Chapter Ten: Middle Eastern Terrorism in Metamorphosis

Chapter Ten:Chapter Ten:

Middle Eastern Terrorism in Middle Eastern Terrorism in MetamorphosisMetamorphosis

The Palestinian Islamic The Palestinian Islamic JihadJihad

The Palestinian Islamic JihadThe Palestinian Islamic Jihad

Groups that operate under the name Groups that operate under the name Islamic JihadIslamic Jihad Hezbollah’s umbrella included Hezbollah’s umbrella included

Islamic Jihad from 1982 until 1988Islamic Jihad from 1982 until 1988 Other groups also use the name Other groups also use the name

Islamic Jihad and operate in other Islamic Jihad and operate in other countriescountries

The PIJThe PIJ Emerged from EgyptEmerged from Egypt The founders-- Fathi Shekaki, The founders-- Fathi Shekaki,

Abdul Aziz, and Bashir Musa-- Abdul Aziz, and Bashir Musa-- wanted to create an Islamic state wanted to create an Islamic state using military actionusing military action


Fathi ShekakiFathi Shekaki The PIJ’s first leader, Shekaki fell under the The PIJ’s first leader, Shekaki fell under the

influence of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt. He influence of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt. He longed to take direct action against corrupt longed to take direct action against corrupt Muslim governments and the infidels who Muslim governments and the infidels who influenced theminfluenced them

Shekaki supported the Iranian revolution; he Shekaki supported the Iranian revolution; he wanted no social program or general political wanted no social program or general political movement; he felt his small group should be movement; he felt his small group should be devoted to one thing: military actiondevoted to one thing: military action

Shekaki was impressed with two of Hezbollah’s Shekaki was impressed with two of Hezbollah’s innovations: the umbrella-styled organization and innovations: the umbrella-styled organization and the suicide bomberthe suicide bomber

Shekaki found that by letting his group split, he Shekaki found that by letting his group split, he became virtually invisible to his enemiesbecame virtually invisible to his enemies


The structure of the PIJThe structure of the PIJ The U.S. Department of State sees The U.S. Department of State sees

the structure of the PIJ as a pillar the structure of the PIJ as a pillar of strengthof strength

The PIJ was not concerned with The PIJ was not concerned with claiming credit for operations, but claiming credit for operations, but it was concerned about killing; it was concerned about killing; Actions, not slogans and ideas, Actions, not slogans and ideas, caused revolutioncaused revolution


Ramadan Abdullah SallahRamadan Abdullah Sallah Shekaki was assassinated by Israelis in Shekaki was assassinated by Israelis in

Malta in 1995Malta in 1995 Nine months before his death, Shekaki Nine months before his death, Shekaki

was interviewed by was interviewed by TimeTime magazine in magazine in which he said there would be no peace which he said there would be no peace until Israel was destroyeduntil Israel was destroyed

Shekaki’s successor, Ramadan Shekaki’s successor, Ramadan Abdullah Sallah, maintained the Abdullah Sallah, maintained the Shekaki philosophyShekaki philosophy


FundingFunding The PIJ has an organized financial The PIJ has an organized financial

supporters around the world:supporters around the world: The United StatesThe United States IranIran SyriaSyria


HamasHamas

HamasHamas

Sheik Ahmed YassinSheik Ahmed Yassin Yassin believed that Islam was the Yassin believed that Islam was the

only path that could restore only path that could restore Palestine, and he preached reform Palestine, and he preached reform and social welfareand social welfare

After being jailed, he decided in After being jailed, he decided in the future his organization would the future his organization would have a military winghave a military wing

HamasHamas Hamas and the Hamas CharterHamas and the Hamas Charter

Hamas was formed in December 1987Hamas was formed in December 1987 The Hamas Charter, published in 1988, The Hamas Charter, published in 1988,

declared that Palestine was God-given declared that Palestine was God-given land, from Jordan to the Mediterranean. land, from Jordan to the Mediterranean. There could be no compromise with the There could be no compromise with the Israelis, and Israel could not be allowed Israelis, and Israel could not be allowed to existto exist

Hamas would be much more than a Hamas would be much more than a military organization; it would be a military organization; it would be a Muslim governmentMuslim government

HamasHamas The Hamas organizationThe Hamas organization

Political WingPolitical Wing Oversees international and foreign relationsOversees international and foreign relations

Social WingSocial Wing The largest unit, Hamas runs charities, The largest unit, Hamas runs charities,

schools, hospitals, and other social service schools, hospitals, and other social service organizationsorganizations

Military WingMilitary Wing The Izz el Din al Qassam Brigades is named The Izz el Din al Qassam Brigades is named

after a martyr during the period of British after a martyr during the period of British occupation of Palestine and forms the occupation of Palestine and forms the military striking power of Hamas military striking power of Hamas

HamasHamas Musa Abu MarzuqMusa Abu Marzuq

After the first Intifada, Hamas faced an internal power After the first Intifada, Hamas faced an internal power strugglestruggle

Yassin was jailed from 1989 to 1997Yassin was jailed from 1989 to 1997 The American educated Musa Abu Marzuq took over The American educated Musa Abu Marzuq took over

Hamas, and his strategy was much more violent than Hamas, and his strategy was much more violent than Yassin’sYassin’s

Marzuq assembled a new leadership core and based it Marzuq assembled a new leadership core and based it in Lebanon. He also sought financial backing from in Lebanon. He also sought financial backing from Syria and IranSyria and Iran

In 1996, Marzuq authorized a campaign of suicide In 1996, Marzuq authorized a campaign of suicide bombing inside Israel. The PIJ launched one at the bombing inside Israel. The PIJ launched one at the same time, and both campaigns continued into 1997same time, and both campaigns continued into 1997

After Yassin was released from prison in 1997, he After Yassin was released from prison in 1997, he reasserted control over Hamasreasserted control over Hamas

HamasHamas 2003 peace effort2003 peace effort

In the summer of 2003, Palestinian prime In the summer of 2003, Palestinian prime minister Mahmud Abbas brokered a limited minister Mahmud Abbas brokered a limited cease-fire, asking Hamas, the PIJ, and related cease-fire, asking Hamas, the PIJ, and related groups to end their campaignsgroups to end their campaigns

The peace effort ended in August after a The peace effort ended in August after a suicide bombing on a bus in Jerusalem. The suicide bombing on a bus in Jerusalem. The Israelis responded by renewing a policy of Israelis responded by renewing a policy of selective assassinationselective assassination

Hamas passed another milestone in the Hamas passed another milestone in the campaign against Israel: It used a female campaign against Israel: It used a female suicide bomber in a joint operation with a suicide bomber in a joint operation with a newer group, the al Aqsa Martyrs Brigadesnewer group, the al Aqsa Martyrs Brigades

HamasHamas The future of HamasThe future of Hamas

In March 2004 Yassin was leaving a mosque in Gaza when Israeli In March 2004 Yassin was leaving a mosque in Gaza when Israeli helicopters appeared and fired three missiles at himhelicopters appeared and fired three missiles at him

Hammas announced Yassin’s replacement, Abdel Aziz Rantisi, Hammas announced Yassin’s replacement, Abdel Aziz Rantisi, an old member of the group of the inside faction. The Israelis an old member of the group of the inside faction. The Israelis assassinated Rantisi after he took officeassassinated Rantisi after he took office

A new leader was appointed but his identity was kept secretA new leader was appointed but his identity was kept secret Reuvan Paz senses a shift in Hammas thinkingReuvan Paz senses a shift in Hammas thinking

In August 2004, U.S. and Iraqi forces battled the Shi’ite In August 2004, U.S. and Iraqi forces battled the Shi’ite militia of Maqtada al Sadr in Najaf, Iraqmilitia of Maqtada al Sadr in Najaf, Iraq

Hamas had two interesting communiqués in the wake of this Hamas had two interesting communiqués in the wake of this battle: The first one condemned the United States for battle: The first one condemned the United States for fighting around Najaf, the site of a Shi’ite holy shrine and fighting around Najaf, the site of a Shi’ite holy shrine and the second release called upon Iraqis to support the militia the second release called upon Iraqis to support the militia of Maqtada al Sadrof Maqtada al Sadr

By voicing support for Iranian-styled Shi’ites and not Shi’ites By voicing support for Iranian-styled Shi’ites and not Shi’ites in general, Hammas is falling into Hezbollah’s orbitin general, Hammas is falling into Hezbollah’s orbit

The Al Aqsa Martyrs The Al Aqsa Martyrs BrigadeBrigade

The Al Aqsa Martyrs BrigadeThe Al Aqsa Martyrs Brigade

The al Aqsa IntifadaThe al Aqsa Intifada Suicide bombing became the most Suicide bombing became the most

important tactic of all the Palestinian important tactic of all the Palestinian terrorist groups at the beginning of the al terrorist groups at the beginning of the al Aqsa Intifada.Aqsa Intifada.

Hezbollah, Hamas, and the PIJ were in the Hezbollah, Hamas, and the PIJ were in the forefrontforefront

Fatah also became involved. If Fatah Fatah also became involved. If Fatah wanted to play a leading role, it had to wanted to play a leading role, it had to move from the secular to the religious move from the secular to the religious realmrealm


Al Aqsa Martyrs BrigadesAl Aqsa Martyrs Brigades The Brigades began as a secular The Brigades began as a secular

group, but they increasingly used group, but they increasingly used Jihadist rhetoricJihadist rhetoric

They were the first secular Palestinian They were the first secular Palestinian group to use suicide tacticsgroup to use suicide tactics

The goal of the Brigades is to stop The goal of the Brigades is to stop Israeli incursions and attacks in Israeli incursions and attacks in Palestinian areas, and they intend to Palestinian areas, and they intend to punish Israel for each attackpunish Israel for each attack


Tactics of the BrigadesTactics of the Brigades The Brigades’ primary tactics have The Brigades’ primary tactics have

been drive-by shootings, snipers, been drive-by shootings, snipers, ambushes, and kidnap-murdersambushes, and kidnap-murders

The use of the suicide bombers The use of the suicide bombers were frightening for two reasonswere frightening for two reasons They were secularThey were secular They sought out crowded They sought out crowded

civilian targetscivilian targets


Leadership of the BrigadesLeadership of the Brigades One school of thought maintains that One school of thought maintains that

Arafat led and paid for the BrigadesArafat led and paid for the Brigades The Israelis say that Arafat may not The Israelis say that Arafat may not

have determined targeting and timing, have determined targeting and timing, but he paid the expenses and set the but he paid the expenses and set the agendaagenda

A BBC News investigation points to A BBC News investigation points to Marwan Barghouti as the commanderMarwan Barghouti as the commander

Arafat claimed he knew nothing about Arafat claimed he knew nothing about the Brigadesthe Brigades


Structure of the BrigadesStructure of the Brigades The Brigades have little centralized structureThe Brigades have little centralized structure Cells exist in several Palestinians Cells exist in several Palestinians

communities, and leaders are empowered to communities, and leaders are empowered to take action on their own without the approval take action on their own without the approval from a hierarchyfrom a hierarchy

The managerial relations within the Brigades The managerial relations within the Brigades remain a paradox, even to the Palestiniansremain a paradox, even to the Palestinians

No obvious leadership struggle has occurred No obvious leadership struggle has occurred within the Brigades since Arafat’s deathwithin the Brigades since Arafat’s death

Jewish Fundamentalist Jewish Fundamentalist Groups in Israel and Groups in Israel and

PalestinePalestine

Jewish Fundamentalist Groups in Jewish Fundamentalist Groups in Israel and PalestineIsrael and Palestine

Militant JudaismMilitant Judaism Militant Judaism is based on the Militant Judaism is based on the

biblical notion that God has biblical notion that God has promised to restore the state of promised to restore the state of IsraelIsrael

The theology is racist, The theology is racist, eschatological, and linked to the eschatological, and linked to the conquest and possession of conquest and possession of territoryterritory

Jewish Fundamentalist Groups Jewish Fundamentalist Groups in Israel and Palestinein Israel and Palestine

Kach and Kahane ChaiKach and Kahane Chai Kach was created by Rabbi Meir KahaneKach was created by Rabbi Meir Kahane In 1968, Kahane created the Jewish Defense LeagueIn 1968, Kahane created the Jewish Defense League Moving to Israel in 1971, Kahane combined politics Moving to Israel in 1971, Kahane combined politics

and biblical literalism to demand that all Arabs be and biblical literalism to demand that all Arabs be expelled from territories occupied by Israelexpelled from territories occupied by Israel

Kahane was assassinated in 1990 in the United Kahane was assassinated in 1990 in the United States, and Kahane’s son, Benjamin, created a new States, and Kahane’s son, Benjamin, created a new group, Kahane Chaigroup, Kahane Chai

Kach and Kahane are committed to stopping any Kach and Kahane are committed to stopping any peace proposal that recognizes the territorial rights peace proposal that recognizes the territorial rights of Palestiniansof Palestinians

Kach and Kahane Chai have defined God’s biblical Kach and Kahane Chai have defined God’s biblical promises in terms of territorypromises in terms of territory


Gush EmunimGush Emunim Gush Emunim has the same set of Gush Emunim has the same set of

beliefs as the violent beliefs as the violent fundamentalists, but their rhetoric fundamentalists, but their rhetoric appears normative compared with appears normative compared with the violent rhetoric of other the violent rhetoric of other groups. This has generated groups. This has generated political supportpolitical support


Problems with Jewish militant extremism and the Problems with Jewish militant extremism and the prospects for peaceprospects for peace Extremists denounce the existing social order Extremists denounce the existing social order

because it is not racially purebecause it is not racially pure The extremists claim the exclusive right to The extremists claim the exclusive right to

determine the truthdetermine the truth Extremists advocate an ideal order, and Gush Extremists advocate an ideal order, and Gush

Emunim and Kach claim the Messiah can only Emunim and Kach claim the Messiah can only return once the existing order is purifiedreturn once the existing order is purified

The national identity of Israel and its political The national identity of Israel and its political legitimacy can only be determined through religionlegitimacy can only be determined through religion

All current events are defined within a narrow set All current events are defined within a narrow set of beliefs that define a limited worldview and of beliefs that define a limited worldview and identify only a few people as being chosen by Godidentify only a few people as being chosen by God


Moshe AmonMoshe Amon Amon believes that Israel was Amon believes that Israel was

founded on secular principles but founded on secular principles but that Jewish Orthodox extremists gain that Jewish Orthodox extremists gain control over government policycontrol over government policy

To create an opportunity for some To create an opportunity for some type of peaceful settlement, all type of peaceful settlement, all religious extremism must come to an religious extremism must come to an endend

Controversial Controversial Counterterrorist PoliciesCounterterrorist Policies

Controversial Counterterrorist Controversial Counterterrorist PoliciesPolicies

Counterterrorist ServicesCounterterrorist Services Mossad- The Israeli intelligence Mossad- The Israeli intelligence

serviceservice Shin Beth- The domestic Israeli Shin Beth- The domestic Israeli

security servicesecurity service The IDFThe IDF The Israeli policeThe Israeli police

BulldozingBulldozing When Israel first faced suicide When Israel first faced suicide

bombings, the government implemented bombings, the government implemented a controversial policy called bulldozing a controversial policy called bulldozing whose purpose was to destroy the family whose purpose was to destroy the family homes of suicide bombershomes of suicide bombers

Security FenceSecurity Fence The bulldozing policy expanded to The bulldozing policy expanded to

include clearing ground for military include clearing ground for military reasons and clearing space to build a reasons and clearing space to build a security fence, that is, a wall separating security fence, that is, a wall separating Israel from Palestinian areasIsrael from Palestinian areas


Punishing Lebanon for the sins of Punishing Lebanon for the sins of HezbollahHezbollah The Israelis destroyed bridges, The Israelis destroyed bridges,

power plants, and other power plants, and other infrastructure targets in Operation infrastructure targets in Operation Grapes of WrathGrapes of Wrath

The Israelis wanted to hurt The Israelis wanted to hurt Lebanon to force its government Lebanon to force its government to clam down on Hezbollahto clam down on Hezbollah


Construction of a massive wallConstruction of a massive wall The concrete and barbed-wire The concrete and barbed-wire

barrier snaked trough Palestinian barrier snaked trough Palestinian areas, often putting water and areas, often putting water and other resources in the hands of the other resources in the hands of the IsraelisIsraelis

It also separated people from It also separated people from services, jobs, and their families services, jobs, and their families


Selective assassinationSelective assassination Left-wing leaders in Israel deplore Left-wing leaders in Israel deplore

this policy, calling such this policy, calling such assassinations “gangster murders”assassinations “gangster murders”

Human rights groups have Human rights groups have condemned the policy and condemned the policy and challenged it in Israeli courtschallenged it in Israeli courts


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Chapter Ten: Middle Eastern Terrorism in Metamorphosis