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Chapter: The Nonliving Environment
Table of ContentsTable of Contents
Section 3: Energy Flow
Section 1: Abiotic Factors
Section 2: Cycles in Nature
• Biotic factors - features of the environment that are alive, or were once alive
• Abiotic factors - nonliving, physical features of the environment
Environmental Factors
Abiotic FactorsAbiotic Factors
11
• Atmosphere - air that surrounds Earth
Air
Abiotic FactorsAbiotic Factors
11
• 78% nitrogen
21% oxygen
• CO2 - required for photosynthesis.
Air
Abiotic FactorsAbiotic Factors
11
• Oxygen released
• Respiration - cells use oxygen to release the chemical energy stored in sugar molecules
Abiotic FactorsAbiotic Factors
11
• Organisms - 50 to 95% H2O
Water
Abiotic FactorsAbiotic Factors
11
• More H2O = More diversity
Soil
Abiotic FactorsAbiotic Factors
11
• Soil - mixture of mineral and rock particles, the remains of dead organisms, water, and air
Soil
Abiotic FactorsAbiotic Factors
11
• Humus - decaying matter
Click image to view movie.
Abiotic FactorsAbiotic Factors
11 • Sunlight - energy source
• Energy - passed to consumers when they eat producers or other consumers.
Temperature
Abiotic FactorsAbiotic Factors
11
• Body temperature - 0°C to 50°C to survive
Temperature
Abiotic FactorsAbiotic Factors
11
• More Sun = Higher Temperature
Abiotic FactorsAbiotic Factors
11
Abiotic FactorsAbiotic Factors
11
Abiotic FactorsAbiotic Factors
11 • Climate - an area’s average weather conditions over time
Wind
Abiotic FactorsAbiotic Factors
11
The Rain Shadow Effect
Abiotic FactorsAbiotic Factors
11
11Section CheckSection Check
Question 1
Which is an abiotic factor?
A. insectsB. plantsC. treesD. water
11Section CheckSection Check
Answer
The answer is D. Non-living, physical features of the environment are abiotic.
11Section CheckSection Check
Question 2
_______ and _______ are the two most important components of climate for the majority of living things.
Answer
The answer is temperature and precipitation. The average temperature and rainfall in an area influence the type of life found there.
11Section CheckSection Check
Question 3
Which best describes this illustration?
11Section CheckSection Check
A. the greenhouse effectB. the nitrogen cycle
C. the rain shadow effectD. the water cycle
11Section CheckSection Check
Answer
The answer is C. As wind blows toward one side of the mountain, air is forced upward by the mountain’s shape. The air cools and releases its moisture as rain or snow, losing most of its moisture before reaching the other side of the mountain.
The Cycles of Matter
• Constant supply of light
• Biosphere - fixed amount of
• Water
• Carbon
• Nitrogen
• Oxygen
Cycles in NatureCycles in Nature
22
The Water Cycle
• Evaporation - liquid water changes into water vapor
Cycles in NatureCycles in Nature
22
The Water Cycle
• Transpiration - water vapor enters the atmosphere from plant leaves
Cycles in NatureCycles in Nature
22
• Condensation - changing a gas to a liquid
Cycles in NatureCycles in Nature
22
• Water cycle - surface atmosphere surface
Cycles in NatureCycles in Nature
22
Cycles in NatureCycles in Nature
22
• Nitrogen - necessary ingredient of proteins
• Cannot be used directly from air
Cycles in NatureCycles in Nature
22
• Nitrogen fixation - soil bacteria forming useable nitrogen compounds
• When things die, nitrogen returns to the soil or to the atmosphere.
• Nitrogen cycle – atmosphere soil organisms atmosphere
The Nitrogen Cycle
Cycles in NatureCycles in Nature
22
Soil NitrogenCycles in NatureCycles in Nature
22
Cycles in NatureCycles in Nature
22
• Carbon cycle carbon molecules move between the living and nonliving world.
The Carbon Cycle
Cycles in NatureCycles in Nature
22
• CO2 removed from the air during photosynthesis.
• Respiration uses oxygen and releases CO2.
• Photosynthesis uses CO2 and releases oxygen.
22Section CheckSection Check
Question 1Which letter corresponds with condensation?
A. AB. BC. CD. D
22Section CheckSection Check
AnswerThe answer is C. Condensation is the process of changing from a gas to a liquid.
22Section CheckSection Check
Question 2
_______ is the process by which certain soil bacteria transform nitrogen into the usable nitrogen compounds plants need.
A. nitrogen cycleB. nitrogen eliminationC. nitrogen fixationD. nitrogenation
22Section CheckSection Check
Answer
The answer is C. The nitrogen cycle is the transfer of nitrogen from the atmosphere to the soil to living organisms, and back to the atmosphere.
22Section CheckSection Check
Question 3
Which is NOT a means of replacing nitrogen compounds in soil?
A. animal manureB. compostC. fertilizersD. planting crops such as corn or wheat
22Section CheckSection Check
Answer
The answer is D. When crops such as wheat and corn are planted, most of the plant is removed when it is harvested. The plants are not left in the field to decay and return their nitrogen compounds to the soil.
Converting Energy• Matter - recycled
Energy FlowEnergy Flow
33
• Energy - NOT recycled
• converted from one form to another
• Photosynthesis - light energy converted into chemical energy
Energy FlowEnergy Flow
33 • Chemosynthesis - production of energy-rich nutrient molecules from chemicals
Food Chains• Food chain - shows how matter and energy
pass from one organism to another
Energy FlowEnergy Flow
33
• Food web – shows feeding relationships among the organisms in a community
Energy FlowEnergy Flow
33
• made up of many different food chains
Energy Pyramids
Energy FlowEnergy Flow
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• Available energy - reduced as you move from one level to the next in a food chain
• Energy used for: respiration, digestion, life processes (most given off as heat)
Energy FlowEnergy Flow
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• Energy pyramid - shows the amount ofenergy available at each feeding level in an ecosystem.
Available Energy
Energy FlowEnergy Flow
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• About 10% of the energy available at each feeding level is transferred to next level
33Section CheckSection Check
Question 1
All living things are made of _______.
The answer is matter. Matter can be recycled over and over again.
Answer
33Section CheckSection Check
Question 2
The production of energy-rich nutrient molecules from chemicals is called _______.
The answer is chemosynthesis. Consumers living in hydrothermal vent communities rely on chemosynthetic bacteria for nutrients and energy.
Answer
33Section CheckSection Check
Question 3
A. bottom levelB. herbivoresC. producersD. top level
Which best describes the level of the energy pyramid with the leastenergy?
33Section CheckSection Check
Answer
The answer is D. As you move up the pyramid, the transfer of energy is less efficient and each level becomes smaller. Carnivores are at the top level of the pyramid.
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