGLED DURING THE 8 TH THROUGH 10 TH CENTURIES, WE OBSERVE THE COMPETITION BETWEEN CHURCH AND STATE FOR DOMINANCE IN WESTERN EUROPE

THE DONATION OF PEPIN: THE PAPAL STATES IN 753, THE LOMBARDS THREATEN ROME THE BYZANTINE EMPEROR CANNOT BE TRUSTED BY THE POPE HE APPEALS TO PEPIN FOR ASSISTANCE IN 756, PEPIN GIVES LAND TO THE POPE IN THE CENTRAL PORTION OF ITALY WILL BE KNOWN AS THE PAPAL STATES WILL REMAIN UNDER THE POPES CONTROL UNTIL 1870

THE PAPAL STATES POSITIVES FINANCIAL GROWTH NEGATIVES JEALOUSY OF OTHER RULERS (BYZANTINES) LESS EMPHASIS ON THE SPIRITUAL WORLD AND MORE ON THE TEMPORAL WORLD ABBOTS AND BISHOPS WERE OFTEN LARGE LAND HOLDERS AT THIS TIME RELIGIOUS AND POLITICAL RULERS OFTEN FORMED WHAT COULD VIEWED AS UNLIKELY ALLIANCES FOR THE RELIGIOUS LEADER THE MIX OF POLITICAL POWER, PROPERTY AND MATERIAL WEALTH CREATES POTENTIAL PROBLEMS

CHARLEMAGNE: A RETURN TO THE ROMAN EMPIRE WAS THE SON OF PEPIN CONVERSION BY THE SWORD IMPOSED CHRISTIANITY ON CONQUERED PEOPLES BY THE USE OF DRACONIAN LAWS (HARSH) ON ONE OCCASION HE SLAUGHTERED OVER 4,500 PEOPLE WHO RESISTED CONVERSION

AN EMPEROR AGAIN HE DEFEATS LOMBARDS WHEN THEY AGAIN THREATEN THE PAPAL STATES HE INFLUENCES MANY OF THE POPES HE ALLOWS THE POPE TO CROWN HIM ON CHRISTMAS EVE OF THE YEAR 800 HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR THIS SYMBOLIZES THE WESTS BREAK WITH THE EAST IT ALSO FURTHER ENTANGLES THE SPIRITUAL CHURCH WITH THE GOVERNMENT OF THE WEST

AN EMPHASIS ON EDUCATION EVEN THOUGH HE HIMSELF WAS ILLITERATE, CAHRLEMAGNE PLACES A PRIORITY ON EDUCATION STARTS PALACE SCHOOLS UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE MONK ALCUIN

DIRECTION OF THE CHURCH PRIORITY ON EDUCATING AND REFORMING THE LOCAL CLERGY APPPOINTS BISHOPS INTRODUCES LATIN LITURGY SINCE LATIN WAS THE LANGUAGE OF LEARNED PEOPLE THIS LEADS TO A SENSE OF MYSTERY AROUND MUCH OF THE CHURCHS LITURGY

FATE OF THE EMPIRE CHARLEMAGNES EMPIRE WAS FRANKISH, NOT ROMAN IT ENDS BY 840 DIVIDED AMONG HIS GRANDSONS IT BECOMES MODERN DAY FRANCE AND GERMANY

A FEUDAL WAY OF LIFE FACTORS THAT LED TO AN END OF CHARLEMAGNES EMPIRE LACK OF LEADERSHIP VIKING ATTACKS NO CENTRAL AUTHORITY RESULTS IN THE NECESSITY OF FEUDALISM ECONOMIC, POLITICAL AND SOCIAL SYSTEM RELIANT ON A SERIES OF RELATIONSHIPS

FEUDALISM LORD VASSAL GAVE LAND TO VASSAL GAVE SERVICES TO LORD

CHARACTERISTICS OF FEUDALISM LIVING CONDITIONS CASTLES LORD, LADY, KNIGHTS MANOR SERFS, CHAPLAIN HOPE OF THE AFTER LIFE WAS THE ONLY THING TO LOOK FORWARD TO IN A SHORT DEPRESSING EXISTENCE. FEUDAL MONASTERY BISHOPS AND ABBOTS OFTEN LARGE LAND OWNERS CHURCH WAS LARGEST LAND OWNER IN THEMIDDLE AGES BISHOPS WERE EXPECTED TO RAISE AND/OR LEAD ARMIES IF REQUIRED BY THEIR LIEGE LORD

OTHER PEOPLES TURN CHRISTIAN

THE VIKINGS: INVADERS FROM THE SEA FEUDALISM DEVELOPED TO PROVIDE PROTECTION AT A TIME OF NO CENTRAL AUTHORITY FROM SCANDINAVIA; ROAMED THE COASTS AND RIVERS OF EUROPE VIKING=SEA FARERS INVADED DURING THE 800s FROM NORWAY AND DENMARK IRELAND, SCOTLAND, ENGLAND AND FRANCE (NORMANDY) EVENTUALY STAYED AND MANY CONVERTED TO CHRISTIANITY SWEDISH VIKINGS WENT DOWN RIVERS TO WHAT IS NOW RUSSIA BISHOP ANSGAR VENTURED TO SCANDINAVIA AND CONVERTED THOSE AREAS

THE SLAVS: LINING UP WITH THE EASTERN AND WESTERN CHURCHES MANY OF THE SLAVIC PEOPLES OF EASTERN EUROPE (POLES, CZECHS, SLOVAKS, BULGARIANS, RUSSIANS, CROATIANS AND SERBIANS) CONVERTED TO EASTERN OR WESTERN CHRISTIANITY MUCH ANIMOSITY EXISTED BETWEEN AND AMONG THESE GROUPS UNTIL THE SPLIT BETWEEN THE TWO CHURCHES TOOK PLACE IN THE 11 TH CENTURY

A NEED FOR WORSHIP IN THEIR OWN LANGUAGE FIRST MISSIONARIES AMONG THE MORAVIANS WERE UNSUCCESSFUL BECAUSE OF NO KNOWLEDGE OF THEIR LANGUAGE BYZANTINE EMPEROR SENDS TWO GREEK BROTHERS, CYRIL AND METHODIUS AMONG THE MORAVIANS THEY DEVELO THE CYRILLIC ALPHABET AND ARE ABLE TO HAVE SUCCESS AMONG THE MORAVIANS POPES BEGIN TO QUESTION WHETHER THE MASS COULD BE SAID IN MORAVIAN LEADS TO DIVISION WITHIN CHRISTIANITY AS ONE POPE WOULD ALLOW IT, HOWEVER LATER POPES, UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF GERMAN EMPERORS DISALLOWED IT. SLAVIC PEOPLES WILL ALIGN THEMSELVES WITH THE EASTERN CHURCH

OTHER SLAVIC PEOPLES WHEN POLAND BECOMES INDEPENDENT, IT ALIGNS ITSELF WITH THE POPE RUSSIA, UNDER VLADIMIR I, FOLLOWS THE EASTERN RITE The fact that the missionaries taught the people to read and write, influenced Vladimir Russia today uses the Cyrillic alphabet POLES, CZECHS, SLOVAKS, MORAVIANS AND CROATIANS FOLLOW THE LATIN RITE Magyars, in Hungary, also follow the Latin rite under their leader Stephen I RUSSIANS, BULGRIANS AND SERBIANS FOLLOW THE GREEK RITE LITURGY WAS BEING PRACTICED IN THREE LANGUAGES: LATIN, GREEK AND SLAVIC

ROYAL PAINS FOR THE CHURCH

CONFLICTS OF CHURCH AND STATE RULERS OF EAST AND WEST OFTEN TREATED THE CHURCH AS DEPARTMENTS OF THEIR GOVERNMENT THIS FREQUENTLY LED TO MISUNDERSTANDINGS, WHICH CONTINUED FOR CENTURIES

EAST-VERSUS-WEST TENSIONS DISPUTE OVER POWER OF THE BYZANTINE EMPEROR TO APPOINT THE EASTERN PATRIARCH LED TO ATTEMPTS BY THE EMPEROR TO EXCOMMUNICATE THE POPE

THE PAPACY UP FOR GRABS THE PERIOD OF THE LATE 800s WAS ONE OF CONFLICT BETWEEN RICH ROMAN FAMILIES TO HAVE THEIR CANDIDATES APPOINTED POPE THE RESULT IS A LENGTHY LIST OF INCOMPETENT POPES OWING THEIR POSITIONS TO LAY FAMILIES THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN POPE JOHN XII AND KING OTTO I OTTO HELPS JOHN TO MAINTAIN THE PAPACY BUT THEN TURNS ON HIM AFTER CROWNING HIM HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR RESTORES CHARLEMAGNES EMPIRE FOR THE NEXT CENTURY THE POPES ARE SELECTED BY GERMAN EMPERORS

BISHOPS AND ABBOTS INDEBTED TO COUNTS AND DUKES WERE OFTEN APPOINTED TO POSITIONS OF AUTHORITY BECAUSE THEY WERE BETTER EDUCATED THAN MANY OF THE LAY NOBILITY THEY THEREFORE DISPLAYED GREATER INTEREST IN THEIR POLITICAL JOBS THAN THEIR SPIRITUAL JOBS RICH PEOPLE OFTEN WERE ABLE TO PURCHASE CHURCH POSITIONS THIS WAS CALLED SIMONY BISHOPS OFTEN PASSED ON THEIR RELIGIOUS OFFICES TO RELATIVES: NEPOTISM

CLUNY: A CREATIVE RESPONSE TO THE CHURCH-STATE DILEMMA THE BENEDICTINE MONASTERY AT CLUNY, FRANCE, WAS FREE FROM ANY NOBLE INFLUENCE ABBOT WAS CHOSEN BY THE MONKS AND ANSWERED ONLY TO THE POPE, WHO WAS NOT UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF ANY FEUDAL LORDS THE CLUNIAC REFORM TOOK PLACE BECAUSE THE ABBOTS WERE FREE OF FEUDAL INFLUENCE AND GOVERNED NOT BY A SECULAR OUTSIDER BUT BY A MONK. THE REFORM PROVIDED A SOLUTION TO THE DILEMMA OF THE ENTANGLEMENT OF CHURCH AND STATE.

THE HIGH MIDDLE AGES: HIGH TIMES, LOW TIMES

SETTING THE STAGE: BY 1000, THE PAPACY WAS STILL CONTROLED BY HOLY ROMAN EMPERORS FOR THE MOST PART THEY COULD BE CALLED ENLIGHTENED 1000-1300, KNOWN AS THE HIGH MIDDLE AGES THIS PERIOD CORRESPONDS TO THE SLOW END OF FEUDALISM AND THE RISE OF THE NATION STATE

NEW WORLD IN THE MAKING: CITIES AND POWERFUL KINGS

URBAN CULTURE ON THE RISE EUROPE IN THE FEUDAL PERIOD RURAL POOR ECONOMICALLY DEPRESSED

THE MONASTIC SPUR TO ECONOMIC GROWTH CISTERCIANS CROP ROTATION DRAINING OF SWAMPS MORE FOOD BETTER QUALITY OF LIFE GROWTH OF POPULATION LONGEVITY CITIES

THE GROWTH OF TRADES AND CRAFTS TRADE ROUTES JOB OPPORTUNITIES MARKET CENTERS BANKS OFTEN RUN BY JEWS ALL OF THESE EVOLVED AROUND CASTLES AND/OR CATHEDRALS SOURCE OF LABOR FOR CONSTRUCTION OF CATHEDRALS TOWN GROWTH DEVELOPMENT OF GUILDS JOB TRAINING FAIR PRICES

KINGS AND NATIONS ON THE RISE

RISE OF STRONG MONARCHS AFTER 1000 PROBLEMS EVOLVE BETWEEN THE POPE AND THE HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR ENGLAND HENRY II FRANCE PHILIP AUGUSTUS INCREASES THE POWER OF THE FRENCH MONARCHY

CHURCH INSTITUTIONS FLOURISH HIGH MIDDLE AGES GROWTH OF CHURCH AND SOCIETY GROWTH OF CHURCH INSTITUTIONS CATHEDRALS UNIVERSITIES

REFORMING PAPACY AND CLERGY

THE BATTLE OVER LAY INVESTITURE 1073: POPE GREGORY VII (FORMER BENDICTINE MONK) ATTEMPTS TO FREE THE CHURCH FROM CIVIL POWERS FORBIDS LAY INVESTITURE APPOINTMENT OF BISHOPS BY CIVIL OFFICIALS BATTLE BETWEEN GREGORY VII AND THE HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR HENRY IV HENRY IS EXCOMMUNICATED AND FORCED TO DO PUBLIC PENANCE RECANTS AND CONFLICT CONTINUES EVENTUALLY SETTLED IN 1122 BY THE CONCORDAT OF WORMS ONLY POPE MAY APPOINT BISHOPS

A STRONG PAPACY INNOCENT III (1198) MOST POWERFUL OF MEDIEVAL POPES POWERFUL POPES RESULTED IN A MORE UNIFIED CHURCH PAPAL ELECTIONS POPES HAD BEEN ELECTED BY LOCAL ROMAN POPULATION WOULD BE ELECTED BY THE COLLEGE OF CARDINALS BISHOPS FROM THE AREA AROUND ROME TWO-THIRDS OF THE COLLEGE HAD TO VOTE FOR AN INDIVIDUAL IN ORDER TO BECOME POPE

REFORM FOR PRIESTS CELIBACY FOR PRIESTS WERE MORE AVAILABLE FOR GODS WORK A MISUNDERSTOOD CONCEPT OF SEXUALITY 7 OFFICIAL SACRAMENTS BAPTISM, RECONCILIATION, HOLY ORDERS, LAST RITES, HOLY COMMUNION, MATRIMONY, CONFIRMATION TRAINING IN CATHEDRAL SCHOOLS RESULT IS THE STRANGLEHOLD OF SECULAR RULERS ON THE CHURCH IS BROKEN

BEAUTY AND INSPIRATION IN CATHEDRALS FOCAL POINTS FOR THE LIVES OF PEOPLE IN TOWNS PHYSICAL EXPRESSION OF CHRISTIAN FAITH MEETING PLACE FOR GUILDS PICTORIAL BIBLE FOR THE ILLITERATE STYLES ROMANESQUE LARGE PILLARS, ARCHES GOTHIC (p. 153) TALL SLIM TOWERS, STAINED GLASS WINDOWS, FLYING BUTTRESSES

UNIVERSITIES BORN FROM CATHEDRALS AS CATHEDRALS WERE DEVELOPING ARCHITECTURALLY EDUCATIONALLY THERE WAS THE DEVELOPMENT OF UNIVERSITIES

FROM THE CATHEDRAL SCHOOLS EARLY UNIVERSITIES EVOLVED FROM CATHEDRAL SCHOOLS THESE REPLACED THE MONASTERY SCHOOLS COPIED GUILDS JUST AS CRAFTSMEN HAD TO EARN THEIR POSITION IN THE GUILD WITH A MASTERPIECE STUDENTS HAD TO CONCENTRATE IN A PARTICULAR DISCIPLINE TO EARN THEIR DEGREE AT THE UNIVERSITY OF PARIS, STUDENTS AND TEACHERS CONGREGATED ON THE LEFT BANK OF THE SEINE RIVER; TODAY IT IS STILL KNOWN AS THE LATIN QUARTER

UNIVERSITY LIFE, MEDIEVAL-STYLE TEACHERS LECTURED STUDENTS TOOK NOTES STUDENTS CAME TO LECTURES IF THEY SO DESIRED AND PAID PROFESSORS IF NO ONE SHOWED UP, THE TEACHER WAS OUT OF A JOB TESTS WERE ORAL AND HAD TO ACCEPT OR REJECT A TEACHERS LECTURES MOST STUDENTS WERE EXPECTED TO BECOME PRIESTS; THEREFORE THE CHURCH SUPPORTED THE UNIVERSITIES THAT WERE ATTACHED TO THE CATHEDRALS VARIOUS UNIVERSITIES WERE ASSOCIATED WITH PARTICULAR DISCIPLINES

HELP FROM MUSLIM SCHOLARS THEOLOGY, GREEK PHILOSOPHY WERE THE CORE SUBJECTS OF THE CURRICULUM MANY MUSLIM SCHOLARS TRANSLATED ORIGINAL GREEK WORKS OF PHILOSPHY, MATHEMATICS, LAW, MEDICINE AND THE NATURAL SCIENCES INTO ARABIC MANY MUSLIMS WERE THEN ABLE TO READ THESE TEXTS IN THE ORIGINAL EVENTUALLY WESTERN SCHOLARS TRANSLATED THESE INTO LATIN OFTEN DONE BY MONKS IN MONASTERIES

RESULTS OF STRONG PAPACY DURING THE HIGH MIDDLE AGES REFORMING CLERGY CATHEDRAL CONSTRUCTION BIRTH OF UNIVERSITIES

A CHURCH DIVIDED, ZEAL MISGUIDED

THE SPIRIT BETWEEN EAST AND WEST SINCE 451 AND THE COUNCIL OF CHACEDON, THERE HAD BEEN DIVISION GROWING BETWEEN THE EAST GREEK CHURCH AND THE WESTERN LATIN CHURCH

A BUILDUP OF DIFFERENCES

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CHAPTER ONE. “THOSE WHO FORGET THE MISTAKES OF HISTORY ARE CONDEMNED TO REPEAT THEM”