Perception

CHAPTER OVERVIEW

Chapter 6 explores how we select, organize, andintcrpret our sensations irrto mearrir-rgful pc.rce.ptions.Thc chaptcr introcluces ar wide range of terminology,t 'spccially in the Perceptui'r l Organization section.Each oi the twcl sections thtrt follow deals with animportant issue. T'he first issue is the role of experi-elrcr), i ls opposed to he.re.clity, in perception. M;rkesure y()Ll unclerrstancl t l.re resr-rlts of studies of recoveryfrom blindrless, sens()ry clc.privation, adaptation totl istclrtetl envinrnments, ;rnd perccptutrl set. Note alsothc nrle of psychokrgists in hr-rman factors clesign.

'Ihc seconcl isstre considcre'd in the chapter is the

possiblc cxistcncc of FISI), or perception withtlut st'n-si.tt ion. You shotrlcl be able to discuss both the cltrimsmadc for ESI t arrd the cr i t ic isms of the.sc c la ims.

NOTE: Answer guidel ines for a l l Chapter 6 quest ionsbc'gin rxr page 168.

CHAPTER REVIEW

First, skim each section, notinS; heaclings and boldfaceite'ms. Aftcr you have reacl the section, review etrcl"robicctive by answering the fi l l- in and essav-typecluestions that follow it. As yc'lu proceed, evaluateyotrr performance by consulting the answers begin-ning on page 168. Do not continue with the next scc-tion unti l you understand each answer. lf you needto, review or rereacl the secticln in the textbook beforecont inuing.

1. The philosopher first

proposed that we perceive objects through the

senses, with the mind.

Selective Attention (pp. 237 -2a0)

David Myers at t imcs uses ic l ioms tht r t i r rc un-fami l iar to somc rcaclcrs. I f vot t c lo not k t rowthe meaning of arry of t l r t ' f r , l l t , rn ' ing worc ls ,phrases, or exprcssions irr thc context in rvhichtlrey aprpear irr thc tcxt, re-fer to page 175 ior anexplana tion : 11 Lt t r r n t t n r t i o r n I s1to t I i ql r t sl r i.f t s ; t1 o t rttrttry t lrntu n lt lurtk; sntrutcrt 'd; po1t-ortt.

Objective 1: Describc thc intcrprl.ry bertween attentiorrand pe'rceptirln.

1. Our tendency to foclrs at irrrv rnomct'tt on only a

limitccl aspect of all t l-r;rt wc i ir( ' capirblc of cxperi-

encing is c t r l lec l

. l 'h is is i l lnst r . r tcc l us i r rg a

figure c.rl letl .r ctrbe

2. An cxamplc of this l inritecl foclrs is the

-the abil itv to attcncl

selectively to clnly one voicer <rnlong lnanv.

3. Onc' e'xample of our lack of irwarL'lrL'ss of l"raprpt'n-

inss around r.rs is

whieh-af t t ' r a hr i t ' f

, i n

inter-

ruption-we fail to notice a charrge irr the cnvi-

ronment. Two forms of this phenclme.non that

involve visior-r and hearing, re.spe.ctively, are

ancl

Another example is

157

I158 Chapter 6 Perception

Perceptual | llusions (pp. 2a0-2a2)

l f you clo not know tht' me'aning of any of thef t r l l t r l , r ' ing words, p l t rast 's , or erpressions i r rthe context in which tht'v trppetrr in the text,rcfer to p.-rge

'l 75 for an cxplan;.rtion:

ctcntri loquist's dttnrntry; nnrt' to tottch tltnn ncctst l u ' sk i t r .

Objective 2: IJxplain l 'rrxv i l lusions hclp us to undcr-stand sorne of t l.rc wirvs wc orgarrize. stir-nr-rl i irrtomcarringf n l pcrceptiorrs.

1. Jllusions reveal the n,irys rn,e' trort.nally

il I1 L]

t. l ttr sensttt ions.

2. Tht. tcntlerncy of vision to c' lonrinatc thc otl.rerr

scnses is refcrrecl to irs

3. ln a conterst bctrvecn hearir.rg anci touclr,

dor- t r inatcs.

Perceptual Organization (pp. 242 254)

l f you clo rrot krrow' thr. mcirnir.rg of alry of tht'fo l lowir rg wort ls , phr . rscs, or cr f - r r r 'ss ions i r r t l - tccontcxt in w,lriclr thcy app-rcar irr thc text, rcfcrttr pagcs 175-176 ior irtr erxplatratiotr: r7r'rt;Stt rr t t' t i r r t t's, I t ttrtt t'rt t' t', t I t c q I cn d t r s n s t ro ry ; r t r o t I t t' r stlrt,rt cttttxt 'd t lrctrt to cro'iul ottt tttrto tlre g/rlss; T/rc

flottirtg.firrt( 'r srrt/s/tt '( ' ; As u,t ' rtttt '(,t ' , objccts tlnlorc nctrtollq s[nblt ' rrtrrrl i lpp(nr t0 ruttit(; l tv .f lnshitrg24 sti l l ptictrtrt 's; throttgh tt pttpL'r ttr ltc; t 'nrpt'rrtcrctl.

t ions. -l 'he

distinction betwe.e'n senstlt ic)n allt l pp1-

ception itr tertns of thesc two typcs tlf inforr-u.rtiorr

pnrcessing is (c lcar

cut/ fttz.tt ').

Objective 4: F.xplirin thc figr-rrc-grouncl relationship,

and ident i f r ' pr inc ip lcs of percept l t i t l groupr ing i r l

form perception.

3. When rn"'e vien' c) SCerlr ', \,ve scL' the ccntral objcct,

or , . rs c l is t inc ' t f r t lm s l t r -

rounding st inrr - r I i , o l thc

ldcrr t i fy thc t r . r jo t ' contr ib t r t i t t r rs o i ( lcsta l t psycholo-gv ttt ott r tttrdt'r-sta tttl i rt g ot ;)1' l't--t'p f i1111.

I ) rox i rn i tv , s i m i lar i ty , c los l t re, cor- r t in t r i ty , i lnd

corrnc'ctccllrt 'ss i lrc ( 'xitt lples ttf ( lcstalt rtt lcs of

The pr inc ip lc ' t l . r i r t r , t ,e org. t t r ize st imul i i l r to

snr ootlr, cttn ti It u t 'r u s Pa ttr 'rrrs i s cir I l t 'cl

. f h t ' p r i nc ip l c t ha t we i i l l i n

gaps t() cretrte a cornple tc, whttlt ' objcct is

. l 'hc grot rp ing of i tems that

arc ckrsc to c ; rch othcr is the pr inc ip lc of

; thc grouping of i tcms thrr t

l ook . r l i k t ' i s t he p r i r - r c i p l e o f

. I l r t ' I t ' t t t l t ' t r t V t o 1 r t ' 1 ' 1 ' f i 1 r . '

uniform or attirchcd items .rs .t singlc r-rnit is thc

P r i n c i P l t ' o f

Objective 5: Explain tl 're importance oi clcpth Pcrcep-tion, and discuss thc. contribtrt ion of visual cliff

rescarch to our r,rnclerstttrrdirrg oi this abil ity.

6. The abil ity to sec objects in thrcc dimensrons

dcspite their two-dimernsional representations oI1

It enables us to estimatc'

4.

5.

$$t_._"Objective 3: Describe Clerstalt psychology's contribu-tion to our undcrstanclirrg of pcrce ptior.r.

1. Accordinu to thc school of

psychology, we tend to orgarrize a clr,tstcr of sell-

sations into tr , clr

form.

2. Or-rr tender-rcy to perceive complctc forms

involves sensory trnalysis, or

processing of stimuli, as well as

prc)-

cessing thtrt uses our

and ttr tntr'rpret r)ttr settsc-t-

our re't intrs is cirl lecl

7. Gibson and Walk developed the

depth perception in infants. By

(lr 'hart age?) infants

demonstrate thcy are using Gestalt perception

principle.s.

Summarize the resul ts of Cibson and Walk 's s tudiesof depth perception.

Objective 6: Dcscribc two binocr-rlar cucs for prerceiv-ing clcpth, and e.xplain l-row the.y help the brtrin tocornputc d is tance.

For cluestions 8-.19, iderrtify the depth perceptiorr cuethat is c' lcfinecl.

8. Any cue. that rccluirc.s both eves:

9. -I 'he

greater the diffcrcncc bctwccn thc im.rgcs

rcccive.c-l by tlre two c'yes, the ncarer the object:

. 3 - D

nrovir.s simulate this cue by photographing each

scenc rt, ith two camcras. This chaptcr's funda-

nrenta l lesson is that our arc

thc construct ions of our

10. T'he m()rc our cycs focus irrwarc'l whcn we view

an olrject, the ncarer the obiect:

Obiective 7: Explairr how, monocular cues diffe.r frombinocular clrcs, rrnd dcscribe. sc.r,e.ral monocular cutsior pcrcciv ing cle.ptl-r.

11. Any ctrc that rccluires cit irer eyc akrne:

12. If two obfects are presumed to be the same size,

the one that casts a smaller retinal image is per-

ceived as farther away:

Perceptual Organization 159

away:

As an object becomes increasinglv clistant, it

appears progressivelv less distitrct:

Objects lower in the visual f ielcl are seen as

nearer:

As we move, objects art clif icrcrrt cl istatrct's i lPpcar

to move at diffcrent rtrtes:

18. Perrallel l ines trppear to cotrverge in the rl ist.rnct':

19. Dimmcr, or shaded, objects seetl f.trtht't- .t\\ 'ct\ ' :

Objective 8: State thc' basic assumptiotr n't ' nr.rkt' i t.t

our percept ions of mot ion, and expla in hon' the. t 'p t ' rc t 'p t ior rs t 'an be dt 'c t ' iv i r rg.

20. ln gerncral, \ryer are (r'crr

goocl /not vcry gooci) at qtrickly clctcctirig tht:

spccd of moving objccts. Sometinrt 's, wc .lrc

foolecl because larger objects sccnl to tt.rot'e

(fastcr/ more slort ' lv ) t lr.rn

smaller objects.

21. Thc br;.rin interrprcts a rapricl scrics of slightlv

to test 15.

16.

17.

v . r r v rng rm igcs . r s

pl r t 'nomt ' r rorr is c . r l lcd

Th i s

22. ' Ihc i l lusion of movcment that rcsr,rlts when trt,tr

adjacent stationary spots of l ight blink orr irrcl oii

in ouick succession is callccl thc

Objective 9: Explain the importance of perce'pturtlcollstancy.

23. Our tendency to see objccts as unchanging rvhile

the stimuli from them change in size, shaper, ancl

l ightness is ca l led

13. An object partially covered by another is seen as

fa | thr ' r nway:

Objects that appear hazy are seen as farther

24. This (bottom-up/top-clown)

process enables us to identify things regarrdless of

the1.4.0r by r.t'hich we view them

I160 Chapter 6 Perception

Objective 10: Describe the shtrpe and size constan-cies, and explain how our expectations about per-ceived size and distance contribute to some rrisuali l lus ions.

25. Due to shape trncl size. consterncy, familiar objects

(c io/do not) appear tcr

change shaper rlr size despiter changcs in our

im.lges of thcrn.

26. Several i l lus ior- rs , inc luding thc

, atrcl

i l l u -

sit 'rtts, itre'r:xprlir ine.cl by the intcrplay between per-

ceived arrd ;rc.rcci." 'ccl. Whcn clistirncc cLlcs i lrc

rcnr ove'cl, tlrc.sc. i I I trs iorls a re

(cl inr in ishccl / strorgthcrrccl ).

Explain how thc sizc-clistancc relationship arccountsfor thc Moon i l l t rs io l r .

27. Peopler lvlro har,'c l ivcd thcir l ives in Llncarpen-

tercd r t r ra l cnvi ronments arc

( m ore. / Icss) str sc-cpr ti b I e to the M ii llcr- Lye'r

i l lus ion.

Objective 11: Discr-rss l ightness constitncy and its sirn-i larity to cokrr constancy.

28. The brarin com;rutcs an object's brightncss

(reiative. tol independent of)

surrorrnd irrg ob jects.

29. The amount of l ight arr object reflects relartive to

i ts surroundings is ca l led

30. Thanks tcr

wc scc objccts as having a

to surrotrnding objects.

Perceptual Interpretation 1pp. 2s4^264)

l f yclu do not know the meaning of anv of t l-refolkrwing words, phrirses, or t 'xprcssiotrs in tlrecontext in which they appear in the te'xt, referto page 776 for an explanatiorr: Pi rru'-Ports ltnll;rut' rrtLtq.ft 'cl sl iglrt lV tl isorit ' tttt ' t l , ctur dizztl; to sct'is to Ltt'lit'i,c . . . ttt ltclit'rrt'is fo -scc; 0 "ntottst('r" ittScotlorrtl 's /,rrc/r l/r 'ss; frotrr ulttt 's bcltittd oltr (vcs

nrrtl bt't ipct:u ()trr ( 'ors; irt thc ctlt 's of t lu' ir l tt 'hLtldcrs.

Objective 12: Dcscribc thc colrtribution of rcst()rccl-v is ion ancl sensory c lerpr ivat ion rcscarch iu ot t r t t t rdcr-stancl ing of thc l la turc-nur ture i r r t t ' rp lay i t " t our pe r -ct-ptions.

1. The iclctr that knor'r, lcclgc c()nrcs from itrbortr

ways of orgrr r r iz ing sens()rv cxpcr icnces u/as pr( ) -

posccl by thc phikrsoprhcr

2. C)n the ot l r t ' r s ic lc wcrc phik lsophe rs wlro t l . r iu-

tir iuccl t l"rirt we lcartr to pt'rccivc the wclrlcl by

cx;rcr iorc ing i t . C)nc phikrsopher" of th is school

W . I S

3. Stuclics oi cases irr which r. ' isiotr has bccu rcstorccl

to . 'r 1-rL'151111 who was blincl ironr Lrirth slrow tl.rat,

trp'rorr sccin.. 'tacti lcly fanril iar objt 'cts for thc first

il

t irne, the pcrs()r1

rrot) recogrrize thcr-n.

4. Sttrclics of scnsory clcprivatior"r clcmorrstratc that

v isu.rl cxpcriernccs d r-r ring

i r rc cruc ia l for pcrceptual developmcnt . Such

crpe'rie'nccs strggest that thcre is a

for

normal scnsorv and pcrceptr-rir l clevelopmerrrt. For

tlr is reason, htrman infar.rts born with itn ()pitqLre.

lerrs ,cal le .d d , typ ical ly

havc corrcct i r "e s t r rgcry r ight r rway.

Objective 13: Explain how the rescarch on clistortinggoggles irtcreascs our unde-rstancling of the adaptabil-ity of perccption.

5. Flr-rmans given glasses thert shift or inverrt the

visual f ield (wi l l /wi l l not)

adapt to the distorted perception. This is calle'd

Animals such als chicks

(adapt/clo not i,rdapt) to distorting lenses.

(cii l t / ci i l l-

constant hue relativc

i

L6.

5.

9 .

10.

1 1 .

12.

7. When clistorting goggles are first removed, most

people experience a brief perceptual

, as thei r perceptual systems

continue to compensate for the shifted visual

input.

Objective 14: Define perceptual set, and explain howit influences what we do or do not perceive.

8. A me.ntal preclispositior.r that influences percep-

t ion is ca l lcd a

Tl-r rou gh erxperricncc, p-rcop lc accl uire perceptua I

, as rcflcctcd in children's

drawings at differre'nt ages. This explains why we

morr' J('cu r.t tt ' lv rt 'cogtrizt '

of famotrs iaccs thrrn thcse. pc.oplc.'s actual faces.

Or-rr facc recognition is especially attuned to the

cxprc-'ssive nrt.as of the and

Object ive 15: I lxp la in why the same st imulus cant:r,oke clifferent prerceptions in dif ierent contexts.

How r-r stimulr-rs is pcrccived dcpenc-ls on our per-

ce ptr-ral schemirs and the

in which i t is e 'xper iencecl .

The corrtext of n stimulus creates tr

(top-down/bottom-up)

cxpcctt.rt ion that influcnccs our perccption as we

match ou r

tom-up) s ignal against i t .

( top-down /bot-

'13. Our perception is r-rlso influcnced by

abor-rt gcncler and the

to t t t t ' r I o I ou r ( ' \ pe r i ences .

Obiective 16: Dcscribe thc role human factors psy-chologists play in cretrting user-friendly machinesand work settings.

14. I 'sychologists who study the importance of con-

sidcring perceptual principles in the design of

machine-s, appliances, and work settings are

ct'rlled

psychologists.

Victims of the "curse of knowledge," technology

developers who assume that others share their

, may create designs that

are unclear to others.

Is There Extrasensory Perception? 161

Another example of failure to consider the

human factor in design is the

technology that provides embarrassing headsets

that amplify sound for people with hcaring loss.

fs There Extrasensory Perception? (pp. 264-268)

If yc'ru do not knor'r' the nreaning of any ttf thcfcll lowing worcls, phr;rses, trr urPrt'ssitrns in thecontext in which thcv ;rprpetrr irr thc text, re fcrto page 176 fc t r an c 'xp lanat ion: t t r tcr t t t t r t l ; r t r i t t , lbltnuing Ttcrfttrntttttcc; unstttis.ficd ltrutgt'r . . . Lttritch.

Objective 17: Idcntify thc three most te'sti-rble forms ofESP, and expltrir-r why most research psychologistsremain skeptical of ESP claims.

1. Perceptic'rn outside thc r;rnge of nctrm:rl sensation

is cal l t 'd

2. Psychologists who study ESP i 'rre. cerlled

The form of ESP in which peoplc claim to bc

ctrpablc of re'ading othcrs' minds is callcd

. A pcrson who "scnses"

that a fricnd is in danger might claim to havc tlre

ESP abil ity of . An abi l i tv to

"se.e" into the future is callcd

. A person whct cltrims ttt be

able. to lev i ta te and move obfccts is c la iming the

power of

4. Analyses of psychic visions and premonitittns

reveal (h igh/chance- lcvel )

accuracy. Neverthelcss, some people cttntinuc' tt l

believe in the'ir accuracy because vilgue predic-

tions often are ltrter ttt In.ltch

events that have ;rlready c:rccurred. In adciit ion,

people are more l ikely to recall or

dretrms that se-.e'm to havc

come true.

Critics point out that a major difficulty for para-

psychology is that ESP phenomena are not con-

s is tent ly15.

I162 Chapter 6 Perception

5. Researchers who tried to reduce external distrac-

tions bctween a "sender" and a "receiver" in an

ESP experiment. reported performance levels that(beat/did not beat) chance

levels. More rccent studics

(failed to replicate the results/found equally, high

ler..els of performance).

PROGRESS TEST 7

Mu ltip I c - Ch o i ce Qu e sti ons

Circle vorrr answLrrs to the following questions andchcck tlror witlr the answers beginning on ptrge 169.lf your alrswcr is incorrcct, rc.ad the. explanation forIvl.rv it is ir"rcorrcct and thcn consult the appropriaterpragcs oi thc tcxt (in parcnthcses following tlre correctanslvcr) .

1. ' l 'hc

historical rnovc.ment trssociatec'l with thestatement "The whole mtry exceed the sum of i tspar ts" is :

a. parapsychology.b. bchaviora l psychology.c. f r . rnct ional psychology.d. ( lest i r l t psychology.

2. Figurcs tcncl to bc perccivc.cl as whole, complete 9.objects, r 'r,en if spaces or gaps e.xist in the reprc-sentat ion, thus c lenronstrat i r rg thc pr inc ip le. of :

a. cortrtcctcclncss. c. continuity.b. s imi lar i ty . d . c losurc.

3. Thc figr-rrc-gror-rnd reltrt ionship has demonstratedthat :

a. pcrccpt ion is largely innate.b. pcrccprtion is simply a point-for-point repre-

senti 'rt ion of se.rrsation.c. thc same stimr-rlus can trigger more than one

percept ion.d. diifcrent people see cliffc.rent things when

vier,r, ing ir scene.

4. Whcn we stare at an object, each eye receives aslightly diffcrcnt image, provicling a depth cueknown t-rs:

b. relative mcltion.c. l inear perspective.d. continuity.

Which of the follon'ing i l lustrates the' principrlc olv isua I capture?

a. We tencl to form iirst itnpressions of otherpc.oplc on the basis of appe'arar1ce.

b. Becar-rsc r. ' istral procL.ssing is autttmatic, \\ ccan L).ly ;rttention to a vistterl imagc and ittrvother scnsatiotr trt the' sttnre timet.

c . We c; rnrrot s i r .nr- r l ta t rcously at tend to a v is t ta limage arrcl anothe r scustrtit lu.

d. When thcrc is ir corrfl ict betwercn visttal infor-mation anrl that inrm anotlrcr se'nsc', r ' isiorttenr ls t ( ) t lor l i r r , t t t ' .

A perst'rr.r cl.rinring to be ablc to rcacl anotlrer'sminc ' l is c la iming to l t i rve the ESI 'abi l i ty of :

a. psychokinesis . c . c l i r i rvoyarrcc.b. precogrrit ion. d. telcpathy.

Wh ich ph i loso;rl.rcr tn.r i tr tar i rtt'rl tlra t krrttw' lc.cl gcc()nres frurnr irrborrr r,r 'rrvs of orgalrizing our scns()-ry experierrccs?

a. Lockeb. Ki rnt

c. Clibsond . W a l k

Dr. Martin is trsing trirturirl nrirp;rirrg to redcsignthe inst r t r rnent gauges o i automobi lcs t t l bc morc"uscr f r icnc l ly . " Dr . Mart in is cr ' ' i r lor t ly a(r r ) :

a. 1-rsychoprhysic' ist.b . cogni t ivc psychologist .c. human it.tctors psychologist.d. exper inrcnta l psychologist .

Thc vistral cliff tcsts an infrrnt's prerc-cptr-tal scnsi-t iv i ty to which dcpth ct rc?

a. in terposi t ion c. l ine i r r pcrspect iveb. relt.rt ive hcight d. tcxttrre gradient

Kittens irnd nl()rlk€]ys rertrrcd see.ing only clifftrsc,unpatterned light:

a. la ter had d i f f icu l tv r l is t inguishing color arrdbrightness.

b. later had diff icr-rlty percciving color andbrightness, but eventually regainecl Irornralsensi t iv i ty .

c. later hac-l diff iculty percciving the shapc ofobjects.

d. showed no imptrirment in pc'rception, inclictrt-ing that neural feature detectors develop evenin the absence of normal sensory expe'riences.

7.

8.

10.

11.

a. convertlence.b. l i r rear perspect ive

c. relative motion.d. retinal disptrrity.

5. As we move, r, iewed objects cast changing shapeson our retinas, although we do not perceive theobjccts as changing. This is part of the phenome-non of:

a. perceptualconstancy.

12.

13 .

74.

15.

' t6.

17.

18.

19.

Adults who are born blind but later have theirvision restored:

a. are almost immediately able to recognizefamiliar objects.

b. typically fail to recognize familiar objects.c. are unable to follow moving objects with their

eyes.d. have excellent eye-hand ccrordinaticln.

Drocessins rcfcrs to how the phvs-

ical characteristics of stimuli influence their inte'r-pre.tation.

a. Top-downb. Bottom-up

Which of thc fo l lowinqcue?

a. tcxture gradicntb. relirt ive heigl 'rt

c. Parapsychologicald. Human factors

is nof a monocular depth

c. rctinal disparityd. inte.rposition

The Moon il lusion ()ccurs in parrt because distancecucs i.rt thc horizon make the Moon secm:

a. farthcr trwiry and the.refore larger.b. closer and thcrcforc larger.c. farther away trnd thereiore smaller.d. closcr and thcrcfore smallcr.

F i rur t ' is [o srot tnc l . ts is to

a. n ight ; dayb. top; bottomc. c loud; skyd. s t ' t ts , t t ion; l ' r t ' r t ' t ' [ r t i t rn

The stucly of perccptiorr is primarri ly concernedwi th how we:

a. detcct sights, sounds, ancl other stimuli.b . sense cnvi ronmcntal s t imul i .c. dcvelop se-rrsit ivity to i l lusions.d. in terpret scnsory st i rnul i .

Which of the following infltre.nces perception?

a . b io log i t . t l ma t t t r a t i o t tb. the context in which stimuli are perceiveclc. expectationsd. a l l o f thc above

Jarck cltrims that he often has dreams that predictfr-rture events. He clainrs to havc the power of:

telepathy.clairvoyance.

c. precognition.d. psychokincsis.

Progress Test 2 163

20. Researchers r'r'ho investiEiated telt.pathv found

that:

a. when e'xternal distractions are recluced, Lroth

the "sender" and the "receiver" become'mttcl 'tmore. accurate in demonstrating ESP.

b. only "scnders" becomc much morc accuratc.

c. onlv "receivers" becomc mttch more accuratc.

d. over many studies, none ttf thet above occur.

Tnre-False ltems

Indicerte lvhethcr cach stutcrncnt is truc tlr fallsc bt'

placing 7'or F ir-r thc blank trcxt to thc iten.r.

l. C)ncc'we perceir' 'e an ite'm ils a figtlrc, it

is impossiblc to see it as grolrncl.2. [.aboratory cxpcrimcnts have lt.r id ttr

rest i r l l cr i t ic isrns o i ESP.3. Six-month- t t l t l i r t f t r r r ts wi l l cross a v is t r . r l

c l i f f i f thc i r nrother cal ls .4. Urr l ike othe ' r animals, hunrat ts l t . . t tc t r t r

cr i t ica l pcr iod f t t r v isual s t iml t la t i t ln .5. lmmanttc l Kant arguccl th i l t t 'x1-rc1jg11c1'

cletcrminecl ltow l,r 'c percei.,,e thc worlrl.6. Peoplc who livc in a carpctrterecl w'tlr lcl

i lrL. more l ikt '11, thirn othcrs ttt cxpcrieuct' t lre M r-i I lcr- l,yer i I I r-rsittrr.

7. Aitcr a pcriocl oi t imc, httntirtrs are aLrlt 'to adjust to l iv i r rg i r r a wor ld rnaclcLrpside c lown by c l is tor t i r rg gogglcs.

8. As otrr clistatrcc from att obiect clrar.rgcs,the obicct's size sccms to clrangc.

9. Pcrception is inflr.rcrrcecj bv psvcl-rt l logi-cal ftrctors sttch as sct .rtrcl t 'xpcctatit l tr i lswell its bv prhysiologicit l cvcr.rts.

10. John l.ockc argr-recl t ltat perce ption is

inborn.

PROGRESS TEST Z

l)rogrcss Test 2 shoulcl be conrpletetl clLrrirrg .r i irtal

chapter rerview. Answer thc following c1r-tcstit lns afteryou thoroughly understr-rncl t l-re cttrrt 'ct . lttsrvtt 'rs for

the section rerriews and Progrcss J'est l.

1. The tendencv tct organize stirntrl i i t.tto st'nootlr,uninterrupted patterrns is ca l lecl :

a . c losure- . c . s imi lar i tY.b. cont inui ty . d. prox imi tv .

2. Which of the following is a monocttlar rlt 'Pth ,--u.'7

a. l ight and shadowb. convergencec. retinal disparityd. AII of the above arc' monocular depth cues.

a.

b .

164

3.

Chapter 6 Perception

Which of the follor.t ing statements is consistentwith the Gestalt theorv of perception?

a. Perception develops largely through learning.b. Perception is the product of heredity.c. The mind organizes sensations into meaning-

ful pcrceptions.d. Perception re.sults clirectly from senstrtion.

Experiments with clistortccl visual cnvirclnmc.ntsde.monstrate. that:

a. adaptatiorr rirre'ly takcs placc.b. animals ac lapt reradi ly , but hrrmans do not .c . ht rmans ar lapt rcacl i ly , wl - r i le lowerr ; rn imals

typical ly c lo not .d. adaptat ion is possib le. dur ing a cr i t ic i - r l per ioc l

in infi'urcy but not thcrci'rftcr.

The phernomcnon that rcfcrs to thc ways irr whichar.r i n cl ivi cl ua l 's expecta tiorrs i rrf I ucncc pcrcc;-rt i oni s ca l l cd :

a. perccpttral sct. c. convcrgcncc.b. retinal clispi'rrity. d. r, isual ctrpturc,

Thirnks to , TiVo arrd DVR havc sol'" 'etlthe

' l 'V re.corrl ir"rg problem causccl by tht' corn-

p lex i ty of VCRs.

a. partrpsycl.rologistsb. human factors psychologistsc. psychokinet ic is tsd. Clcstalt psvchologists

7. According to the philosophcrto pt'rceivc the worlcl.

a. Lockc c. (l ibscln

b . Ka r r t d . Wa lk

wc lcar r l

' [ 'he tenc]cncy to pcrc-cirrc hazy objccts as bcing at

a d is t . r r rce is knowrr as . ' l 'h is

is . rt lepth cut'.

a . l incar pcrspect ive; b i r roct r larb. l inear prerspect ive; monocularc. relative clarity; binocr-rlard. re lat ive c lar i ty ; monoctr lar

The phe'norrrcnotr of size cc'u.tstancy is basetl uponthc close conrtection between .rn objcct's pc'r-ceirred and its perrceived

c . I t has more dan r . ' t g rnq t ' i i c c t : ' , r : r r ' : - . . ' - . ' . -enccd durilrg ini;rncr .

d . I t has g rea t te r e f f ec t s on . r r l u l t > t h .n ' , 1 - . : ' : .cl rc'rr.

Psychologists who stuc lv ESP.rrc c . r l ler i :

a . c la i rvovauts. c . p. t rapsvchologi - t r .b . te lepaths. d. lcv i ta tors.

Thc depth cuc that occLlrs wltctt n,c n'.rtch st.rbleobjccts i r t c l i i ic ror t c l is tarrce 's i ls wc. l re nr t tv i t rq is :

4.

11.

12.

13.

15 .

16.

17.9 .

5.

6.

Which o i thc fo l lou ' ing st i r tc 'mcnts cot" tcr ' t ' t t i t ' tgESI' is trr-rc?

a. Most l lSP rcscarchers arc' 11r-tacks.b. Thcre havc bet 'n . r la lgc t r t tmbcr of lc l iab lc

c lcmonstra t ions of l lSI ' .c . Most rcst 'arc l " r psvchologists are skept ic i r l o f

thc c la ims o i r le ienclcrs of I IS[ ' .d. Therc havc bccr.r rcliablc laborattlrv c' lcmorr-

s t rat ior- rs o i F.SI ' , br r t t l r t ' rcst r l ts i t rL- n() r l i f fer -crrt fronr tlrose th.rt w'oulcl occr.rr by clr.rnce.

a. coltVcrge lrc( ' .

b . in tc rpos i t ion

L'ltrclr t inrc v()Lr s('c yoLlr cilr,inragc on thc rt ' t inirs of yor-rrpcrc-r ' ivc i t as char . rg i r rg. l -h is

a. percept l ra l set .b. rc t i r " r . r l c l ispar i ty .c. pcrccpttr.rl c-ortstarrcv.d. convcrgcrrcc.

'fhc tcrrrr gr's/rrl l nreirrs:

a. grot rp i r rg. c .b . sensa t i on . d .

c . rc lat ivc c lar i t \ ' .d . re lat ivc rnot ion.

14. i t pro jccts a d i f fcrcntcycs, yct yott c1<t rttttis bccansc of :

pe rce prtion.who l c .

8.

c. size; brightncssd. shape; d is tance

Which of t l-rc following statcrnents best de.scribesthe effects of sensory rcstriction?

a. It produces functionirl blindnc.ss when cxpcri-encecl ior anv length of time trt any trge.

b. lt has greater effects on humans than on .rni-mals.

' l 'hc perceptrral error in wl'r irrh rt,e' f i t i l to sct' an

objcct r,vhcrr our irttentiorr is directcc-l elsewlre rc is:

a. r , isr . ra l capt t r r t ' .b . i r rat tcnt iorra l b l i t rc lncss.c. perccptr-ral rtriaptatiorr.d. c l ivergencc.

Stuclics of the visual cliff harvc proviclecl e'r, iclcnccthat rnr,rch oi clcpth pcrct'ptior.r is:

a. irrnrrtr..b. lcarnecl.c , innate in lower animals, lcarr red in humans.d. innate ' in hnmirns, lcar t rec l in lowe r animals.

Al l o i thc fo l lowing arc lan 's of pe.rccptual orga-niztrt ion crct'1tt ' .

a . prox i rn i ty . c . cont inui ty .b. closr-rre. d. converge'nce.

a. size; shtrpeb. sizc; distarrcc.

10.18.

7

9.

10.

11.

oooooo

19. You probably perceive the diergram above asthree separate objects due to the principle of:

a. proximity. c. closure.b. continuity. d. connectedness.

20. proccssing r t ' fers to ht tw r tur knowledceand expectations influence pcrce'ption.

b. interposition

Psychology Applied L65

d. convergencc

Concluding her presentation on sensation and

perception, Kellv notes that:

a. sensat ion is bot tom-up processi r tg.b. perception is top-down processing.c. a. and b. are both true.d. se-nsation and perception blend inttl t lnc cotr-

tinuous procnss.

As he.r friend Milo walks toward hcr, Noriko pcr-

ceives his size as remaining constant becausc' his

pcrce'ived distance at the samc tirne tl.rtrthcr retinal image of him

a. increases;dccreasesb. incre-'ases; incrcasesc. decrcases;decrcasesd. decreases; increases

In the nbscncc of perce'ptttal c-ttrrstarncy:

a. objects would appear to change. s izc as thc i r

distancc from tts ch;rngecl.b. depth pcrce'ption would be basc'tl erxclttsivcll '

on monocular cue>.c. dcpth perception woulcl be basccl t 'xclttsivelt '

on b inocular cues.d. c le.pth percept ion wotr lc l be ' impossib lc .

' Ihc i l lus ion that thc St . l ,o t r is ( la tewav . r rc l r

appci l rs ta l ler than i t is wic lc (even thotrgh i tsheight and width are eclual) is b;rsetl ()lt ()Llr st. ltsl-t ivitv to which ntonocttlar de.prth ctre?

a. rcla.rtive sizeb. interposition

c. rc lat ivc her ightd . r e t i r r a l c l i spa r i t y

How c lo we pcrceive a pole ' that p i r r t ia l lv covers a

w a l l ?

a. as farther awi' lyb. as neitre'rc. t'rs largerd. There is not enitugh infttrmatittt"t to clt ' ternlit le

the object's size ()r clistance.

An artist paints a tree. orchard so that the parr.rl lellrows of trecs convergc irt the tt lp c-ti the canr'.]s.Which cue has the' artist Llscd to c()n\rcv dist;rnce ?

PSYCHOLOGY APPLIED

Arrswcr these qtrestions thc day bcfore an exi' l lr l i ls i lf inal che.ck on y()ur undcrstirnding of the chaprter'sterms and conccpts.

Mu lt ip Ie -Choicc Que sti ons

1. Although carpenter Smith perceivccl a brieflyvicwcd objcct as a scrcwdriver, policc offict 'rWt'ssorr perce.ivecl the same objec't as a krrifc.. Thisi l lust rates th i r t pcrccpt ion is gt r ic led by:

a. l inear pcrspcc- t ivc. c . re. t ina l c l ispar i ty .b. shtrpe constarrcy. d. pe'rceptual set.

2. Bc--causc thc flowcrs in the forergrourrd appcaredcoirrse. ancl grariny, thc photographcr dccide'd thatther picture was takcn too rtcar the sr-rbje'ct.

'This

conclusion was birscd on which clcptl-r cue?

a. Top-downb. Bottom-tr1-r

a. re la t ive s izeb. inte rposition

c. Pararpsychologicald. Hurnan factors

c. rertinal clisptrrityd. tcxturc gradicrr t

3. T l re fact that a whi tc 'objcct unclcr d im i lh- rmintr -tion appcnrs l ighter than a grtry object nncle.rbr ight i l luminat ion is ca l lec l :

a . re l r r t ivc l l rminunce.b. perceptual adaptat ion.c. cokrr contrast.d. l ightness constancy.

4. When two ft.rmil iar obje.cts of e-c1ui'r l size castunequal retinal imt-rgcs, the' clbject that casts thesmtrller retin.rl imagc wil l bc pcrcc'ived as being:

a. closer than tl.re other object.b. morc distant than the other object.c. larger than the other object.d. smaller than the other object.

5. If you slowly bring yor-rr f inger toward yrrtrr i.rcer,rnti l i t e.ventu.rl ly touches yoLlr l1ose, eye-musclecues called convev depth information to

vour brain.

a. retinal disparitv

12. Objects higher in our field of visiou are percc'ivedd s d u e t o t h c p r i n c i p l t ' o f

a. nearer; relative heightb. nearer; l inear perspectivec. farther away; relative heightd. farther away; l inear perspective

a. interpclsitionb. relative clarity

c. I inear pcrspectivcd. texture gradient

c. continuity

T166

13.

Chapter 6 Perception

Accordir-rg to the principle of light and shadow, iione of two identical objects reflects more light tcryour eyes it wil l be perceived as:

a. Iarger. c. farther away.b. smal ler . d . nearer .

Your frie.nd tosscs yc'ru t.r frisbee. You know that itis gc.tt ing ckrser instead of larger because of:

a. shapc constarrcv. c. size constancv.b. rclativc motion. d. all of the above.

Which cxplanat ion of the Mi i l ler -Lyer i l lus ion isoffe.rcd by thc tcxt?

a. Thc corners in our carpcntc.rcd worlc-l terach usto intcrprct outrvard- or inward-pointingalrrowheacls at thc cncl of ir l iner as a ctre to thclirrc's clistance fnrm us and so to its lcngth.

b. Thc. dran, i r rg 's v io lat ion of l inear pcrsPcct i r , ,cmakcs orre l inc scem longer.

c. Top-clolr,rr prurccssing of t l 're i l lusiorr is plg-ventccl becausc of t l.rc stimuli 's ambigr-rity.

d. Al l o f thc abovc wt ' r t 'o f fcret l as cxplani r t ions.

Whr:r-r thc traffic l ight ch.rnged from rcd to grcen,thc clrivcrs or"r both siclcs of Lcon's vchicle pullcclr lu ick ly forw.r rc l , g iv ing Lcon thc d isor ient i r . rgfec l ing tht r t I ' r is car wi rs ro l l ing backwtrrc l . Whichpr i r rc ip lc cxpla i r rs I -eorr 's m isperccpt ion?

a. rc lat ive nrot ionb. cont inui ty

c. v is t ra l cr rpt t r rcd. prox inr i ty

l i.ergina claims that she calr berrd spo()r-ls, levitatcfurniturc, irncl perform many otherr "rnincl ovcrmatte'r" ferrts. I lcgina apparortly be.l icve's she. lrasthe power of:

a. tc lcpathy. c . prrccogrr i t ion.b. clairvoyar.rcc. d. ;-rsychokincsis.

The prcclictions of lctrrl ing psvchics are:

a. often ambiguous prophecies later intcrprctcdto match actual cvents.

b. no nrrlre irccnratc than glresscs mitcle byothers.

c. nearly alwirys irraccur;ttc.d. a l l o f the above.

Stuclying the road map before her trip, Collee'nhacl r-ro trouble followirrg the nrute of the. high-way shc p lanned to t rar .e l . Col le .cn 's abi l i tv i l l t rs-trates the principle of:

a. ckrsure.b. similtrrity.

The insensitir.ity of many rural Africans to theMtil lcr-Lyer i l lusion proves thirt perception:

a. is largely a "bottom-trp" phenomenorr.

b. is unpredictable.c. is influenced by cultural experience.d. is characterized by all of t l.re above.

Essarl Questiorr

ln many movics fmm tlre 1930s, dancers perforr.nc.lseemingly r"nearringless mot,cmcnts which, r.t 'het'tviewed frclnr ;rbove, \\rere transformed inttt intric.rtcpat terns ancl desigr . rs . Simi lar lv , thc format ions ofmarching bands of ter" r crct t t t 'p ic turcs ancl spcl lworcls. lc-lc'ntifv ancl describr: at lcitst for-rr Gest;.rltpr inc ip lcs of r ror- rp i r . rg th i r t crpr la in the aucl icnce'spcrccption of thc inr.rgcs crcatctl by these typcs of for-mations. (Usc the s;race belor,r, to l ist the prtl ints votrwant to makc, ancl organize thcrn. Thur wr i te thcessay on a sc1'raratc pict-c of ;rapcr.)

16.

14.

15.

17.

18.

t9.

c. continuity.d. proximity.

KEY TERMS

Writing I)cfinitiorrs

Using yotrr o\trtt l ,t,otcls,wr i te a br ie f c lef in i t ionfollolving tcrnts.

1. sc lect ivc at tent iorr

2. irrattcrrtiorral blinc-lness

3. visr-ral cirptLrrLl

4. gcstalt

5. f igurc-gror"rnd

6. grouping

7. clepth pcrccption

8. v isutr l c l i f f

9 . b inocr- r lar cuc

10. rctinal clisparity

11. convergence

12. monocular cue

()n d s( 'paratc p icce of pape ror crp lani r t i t l r r o f cacl r of the

20.

7.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13. phi phenomenon

14. perceptual constancy

L5. perceptual adaptation

16. perceptual set

Cross-Check

As yc'ru lcarned in the Prokrgue,reviewing and overlearning ofmatcrial are important tcl thelearning process. Aftcr you havewritte.rr thc definit ions of thc keyterms in this chapter, you shoulclcomple'te thc crosswt'rrc| puzzleto ensure that y<-ru can reversethe proccss-rccognizc the term,given thc dcf i r r i t ion.

ACROSS

1. Part of the visr-rir l f ielcl thatsu rrouncls thc f i gu re'.

8. The tendcncy to perceive therc()nvergL'rlcc of parallel I inesas ir"rd ict.rt i rrg dccrcasing dis-tance is thc'

Pc'rsPective.13. Derpth cucs that dcpencl on

in iormat ion f rom both eycs.15. Principle. that we ternd tcr

group st imul i that are nc- .aronc anothe.r .

16. Part of thc visuirl f icld thatstands out from itssurrouncl ings.

17. I 'hilosol--rher who bclicverd that all knowledgetrriscs from experience.

18. Pe.rccptual tenclency to fi l l in incomplete figuresto creater thc. perception of a whole object.

19. Procc.ss by which we tend to organize stimuli intocolrerent groups.

20. Me;rns "organize.d whole."

DOWN2. Figure-ground relationships are often3. Crcating three-dimensional perceptions from the

two-dirnensional images that strike the retinarequires perception.

4. The abil ity to attencl to only one voice amongmany is the _ effect.

5. Because clf - attention, we focus our aware-

Key Terms 157

human factors psychology

extrasensory perception (ESP)

parapsychology

ness on only a l imitecl a-rsperct of all that wc are

capablc of experiencing.l l lusion of move-ment crcate'd by adiacent l ights

tha t b l i nk o f f and on n succcss io l t .

Classic visual i l lusion invttlving ther pcrception of

l ine. length.Depth cue in which nearby obje'cts partiallvobscurc more distant objects.The amount of light an object reflects relativel ttr

its surroundings.Tendcncy of distant objects to appear hazier than

nearer objects.Gestalt principle that we perceive uniform ancllinked spots, lines, or areas as a single unit.The irreversible effects of sensory restriction dur-ing infancy suggest the existence of a -for normal sensory and perceptual development.

17.

18.

19.

74.

I168 Chapter 6 Perception

ANSWERS

Chapter Review

1. Plato

Selcctioc Atfention

1. sclcctive attention; Ne.cker

2. cocktail prarty r.fferct

3. inat tcnt ional b l inc l r ress; v isual ; change b l indness;cl-range tlcafncss; choice blindness

Perccptual l l lusions

1. organize; interpret

2. r , isual captL l re

3. hear ing

Pcrccptrt n I () rctt i l izn I i o tr

-1. Clcsta l t ; whole

2. bottonr-r-rp; top-dowlt; e\pL.rictlccs; expectatictns;fuzzy

3. f igr-rrc; grotrncl

Thc Clest.rlt psyclrokrgists describcd somer kc.y princi-p les of percept t ra l organizat iorr and, in so doing,clcmorrstr.rte.d that pcrcerption is far mrtre than a sim-plc sclrsory proccss. The re.versiblc figure-groundrclationslrip.r, for cx;rmplc, rlemonstrates that a singlestirnulus can triggt-.r mrlre tharr orrc perception. As(lcstirlt psychokrgists showercl, we. continually f i l terscns() ry in format iorr ancl construct our pcrcept ions inways tlrat nrake sensc to us.

4. groupir rg

5. c 'ont inui ty ; c losLrrc; pnrx imi ty ; s imi lar i ty ; con-rrcctt:cl ness

6. rlcpth perccption; clistance

7 . v i sua l c l i f f ; 3 mon ths

Il.esearch on the visr-rir l cl iff suggests that in manyspccics tlrc irbil i ty to pcrceive clepth is present at, orvcry shortly after, birth.

8. b inoctr lar

9. rctintrl disparity; perceptions; brains

10. convergencer

11. monocular

12. relative sizc

13. intcrposition

14. relative clarity

15. texture gradient

16. reltrtir.e height

17. relative-. motion (motion parallax)

18. linear pe.rspective

19. l ight and shadow

20. \ 'ery goorl; more slowly

21. movement; stroboscopic moveme'nt

22. phi phenomenorr

23. perceptual corrstirncy

24. top-clown; anglc; clist.rt.rce; iIIumirrt.rt ion

25. do not; re.ti lr ir l

26. Moon; I 'onzo; Miil lcr-Lyer; size; disttrnce; climin-ishcd

A partial reasolr for the i l l trsion that thc Moon at thchorizon appcars u;-r to 50 perccr-rt largcr than thcMoon clircctly overheacl is t l 'r irt ctrc.s to tlrc distancc oiobjects at thc horizon nrakc thc Moon, bchind tht'm,scem farthcr away .rncl thercfort ' largcr. Whcn we set'thc Moorr <lverlrcatl in thc skv, thcsc mislcacling ctrersarc. Iack ing.

27. lerss

28. rel.rt ive to

29. rc lat ivc lunt iuanc ' . ,

30. colrlr c-onstancy

P c rc e p tu al I nta rp raf at i o tr

1.

2.

J .

4.

6.

7

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

1.4.

15.

16.

Kan t

I-ockc

cit r-tttot

irrfancy; cri t ica I pcriorl; c.rta ract

wil l; pcrccptr-rirI aclaptation

clo rrot irclapt

afte rcf fcct

pcrccptual sct

schcmas; car icatr r rcs

eyes; moutlr

con text; stertlotyp-rcs

top-down; bottom-up

stereotype.s; emotit.u-r.r I

hnman ftrctors

expertise

assis t ive l is terr ing

ls There Extrasensory Perceptiort?

1. extrasensory perccption

2. parapsychologists

7.

8.

1 1 .

12.

I

3. telepathy; clairvoyance; precognition; psychoki-nesis

4. chance-level; interpreted (retrofitted); reconstruct

5. reproducible

6. beat; failecl to replicate the results

Progress Test r

Mu It i p le - Cho ic e Qu e sti ons

1. d. is the. answer. Cestalt psychology, whichdcveloped in Germtrny early in thc twentieth cen-tury, was interersted in how clustcrs of serrsationsarc orgrrnized into "whole" pe rceptiorrs (pp212,243)a. l 'arapsychology is the study of ESP and otherrpar t rnorma I phenomena.b. & c. l lehtn,ioral t.rnd functional psychologydcveloped later in the Unitcd State's.

2. d. is the answer. (p.2aa)a. Conne.cteclncss refers to the tendency to sL'cuniiorm and lirrkc.d ittms ars a unit.b. Similaritv rcfc-rs to thc tencle.ncy to grotrp simi-lar i tems.c. Continuity rcfcrs to thc. tcnde.ncy to groupst imul i in to snrooth, cont i r ruous pat terns.

3. c. is thc alnswcr. Although we always differenti-i r tc a s t imulus i r r to f ig t r re and ground, thosc c lc-nrcnts of the stimulus we perce.ive as figurc anclthosc as grotrnd may changer. Irr this way, the'strrne stimulLrs can trigger more than ()ne percep-t i on . ( p .243 )a. Thc iclea of a figure-grouncl relatiorrship has nobearing on the issue of whether perceptiorr isl t lnate.

b. I)erception cannot bc simply a point-for-pointrepre.sentation of scnsation, since in figure-grouncl relationships a single stimulus can triggernrore than one. percc-ption.d. Figtrrc-grouncl relt 'rt ionships demonstrate. t lre.cxistence of generall, r i l ther than irrdividual, prin-ciplcs of perceptr-ral organization. Significantly,even the sam€-' person can see different figr.rre-ground relationships when viewing a scene.

4. d. is the .rnswer. Tlre greater the retinal disparity,or difference between the images, the less the dis-tancc'. (p. 246)a. Convergence is the extent to which the e'yesmovc inwarcl when looking at an object.b. Linear perspective is the monocular distancecue in r,r'hich parallel lines appear to converge inthe distance.c. Relative motion is the monocular distance cue

Answers 1,69

in which objects at different distances change

their relative positions in ottr visual image, with

those. closest moving mctst.

a. is the answer. Perception of constirnt shape,

like perception of constant size, is 1-rart of t l-re phc'-

nomenon of perceptual cctnstatrct'. (p. 250)b. I{elative motion is a mcttrttctt l.tr t l ist.rtrcc ct-tt ' i l . t

which objects at differrerrt c' l istances .rppciir ttr

move at different rates.c. Linear perspective is a mctnttcttlar clist. ltrc-c clter

in which l incs we'know t t t be paral lc l cot tvergc i t r

thc d is tance: , thus indicat ing dcpth.d. Continuity is the pcrct.ptual tcnclct'tcl t() srotlf-)items into continuotts pattcrtrs.

d. is the answcr. (p.242)a. ,b. , & c. Visual c ; ' tp t t t re l ras noth ing to c lo n ' t t l . tforming imprcssions of peoplc ttr i 'n,hcthcr \\ 'e calrattenci t() more than cttre stitntrlr-rs at a tir.ne .

9 .

10 .

d. is thc answer. (p. 265)a. Psychokincsis refc'rs to the cli i inretl abil itvper form acts of "mind ovcr mat ter . "b. Pr t 'cogni t ion rc fcrs to thc c la i t .nct l ab i l i tvpt ' rc t ' iv t ' f t t I t t r r ' ev( ' t t ls .c. Cilairvoyirnce rcfcrs to tl.rc clainrerl abil itvperceivc rcntote ct,cnts.

b. is thc answcr. (p. 254)

t t t

to

a. Lockc argued that knowlecigc is trot inbort.r btrtc()mes thrurr-rgh learnilrg.c. & d. (l ibson arrcl Walk stutl it ' t l clcpth ;rcrcep-t i r ln r ts ing the v is t ra l c l i f f ; thev l ' l rdL l ( '11o c l t r i r r rsabout thc s()Llrcc of knowlcclgc.

c. is thc answer. (p 261)

d. is thc answer. Tht're is, of t:ttttrse, rrtt i tcttt i l l

drop-ofi. Thc terxturc grarlierrt of t lrt ' cht'ckt'r-board pattern bene'.rth the glass t.rblc ir lparts tht'impressirln tlf depth. Tl.rc other crtes nrettt iotrctlwoulc l not bc re ler ' ' . rn t t t t thc s i t t rat i t ln i r l th iscrperi ment. (y'tp. 245, 247 )

c. is ther answcr. (p. 255)a. & b. The k i t tcns hacl c l i f f ic t r l tv onlv lv i t l ' r l i r res

thev hacl never cxpel-ierrcccl, itttt l trever rcgttirrt 'clnormal sensitivitv.d. Both pt'rceptual .rnd ferirttrre-tletcctor irnp.rir '-ment rcsultecl from vistta I c-ic'p ri vrr t iorr.

b. is the answer. Because thcv hi'rve ntlt lrad earlvvisual experie'nces, the'sc trdtrlts typicit l ly havt:

diff iculty letrrning to perrccir. 'e objects. (pr. 255)a. Such patients typically could nttt visuirl lv rec-

ognize objects with which they w,t're iamiliar bvtouch, and in somc cases this intrbil i ty pc'rsisted.c. Being able to perceive figure-eround relati i ln-

I

170 Chapter 6 Perception

ships, patients ors ablc to follow moving objectswith their eyes.d. This answer is incorrect because eye-handcoordination is an acquired skill ancl requiresmuch practicc.

13. b. is the answer. (p.237)a. Top-down processing refers tcl how our knowl-edge and expectatiorrs influence perccption.c. Parapsychology is the study of pe.rception otrt-side normal s<:l lsorv inpr-rt.d. Human factors psychologv is concerned withl.row best to clesign machincs and wclrk settings totake irrto account human perccptictn.

14. c . is t l re answcr. Rct inal c l ispar i tv is a b i r r t tcLt lurcuc; all ther othcr cur.s nrentiorred are monocrrlar.gt .2a6)

15. a. is thc answcr. l ' lre Moon appe.rrs large'r itt t l 'rchorizor-r than overhr'ad in thc sky becar:sc objcctsat t l 're horizon provicle clistance cues that makcthc- Moon scc'nt f irrthcr away anrl thcrcfrtrc larger.ln tlre open sky, of c()Llrsc, thcrc are no such cut's.(p . 251 )

16. c. is thc irnswcr. Wc scc a clotrcl as a figurcagainst thc bt rckground o i sky. (p. 2:13)a. , b . , & d. T 'hc i igurc-grouncl rc lat ior rs l r i ; r rc fcrsto thc organiz i r t ion of thc v isr - ra l f ie lc l i r r to objccts(figtrres) t lr irt star-rcl out front thcir surrourrdings(grottntl).

17. d. is thc answcr. (p.237)a. & b.

' l ' l ' re s tuc lV of sensat iorr is concentecl wi th

thcsc processr's.c . Al thor , rgh studyi r rg i l lus ions has helper l psy-chokrgists u nclersta rrd ord i na ry pcrcepttra I nrr'ch-anisrns, it is not the primary focrrs of the ficlc-l oiperception.

18. d. is thc answr. r . (pp.25,1 261)

19. c . is the answer. (p. 265)a. This .rnswer would bc correct hacl Jack claimcdto be able to rctrd sotneonc clsc's minc-I.b. This answcr w,ould be. correct hacl Jack claimedto be t-rble to sense re'rnote. events, such as a friendin distress.d. This ans\ver would be correct had lack claimeclto be ablc to lervittrte objccts or bencl spoons with-out applying any physicerl force.

20. d. is the rrnswer. (p.267)

True-False Items

1. F (p .243)2. F (p.267)3. F (p. 2as)a. F (p. 256)

s. F (p. 25a) 8. F (p. 250)6. T (p.251) e. T (pp.257-259)7. T (p.256) 10. F (p.25a)

Progress Test z

1. b. is the answer. (p.zaa)a. Closure refers to the tendency to percr'ptrr.rl lri i l l in gaps in recognizablc objercts in the i isu. r li ie l t l .c. Similaritv rcfcrs to the terndency to group iternstha t a re s i n r i l a r .d. I)rcxiniitv rcfcrs to the tenclencv to gnrup iteursthat irrc neirr ()l le (l lrother.

2. a. is thc. rnsr ' r 'c r . (p. 248)b. & c. Convergence irnd rctirral disptrrity irrebotl 'r binocul.rr ctrcs thirt clcpcrrrl on informationfrom botl.r cvcs.

3. c . is the ansl r ,cr . (p. 2-13)a. & b. The C,est . r l t ps\ /ch() l ( )g is ts c l ic l not c lealwith tht' origins oi pcrctl-rt ion; thcy were l1lorca ( ) r t ( r ' r ' n ( ' r l r v i t l t i t r l t ' t t t t .d . In fact , thc\ , . r r -ut ' t l j r - rs t thc opp-ros i tc : [ )cr -cr'pti()l.r is morc th.rlr nrerc scns()ry cxpc'riencc.

4. c . is thc arrsw,cr . f l r r r lar rs arrc l ccrhr in nninra ls ,such irs monkcvs, alt ' aLrlc to aclftrst kr trprsicie-c lor l ,n wor lc ls i rnc l other v isuaI c l is tor t ior rs , f igr - r r -ing ot r t thc rc lat iorrs l r ip bctwccn thc ; rcrcc ivcc lr - r r rc l thc act l r . r l real i t l ' ; lor t , r ' r ar t inr i r ls , sr - rch aschi r :kens arrc l i ish, arc ty ; r ica l lv urr . rb le to ar- la ; r t .(p. 25rr)a. I lun ' ra l rs arr r l cer t i t i r r arr i rnals arc able to ar la ; r tc1r- r i te l t c l I to d is tor tcc l v isuaI c l rv i rorrnre r r ts (arrc lthcrr to rcirrlapt).b. l-his ins\ry('r is ir-rr 'orrcct bt'cartse htrntitns arcI l t t ' t t t o s l , l t l . r P t , 1 l 1 l . ' ( ) l ( r ( ' . t I u r ' ( ' 5 .d. Htrmans i r rc 'aLr lc kr ac l . rpt at arrv agc to c l is tor t -ccl visuaI cnl,i ronntcr-tts.

5. a. is thc answcr. (p. 257)b. Rct inal c l ispar i ty is a b i r rocr- r lar c icpth ct re bascdorr thc iact t lrat cach cyc reccivcs a sliglrt ly cliffcr-ent v icw of the wor lc l .c. Convergence is a binocular clcpth crrc basecl onthe fact that the eyes swing inwtrrcl to focus onnet'rr objects.d. Visual ct'rpture refers to the tenderncy of r,, isionto clominate. the. othcr scnscs.

6 . b . i s t he answer . ( p .261 )a. Parapsychologists s tudy c l t r ims of ESP.

c. Psychokineticists trre people r,r,ho claim ESP hasthe polver of "minc1 or..el matter."d. Cestalt psychologists emplrtrsize the trrg.rniz.r-t ion of sensations into meanirrgful perceptions.

7. a. is t lre irnswer. (p. 25a)b. Kant clairned that know,le.dgc is inborn.c. & d. Gibson and Walk make no claims abontthe origins of perception.

8. d. is the answer. (p.247)a. & b. Linear perspective, which is a monocularcue, refers to the tendency of parallel lines to con-verge in the distance.c. Relative clarity requires only one eye and istherefore a monocular cue.

9. b. is the trnswer. (pp. 250-251)

10. c. is the answer. There appears to be a crit icalpcriod for perceptual dc.vc'lopme'nt, in that senscr-ry restrictit 'rn has severe, even permanently, dis-rtrptive effc.cts whe'n it occurs in infancy but notwhen it occurs later in l i fe. (p. 256)a. & d. Sensory rcstriction does not have the samc'effects at r-rl l age.s, and it is more damtrging b chil-dren than to adults. This is because there is a crit i-cal pc.riod for pc.rccptr-ral der.,elopment; whcthc'rfunctional blinclness wil l result depends in parton thc nature of the sensory restriction.b. Rcsearch stuclies have not indicatcd that senso-ry rcst r ic t ion is more damaging to humans thanto animals.

' l '1 . c . is the answcr. (p.26a)a. , b . , & d. These psychics c la im to exhib i t thephcnomena studied by parapsychologists.

-12. d. is thc answer. When we n1ove, stablc' objcctswc scc also appear to movt', and thc distance- anclspc.c.d of tlrr- ir1-rparer-rt motion cLlc r.ls to the'objccts' rclative disttrncers. (p. 248)a., b., & c. Therse depth ctrcs arc trnrclatccl tonrovcment ancl thtrs work cvcn when we are sta-t lonary.

-13. c. is thc answerr. (y't.267)a. Marry ESI' rcsearchcrs arc sinccrc, rcpr-rtablercsca rchcrs.b. & d.

'Ihere have beren no rerl iablc dc'monstra-

t ior rs of ESP.

14. c. is the answer. Bccaust: of pcrce'ptual constancy,we see thc car's shape ancl size as trlwt.tys the:same. (p. 250)a. Perceptuil l set is a mental predisposition to per-ceil 'e one thing ancl not irnothcr.b. I letinal disparity means that or-rr right and leftcycs circh rece.ive slightly clifferent images.d, Convergence is ir form of neLrromuscular feecl-back in which thc r'yr's swing in, or out, as wc-'vie.w objects at different distances.

15. d. is the answer. Cestalt means a "form" or "orga-nized whole." (p.242)

16. b. is the answer. (pp.238)a. Visual capture is the tendency for vision tctclominate the other senses.c. Perceptual adaptation is the ability to adjust tc'ran artif icially displaced or even inverted visualf ie ld.

Answers 171

d. Divergence or divergent thinking is not dis-

cussed in this chapter.

17. a. is the answer. Most infants refused to crawl ottt

over the "clitf" even when coaxccl, stregestingthat much of depth perception is inuate. Str-rclieswith the young of "lowe.r" ;ruimals shor'r,' the

same thing. (p.245)

18. d. is the answer. (p.2aa)

19. d. is the answer. (p.2aa)a. Proximity is thc tendency to group obje'cts rrc.ar

to one another. The diagram is pc'rceivcci as thrccdistinct units, cvcn though thc points .lre t:r 'cnly

spaced.b. Continuity is the te'nclency to grolrp stinrtrl iinto smooth, uninterrupted patterrns.

' l 'hcrc is t ltr

such cont inui ty in the d iagram.c. Clostrrc is the percerptuirl terrdencv tt l f i l l irr

gaps in a form. In the diagram, threc cliscttnlrect-ecl units are perrcc.ive'd rathcr thttt.t i ' t sirrglc tvholc.

20. a. is the answer. (p.237)

b. IJottom-up processing refers to the prhl'sicalcharacteristics of stimuli rather th;.rn the ir pcrc('P-tr-ral irrterpreta tiorr.c. Parapsycholclgy is the stuclv of perct'prtiotr ottt-s idc normal scns() rv input .d. Human factors psychttlogv is conct'rnccl u'it lrhow best to clesign machirrcs ..ttrcl r,t,ork scttings ttr

takc irrto accouttt hltmtrn pcrcc'Ptior.r.

Psychology Applied

Mu lt ip I e - Ch o icc Que sti on s

1. d. is the answer. The twtl peroplc irrterprctecl a

briefly perceivec-l object irr terms of tht' ir frcrccP-tual sets, or mental prcdispttsit iotrs, iu this cilst 'crrnclit ioned by their work experienccs. (l 'r.257)

a. tsoth Smith and Wessorr hi 'rc-l the same sellsorye-xperie'nce of thet ttbje'ct, so litre.ar prerspt'ctivccues wolrld not cattse their differirrg petrceptit lrrs.b. Sharpc constancy refers to tht. pe'rcepticln tlr. lt

objects remain constant in shtrpc cvctt tt 'hctt t l ttrretinal image's of them charnge.c. Retinal disparity is a binocular depth cut'; i t hasnothing to do with individual diffcrcr.rces in ;.g1-ception.

2. d. is the answer. When the texture' of an clbiect is

coarse and grainy, we perceive the obie'ct as near-

er than when its te'xture is f iner and less distinct.

@.247)a. & b. Relative size and interposition are usccl tcrjudge the relative distances of two or mttre ob-jects; because only one photograph was involved,these cues are irrelevant.

J .

172 Chapter 6 Percept ion

c. Retinal disparity refers to the different imagesour eyes receive; whether the photograph's tex-ture was coarse or f ine, the retinirl disptrritywould be the same.

d. is the answer. Although the amount of l ightreflected from a white object is less in dim lightthan in bright l ight-and may be less than theamount of I ight reflected from a brightly l i t grayobjcct-thc brightncss of thc white object is per-ceived as remairring constant. Be.cause a whiteobject reflects a higher perccntagc of tht l ightfall ing orr it than docs i 'r gray rrbjcct, irnd thc.brightncss of objccts is perceived as corrstalrtdespite variaticxrs ir.r i l l trr-nination, wlritc is prL'1-cc ivcd as br ightcr than gray cvcn undcr d im i l l r r -m ina t i on . ( p .253 )a. Rclativc lr-rminance refers io thc rerlativr: interr.r-s i ty of l ight fa l l ing on st r r f t rccs that are i t r prox im-ity. Lightness constarrc'y is pcrccived despite r'.rri-. r t i t r r r s i n i l l t r m i r r . r t i o u .b. I)crccpttr.rl acli.rptation refcrs to tlrc abil itv tot rd just to an ar t i f ic ia l ly mocl i f icc l pr : rce 'ptual envi -ronment , such as an invcr tc 'd v is t ra l f ic ld .c. Color contrast is trot rl iscussecl in this tcxt.

4. b. is the rrnsr'r,er. Thc rrlruronlclr()rl cicscribercl isthc basis for the nr t rno.- t r lar cuL' of rc l . r t ivc s izc.(p. 2a6)a. Tlrc objerct casting thc /cr,qcr rctirral imageworrld bc pcrcci"'crl as closcr.c. & d. Bccausc of sizc constirncy, thc purccir. 'crls izc of f i rnr i l iar objccts remains const i r r r t , derspi tcchangcs in thc i r rc t ina l im.rge s ize.

5. d. is thc i ' tnslt,cr. As an objcct c()mes closcr iu olrrf ield of vision, thc cvers swing inr,r,arcl (crtrtverge)and provicle: muscular clrL.s as to thc object's clis-tancc. (p. 246)a. Retinal disparity refers to the sliglrt ly diffc.rcrrtimagcs of an object received bv the. two eyes ducto their different anglc.s of vielr, ing.b. Interpositicln is a monocnlar cue to distance ir-rwhich an object that parti ir l ly blocks another isseen as clclser.c. Continuity is a Ccstalt grouping prirrciple,rather than a clistance cue.

d. is the answer. (p 2a3)

d. is the answer. (p. 251)

a. is the answcr. Because we perceive the size of afamiliar obje.ct trs constant even i.rs its retinalimarge gro\ rs smaller, we perceive tl-re object asbeing f;rrt lrer away. (pp. 250-251)b. & c. Pcrccptual constancy is a cognitive, rather

than sensor.y, phenome'nOn. Th,:rctrri-r.. ::-! .::-sence of perceptual cc)nst.]r1c\' \\ (rLlr. i t ' ., ' i --;. ir lsensitivity to monocular or birrocr-riar LLic:.d. Al though the abscnce of perccpt l r . r l . , , r ' . . : r : ' - ' .r,r 'ould impair depth perception b.rset-l trrl tht, ../.-distance relationship, other cues to tlepth, str. i1 .-,.texturc gradient, could sti l l be use'cl.

9. c. is the answer. We perceive objects highcr in trrrrf ie.ld of vision as farther away. Thus, thc brainperceives a i. 'crtical l ine the same le'ngth as a hon-zonta l l ine to bc morc d is tarr t and ment ; r l lv ar l -justs its appilrc.l l t length to make it seenr longer.

@p.2a t ,2a7 )a. & b.

' l 'hr-se nrouocular cucs arc irrclevattt it ' t

th is par t icu lar i l lustor . r .d . I lc t ina l c l ispar i tv ts a b i r r t tc t r lor c t tc to c lept l r .

b . is the ar ls \ver . ' [ 'h is is . l l r ex i ]mplc of the pr i r rc i -p le o i in terposi t ior r in c lept l r pcrccpt ion. (p.2a6)

a. Tlre partially obscttrt 'd object is pcrccived .rs f.rr-ther aw,i.rv.c. l-hr- pr.rccivr:rl sizc oi an objcct is not r.rltetreclr,r 'ht:n that objt 'ct ovcrIirLrs atrothcr.

c. is the answer. (pp. 2218, 2'1c))a. I r r t t . r ; ros i t ior - r is . r rnonocular depr th ct tc i r rwhich ar . r object that par t ia l ly c( )vers . r t ' to t l rer ispcrccivccl irs closcr.b. FIacl thc artist pi.rintccl thc tt 'ccs so tht.rt thc'inragcs of sorr-rt ' lr,,t 're sh.rrp irrrcl otlrers l-r.rzy, thear t is t r , r ,o l r lc l havc bct 'n t rs i r rg rc lat ivc c lar i ty .d. Had tl.rc irrt ist rraintc'cl t l 'rc trccs so thitt thcrcwas a gr i r r lna l c l range f ront n c()arse, d is t inct to i rf inc, in t l is t inct texturc, tcxturc gr i rd icnt woulc lhavc bccn uscd to c()rl\/Lrv clepth.

c. is thc i.u1s\'vcr. (p.247)b. & d. [ , inear pcrspcct ive is the apparc l t t convcr-gcncc of parallel l incs rrs it ctrc to c' l istancc.

d. is the irrlswer. Ncarby objccts rcflcct nrorc l ightto the cycs. T'hus, givcn tw,o identical objects, thcbrighter one. se.e.ms rlcarcr. (p. 248)a. & b. Becausc clf thc principle of sizc constancv,an object's perce.ived size is unaffectcci by its dis-tance, irnglc of viewing, or i l lun.rination.

c. is the answer. This is an i l l trstration of the size-distancc relationship in clepth pcrception. (pp-r.250-257)a. Although the frisbee's shape is perceivecl i.tsconstant (even as the shape of its retirrir l im.rgt'changes), this is not a clle' to its distance.b. Ilelative mcltion is thc perce'ption tht-rt whcn lt,emo\re, stationary objects at different distanceschange their relative positions in our visuirlimage, with those closcst moving rnost. In this

10.

11.

"t2.

13.

t4.

6.

7.

8.

I

e\cimp16., ()l1h'the frisbee is movinEI.

15. a. is the . rnsn er . (p. 251)

16. c. is thc .lnsrver. Althoush Leon's other sensesn'oultl h.rr r. tolcl him his car was not moving, thevisr-ral ir.u,rges oi the othcr cars moving forward"cafrtrlr(,rl" his an'.rreness and created the percep-tirrn tl.r.rt he n'..ts roll ing backward. (p.242)

a. I lt ' latire motior.r is a distance cue that occursrr hr-rr :t.rt it 'rnarv objccts appear to move as wenr()\ c. . lr-rst the rtppositc' is happe'ning to Lecln.b. & d. Cor.rtinuitv ancl proximity are Cestalt

f.r irrcif. lcs of grttr-rping, rather than cues totl i : ta rt c t ' ,

17. d. is th t ' . . t t tsrvcr . (p. 265)a. l c lc ; . . r t l l r is the. c la imed abi l i ty to " read"

rt.t r r-t t1 c .

b. Cl , r i r r or . rnce rc fers tcrpcr((' i \ c rcrt"tote cr' 'ents.6. f11 '6qrgni t ior r rc fers to

l ' r '1 . r ' i ' , t ' f t t t t t r t ' t ' r ents.

thc claimed abil ity to

the. claimed abil ity tcr

18. d. ir t irc ansn't-rr. (pp. 265 266)

19. c. j: tht' .tr.tstver. Shc perceives the l ine for ther().trl .ts contir.ruous, eve'n though it is interruptedf . r l in t ' : rnc l ic . r t ing ot l ' rer roads. (p.214) '

a. Clo:r-rlc refcrs to thc pc'rce'ptual f i l l ing in of

!.rfr: i lr r stir-nulus to crcate a completc, wholel l P l t r t t .

b. Srnr i l . r l i tv is the tenc ' lcncv to pe ' rce ive s imi lar1lbjr 'cts .rs bclonging trtgctl-rcr. C)n a road map, allthc l incs r r .prescnt ing roads appear s imi lar . Thus,th is cuc coulc l not bc thc basis for Col leen's abi l i -tv to tracr' the ror-rtc oi a particular road.d. I)rorinritv is thc tenc'lencv tcl grctup ttbje'cts neartrr ()lrr ' .rnothcr as tr sirrgler ttnit.

20. c . is the . r r . tswer. (p.251)a. If ;rcrceprtion wcre'cntirely based on thc physi-cal ch.r ractcr is t ics of a s t imulus ("bot tom-up") ,l.rck oi cxperir ' l1c(- with a carpentered environ-nrent n'otrlcl rrot rcduce sc'nsitivity to the i l lusion.b. I 'r inriples of groupirrg, clepth perception, andscnsitir itr. to i l lusions all demonstrtrte that per-ception oftt.n l.s predictablc.

Essnrl Questiorr

1. Protirrt itr1. We tend to perceive items that are neare.rch othcr trs belonging together. Thus, a smallst:ctior.r oi dancers or members of a marchingb.rrrd may separate themselves from the largergrollp in order to form part of a particular image.

2. Sitrt i lnritq. Becarrsc we perceive similar f igures asbelonging top;ether, choreographers and bandc'lirectors often create distinct visual groupingswithin the larger band or dance troupe by having

Answers 173

the members of each group wear a distinctive

costume or uniform.

3. Continuity. Because we perceive smooth, continu-

ous patterns rather than discontinuous ones,

dancers or marching musicians moving together(as in a column, for example) are perceived as a

seParate unit.

4. ClLtsure. If a figure has gaps, we complete it, f i l l-

ing in the gaps to create a whole image. Thus, we

perceptually f i l l in the relatively wide spacing

between dancers or marching musicians in ttrdt'r

to perceive the complete words or forms thely arc'

creatrng.

Key Terms

Writing Definitions

1. Selective attention is the focusing tlf consciousawareness on a par t icu lar s t imulus out t l f t r l l t l f

those that wc are capable of experierncing. (p. 237)

2. Inattentional blindness is a percepttrtrl error in

which wc fail to scc a visiblc' objcct whcn ottr

nttention is dire'cted else'wlrere. (p. 238)

3. Visual capture is the tendcncy ft lr visit ln tcl dtlmi-

nate thc. other scnses. (p.242)

4. Gestalt means "organized whtlle." Thc Clestalt

psychologists emphasized clur tcnclenc'y to irrtc-

gratc pieccs ttf informaticln into mcanilrgful

whole 's . (p.2a2)

5. Figure-ground rcfcrs to thc organizitt it lr l of the

visutrl f ie' ld into two parts: thc figure, which

stands out from its surroundings, antl the' stlr-

roundings, or background. (p. 243)

6. Grouping is the perceptutrl tendency tt l orgtrtrizc

stimuli into coherc'rrt groups. Clcstalt psycholo-

gists idcntif ied variotts principles of grouping. (p.

243)

7. Depth perception is the abil ity to see objects in

three dimcnsions although thc images that strike

the retina are two-dimetnsictnirl; i t allt lws trs tt ljudge distance. (p. 245)

8. The visual cliff is t.r laboratory device for testing

depth perception, especiarl ly in infants and ytlung

animals. In their experimellts with the visr-ral cliff,

Gibson and Walk found strong c'vidence' thr-rt

depth perception is at least in part innate. (p. 2a5)

9. Binocular cues are depth cues that depend on

information from both eyes. (p.245)

Memory sid: Bi- indicates "two"; octl lrr means

somethinp; pertaining to the eye. Binocular cues

are cues for the "two eyes."

t . +

1 0 .

Chapter 6 Perception

Retinal disparity refers to the differencesbctwe.en the images received bv the left eye andthc. right eye as a result . ' f vic.n,ing the worldfrom slightly diffcrent ;rngle.s. It is a binocularde.pth cue, since the greater the differencebertween the tn,c'r images, the nearer the object. (p.216)

Convergence is a neunrmuscular binocular depthcue based orr the extent to which the eyes cctn-\/ergL., or tum inrtard, when lctoking at near ordisternt objects. Thc mrlre the eyes converge, thene.rrer thc. objt 'cts. (p.2a6)

Monocular cues are depth cues that depend oninforrnat iorr f rom ei ther e.ye. a lone. (p.2a6)

Mt'trtor.ry oit l ' . Motto- nlcirls ()n€r; a monocle is ane'ycglass for orrc cye. A monocular cue is one thatis avai lable to e i t l . rcr the le f t or the r ight eye.

Thc phi phenomenon is irn i l lusion of movementcreatc.d when two c)r more. trdjacent l ights blinkorr ancl off in succession. (p. 250)

Perceptual constancy is the perception thatobjccts h;rvc consistcnt l ightne.ss, color, shirpc,ancl sizc, ( 'vcn . ' ls i l lr-rrnin.rtion erncl retinal imageschangc. (p. 250)

Perceptual adaptation refers to our abil ity t<rac l just to arr ar t i f ic i i r l ly d isp lacccl r t r e tven i r rvcr tedvisrra l f ie lc l . Cl iverr c l is tor t ing lenses, wc perceivetlrings irccorclingly but soon adjust by learningthe rclirt iorrship betwccn oLrr distortc.d pcrcep-t ions anr l thc re. r l i ty . (p. 256)

Perceptual set is a mcntal ;rrcdispositictn to pc.r-cc i r . 'c t r r rc th ing and not another . (p.257)

Human factors psychology explorcs how peoplcarrd rnirchincs intcract anr-l how machincs andphysical envi ronments cern be ac lapted to humanbchaviors ancl thus to incrcase safetv and produc-i ; v i 1 y . ( p . 2 6 1 )

18. Extrasensory perception (ESP) refers to the con-troversial claim that perceprtion can occur withoutsensory input. Suppclsed ESP powers includctelepathy, clairvoyance, and precognition. (p. 26a)

Memttrtl Ltid: Ertra- means "beyond" or "irr addi-tion to"; extrasensory perception is perceplionoutside or bevond the normal senses.

19. Parapsychology is the stucly of ESP, psvchokine.-sis, ancl other paranormal forms of intcractionbc.twecn ther indiviclual arrd thc cnvirorrment.

@.264)

McrrtLtrtl nit l: Port-,I ike crfrn-, indicatcs "beyond";tlrus, paranormal is bcyond ther nornral ancl para-psychology is the. study of phenomcna beyonclthe re-a lm of psychologv and known rratura l laws.

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14.

Cross-Chcck

ACROSS1. gror-rncl8. I ine.ar

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DOWN2. rcvcrsiblc3. dcpth4. cockta i l par ty5. sclectivc:6. phi phcnomenon7. Mi i l lc r - l -yerf . in tcrpros i t ion

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15 .

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