Chapter

The Heritage of World CivilizationsBrief Fifth Edition

The Heritage of World Civilizations, Brief Fifth EditionAlbert Craig • William Graham • Donald Kagan • Steven Ozment • Frank Turner

East Asia in the Late Traditional Era

18

East Asia in the Late Traditional Era

Late Imperial China• Ming (1368–1644) and Qing (1644–1911) Dynas

ties

Japan• Warring States Era (1467–1600)• Tokugawa Era (1600–1868)

Seventeenth-century screen painting of a Shintō river festival

Introduction

• East Asian countries shared many cultural elements But differed in institutions and history

Introduction (cont’d)

• Common influence of Confucianism China and Japan were furthest apart Chinese dynastic cycle continued in Ming and

Qing Japan’s history was closer in some ways to

that of Europe Korea and Vietnam closer to China

Global Perspective: East Asia in the Late Traditional Era

• What features of Japan or China, other than those mentioned above, bear on their lack of progress from commerce to industry? What other factors presented in the chapters on Europe are relevant?

• Why was Tokugawa Japan more open to Western learning than Qing China? Was population a plus, a minus, or a factor that did not matter?

Late Imperial ChinaMing (1368–1644) and

Qing (1644–1911) Dynasties

Ming and Qing Dynasties:Land and People

• Ming-Qing continuities: longest stretch of good government in Chinese history

• China’s population doubled from 1368 to 1644 60 million to 125 million 410 million by mid-nineteenth century

Ming and Qing Dynasties:Land and People (cont’d)

• Increase in food supply Rice and new crops such as maize

• Yangzi valley was densely populated

• Ming cash crops – silk and cotton

Third Commercial Revolution

• Expansion between 1500 and 1800 Followed First (Han) and Secont (Song)

commercial revolutions Commerce expanded in mid-sixteenth

century- Population surge- Relaxation of government controls

A porcelain enameled plate

Third Commercial Revolution (cont’d)

• Stimulus of imported silver

• Favorable balance of trade

• Urban growth – mainly market towns

• Women still restricted by Confucian edicts Spread of footbinding

Figure 18–1. A Bound Foot

Ming-Qing China:The Emperor

• Strong emperors

• More direct control Secretariat abolished Personal government

• Despotic power

• Forbidden Palace, Beijing Rebuilt Centered on emperor’s rule

The Thin Horse Market

The Thin Horse Market

Ming-Qing China:Bureaucracy

• Similar to Tang, Song times

• Manchus strongly centralize

• Revenues restored But fixed Emperors lose out as production rises

• Officials, later called “mandarins” Competition to enter civil service Examinations

Gentry

• More important than in the past

• Between bureaucracy and village

• District magistrate Lowest level Over population of up to 300,000 by late Ming “Law of avoidance” – placed outside of home

province

• Urban, not rural, not landed

Pattern of Manchu Rule

• Manchu (Qing) takeover was smooth Short transition Manchus were already Sinicized

• Manchus adopted institutions to maintain themselves as an ethnically elite group Manchu troops segregated

Examination Stalls

Pattern of Manchu Rule (cont’d)

• Dyarchy For each key post, one Chinese, one Manchu

• Able Rulers Kangxi: model emperor, patron of culture and

learning, encouraged trade Qianlong: Kangxi’s grandson, prosperous

rule, but corruption at end

Emperor Qianlong

Chronology: Late Imperial China

Ming Foreign Relations

• Vigorous expansion under early Ming Tribute system

• Naval exploration under Zheng He First armada – 62 major ships, 28,000 sailors Half century earlier than Portuguese voyages

• Chief threat came from Mongols

Ming Foreign Relations (cont’d)

• Also threat from Japanese and Chinese pirates Ming invasion of Korea in late sixteenth

century

Map 18–1. The Ming Empire and the Voyages of Zheng

Giraffe with Attendant

Qing Foreign Relations, Culture

• Manchu takeover in 1644 Threat still came from north and northwest

• Conquest of Tibet

• Increasing European contact Jesuits appeal to Kangxi Christianity later banned

• Macartney mission to China

Jesuit Missionary

Ming-Qing Culture

• Increasingly turned inward Reaction to Buddhism under Song Ming-Qing antipathy to Mongol rule

• Gu Yanwu Example of intellectual refusing to serve

Manchu Philology Works only rediscovered in late 1800s

Ming-Qing Culture (cont’d)

• Traditional arts favored: painting, calligraphy, poetry, philosophy

JapanWarring States Era (1467–1600)

Warring States Era (1467-1600)

• War of All Against All

• Foot Soldier Revolution

• Foreign Relations and Trade

Japan – Warring States Era

• Warring States Era (1467-1600) Ashikaga equilibrium was precarious Warfare among the daimyo “The strong eat and the weak become the

meat”

• Unification in stages Toyotomi Hideyoshi (1536-1598) Tokugawa Ieyasu (1542-1616)

Foot Soldier Revolution

• Foot soldier replaced the aristocratic mounted warrior as the backbone of the military Warfare and society changed as well

• Daimyo took all land revenue Multigeniture to unigeniture

Foot Soldier Revolution (cont’d)

• Rise of larger armies – 100,000s New weapons Thrusting spear Musket, from Portuguese

Daimyo Castle

Societal Transformation

• In some respects, Japan resembled postfeudal Europe Most of the military class were soldiers, not

aristocrats Military class had reached 7 to 8% of

population Recruitment of village warriors added

significantly to power of daimyo Commercial growth continued through the

dark decades of Warring States period

Chronology: Warring States Japan and the Era

of Unification (1467-1600)

Foreign Relations and Trade

• Increased trade with China Shogun appointed “King of Japan” “Tribute missions” sent to China

• Progress of Japanese crafts

• “Vermilion-seal trade” after Hideyoshi

Arrival of the Portuguese in Japan

Foreign Relations and Trade (cont’d)

• Seclusion Trade limited to small community of Chinese

merchants in Nagasaki Japanese could not leave Japan Large ship construction prohibited

• Arrival of European ships – Portuguese

Christianity

• Jesuit missionaries Jesuits directed efforts towards Samurai 300,000 converts by 1600

• Christianity seen as new Buddhist sect Cosmic Buddha of Shingon and Christian

God seen as similar Also Bodhisattva Kannon and Virgin Mary

Christianity (cont’d)

• Hideyoshi banned Christianity in 1597 Persecutions under Tokugawa Ieyasu Nagasaki uprising in 1637 – 37,000 died

Tokugawa Era (1600–1868)

Tokugawa Era (1600–1868)

• Political Engineering and Economic Growth during the Seventeenth Century Hideyoshi’s Rule Establishment of Tokugawa Rule The Seventeenth-Century Economy

Tokugawa Era (1600–1868) (cont'd)

• Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries The Forty-Seven Ronin Cycles of Reform Bureaucratization The Later Tokugawa Economy

• Languages of East Asia

Tokugawa Era (1600–1868) (cont'd)

• Hideyoshi’s rule Problem of dealing with armed peasantry Hideyoshi ordered “sword hunt” in 1588

• Hideyoshi moved to freeze society Marrying within own class Clothing styles dictated

• Surveys of lands Standardization of weights and measures Made systematic land tax possible

“Picture-treading” Plaque

Tokugawa Leyasu

• Final unification in 1600 Confiscated lands of defeated enemies Rewarded vassals and allies Reshuffling of domains

• Regulation of legal codes

• Hostage system

Map 18–3. Tokugawa Japan and the Korean Peninsula

Tokugawa Leyasu (cont’d)

• National policy of seclusion No foreigners to enter Japan

• “Bakufu-domain system”

Edo Castle

Seventeenth-Century Economy

• Doubling of agricultural production New techniques and innovations Population grew from 12 million in 1600 to 24

million in 1700 Growth of byproducts: cotton, silk, indigo,

lumber

• Growth of national economy Taxes Richness and diversity of urban life

The Commercial District of Osaka

Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries

• Rate of growth and changes slow Different form of changes began

• Forty-seven rōnin Loyalty was deeply internalized State was above ethics Loyalty and idealism applied to women

Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries (cont’d)

• Alternating periods of reform and laxity Reformist cliques of officials Retrench domain’s finances, eliminate

extravagance, austere way of life

Bureaucracy and Economy

• Balance – centralization and decentralization No attempts to overthrow the bakufu

• By 1700 the economy approached limit of expansion under available technology Commerce grew slowly

Bureaucracy and Economy (cont’d)

• Population of 26 million in the eighteenth century Same in mid-nineteenth century Contraception and abortion were

commonplace Infanticide in hard times

• Scholars disagree about relationship between Tokugawa economy and later rapid industrialization

A Closer Look:Bridal Procession

• Yohime, the twenty-first daughter of the eleventh shogun, approaches the main Edo estate of the Kaga daimyo.

Bridal Procession

Tokugawa Culture

• New urban culture with merchant influence New secular consciousness

• Revitalization of Zen Buddhism Hakuin – 1686-1769

• Two urban cultures Samurai – serious, Chinese styles favored Townspeople – lowbrow popular culture

• Bashō (1644-1694) The Narrow Road of Oku

Mother Bathing Her Son

Literature and Drama

• Ihara Saikaku (1642-1693) The Life of an Amorous Man The Life of an Amorous Woman

• Chikamatsu Monzaemon (1653-1724) Wrote for Kabuki and puppet theater

• Kabuki From 1600s Women forbidden to perform, 1629 More human than Nō

Confucian Thought

• Tokugawa elite drawn to Confucianism

• Difficult task of fitting Confucianism to Japan No room for shogun in Confucianism

- Answer – emperor had mandate of heaven – entrusted political authority to shogun

Japanese “feudal system” of lord-vassal View of China as central kingdom

- Manchus lost claim to universality

Confucian Thought (cont’d)

• Tremendous intellectual vitality

National Studies

• Attempt to find in Japanese classics the original true character of Japan before Chinese influence Japanese spirit as free, spontaneous, clean,

lofty, honest Chinese spirit as rigid and artificial

• Reaffirmation of Japan’s emperor institution

National Studies (cont’d)

• Weaknesses of National Studies No substitute for philosophy Chiefly literary

Chronology: Tokugawa Era (1600-1868)

Dutch Studies

• Ban on Western books lifted in 1720 Recognition that Western anatomy texts were

better than Chinese ones

• Also interest in Western astronomy, geography, botany, physics, chemistry, art

• Expanded into Western Studies during 1860s