CHAPTER The Skeletal System - Brianna MOREY - …briannametcalf.weebly.com/uploads/2/9/5/6/29563281/skeletal_system... · CHAPTER 3 The Skeletal System Overview: ... axial skeleton,

C H A P T E R 3 The Skeletal System

1Around 206—some people develop varying numbers of miscel-laneous bones, either sesamoid bones, which form withinsome tendons as a response to stress (such as the patella) orsutural bones, which develop within the sutures of the skull.

C H E C K P O I N T :

Overview: Skeletal System

1. The average human adult has ___________bones in their body, while the average new-born has ___________ bones in theirs.

2. Explain the difference.

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C H A P T E R 3

The Skeletal System

Overview: Skeletal System

We are born with 270 bones in our bodies, andeven more bones form during childhood. Bythe time we reach adulthood though, severalseparate bones have fused together so that thenumber of our bones has decreased to around2061, which make up the adult skeletal system.An example of this reduction occurs in eachhalf of our pelvis, where three separate bones—the ilium, the ischium, and the pubis—fuse intoone single bone called the os coxa.

The skeletal system is further divided into theaxial skeleton, consisting of the bones of theskull, vertebral column, and the thoracic cage;and the appendicular skeleton, which con-sists of the bones of the upper and lower extremi-ties along with their associated girdles (Table 3.1).

Naming Bony Processes and Other LandmarksBony landmarks are various ridges, spines, depres-sions, pores, bumps, grooves, and articulating struc-tures on the surface of bones. These structures allowfor the passage of blood vessels and nerves; for jointsbetween bones; and for the attachment of liga-ments, muscles, and tendons. Therefore, a workingknowledge of the names of these structures will be avaluable asset when considering the structure andfunction of these surface features.

Some of the most commonly encountered bonylandmarks are listed in Table 3.2.

Table 3.1 Summary of the Bones of the Adult Skeletal System

Axial Skeleton—80 Bones Appendicular Skeleton—126 Bones

Skull and Hyoid 23 bones Pectoral Girdle 4 bonesInner Ear Ossicles 6 bones Upper Extremities 60 bonesVertebral Column 26 bones Pelvic Girdle 2 bonesSternum and Ribs 25 bones Lower Extremities 60 bones

Total – 206 Bones

Bonus Question: Using this information as a reference, how would this tableappear if it was a list of the bones for a newborn?

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Table 3.2 Common Bony Landmarks

FEATURE DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE

Landmarks of Articulation:

Condyle: Smooth, rounded knob occipital condyle of skull

Facet: Smooth, flat, slightly concave or convex articular facets of vertebraearticular surface

Head: Prominent expanded end of a bone, head of the femursometimes rounded

Elevated Landmarks:

Process: Any bony prominence mastoid process of the skull

Spine: Sharp, slender, or narrow process spine of the scapula

Crest: Narrow ridge iliac crest of the pelvis

Line: Slightly raised, elongated ridge nuchal lines of the skull

Tuberosity: Rough surface tibial tuberosity

Tubercle: Small, rounded process greater tubercle of the humerus

Trochanter: Massive processes unique to the femur greater trochanter of the femur

Epicondyle: Projection superior to a condyle medial epicondyle of the femur

Depressions or Flat Surfaces:

Alveolus: Pit or socket tooth socket

Fossa: Shallow; broad, or elongated basin mandibular fossa

Fovea: Small pit fovea capitis of the femur

Sulcus: Groove for a tendon, nerve, or blood vessel intertubercular sulcus of the Humerus

Spaces or openings:

Foramen: Hole through a bone, usually round foramen magnum of the skull

Fissure: Slit through a bone orbital fissure behind the eye

Meatus or canal: Tubular passage or tunnel through a bone auditory meatus of the ear

Sinus: Space or cavity within a bone frontal sinus of the skull

Bonus Question: Alveolus is a common term in human anatomy. How many other examples of alveoli canyou find in Anatomy & Physiology Revealed (APR)?


Naming Bone Processes and Other Landmarks

1. Explain the difference between a crest and a line.

2. Explain the difference between a condyle andan epicondyle.

3. Explain the difference between a foramenand a fissure.

Lines

ProcessCondyleSpine Foramen

Alveolus

Foramen

Sinuses

Crest

Canal(meatus)

EXERCISE 3.1:

Coloring Exercise

Color in the structures with colored pens orpencils.

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dfeldman

Pencil

dfeldman

Text Box

Au/Ed: ital okay?


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A Few Notes About Naming ProcessesA process is any bony prominence—that is, a pieceof bone that sticks out from the rest of the bone.When it comes to naming these processes, there area few rules that need to be followed to minimizeconfusion. For example, let’s consider when aprocess articulates with another bone, such as thezygomatic process of the temporal bone. Thisprocess is a structure on the temporal bone thatarticulates with the zygomatic bone. The formulafor naming one of these processes is:

the x process of the y bone

where x � the name of bone articulated withand y � the name of the bone it is part of

So, with the ZYGOMATIC process of the TEMPO-RAL bone, x � ZYGOMATIC (the bone articulatedwith) and y � TEMPORAL (the bone it is part of).Now, how does the zygomatic process of the temporalbone compare to the temporal process of the zygo-matic bone? If you are not sure, don’t worry, we willcover these structures shortly.

Let’s look at the styloid process of the temporalbone. This styloid process does not articulate with anyother bone, but it shares its name with the styloidprocesses of both the ulna and radius bones of theforearm. Therefore, it must be named in reference tothe bone that it is part of to prevent confusion—hence the name the styloid process of the temporalbone. What problems would you predict could occurif this distinction is not made in an emergency roomscenario?

Some processes, the mastoid process for exam-ple, are unique in name and do not articulate withany other bones. These require no further clarifica-tion when naming them.

ProcessFossaeSpine

Fovea

Head

CrestTrochanters

Line

Eplcondyles

Condyles

Head

Tubercle

Tuberosity

FossaeEpicondyles

Condyles


A Few Notes About Naming Processes

1. Consider the temporal process of thezygomatic bonea) This process articulates with which bone?b) This process is part of which bone?

2. What is the correct way to say the two styloidprocesses of the forearm?

3. Why is it correct to refer to the mastoidprocess as the mastoid process and not themastoid process of the temporal bone?

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• From the Home screen, clickthe drop-down box on the Selectsystem menu.

• From the systems listed, click onSkeletal, and you will see theimage to the right:

Animation: Joint MovementsWe cannot discuss the bones of the skeleton withoutfirst understanding their movements in reference toeach other and with the rest of the body. The loca-tion of this movement or articulation betweenbones is the joint. In the ANIMATIONS section ofthe Skeletal System, several of these joint move-ments are listed for you. By selecting a specific jointmovement, a definition and short animated exam-ple will explain each one.

EXERCISE 3.2:

Joint Movements

• From the opening screen for the Skeletal Sys-tem click the ANIMATIONS button at the topof the screen.

• From the Select animation menu, select eachof the movements listed under the Joint move-ments heading.

• Click the Play button, and view the animation.

• After viewing the animation and reading the defini-tion, define the following joint movements. Click theSelect animation menu in the ANIMATIONLIST window to select the next term:

Flexion:

Extension:

Abduction:

Adduction:

Pronation:

Supination:

Elevation:

Depression:

Circumduction:

• This is the opening screen forthe Skeletal System.

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Rotation:

Dorsiflexion:

Plantar flexion:

Eversion:

Inversion:

Protraction:

Retraction:

1. Define appositional bone growth.

2. Which cells produce bone material?

3. How is a tunnel formed around a blood vessel?

4. How is the tunnel filled in to produce a newosteon?

5. What is the name for the concentric rings thatform the osteon?

• When you are finished with the animation, clickon the Dissection button at the top of the screento begin the following exercises, or click on theExit button at the top right of the screen to exitAnatomy & Physiology | Revealed®.


Joint Movements

1. A movement that raises a body part is . . . .2. A movement of a body part away from the

main axis of the body or structure is . . . .3. A movement at the ankle so that the dorsum

of the foot is elevated is . . . .4. A movement that decreases the angle

between two bones at a joint is . . . .5. A movement that increases the angle

between two bones at a joint is . . . .

Animation: Appositional Bone Growth

• Return to the ANIMATION LIST, and selectAppositional bone growth.


• After viewing the animation, answer the followingquestions:

H E A D S U P !

Anatomy & Physiology | Revealed® has several

animations available to aid your study of different

systems. Watch for the Animation button at the

bottom of the screen to be highlighted green,

which indicates that an animation is available for

the specific structure(s) you are viewing.

Skeleton (Regions)

EXERCISE 3.3:

Skeleton, Anterior View

• From the opening screen for the SkeletalSystem, or from the Skeletal SystemAnimations Screen, click the DISSECTIONbutton on the menu at the top of the screen.

• From the Select topic menu, select Skeletalunder the Skeletal (Regions) heading.

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• From the Select view menu, select Anterior.

• Click the flashing GO button.

• Click LAYER 1 in the LAYER CONTROLSwindow, and you will see the following image:

R. ___________________________________________

S. ___________________________________________

T. ___________________________________________

U. ___________________________________________

V. ___________________________________________

W. ___________________________________________

X. ___________________________________________

Y. ___________________________________________

Z. ___________________________________________

AA. ___________________________________________

AB. ___________________________________________

AC. ___________________________________________

AD. ___________________________________________

AE. ___________________________________________

AF. ___________________________________________

AG. ___________________________________________

AH. ___________________________________________


Skeleton, Anterior View

1. Name the bones that make up the cranialgroup. How many of each bone are in thisgroup?

2. Name the bones that make up the facialgroup. How many of each bone are in thisgroup?

3. Name the bones that form the pelvic girdle.4. Name the bones that form the wrist.5. The vertebral column is composed of

__________ vertebrae. How many of eachgroup of vertebrae are there?

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• Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the infor-mation necessary to identify the following structures:

A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________

C. ____________________________________________

D. ____________________________________________

E. ____________________________________________

F. ____________________________________________

G. ____________________________________________

H. ____________________________________________

I. ____________________________________________

J. ____________________________________________

K. ____________________________________________

L. ____________________________________________

M. ____________________________________________

N. ____________________________________________

O. ____________________________________________

P. ____________________________________________

Q. ____________________________________________

EXERCISE 3.4:

Skeleton, Posterior View

• From the opening screen for the SkeletonSystem, click the DISSECTION button on themenu at the top of the screen. Or, if you are in theDISSECTION section, click the CHANGETOPIC/VIEW button at the top of the screen.

• From the Select topic menu, select Skeleton,if it is not already selected.

• From the Select view menu, select Posterior.

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R. ____________________________________________

S. ____________________________________________

T. ____________________________________________

U. ____________________________________________

V. ____________________________________________

W. ____________________________________________

X. ____________________________________________

Y. ____________________________________________

Z. ____________________________________________

AA

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• Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find theinformation necessary to identify the followingstructures:

A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________

C. ____________________________________________

D. ____________________________________________

E. ____________________________________________

F. ____________________________________________

G. ____________________________________________

H. ____________________________________________

I. ____________________________________________

J. ____________________________________________

K. ____________________________________________

L. ____________________________________________

M. ____________________________________________

N. ____________________________________________

O. ____________________________________________

P. ____________________________________________

Q. ____________________________________________


Skeleton, Posterior View

1. Name the group of bones that form the palmof the hand. What structures form the knuck-les?

2. Name the group of bones that form the foot.How many are there?

3. Name the group of bones that form the fin-gers. How many compose each finger?

4. Name the lateral bone of the forearm. Namethe medial bone of the forearm.

5. What is another name for the tailbone?

EEXERCISE 3.5:

Locating Structures of the Head and Neck

There are 30 bones in the human adult head andneck, which can present a daunting task when itcomes to learning each bone. With this in mind, thefollowing tables are designed to allow you to dis-cover which bones are visible in each view ofAnatomy & Physiology | Revealed®. These tables arenot meant to be tedious, but rather to help youbecome more familiar with each bone.

On the left of the following tables are names ofstructures found on the head and neck. The namesof specific bones are aligned to the left, and thestructures found on those bones are listed underthem indented to the right. Using the Anatomy &Physiology | Revealed®, open each dissection viewlisted across the top right of the table and put an “X”in the columns under the views where you find thestructures listed in the left column. Not all bones orstructures will be visible in all views.

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Table 3.3 Structures of the Head and Neck—Cranial Bones

Structures Dissection Views

Skull Individual Inferior Mid- Cranial

Bone Anterior Skull Lateral sagittal Posterior Superior Cavity Orbit

Frontal bone

Frontal sinus

Supraorbital notch

Parietal bone

Occipital bone

External occipital protuberance

Foramen magnum

Occipital condyle

Temporal bone

Carotid canal

External acoustic meatus

Internal acoustic meatus

Mastoid process

Squamous part of temporal bone

Styloid process of temporal bone

Zygomatic process of temporal bone

Sphenoid bone

Body

Foramen ovale

Foramen spinosum

Greater wing

Sella turcica

Sphenoidal sinus

Ethmoid bone

Crista galli

Ethmoid air cells

Nasal concha—middle

Nasal concha—superior

Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone

Bonus Question: What is the name for the bone shaped like a “butterfly”?

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Table 3.4 Structures of the Head and Neck—Facial Bones




Maxilla

Alveolar process of maxilla

Infraorbital foramen

Palatine bone

Zygomatic bone

Temporal process of zygomatic bone

Nasal bone

Vomer bone

Mandible

Alveolar process of mandible

Angle of mandible

Body of mandible

Condylar process of mandible

Coronoid process of mandible

Mandibular foramen

Mental foramen

Ramus of mandible

Bonus Question: What is the anatomical term that refers to the chin area? How do you suppose it receivedthis name?

Table 3.5 Structures of the Head and Neck—Other Skull Structures




Coronal suture

Cranial fossa—anterior

Cranial fossa—middle

Cranial fossa—posterior

Foramen lacerum

Hard palate

Hyoid bone

Jugular foramen

Lambda

Lambdoid suture

Nasal concha (inferior)

Pterion

Sagittal suture

Septal cartilage

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

Articular disk of the TMJ

Zygomatic arch

Bonus Question: What is the name for the “cheekbone”?

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Bonus Question: Which bones are characterized by the presence of “transverse foramina”?

EXERCISE 3.6:

Head and Neck, Anterior View


• From the Select topic menu, select Head andneck.




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A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________

C. ____________________________________________

D. ____________________________________________

E. ____________________________________________

F. ____________________________________________

G. ____________________________________________

H. ____________________________________________

I. ____________________________________________

J. ____________________________________________

K. ____________________________________________

L. ____________________________________________

M. ____________________________________________

N. ____________________________________________

O. ____________________________________________

P. ____________________________________________

Q. ____________________________________________

R. ____________________________________________

S. ____________________________________________

Table 3.6 Structures of the Head and Neck—Cervical Vertebrae




Atlas (C1 vertebra)

Axis (C2 vertebra)

Cervical vertebrae

Spinous process (cervical)

Transverse process (cervical)

Vertebral body (cervical)

Intervertebral disk

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Head and Neck, Anterior View

1. Name the bones contributing to the orbit.2. Name the bone known as the “collar bone.”3. What structures are formed by the frontal

bone?4. Which is the shortest rib?5. Name the superior part of the sternum.

A. ___________________________________________

B. ___________________________________________

C. ___________________________________________

D. ___________________________________________

E. ___________________________________________

F. ___________________________________________

G. ___________________________________________

H. ___________________________________________

I. ___________________________________________

J. ___________________________________________

K. ___________________________________________

L. ___________________________________________

M. ___________________________________________

N. ___________________________________________

O. ___________________________________________

P. ___________________________________________

Q. ___________________________________________

R. ___________________________________________

S. ___________________________________________

T. ___________________________________________

U. ___________________________________________

V. ___________________________________________

W. ___________________________________________

X. ___________________________________________

Y. ___________________________________________

Z. ___________________________________________

AA. ___________________________________________

AB. ___________________________________________

AC. ___________________________________________

AD. ___________________________________________

AE. ___________________________________________

AF. ___________________________________________

AG. ___________________________________________

AH. ___________________________________________

AI. ___________________________________________

EXERCISE 3.7:

Head and Neck, Lateral View


• From the Select topic menu, select Head andneck, if it is not already selected.

• From the Select view menu, select Lateral.



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Head and Neck, Lateral View

1. Name the only bone in the body that doesnot articulate with any other bone.

2. Name the two bone processes that make upthe zygomatic arch.

3. Name the “sockets” for the teeth.4. Describe the pterion.5. What structures of which bones form the

temporomandibular joint?


A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________

C. ____________________________________________

D. ____________________________________________

E. ____________________________________________

F. ____________________________________________

G. ____________________________________________

H. ____________________________________________

I. ____________________________________________

J. ____________________________________________

K. ____________________________________________

L. ____________________________________________

M. ____________________________________________

N. ____________________________________________

O. ____________________________________________

P. ____________________________________________

Q. ____________________________________________

EXERCISE 3.8:

Thorax, Anterior View


• From the Select topic menu, select Thorax.

• Anterior will be visible in the Select viewmenu.



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Thorax, Anterior View

1. Name the three parts of the sternum.2. Name a landmark for intramuscular injections.3. Name the structures that attach the ribs to

the sternum.4. Name the two bones that form the gleno-

humeral joint.5. Name the structure found between the bodies

of all but two vertebrae. This structure is lack-ing between which two vertebrae?

EXERCISE 3.9:

Abdomen, Anterior View


• From the Select topic menu, select Abdomen.

• Anterior will be visible in the Select view menu.

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N. ____________________________________________

O. ____________________________________________

P. ____________________________________________

Q. ____________________________________________

R. ____________________________________________

S. ____________________________________________

T. ____________________________________________

U. ____________________________________________

V. ____________________________________________

W. ____________________________________________

X. ____________________________________________

Y. ____________________________________________


Abdomen, Anterior View

1. What process occurs to the pubic symphysisduring late pregnancy?

2. What Latin term means “wing”? Where is a structure with this name located?

3. Name a landmark for intramuscular injections.4. What term refers to the hip joint socket?

Which bones contribute to this structure?5. Name the structure formed by five fused

vertebrae.

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A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________

C. ____________________________________________

D. ____________________________________________

E. ____________________________________________

F. ____________________________________________

G. ____________________________________________

H. ____________________________________________

I. ____________________________________________

J. ____________________________________________

K. ____________________________________________

L. ____________________________________________

M. ____________________________________________

EXERCISE 3.10:

Back, Posterior View


• From the Select topic menu, select Back.

• Posterior will be visible in the Select viewmenu.


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S.____________________________________________

T.____________________________________________

U.____________________________________________

V.____________________________________________

W.____________________________________________

X.____________________________________________

Y.____________________________________________

Z.____________________________________________

AA.____________________________________________

AB.____________________________________________


Back, Posterior View

1. Name the large, triangular flat bone of thesuperior back.

2. Name the three coxal bones.3. Name the vertebrae of the lower back. How

many are there?4. Which intervertebral discs most commonly

herniate?5. Name the structure marked by a “dimple” on

the lower back.

Skull and Associated BonesAnimation: The Skull

• From the opening screen for the Skeletal Sys-tem, or, if you are in the DISSECTION section,click the ANIMATIONS button at the top of thescreen.

• From the Select animation menu, selectSkull.


• After viewing the animation, answer thesequestions:

1. The bones that surround and protect the brainare referred to as the __________ bones.

2. The bones that form the underlying structureof the face are referred to as the __________bones.

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A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________

C. ____________________________________________

D. ____________________________________________

E. ____________________________________________

F. ____________________________________________

G. ____________________________________________

H. ____________________________________________

I. ____________________________________________

J. ____________________________________________

K. ____________________________________________

L. ____________________________________________

M. ____________________________________________

N. ____________________________________________

O. ____________________________________________

P. ____________________________________________

Q. ____________________________________________

R. ____________________________________________

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3. With one exception, the bones of the skullarticulate with each other through jointsknown as __________. The exception is the__________.

4. There are numerous holes in the skull called__________.

5. What are the functions of these holes?


EXERCISE 3.11:

Skull, Anterior View

• From the opening screen for the Skeleton Sys-tem, or, from the Skeletal System Anima-tions Screen, click the DISSECTION buttonon the menu at the top of the screen.

• You may need to click the CHANGE TOPIC/VIEW button to continue.

• From the Select topic menu, select Skull underthe Skull and associated bones heading.



H E A D S U P !

Many of the views we will see of the Skeletal

System will indicate the locations of muscle

attachments. These attachments are of two types –

Origins and Insertions. Origins, as indicated by

red shading, are the relatively stationary or

immobile points of skeletal muscle attachment. The

Insertions, indicated by blue shading, are the

points where a muscle attaches to a bone and

produces movement. One way to remember the

distinction between the two is to consider your life.

Your Origin, or location of your birth, never

changes or moves as you go about your life. But,

your Insertion, where you are inserted on the earth

at this time may be different than your origin.

Thus, your Origin never moves, but when you

move, your Insertion moves to another location.

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• These are MUSCLE ATTACHMENTS, whichtheoretically are not a part of the SkeletalSystem. Your instructor may refer you back tothis part of the chapter when you study theMuscular System.


A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________

C. ____________________________________________

D. ____________________________________________

E. ____________________________________________

F. ____________________________________________

G. ____________________________________________

H. ____________________________________________

I. ____________________________________________

J. ____________________________________________

K. ____________________________________________

L. ____________________________________________

M. ____________________________________________

N. ____________________________________________

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O. ____________________________________________

P. ____________________________________________

Q. ____________________________________________

R. ____________________________________________

S. ____________________________________________


K. ____________________________________________

L. ____________________________________________

M. ____________________________________________

N. ____________________________________________

O. ____________________________________________

P. ____________________________________________

Q. ____________________________________________

R. ____________________________________________

S. ____________________________________________

T. ____________________________________________

U. ____________________________________________

V. ____________________________________________


Skull, Anterior View

1. Name the structures transmitted through themental foramen.

2. Name a feature of the skull that can be eithera notch or a foramen.

3. What two bones contain teeth?4. What is the name for the sockets of the

teeth? (You may have to revisit this chapterto answer this one)

5. The nasal septum consists of what specificbones or structures of bones?

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A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________

C. ____________________________________________

D. ____________________________________________

E. ____________________________________________

F. ____________________________________________

G. ____________________________________________

H. ____________________________________________

I. ____________________________________________

J. ____________________________________________

EXERCISE 3.12:

Skull, Superior View

• From the opening screen for the Skeleton Sys-tem, click the DISSECTION button on themenu at the top of the screen. Or, if you are in theDISSECTION section, click the CHANGETOPIC/VIEW button at the top of the screen.

• From the Select topic menu, select Skull, if itis not already selected.

• From the Select view menu, select Superior.


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AABB

CCDD

EEFFGG


A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________

C. ____________________________________________

D. ____________________________________________

E. ____________________________________________

F. ____________________________________________

G. ____________________________________________


Skull, Superior View

1. Name the joint between the parietal bones.2. Name the joint between the frontal and the

parietal bones.3. Name the bone type found in or near the

sutures of the skull.4. Where are these bones most often found?5. Name the skull bone that articulates with the

vertebral column.

EXERCISE 3.13:

Skull, Lateral View






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A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________

C. ____________________________________________

D. ____________________________________________

E. ____________________________________________

F. ____________________________________________

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G.____________________________________________

H.____________________________________________

I.____________________________________________

J.____________________________________________

K.____________________________________________

L.____________________________________________

M.____________________________________________

N.____________________________________________

O.____________________________________________

P.____________________________________________

Q.____________________________________________

R.____________________________________________

S.____________________________________________

T.____________________________________________

U.____________________________________________

V.____________________________________________

W.____________________________________________

X.____________________________________________

Y.____________________________________________

Z.____________________________________________

AA.____________________________________________



A. ___________________________________________

B. ___________________________________________

C. ___________________________________________

D. ___________________________________________

E. ___________________________________________

F. ___________________________________________

G. ___________________________________________

H. ___________________________________________

I. ___________________________________________

J. ___________________________________________

K. ___________________________________________

L. ___________________________________________

M. ___________________________________________

N. ___________________________________________

O. ___________________________________________

P. ___________________________________________

Q. ___________________________________________

R. ___________________________________________

S. ___________________________________________

T. ___________________________________________

U. ___________________________________________

V. ___________________________________________

W. ___________________________________________

X. ___________________________________________

Y. ___________________________________________

Z. ___________________________________________

AA. ___________________________________________

AB. ___________________________________________

AC. ___________________________________________

AD. ___________________________________________

AE. ___________________________________________

AF. ___________________________________________

AG. ___________________________________________

AH. ___________________________________________

AI. ___________________________________________

AACC BB

DDEE FF

AAAA

UU

GGHH

II

XX

JJ

WWYY

ZZ

ABAB ACAC ADAD AFAF

AGAGAHAH AIAI

AEAE

TT

KKLLMM

RRNN PP

SSQQ

OO

VV

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67


A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________

C. ____________________________________________

D. ____________________________________________

E. ____________________________________________

F. ____________________________________________



Skull, Lateral View

1. Name the specific bony structures that formthe temporomandibular joint.

2. What two bones make up most of the lateralskull (one on each side)?

3. What suture is their point of articulation?

EXERCISE 3.14:

Skull, Posterior View






AA

CCBB

DD EEFF

AA

CC

GG

EE

FF

II

DD

HH

BB


A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________

C. ____________________________________________

D. ____________________________________________

E. ____________________________________________

F. ____________________________________________

G. ____________________________________________

H. ____________________________________________

I. ____________________________________________

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68


Skull, Posterior View

1. What suture forms the joint between theparietal and occipital bones?

2. What bone forms most of the posterior skull?3. What is the attachment site for the nuchal

ligament on the skull?

• Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the followingstructures:

A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________

C. ____________________________________________

D. ____________________________________________

E. ____________________________________________

F. ____________________________________________

G. ____________________________________________

H. ____________________________________________

I. ____________________________________________

J. ____________________________________________

K. ____________________________________________

L. ____________________________________________


EXERCISE 3.15:

Skull, Mid-sagittal View



• From the Select view menu, selectMid-sagittal.



AACC

BBDDEE FF

GGHH

IIJJ

KKLL

AACC

EE

BB

DDFF

ABABACAC

AAAA

ADAD

UU

GGHHII

XX

JJ

WW

AEAEAFAF

AGAGAIAIAJAJ AKAK

ANANALALAMAM

YYZZ

AHAH

AOAO

TT

KKLL

MMRRNN

PP

SSQQ

OOVV


A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________

C. ____________________________________________

D. ____________________________________________

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69

E. ___________________________________________

F. ___________________________________________

G. ___________________________________________

H. ___________________________________________

I. ___________________________________________

J. ___________________________________________

K. ___________________________________________

L. ___________________________________________

M. ___________________________________________

N. ___________________________________________

O. ___________________________________________

P. ___________________________________________

Q. ___________________________________________

R. ___________________________________________

S. ___________________________________________

T. ___________________________________________

U. ___________________________________________

V. ___________________________________________

W. ___________________________________________

X. ___________________________________________

Y. ___________________________________________

Z. ___________________________________________

AA. ___________________________________________

AB. ___________________________________________

AC. ___________________________________________

AD. ___________________________________________

AE. ___________________________________________

AF. ___________________________________________

AG. ___________________________________________

AH. ___________________________________________

AI. ___________________________________________

AJ. ___________________________________________

AK. ___________________________________________

AL. ___________________________________________

AM. ___________________________________________

AN. ___________________________________________

AO. ___________________________________________


Skull, Mid-sagittal View

1. When your dentist wants to numb yourlower jaw by anesthetizing the nerves thatserve the teeth and skin, what “hole” in whatbone would be used to access those nerves?

2. Name the paranasal sinuses.3. Name the structure that increases the surface

area of the nasal cavity and plays an impor-tant role in warming inhaled air.

4. Name the structure that contains the sublin-gual salivary gland.

5. Name the muscles that attach to the styloidprocess of the temporal bone.

EXERCISE 3.16:

Skull, Inferior View



• From the Select view menu, select Inferior.



AABB

CCDD

MM

EEFF

JJ

HH II

LL

OO PPQQ

GG

KK

NN

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70


A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________

C. ____________________________________________

D. ____________________________________________

E. ____________________________________________

F. ____________________________________________

G. ____________________________________________

H. ____________________________________________

I. ____________________________________________

J. ____________________________________________

K. ____________________________________________

L. ____________________________________________

M. ____________________________________________

N. ____________________________________________

O. ____________________________________________

P. ____________________________________________

Q. ____________________________________________


A. ___________________________________________

B. ___________________________________________

C. ___________________________________________

D. ___________________________________________

E. ___________________________________________

F. ___________________________________________

G. ___________________________________________

H. ___________________________________________

I. ___________________________________________

J. ___________________________________________

K. ___________________________________________

L. ___________________________________________

M. ___________________________________________

N. ___________________________________________

O. ___________________________________________

P. ___________________________________________

Q. ___________________________________________

R. ___________________________________________

S. ___________________________________________

T. ___________________________________________

U. ___________________________________________

V. ___________________________________________

W. ___________________________________________

X. ___________________________________________

Y. ___________________________________________

Z. ___________________________________________

AA. ___________________________________________

AB. ___________________________________________

AC. ___________________________________________

AD. ___________________________________________


Skull, Inferior View

1. The zygomatic arch is made up of what twospecific structures of what two bones?

2. What is the name for the large foramen onthe inferior side of the occipital bone?

3. Name the irregular-shaped opening formed bythe sphenoid, temporal, and occipital bones.

AABB

CC

II

DD EE

FFHH

II

KKLL MMNNPPQQ RR

WWZZ TTXXAAAA

ABAB

ACACADAD

UUOO

VV SSYY

JJ

GG


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71

EXERCISE 3.17:

Skull—Cranial Cavity, Superior View


• From the Select topic menu, selectSkull-cranial cavity under the Skull andassociated bones heading.

• Superior will be visible in the Select view menu.



E. ___________________________________________

F. ___________________________________________

G. ___________________________________________

H. ___________________________________________

I. ___________________________________________

J. ___________________________________________

K. ___________________________________________

L. ___________________________________________

M. ___________________________________________

N. ___________________________________________

O. ___________________________________________

P. ___________________________________________

Q. ___________________________________________

R. ___________________________________________

S. ___________________________________________

T. ___________________________________________

U. ___________________________________________

V. ___________________________________________

W. ___________________________________________

X. ___________________________________________

Y. ___________________________________________

Z. ___________________________________________

AA. ___________________________________________

AB. ___________________________________________

AC. ___________________________________________

AD. ___________________________________________

AE. ___________________________________________

AF. ___________________________________________

AG. ___________________________________________

AH. ___________________________________________

AI. ___________________________________________

AJ. ___________________________________________

AK. ___________________________________________

AL. ___________________________________________

AM. ___________________________________________

BBAA

CCDD EE

HHFF GG

IIKK

LLMMNN

PPQQ

RRWW

ALAL

ZZ

AJAJAKAK

AMAM

AEAE AAAA

ABAB

XXADAD AFAF

VVTT

OO

SS

UU

YYAGAG

ACAC

AHAHAIAI

JJ


A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________

C. ____________________________________________

D. ____________________________________________

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Skull—Cranial Cavity, Superior View

1. Describe the cribriform plate.2. Name the structures that traverse through the

jugular foramen.3. Name the structure that passes through the

foramen ovale.4. Name the structure contained in the

hypophyseal fossa.5. What structure is transmitted by the foramen

rotundum?


A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________

C. ____________________________________________

D. ____________________________________________

E. ____________________________________________

F. ____________________________________________

G. ____________________________________________

H. ____________________________________________


EXERCISE 3.18:

Orbit


• From the Select topic menu, select Orbit.

• Anterolateral will be visible in the Selectview menu.



AABBCCDD

FFEE

HHGG

AA

BBCC

DD EEFF

HH IIKKLL MM

NNPP QQRR

WW

XX

VV TT

OOSS

UU

JJGG


A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________

C. ____________________________________________

D. ____________________________________________

E. ____________________________________________

F. ____________________________________________

G. ____________________________________________

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H. ____________________________________________

I. ____________________________________________

J. ____________________________________________

K. ____________________________________________

L. ____________________________________________

M. ____________________________________________

N. ____________________________________________

O. ____________________________________________

P. ____________________________________________

Q. ____________________________________________

R. ____________________________________________

S. ____________________________________________

T. ____________________________________________

U. ____________________________________________

V. ____________________________________________

W. ____________________________________________

X. ____________________________________________


Orbit

1. Name the seven bones that constitute theorbit.

2. Name the structure that transmits the opticnerve (CN II) and the ophthalmic artery.

3. Name the nerves and blood vessels transmit-ted by the superior orbital fissure.

4. Name the nerves and blood vessels transmit-ted by the inferior orbital fissure.

5. Name the nerves and blood vessels transmit-ted by the anterior ethmoidal foramen.



EXERCISE 3.19:

Ethmoid Bone


• From the Select topic menu, select Ethmoidbone.

• Superior and posterior will be visible in theSelect view menu.

AA

BB

CCDD

FF

EE

GG


A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________

C. ____________________________________________

D. ____________________________________________

E. ____________________________________________

F. ____________________________________________

G. ____________________________________________


Ethmoid Bone

1. Name the characteristic features of theethmoid bone.

2. Describe the cribriform plate of the ethmoidbone.

3. Name the structure that forms the superiorpart of the nasal septum.

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EXERCISE 3.20:

Frontal Bone


• From the Select topic menu, select Frontalbone.





74


Frontal Bone

1. Name the structures that traverse the supraor-bital notch.

2. Describe the supraorbital margin.3. Name the sutures associated with the frontal

bone. What bones does the frontal bonearticulate with for each suture?

AA

BBCCDD


A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________

C. ____________________________________________

D. ____________________________________________

EXERCISE 3.21:

Mandible


• From the Select topic menu, select Mandible.

• Lateral will be visible in the Select view menu.



AA

FF

BBCCDD EE

HHII JJKK

GG

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75

• Mouse-over the pins on the screen to find the information necessary to identify the following structures:

A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________

C. ____________________________________________

D. ____________________________________________

E. ____________________________________________

F. ____________________________________________

G. ____________________________________________

H. ____________________________________________

I. ____________________________________________

J. ____________________________________________

K. ____________________________________________


Mandible

1. Name the bone structures that constitute thetemporomandibular joint.

2. What structure is also known as themandibular incisure?


EXERCISE 3.22:

Maxilla

• From the opening screen for the SkeletonSystem, click the DISSECTION button on the menu at the top of the screen. Or, if you arein the DISSECTION section, click theCHANGE TOPIC/VIEW button at the top ofthe screen.

• From the Select topic menu, select Maxilla.

• Medial and lateral will be visible in theSelect view menu.


AA

BBCC

DD

EE

FFGG


A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________

C. ____________________________________________

D. ____________________________________________

E. ____________________________________________

F. ____________________________________________

G. ____________________________________________


Maxilla

1. Name a structure of the maxilla bone thatcontributes to voice resonance.

2. Name the function of the incisive canal.3. Name the structure that forms the anterior

three-quarters of the hard palate.

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EXERCISE 3.23:

Occipital Bone


• From the Select topic menu, select Occipitalbone.

• Superior and inferior will be visible in theSelect view menu.



H. ____________________________________________

I. ____________________________________________

J. ____________________________________________


Occipital Bone

1. Name the structures that pass through theforamen magnum.

2. What is the function of the occipital condyles?3. What structures are contained within the

cerebellar fossa?

AA

BB

CC

DD

EE

HHII

JJ

GGFF


A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________

C. ____________________________________________

D. ____________________________________________

E. ____________________________________________

F. ____________________________________________

G. ____________________________________________

EXERCISE 3.24:

Parietal Bone


• From the Select topic menu, select Parietalbone.

• Lateral will be visible in the Select view menu.


• There are no TAGS for this bone, but be sure toread the information in the STRUCTUREINFORMATION window.

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77

C. ____________________________________________

D. ____________________________________________

E. ____________________________________________

F. ____________________________________________

G. ____________________________________________

H. ____________________________________________

I. ____________________________________________

J. ____________________________________________

K. ____________________________________________

L. ____________________________________________

M. ____________________________________________

N. ____________________________________________

O. ____________________________________________

P. ____________________________________________

Q. ____________________________________________


Sphenoid Bone

1. What structure is contained in the sella turcica?

2. Name the two structures transmitted throughthe optic canal.

3. Name the paired lateral projections of thesphenoid bone.


Parietal Bone

1. Name the bones that articulate with the pari-etal bone.

2. Name the sutures involved with each articu-lation listed in question 1.

EXERCISE 3.25:

Sphenoid Bone


• From the Select topic menu, select Sphenoidbone.

• Superior and posterior will be visible in theSelect view menu.



AA BBCCDDEE

FFHHII

KKLLMM

PP

JJ

NNQQ

OO

GG


A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________

EXERCISE 3.26:

Temporal Bone

• From the opening screen for the Skeleton System, click the DISSECTION button on the menu at the top of the screen. Or, if you are in the DISSECTION section, click theCHANGE TOPIC/VIEW button at the top of the screen.

• From the Select topic menu, select Temporalbone.



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78


AA

BBCCEE DD

GG

HH

JJ

KK

II

FF


A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________

C. ____________________________________________

D. ____________________________________________

E. ____________________________________________

F. ____________________________________________

G. ____________________________________________

H. ____________________________________________

I. ____________________________________________

J. ____________________________________________

K. ____________________________________________


Temporal Bone

1. Name the bony canal that ends at thetympanic membrane.

2. Name the bony canal traversed by the facialand vestibulocochlear nerves.

3. Name the bony structure containing theorgans of hearing and equilibrium.

EXERCISE 3.27:

Teeth

• From the opening screen for the SkeletonSystem, click the DISSECTION button on themenu at the top of the screen. Or, if you are inthe DISSECTION section, click theCHANGE TOPIC/VIEW button at the top ofthe screen.

• From the Select topic menu, select Teeth.




AA

SS

BB

TT

EE

WW

CC

UU

FF

XX

DD

VV

GG

YY

HH

ZZ

II

AAAA

KKJJ

ABAB

QQ

LLMM

NNPP OORR


A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________

C. ____________________________________________

D. ____________________________________________

E. ____________________________________________

F. ____________________________________________

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79

G.____________________________________________

H.____________________________________________

I.____________________________________________

J.____________________________________________

K.____________________________________________

L.____________________________________________

M.____________________________________________

N.____________________________________________

O.____________________________________________

P.____________________________________________

Q.____________________________________________

R.____________________________________________

S.____________________________________________

T.____________________________________________

U.____________________________________________

V.____________________________________________

W.____________________________________________

X.____________________________________________

Y.____________________________________________

Z.____________________________________________

AA.____________________________________________

AB.____________________________________________


Teeth

1. What four teeth are also known as “wisdomteeth”?

2. What structures are transmitted through thelesser palatine foramen?

3. What structures are transmitted through thegreater palatine foramen?

• From the Select topic menu, select Hyoidbone.

• Anterior and lateral will be visible in theSelect view menu.



EXERCISE 3.28:

Hyoid Bone


AA

BBCCDD

GGEEFF

HH


A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________

C. ____________________________________________

D. ____________________________________________

E. ____________________________________________

F. ____________________________________________

G. ____________________________________________

H. ____________________________________________

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80


• You may need to click the CHANGE TOPICbutton.

• From the Select topic menu select Head andneck.


• From the Select view menu in the IMAGETYPE/VIEW panel select Anterior–posterior.

• Click the TURN TAGS ON button, and you willsee the following image:

AA

BBCC

DD


A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________

C. ____________________________________________

D. ____________________________________________


Hyoid Bone

1. Name the function of the greater horn of thehyoid bone.

2. Name the function of the lesser horn of thehyoid bone.

3. What muscles attach to the body of thehyoid bone?

EXERCISE 3.29:

Imaging—Head and Neck

• From the opening screen for the SkeletalSystem, or, if you are in the DISSECTIONsection, click the IMAGING button at the top ofthe screen.

AABB

CC

EEDD

FF

GG

LL

IIKK

HHJJ

• Mouse-over the green pins on the screen to find theinformation necessary to identify the followingstructures:

A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________

C. ____________________________________________

D. ____________________________________________

E. ____________________________________________

F. ____________________________________________

G. ____________________________________________

H. ____________________________________________

I. ____________________________________________

J. ____________________________________________

K. ____________________________________________

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81

Non-Skeletal System Structure (blue pin)

L. ____________________________________________

• Click the Select view menu drop-down box inthe IMAGE TYPE/VIEW panel.


• Click the TURN TAGS ON button and you willsee the following image:

K. ____________________________________________

L. ____________________________________________

M. ____________________________________________

Self TestTake this opportunity to quiz yourself by taking theSELF TEST.

• From the opening screen for the Skeletal Sys-tem, or, if you are in the DISSECTION section,click the SELF TEST button at the top of thescreen.

• From the Select test topic menu, selectSkeleton.

• From the Select region menu, select Skulland associated bones.

• From the Select test type menu, select Clickto identify.

• From the Select number of questions menu,select ALL.

• After completing the SELF TEST and saving yourresults, click the Select test type menu, selectMultiple choice.


• Return to the Select test topic menu, and selectAnimation.

• Click OK on the pop-up box.

• From the Select animation menu, selectSkull.

• Multiple choice is visible in the Select testtype menu.

• ALL is visible in the Select number of ques-tions menu.

• Complete the SELF TEST and save your results.

AA

BB

CCEE

DD

FF GG

JJHH

LL

II

KKMM


A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________

C. ____________________________________________

D. ____________________________________________

E. ____________________________________________

F. ____________________________________________

G. ____________________________________________

H. ____________________________________________

I. ____________________________________________

J. ____________________________________________

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S 1

1 1

22

4 4

55

599

7

12

13 13

7

5

I

R L

15

16

17

28

29

30

31

32

33

18

19

20

21

22

23

25

24

26

27

S

2

345

1

13

9

7

12

I

A P

8 8

6

11 1114

EXERCISE 3.30:

Coloring Exercise

Look up the bones of the skull and then colorthem in with colored pens or pencils. Write the

names of important bones or bone features in theblank label lines.

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34

35

36

37

50

26

A

P

R L

L

RHorizontal

section

P A 4

3

5

5

4

2

5

5

1

1

6

2

4

4

2

5

514

10 10

13

7713

25

77

2

2

3

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

38

49

48

47

19

5

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84

❑ 1.__________________________________________

❑ 2.__________________________________________

❑ 3.__________________________________________

❑ 4.__________________________________________

❑ 5.__________________________________________

❑ 6.__________________________________________

❑ 7.__________________________________________

❑ 8.__________________________________________

❑ 9.__________________________________________

❑ 10.__________________________________________

❑ 11.__________________________________________

❑ 12.__________________________________________

❑ 13.__________________________________________

❑ 14.__________________________________________

❑ 15.__________________________________________

❑ 16.__________________________________________

❑ 17.__________________________________________

❑ 18.__________________________________________

❑ 19.__________________________________________

❑ 20.__________________________________________

❑ 21.__________________________________________

❑ 22.__________________________________________

❑ 23.__________________________________________

❑ 24.__________________________________________

❑ 25.__________________________________________

❑ 26.__________________________________________

❑ 27.__________________________________________

❑ 28.__________________________________________

❑ 29.__________________________________________

❑ 30.__________________________________________

❑ 31.__________________________________________

❑ 32.__________________________________________

❑ 33.__________________________________________

❑ 34.__________________________________________

❑ 35.__________________________________________

❑ 36.__________________________________________

❑ 37.__________________________________________

❑ 38.__________________________________________

❑ 39.__________________________________________

❑ 40.__________________________________________

❑ 41.__________________________________________

❑ 42.__________________________________________

❑ 43.__________________________________________

❑ 44.__________________________________________

❑ 45.__________________________________________

❑ 46.__________________________________________

❑ 47.__________________________________________

❑ 48.__________________________________________

❑ 49.__________________________________________

❑ 50.__________________________________________

What Have I Learned?

The following questions cover the material that youjust read, the introduction to the skeleton and theskeletal structures of the head and neck. Apply

what you have learned in answering these questions:

1. The hard palate consists of which bones?

2. What is the name for the large foramen on theinferior side of the occipital bone?

3. What passes through this foramen?

4. Name the two bones that form the bridge of thenose.

5. At the junction of the temporal and occipitalbones, the internal jugular vein passes throughwhich foramen?

I N R E V I E W

Continued

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85

Thoracic Cage and VertebralColumn

EXERCISE 3.31:

Thoracic Cage

• From the opening screen for the SkeletonSystem, click the DISSECTION button on themenu at the top of the screen. Or, if you are in theIMAGING section, click the DISSECTIONbutton at the top of the screen.


• From the Select topic menu, select Thoraciccage under the Thoracic cage and verte-bral column heading.




6. The greater and lesser wings are parts of whatbone?

7. Name the bony canal of the external ear. Whatbone is it a part of?

8. What is the attachment site for the sternocleido-mastoid muscle on the skull?

9. What bony landmark is defined as “any bonyprominence”?

10. What bony landmark is defined as “a pit orsocket”?

11. What bony landmark is defined as “a holethrough a bone, usually round”?

12. What bony landmark is defined as “a smooth,rounded knob”?

AABBCC

EE DDFF

GG HH

II

JJKK


A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________

C. ____________________________________________

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86

D. ____________________________________________

E. ____________________________________________

F. ____________________________________________

G. ____________________________________________

H. ____________________________________________

I. ____________________________________________

J. ____________________________________________

K. ____________________________________________


E. ____________________________________________

F. ____________________________________________

G. ____________________________________________

H. ____________________________________________

I. ____________________________________________

J. ____________________________________________

K. ____________________________________________

L. ____________________________________________

M. ____________________________________________

N. ____________________________________________

O. ____________________________________________

P. ____________________________________________


Thoracic Cage

1. Describe the thoracic cage.2. Define a true rib. How many are there?3. Define a false rib. How many are there?4. Define a floating rib. How many are there?

AABB

CC

EEDD

FFGG HH

LL

IIJJ

KKMM

OO

PP

NN


A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________

C. ____________________________________________

D. ____________________________________________

EXERCISE 3.32:

Imaging—Thorax

• From the opening screen for the SkeletalSystem, or, if you are in the DISSECTIONsection, click the IMAGING button at the top ofthe screen.


• From the Select topic menu select Thorax.


• Posterior-anterior will be visible in theIMAGE TYPE/VIEW panel select.

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87




AABB

CC

DD


A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________

C. ____________________________________________

Non-Skeletal System Structure (blue pin)

D. ____________________________________________

EXERCISE 3.33:

Vertebral Column



• From the Select topic menu, select Vertebralcolumn.

• Anterior, posterior, and lateral will bevisible in the Select view menu.

AABB

CCEEDD

FF GGHH

LL

IIJJ

KK

MM


A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________

C. ____________________________________________

D. ____________________________________________

E. ____________________________________________

F. ____________________________________________

G. ____________________________________________

H. ____________________________________________

I. ____________________________________________

J. ____________________________________________

K. ____________________________________________

L. ____________________________________________

M. ____________________________________________

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88

• Click LAYER 2 in the LAYER CONTROLSwindow, and you will see the following image: C H E C K P O I N T :

Vertebral Column

1. Name the different groups of vertebrae. Howmany of each in a typical skeleton?

2. What structure passes through each interver-tebral foramen?

3. Which vertebra has a dens?4. Which vertebra has no vertebral body?

AA

BB

CCEE

DDFF

GG

HH

LL

IIJJ

KK

MM NN

PP SSQQRR

OO


A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________

C. ____________________________________________

D. ____________________________________________

E. ____________________________________________

F. ____________________________________________

G. ____________________________________________

H. ____________________________________________

I. ____________________________________________

J. ____________________________________________

K. ____________________________________________

L. ____________________________________________

M. ____________________________________________

N. ____________________________________________

O. ____________________________________________

P. ____________________________________________

Q. ____________________________________________

R. ____________________________________________

S. ____________________________________________

EXERCISE 3.34:

Cervical Vertebra


• From the Select topic menu, select Cervicalvertebra.

• Superior and lateral will be visible in theSelect view menu.



AA

BBCC

EE DD

FF GGHHII

JJ

KK

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89


A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________

C. ____________________________________________

D. ____________________________________________

E. ____________________________________________

F. ____________________________________________

G. ____________________________________________

H. ____________________________________________

I. ____________________________________________

J. ____________________________________________

K. ____________________________________________


Cervical Vertebra

1. Name a characteristic unique to the trans-verse processes of the cervical vertebrae.

2. What structure passes through this openingin C1-C6?

3. What is unique about the spinous process ofmost cervical vertebrae?

4. Which vertebra does not have a spinousprocess?


EXERCISE 3.35:

Atlas (C1 Vertebra)


• From the Select topic menu, select Atlas (C1 vertebra).

• Superior will be visible in the Select viewmenu.


AABB

CCEEDDFFGG

HH IIJJ


A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________

C. ____________________________________________

D. ____________________________________________

E. ____________________________________________

F. ____________________________________________

G. ____________________________________________

H. ____________________________________________

I. ____________________________________________

J. ____________________________________________


Atlas (C1 Vertebra)

1. What is the most posterior structure of theAtlas (C1 vertebra)?

2. What is its function?3. What structure is lacking on the atlas and

coccygeal vertebrae that is present on allother vertebrae?

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90

H. ____________________________________________

I. ____________________________________________

J. ____________________________________________

K. ____________________________________________


Axis (C2 Vertebra)

1. Name a structure unique to the axis.2. What is another name for this structure?3. What does this structure represent?

EXERCISE 3.36:

Axis (C2 Vertebra)


• From the Select topic menu, select Axis (C2 vertebra).

• Posterosuperior will be visible in the Selectview menu.



AA

BB

DDCC

EEFF

GG

KK

HHJJII


A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________

C. ____________________________________________

D. ____________________________________________

E. ____________________________________________

F. ____________________________________________

G. ____________________________________________

EXERCISE 3.37:

Thoracic Vertebra


• From the Select topic menu, select Thoracicvertebra.




AA

BB CC

EEDD FFGG

HH

LL

IIJJ KK

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91


A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________

C. ____________________________________________

D. ____________________________________________

E. ____________________________________________

F. ____________________________________________

G. ____________________________________________

H. ____________________________________________

I. ____________________________________________

J. ____________________________________________

K. ____________________________________________

L. ____________________________________________


Thoracic Vertebra

1. List the characteristic features of thoracicvertebrae.

2. How many thoracic vertebrae do you have?3. Where are they located?


EXERCISE 3.38:

Lumbar Vertebra


• From the Select topic menu, select Lumbarvertebra.



AA

BBCCEE

DDFF

GG

HH

II


A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________

C. ____________________________________________

D. ____________________________________________

E. ____________________________________________

F. ____________________________________________

G. ____________________________________________

H. ____________________________________________

I. ____________________________________________


Lumbar Vertebra

1. List the characteristic features of lumbarvertebrae.

2. How many lumbar vertebrae do you have?3. Where are they located?

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92

EXERCISE 3.39:

Sacrum and Coccyx


• From the Select topic menu, select Sacrumand coccyx.

• Anterior and posterior will be visible in theSelect view menu.




AABB

CCEE

DD

FF


A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________

C. ____________________________________________

D. ____________________________________________

E. ____________________________________________

F. ____________________________________________

AA

CCBB

EE

DD

FF

GGHH

LL

JJII

KK

MM


A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________

C. ____________________________________________

D. ____________________________________________

E. ____________________________________________

F. ____________________________________________

G. ____________________________________________

H. ____________________________________________

I. ____________________________________________

J. ____________________________________________

K. ____________________________________________

L. ____________________________________________

M. ____________________________________________

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93


Sacrum and Coccyx

1. Name the landmark for establishing femalepelvic dimensions.

2. Name the route for injection in caudal epi-dermal anesthesia.

3. Describe the coccyx.

• From the Select region menu, select Thoraciccage.





• Return to the Select region menu, and take theSELF TEST for Vertebral column andAxial skeleton.

• Complete each SELF TEST and save your results.


• From the opening screen for the Skeletal System,or, if you are in the DISSECTION section, click theSELF TEST button at the top of the screen.



The following questions cover the material thatyou just read, the thoracic cage and vertebral col-umn. Apply what you have learned in answering

these questions:

1. Describe the thoracic cage.

2. Define a true rib. How many are there?

3. Define a false rib. How many are there?

4. Define a floating rib. How many are there?

5. Name the different groups of vertebrae. Howmany of each in a typical skeleton?

6. What structure passes through each interverte-bral foramen?

7. Which vertebra has a dens?

8. Which vertebra has no vertebral body?

9. Name a characteristic unique to the transverseprocesses of the cervical vertebrae.

10. What structure passes through this opening inC1-C6?

11. What is unique about the spinous process ofmost cervical vertebrae?

12. Which vertebra does not have a spinous process?

I N R E V I E W

Continued

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dfeldman

Pencil

dfeldman

Text Box

Au: change to appendicular?


94

13. What is the most posterior structure of the Atlas(C1 vertebra)?

14. What is its function?

15. What structure is lacking on the atlas and coccygeal vertebrae that is present on all othervertebrae?

16. Name a structure unique to the axis.

17. What is another name for this structure?

18. What does this structure represent?

19. List the characteristic features of thoracic vertebrae.

20. How many thoracic vertebrae do you have?

21. Where are they located?

22. List the characteristic features of lumbar vertebrae.

23. How many lumbar vertebrae do you have?

24. Where are they located?

25. Name the landmark for establishing femalepelvic dimensions.

26. Name the route for injection in caudal epidermalanesthesia.

27. Describe the coccyx.

• From the Select topic menu, select Shoulderand arm under the Pectoral girdle andupper limb heading.

• From the Select view menu select Anterior.


Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb

EXERCISE 3.40:

Shoulder and Arm, Anterior View


Continued

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95


T. ___________________________________________

U. ___________________________________________

V. ___________________________________________

W. ___________________________________________

X. ___________________________________________

Y. ___________________________________________

Z. ___________________________________________

AA. ___________________________________________

AB. ___________________________________________

AC. ___________________________________________

AD. ___________________________________________

AA BBCCEE

DDFFGG

HHLL

IIJJ

KKMM

NN

OO

UU

XXAAAA

ACAC ADAD

WW

ZZ ABAB

PP

TT

QQ

SSRR

VVYY


A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________

C. ____________________________________________

D. ____________________________________________

E. ____________________________________________

F. ____________________________________________

G. ____________________________________________

H. ____________________________________________

I. ____________________________________________

J. ____________________________________________

K. ____________________________________________

L. ____________________________________________

M. ____________________________________________

N. ____________________________________________

O. ____________________________________________

P. ____________________________________________

Q. ____________________________________________

R. ____________________________________________

S. ____________________________________________

EXERCISE 3.41:

Shoulder and Arm, Posterior View


• From the Select topic menu, select Shoulderand arm, if it is not already selected.

• From the Select view menu select Posterior.



AABB CC

EE DDFF

GGHH

LL

IIJJKK

MMNN

PP

SSTT

QQ

RR

OO

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96


A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________

C. ____________________________________________

D. ____________________________________________

E. ____________________________________________

F. ____________________________________________

G. ____________________________________________

H. ____________________________________________

I. ____________________________________________

J. ____________________________________________

K. ____________________________________________

L. ____________________________________________

M. ____________________________________________

N. ____________________________________________

O. ____________________________________________

P. ____________________________________________

Q. ____________________________________________

R. ____________________________________________

S. ____________________________________________

T. ____________________________________________


Shoulder and Arm

1. Which bony structures form the gleno-humeral joint?

2. How many ribs do you have?3. Both true and false ribs articulate with ______.4. Name the characteristic features of the

scapula.

• From the Select topic menu select Shoulderand arm.


• Anterior-posterior will be visible in theIMAGE TYPE/VIEW panel select.


EXERCISE 3.42:

Imaging—Shoulder and Arm

• From the opening screen for the Skeletal Sys-tem, or, if you are in the DISSECTION section,click the IMAGING button at the top of the screen.


AA

BBCCEE DD FF

GG


A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________

C. ____________________________________________

D. ____________________________________________

E. ____________________________________________

F. ____________________________________________

G. ____________________________________________

EXERCISE 3.43:

Clavicle


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97


• From the Select topic menu, select Clavicle.




AA

BBCC

EE

DD

FF


A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________

C. ____________________________________________

D. ____________________________________________

E. ____________________________________________

F. ____________________________________________

AABB

DD

CC


A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________

C. ____________________________________________

D. ____________________________________________


Clavicle

1. The medial end of the clavicle articulates . . . .2. The lateral end of the clavicle articulates . . . .3. Another name for the clavicle is . . . .

EXERCISE 3.44:

Scapula



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98

• From the Select topic menu, select Scapula.

• Anterior, posterior, and lateral will be vis-ible in the Select view menu.



P. ____________________________________________

Q. ____________________________________________

R. ____________________________________________


AA BBCC

EE

DD

FF

GGHH

LLII

JJ

KK

MM

NN

PPQQ

RR

OO


A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________

C. ____________________________________________

D. ____________________________________________

E. ____________________________________________

F. ____________________________________________

G. ____________________________________________

H. ____________________________________________

I. ____________________________________________

J. ____________________________________________

K. ____________________________________________

L. ____________________________________________

M. ____________________________________________

N. ____________________________________________

O. ____________________________________________

AA BBCC

EEDD

FFGG

HH

LL

IIJJ KK

MM

NN

PP

OO


A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________

C. ____________________________________________

D. ____________________________________________

E. ____________________________________________

F. ____________________________________________

G. ____________________________________________

H. ____________________________________________

I. ____________________________________________

J. ____________________________________________

K. ____________________________________________

L. ____________________________________________

M. ____________________________________________

N. ____________________________________________

O. ____________________________________________

P. ____________________________________________

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99


Scapula

1. Name a landmark for intramuscular injections.2. Name another visible subcutaneous landmark.

E. ____________________________________________

F. ____________________________________________

G. ____________________________________________

H. ____________________________________________

I. ____________________________________________

J. ____________________________________________

K. ____________________________________________

L. ____________________________________________

M. ____________________________________________

N. ____________________________________________

O. ____________________________________________

P. ____________________________________________

Q. ____________________________________________

R. ____________________________________________


EXERCISE 3.45:

Humerus


• From the Select topic menu, select Humerus.




AA BB

CCDDEE

FF

GGHH

IIJJ

KK LL

MMNN

PP

OO

QQ

RR

AABBCC DD

EE

FF

GG

HHII JJ

KKLL

MMNN

PP

OO

QQ RR


A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________

C. ____________________________________________

D. ____________________________________________


A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________

C. ____________________________________________

D. ____________________________________________

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100

E. ____________________________________________

F. ____________________________________________

G. ____________________________________________

H. ____________________________________________

I. ____________________________________________

J. ____________________________________________

K. ____________________________________________

L. ____________________________________________

M. ____________________________________________

N. ____________________________________________

O. ____________________________________________

P. ____________________________________________

Q. ____________________________________________

R. ____________________________________________


Humerus

1. How many necks are on the proximal end ofthe humerus? Where are they located?

2. Which neck is a common site for fractures?3. Why is your elbow referred to as your “funny

bone”?

EXERCISE 3.46:

Forearm and Hand, Anterior View


• From the Select topic menu, select Forearmand hand.




AA

BB

AA AAAA BB

CC

AACC

DD

AADD

EE

AA EE

FF

AAFF

GGHHII

JJ KKLL MM

NNPP

OO QQRU

WX

RSS

TT

UVVW

X

ZZ

YY


A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________

C. ____________________________________________

D. ____________________________________________

E. ____________________________________________

F. ____________________________________________

G. ____________________________________________

H. ____________________________________________

I. ____________________________________________

J. ____________________________________________

K. ____________________________________________

L. ____________________________________________

M. ____________________________________________

N. ____________________________________________

O. ____________________________________________

P. ____________________________________________

Q. ____________________________________________

R. ____________________________________________

S. ____________________________________________

T. ____________________________________________

U. ____________________________________________

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101

V. ___________________________________________

W. ___________________________________________

X. ___________________________________________

Y. ___________________________________________

Z. ___________________________________________

AA. ___________________________________________

AB. ___________________________________________

AC. ___________________________________________

AD. ___________________________________________

AE. ___________________________________________

AF. ___________________________________________


A.____________________________________________

B.____________________________________________

C.____________________________________________

D.____________________________________________

E.____________________________________________

F.____________________________________________

G.____________________________________________

H.____________________________________________

I.____________________________________________

J.____________________________________________

K.____________________________________________

L.____________________________________________

M.____________________________________________

N.____________________________________________

O.____________________________________________

P.____________________________________________

Q.____________________________________________

R.____________________________________________

S.____________________________________________

T.____________________________________________

U.____________________________________________

V.____________________________________________

W.____________________________________________

X.____________________________________________

Y.____________________________________________

Z.____________________________________________

AA.____________________________________________

AB.____________________________________________


Forearm and Hand

1. List the proximal carpal bones from lateral tomedial.

2. List the distal carpal bones from lateral to medial.3. List the phalanges of fingers II through V

from proximal to distal.4. List the phalanges of finger I from proximal

to distal.

EXERCISE 3.47:

Forearm and Hand, Posterior View


• From the Select topic menu, select Forearmand hand, if it is not already selected.




AA

BB

AA AAAABB

CC

DD

EE FFGG

HHII

JJ KKLLMM

NN

PP OOQQ RU W

X

R SSTTU

VV WX

ZZYY

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102

EXERCISE 3.48:

Radius and Ulna


• From the Select topic menu, select Radiusand ulna.




J. ____________________________________________

K. ____________________________________________

L. ____________________________________________

M. ____________________________________________

N. ____________________________________________

O. ____________________________________________

P. ____________________________________________

Q. ____________________________________________

R. ____________________________________________

S. ____________________________________________

T. ____________________________________________


AA BB

CC

DD

EEFF

GGHH

IIJJ

KK

LL

MM

NN

PP

OO

QQ

RR

SSTT


A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________

C. ____________________________________________

D. ____________________________________________

E. ____________________________________________

F. ____________________________________________

G. ____________________________________________

H. ____________________________________________

I. ____________________________________________

AABBCC

DD

EE FFGG

HHII

JJ

KKLL


A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________

C. ____________________________________________

D. ____________________________________________

E. ____________________________________________

F. ____________________________________________

G. ____________________________________________

H. ____________________________________________

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103

I. ____________________________________________

J. ____________________________________________

K. ____________________________________________

L. ____________________________________________


Radius and Ulna

1. Describe the interosseous membrane of theforearm.

2. What structure holds the radio-ulnar joint inplace?

3. Name the distal pointed projection of theradius. Of the ulna?


A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________

C. ____________________________________________

D. ____________________________________________

E. ____________________________________________

F. ____________________________________________

G. ____________________________________________

H. ____________________________________________

I. ____________________________________________

J. ____________________________________________

K. ____________________________________________

L. ____________________________________________

M. ____________________________________________

N. ____________________________________________

O. ____________________________________________

P. ____________________________________________

Q. ____________________________________________

R. ____________________________________________

S. ____________________________________________

T. ____________________________________________

U. ____________________________________________

V. ____________________________________________

W. ____________________________________________

X. ____________________________________________

EXERCISE 3.49:

Wrist and Hand, Anterior View


• From the Select topic menu, select Wrist andhand



• Click LAYER 1 in the LAYER CONTROLSwindow and you will see the following image:

AA BB

CCDDEE

FF

GGHH

II

JJKKLL MM

NNPP

OO

QQ

R

U

W

X

RSSTT

U VV

W

X

EXERCISE 3.50:

Wrist and Hand, Posterior View


• From the Select topic menu, select Wrist andhand, if it is not already selected.



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104


S. ____________________________________________

T. ____________________________________________

U. ____________________________________________

AABB

CC DDEE FF

GGHHIIJJ KK LL

MMNN

PP OO QQ

R

U

RSS

TT

U


A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________

C. ____________________________________________

D. ____________________________________________

E. ____________________________________________

F. ____________________________________________

G. ____________________________________________

H. ____________________________________________

I. ____________________________________________

J. ____________________________________________

K. ____________________________________________

L. ____________________________________________

M. ____________________________________________

N. ____________________________________________

O. ____________________________________________

P. ____________________________________________

Q. ____________________________________________

R. ____________________________________________

AA BB

AA AAAABB

AA AA

AA

AA

CC

CC

DD

DD

EE

EE

FF

FF

GGHH

IIJJKK LL

MM

NN

PP

OO

QQ

R

U

WX

R

SS

TT UVV

WX

ZZYY

EXERCISE 3.51:

Wrist and Hand, Anterior and Posterior View


• From the Select topic menu, select Wrist andhand, if it is not already selected.

• From the Select view menu, select Anteriorand posterior.




A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________

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105

C. ___________________________________________

D. ___________________________________________

E. ___________________________________________

F. ___________________________________________

G. ___________________________________________

H. ___________________________________________

I. ___________________________________________

J. ___________________________________________

K. ___________________________________________

L. ___________________________________________

M. ___________________________________________

N. ___________________________________________

O. ___________________________________________

P. ___________________________________________

Q. ___________________________________________

R. ___________________________________________

S. ___________________________________________

T. ___________________________________________

U. ___________________________________________

V. ___________________________________________

W. ___________________________________________

X. ___________________________________________

Y. ___________________________________________

Z. ___________________________________________

AA. ___________________________________________

AB. ___________________________________________

AC. ___________________________________________

AD. ___________________________________________

AE. ___________________________________________

AF. ___________________________________________


AABB CCDD

EEFF

GG

HH IIJJ KK

LLMM

NN

PP

OO

QQ

RR

SS

TT


A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________

C. ____________________________________________

D. ____________________________________________

E. ____________________________________________

F. ____________________________________________

G. ____________________________________________

H. ____________________________________________

I. ____________________________________________

J. ____________________________________________

K. ____________________________________________

L. ____________________________________________

M. ____________________________________________

N. ____________________________________________

O. ____________________________________________

P. ____________________________________________

Q. ____________________________________________

R. ____________________________________________

S. ____________________________________________

T. ____________________________________________

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106


Wrist and Hand

1. Name the lateral bone of the forearm.2. Name the medial bone of the forearm.3. How are the fingers numbered?


A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________

C. ____________________________________________

D. ____________________________________________

E. ____________________________________________

F. ____________________________________________

G. ____________________________________________

• Click the Select view menu drop-down box inthe IMAGE TYPE/VIEW panel.

• From the Select view menu, select Posterior-anterior.


EXERCISE 3.52:

Imaging—Wrist and Hand

• From the opening screen for the Skeletal Sys-tem, or, if you are in the DISSECTION section,click the IMAGING button at the top of thescreen.


• From the Select topic menu select Wrist andhand.


• From the Select view menu in the IMAGETYPE/VIEW panel select Anterior-posterior.


AA

BB

CC DD

EE

FFGG

AA

BB

CC DD

EEFF GGHH II

JJ

KK

LLMM

NNPPOO

QQ


A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________

C. ____________________________________________

D. ____________________________________________

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107

E. ____________________________________________

F. ____________________________________________

G. ____________________________________________

H. ____________________________________________

I. ____________________________________________

J. ____________________________________________

K. ____________________________________________

L. ____________________________________________

M. ____________________________________________

N. ____________________________________________

O. ____________________________________________

P. ____________________________________________

Q. ____________________________________________


• From the opening screen for the Skeletal Sys-tem, or, if you are in the DISSECTION section,

click the SELF TEST button at the top of thescreen.


• From the Select region menu, select Upperlimb.





• Complete the SELF TEST, and save your results.


The following questions cover the material thatyou just learned: the pectoral girdle and upperlimb. Apply what you have learned in answering

these questions:

1. Which bony structures form the glenohumeraljoint?

2. Name the characteristic features of the scapula.

3. The lateral end of the clavicle articulates ______.

4. Name a landmark of the scapula for intramuscu-lar injections.

5. Name another visible subcutaneous landmark ofthe scapula.

6. How many necks are on the proximal end of thehumerus? Where are they located?

7. Which neck is a common site for fractures?

8. Why is your elbow referred to as your “funnybone”?

I N R E V I E W

Continued

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108

9. List the proximal carpal bones from lateral tomedial.

10. List the distal carpal bones from lateral tomedial.

11. List the phalanges of fingers II through V fromproximal to distal.

12. List the phalanges of finger I from proximal todistal.

13. Describe the interosseous membrane of theforearm.

14. What structure holds the radio-ulnar joint inplace?

15. Name the distal pointed projection of the radius.Of the ulna?

16. Name the lateral bone of the forearm.

17. Name the medial bone of the forearm.

18. Name the bones and the bony structures thatform the shoulder joint.

19. Name the wrist bone with a prominent hook(hamulus).

20. What term describes a bone embedded in a ten-don? Which wrist bone is embedded in a ten-don? Which tendon?

21. Name the prominent ridge on the posteriorscapula.

22. Name the eight wrist bones.

Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb

EXERCISE 3.53:

Hip and Thigh, Anterior View



• From the Select topic menu, select Hip andthigh under the Pelvic girdle and lowerlimb heading.



Continued

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109


S.____________________________________________

T.____________________________________________

U.____________________________________________

V.____________________________________________

W.____________________________________________

X.____________________________________________

Y.____________________________________________

Z.____________________________________________

AA.____________________________________________

AA BB

AA AA

CCDD EEFF

GGHH

IIJJ

KK LL

MM

NNPPOO QQ

R

U WX

R

SS

TT

UVV

WX

ZZYY


A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________

C. ____________________________________________

D. ____________________________________________

E. ____________________________________________

F. ____________________________________________

G. ____________________________________________

H. ____________________________________________

I. ____________________________________________

J. ____________________________________________

K. ____________________________________________

L. ____________________________________________

M. ____________________________________________

N. ____________________________________________

O. ____________________________________________

P. ____________________________________________

Q. ____________________________________________

R. ____________________________________________

EXERCISE 3.54:

Hip and Thigh, Posterior View


• From the Select topic menu, select Hip andthigh, if it is not already selected.




AA BBCCDD

EEFF

GG HHII

JJKK

LLMM

NNPP

OO

QQ

R

U

R

SS TTUVV

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110


A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________

C. ____________________________________________

D. ____________________________________________

E. ____________________________________________

F. ____________________________________________

G. ____________________________________________

H. ____________________________________________

I. ____________________________________________

J. ____________________________________________

K. ____________________________________________

L. ____________________________________________

M. ____________________________________________

N. ____________________________________________

O. ____________________________________________

P. ____________________________________________

Q. ____________________________________________

R. ____________________________________________

S. ____________________________________________

T. ____________________________________________

U. ____________________________________________

V. ____________________________________________


Hip and Thigh

1. Describe the patella.2. Describe the sacrum.3. Name the enlarged distal ends of the femur.

• From the Select topic menu, select Pelvis.

• Superior will be visible in the Select viewmenu.



EXERCISE 3.55:

Pelvis


AABB

CCDDEE

FF GG HH

IIJJ KK

LLMM NN

PP OO

QQRR


A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________

C. ____________________________________________

D. ____________________________________________

E. ____________________________________________

F. ____________________________________________

G. ____________________________________________

H. ____________________________________________

I. ____________________________________________

J. ____________________________________________

K. ____________________________________________

L. ____________________________________________

M. ____________________________________________

N. ____________________________________________

O. ____________________________________________

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P. ____________________________________________

Q. ____________________________________________

R. ____________________________________________


Pelvis

1. Name the synovial joint between the sacrumand the ilium.

2. How much movement does this joint allow?Why?

3. Name the landmark for administering anes-thetic during childbirth.


A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________

C. ____________________________________________

D. ____________________________________________

E. ____________________________________________

F. ____________________________________________

G. ____________________________________________

H. ____________________________________________

I. ____________________________________________

J. ____________________________________________

K. ____________________________________________

L. ____________________________________________

M. ____________________________________________

N. ____________________________________________


EXERCISE 3.56:

Pelvic Girdle—Female


• From the Select topic menu, select Pelvicgirdle—female.




AA BBCC

DDEEFFGG

HHII

JJ KKLL MMNN

AA

BB CCDDEE

FFGGHHII JJ KK

LLMMNNPP OO

QQR

U

WX

RSS

TTUVV

WX


A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________

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112

C. ____________________________________________

D. ____________________________________________

E. ____________________________________________

F. ____________________________________________

G. ____________________________________________

H. ____________________________________________

I. ____________________________________________

J. ____________________________________________

K. ____________________________________________

L. ____________________________________________

M. ____________________________________________

N. ____________________________________________

O. ____________________________________________

P. ____________________________________________

Q. ____________________________________________

R. ____________________________________________

S. ____________________________________________

T. ____________________________________________

U. ____________________________________________

V. ____________________________________________

W. ____________________________________________

X. ____________________________________________


Pelvic Girdle—Female

1. In the pregnant female, what events occurwith the pubic symphysis?

2. Describe the subpubic angle.3. The subpubic angle in females is usually

_________ degrees.

• From the Select topic menu, select Pelvicgirdle—male.




EXERCISE 3.57:

Pelvic Girdle—Male


AABB CC

DDEEFF

GG

HHII

JJKK

LLMM NN


A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________

C. ____________________________________________

D. ____________________________________________

E. ____________________________________________

F. ____________________________________________

G. ____________________________________________

H. ____________________________________________

I. ____________________________________________

J. ____________________________________________

K. ____________________________________________

L. ____________________________________________

M. ____________________________________________

N. ____________________________________________

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O. ____________________________________________

P. ____________________________________________

Q. ____________________________________________

R. ____________________________________________

S. ____________________________________________

T. ____________________________________________

U. ____________________________________________

V. ____________________________________________

W. ____________________________________________

X. ____________________________________________


Pelvic Girdle—Male

1. Describe the difference between the male andfemale obturator foramena.

2. What structures are found in the right iliacfossa? The left iliac fossa?

3. The subpubic angle in males is usually_________ degrees.

AA

BB CCDDEEFF GG

HH IIJJ KK LL

MMNNPP

OO

QQ RU

WX

RSSTTU

VV WX


A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________

C. ____________________________________________

D. ____________________________________________

E. ____________________________________________

F. ____________________________________________

G. ____________________________________________

H. ____________________________________________

I. ____________________________________________

J. ____________________________________________

K. ____________________________________________

L. ____________________________________________

M. ____________________________________________

N. ____________________________________________

EXERCISE 3.58:

Hip Bone

• From the opening screen for the SkeletonSystem, click the DISSECTION button on themenu at the top of the screen. Or, if you are inthe DISSECTION section, click theCHANGE TOPIC/VIEW button at the top of the screen.

• From the Select topic menu, select Hip bone.



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114


A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________

C. ____________________________________________

D. ____________________________________________

E. ____________________________________________

F. ____________________________________________

G. ____________________________________________

H. ____________________________________________

I. ____________________________________________

J. ____________________________________________

K. ____________________________________________

L. ____________________________________________

M. ____________________________________________

N. ____________________________________________

O. ____________________________________________

P. ____________________________________________

Q. ____________________________________________

R. ____________________________________________

S. ____________________________________________

T. ____________________________________________

U. ____________________________________________

V. ____________________________________________


AA

BB CCDD

EE

FFGG HH

II JJKKLLMM

NN

PPOO

QQR

U

W X

RSSTT

UVV

W X

ZZ YY

AA BBCC

DDEE

FFGGHH

IIJJKK

LL MMNNPPOO

QQR

U

RSS

TT

U

VV


A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________

C. ____________________________________________

D. ____________________________________________

E. ____________________________________________

F. ____________________________________________

G. ____________________________________________

H. ____________________________________________

I. ____________________________________________

J. ____________________________________________

K. ____________________________________________


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L. ____________________________________________

M. ____________________________________________

N. ____________________________________________

O. ____________________________________________

P. ____________________________________________

Q. ____________________________________________

R. ____________________________________________

S. ____________________________________________

T. ____________________________________________

U. ____________________________________________

V. ____________________________________________

W. ____________________________________________

X. ____________________________________________

Y. ____________________________________________

Z. ____________________________________________


Hip Bone

1. Describe the acetabulum.2. Name a hip landmark for intramuscular

injections.3. Name a hip landmark for administering anes-

thetic during childbirth.

EXERCISE 3.59:

Femur


• From the Select topic menu, select Femur.




AABBCCDD

EE FF

GG

HH

II

JJKKLLMM

NN

PPOO

QQ

RR

SSTT


A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________

C. ____________________________________________

D. ____________________________________________

E. ____________________________________________

F. ____________________________________________

G. ____________________________________________

H. ____________________________________________

I. ____________________________________________

J. ____________________________________________

K. ____________________________________________

L. ____________________________________________

M. ____________________________________________

N. ____________________________________________

O. ____________________________________________

P. ____________________________________________

Q. ____________________________________________

R. ____________________________________________

S. ____________________________________________

T. ____________________________________________

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T. ____________________________________________

U. ____________________________________________


Femur

1. Name a common site of femur fractures, espe-cially in the elderly.

2. What correlation exists between the length ofthe femur and body height?

3. Name the central depression of the head ofthe femur.

AABB

CC

DD

EE

FFGG

HH IIJJ

KKLL

MM

NNPP

OO

QQRU

RSSTT

U


A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________

C. ____________________________________________

D. ____________________________________________

E. ____________________________________________

F. ____________________________________________

G. ____________________________________________

H. ____________________________________________

I. ____________________________________________

J. ____________________________________________

K. ____________________________________________

L. ____________________________________________

M. ____________________________________________

N. ____________________________________________

O. ____________________________________________

P. ____________________________________________

Q. ____________________________________________

R. ____________________________________________

S. ____________________________________________

EXERCISE 3.60:

Patella


• From the Select topic menu, select Patella.




AA

BB

CC

DD

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117


A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________

C. ____________________________________________

D. ____________________________________________


Patella

1. Describe the location of the patella.2. What structures form the knee joint?3. What affect does the patella have on the ten-

don of the quadriceps femoris muscle?


A. ___________________________________________

B. ___________________________________________

C. ___________________________________________

D. ___________________________________________

E. ___________________________________________

F. ___________________________________________

G. ___________________________________________

H. ___________________________________________

I. ___________________________________________

J. ___________________________________________

K. ___________________________________________

L. ___________________________________________

M. ___________________________________________

N. ___________________________________________

O. ___________________________________________

P. ___________________________________________

Q. ___________________________________________

R. ___________________________________________

S. ___________________________________________

T. ___________________________________________

U. ___________________________________________

V. ___________________________________________

W. ___________________________________________

X. ___________________________________________

Y. ___________________________________________

Z. ___________________________________________

AA. ___________________________________________

AB. ___________________________________________

AC. ___________________________________________

EXERCISE 3.61:

Leg and Foot, Anterior View


• From the Select topic menu, select Leg and foot.




AABB

AA AAAABB

AA

CC

CC

DDEEFF

GGHH

IIJJ

KKLL MMNNPPOO

QQR

UW

X

RSS TT

UVV

WX ZZYY

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H. ____________________________________________

I. ____________________________________________

J. ____________________________________________

K. ____________________________________________

L. ____________________________________________

M. ____________________________________________

N. ____________________________________________

O. ____________________________________________

P. ____________________________________________

Q. ____________________________________________

R. ____________________________________________

S. ____________________________________________

T. ____________________________________________

U. ____________________________________________


Leg and Foot

1. What bone forms the connecting linkbetween the foot and the leg?

2. What bone contributes to the knee and anklejoints?

3. Name the largest tarsal bone. Where is itlocated?

AABB

CCDD

EE FF

GGHH

II

JJ KK

LL MMNN

PPOO

QQR UR SS TT U


A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________

C. ____________________________________________

D. ____________________________________________

E. ____________________________________________

F. ____________________________________________

G. ____________________________________________

EXERCISE 3.63:

Tibia and Fibula


• From the Select topic menu, select Tibia andfibula.



EXERCISE 3.62:

Leg and Foot, Posterior View


• From the Select topic menu, select Leg andfoot, if it is not already selected.




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119



AABB CC

DD EE

FFGGHH

II

JJ

KK

LL

MM NN

PP

OO

QQ

RR


A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________

C. ____________________________________________

D. ____________________________________________

E. ____________________________________________

F. ____________________________________________

G. ____________________________________________

H. ____________________________________________

I. ____________________________________________

J. ____________________________________________

K. ____________________________________________

L. ____________________________________________

M. ____________________________________________

N. ____________________________________________

O. ____________________________________________

P. ____________________________________________

Q. ____________________________________________

R. ____________________________________________

AA BB

DDCC II

JJKK

LL

EE

FF MMGGNN

HH

PPOO

QQ


A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________

C. ____________________________________________

D. ____________________________________________

E. ____________________________________________

F. ____________________________________________

G. ____________________________________________

H. ____________________________________________

I. ____________________________________________

J. ____________________________________________

K. ____________________________________________

L. ____________________________________________

M. ____________________________________________

N. ____________________________________________

O. ____________________________________________

P. ____________________________________________

Q. ____________________________________________

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Tibia and Fibula

1. What structure on the tibia contributes to theankle joint?

2. What structure on the fibula contributes tothe ankle joint?

3. What is unique about the anterior shaft ofthe tibia?


A. ___________________________________________

B. ___________________________________________

C. ___________________________________________

D. ___________________________________________

E. ___________________________________________

F. ___________________________________________

G. ___________________________________________

H. ___________________________________________

I. ___________________________________________

J. ___________________________________________

K. ___________________________________________

L. ___________________________________________

M. ___________________________________________

N. ___________________________________________

O. ___________________________________________

P. ___________________________________________

Q. ___________________________________________

R. ___________________________________________

S. ___________________________________________

T. ___________________________________________

U. ___________________________________________

V. ___________________________________________

W. ___________________________________________

X. ___________________________________________

Y. ___________________________________________

Z. ___________________________________________

AA. ___________________________________________

AB. ___________________________________________

AC. ___________________________________________

AD. ___________________________________________

AE. ___________________________________________

EXERCISE 3.64:

Ankle and Foot


• From the Select topic menu, select Ankle andfoot.




AA LL MMBB NNCCOO

QQ

PP

WW

DD EE

GG

KK

ACAC

RR

SSTT

FFUU

ADAD

AAAA

XXYY

HH

II

AEAE

ZZ

ABABJJ

VV

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S. ___________________________________________

T. ___________________________________________

U. ___________________________________________

V. ___________________________________________

W. ___________________________________________

X. ___________________________________________

Y. ___________________________________________

Z. ___________________________________________

AA. ___________________________________________

AB. ___________________________________________

AC. ___________________________________________


Ankle and Foot

1. Name the structure commonly called the“ball of the foot”.

2. Name the structures that are the surface con-tact points on the plantar foot.

3. List three common names for digit I of thefoot.


• From the opening screen for the SkeletalSystem, or, if you are in the DISSECTIONsection, click the SELF TEST button at the top ofthe screen.

• From the Select test topic menu, select Skeleton.

• From the Select region menu, select Lowerlimb.





• After completing the SELF TEST and saving yourresults, click the Select region menu, selectAppendicular skeleton.

QQAA RR

BBCC SS

TTDD UU

EEGG

FF

XX

VV

MM

II

WW

HH JJ

OO

KK

ZZ

ACAC

YY

LLNN

AAAAPP ABAB


A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________

C. ____________________________________________

D. ____________________________________________

E. ____________________________________________

F. ____________________________________________

G. ____________________________________________

H. ____________________________________________

I. ____________________________________________

J. ____________________________________________

K. ____________________________________________

L. ____________________________________________

M. ____________________________________________

N. ____________________________________________

O. ____________________________________________

P. ____________________________________________

Q. ____________________________________________

R. ____________________________________________

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122





• Complete the SELF TEST, and save your results.


The following questions cover the material thatyou have just learned: the pelvic girdle andlower limb. Apply what you have learned in

answering these questions:

1. Where on the femur does the lateral collateralligament attach?

2. How many tarsal bones are there on each foot?Name them.

3. The head of which bone is commonly referred toas the “ball of the foot”?

4. Name the small bones of the toes. How many ofthese bones make up each toe?

5. Name the two enlargement of the distal femur.What structures do they articulate with?

6. Describe the patella.

7. Describe the sacrum.

8. Name the synovial joint between the sacrum andthe ilium.

9. How much movement does this joint allow?Why?

10. Name the landmark for administering anestheticduring childbirth.

11. In the pregnant female, what events occur withthe pubic symphysis?

12. The subpubic angle in females is usually_________________ degrees.

13. The subpubic angle in males is usually_________________ degrees.

14. Describe the difference between the male andfemale obturator foramena.

15. Name a hip landmark for intramuscular injections.

16. Name a hip landmark for administering anes-thetic during childbirth.

17. Name a common site of femur fractures, espe-cially in the elderly.

I N R E V I E W

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Animation: Synovial Joint• From the opening screen for the Skeletal

System, or, if you are in the DISSECTIONsection, click the ANIMATIONS button at thetop of the screen.

• From the Select animation menu, selectSynovial joint.


• After viewing the animation, answer thesequestions:

1. A joint is . . . .

2. What is the most common type of joint?

3. How many types of synovial joints are foundin the body? What distinguishes each onefrom the others?

4. Which type of synovial joint allows the mostmobility? Give an example.

5. Which type of synovial joint allows the leastmobility? Give an example.

6. A typical synovial joint is characterized by . . . .

7. Describe the joint capsule.

18. What correlation exists between the length ofthe femur and body height?

19. Name the central depression of the head of thefemur.

20. What structures form the knee joint?

21. What bone forms the connecting link betweenthe foot and the leg?

22. What bone contributes to the knee and anklejoints?

23. Name the largest tarsal bone. Where is it located?

24. What structure on the tibia contributes to theankle joint?

25. What structure on the fibula contributes to theankle joint?

H E A D S U P !

With the study of the joints, or articulations, we

can tie together the concepts that you have

learned in the Skeletal System and integrate

them with those you will learn in the next

chapter – the Muscular System. With this in

mind, you will want to refer back to this section

of the Skeletal System while you are working on

the Muscular System.

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124

8. What is synovial fluid? Where is it produced?

9. What tissue covers the surface of adjoiningbones? What is its function?

10. What is the function of the meniscus of theknee joint?

11. What is the function of bursae?


A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________


EXERCISE 3.65:

Temporomandibular Joint

• From the opening screen for the SkeletalSystem, or from the Skeletal SystemAnimations Screen, click the DISSECTIONbutton on the menu at the top of the screen.

• From the Select topic menu, select Temporo-mandibular joint under the Joints heading.

• Lateral will be visible in the Select viewmenu.



AABB

AA BB

CC DDEE

FFGG

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125


A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________

C. ____________________________________________

D. ____________________________________________

E. ____________________________________________

F. ____________________________________________

G. ____________________________________________


I. ____________________________________________

J. ____________________________________________


AABB

CC

DD

GGHH

II

JJ

EE

FF


A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________

C. ____________________________________________

Non-Skeletal System Structures (blue pins)

D. ____________________________________________

E. ____________________________________________

F. ____________________________________________

G. ____________________________________________

H. ____________________________________________

AABBCC

LL

NN

DDEE

FF

HH

GG

JJ

II

KKMM OO

PP


A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________

C. ____________________________________________

D. ____________________________________________

E. ____________________________________________

F. ____________________________________________

G. ____________________________________________


H. ____________________________________________

I. ____________________________________________

J. ____________________________________________

K. ____________________________________________

L. ____________________________________________

M. ____________________________________________

N. ____________________________________________

O. ____________________________________________

P. ____________________________________________

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Temporomandibular Joint

1. Name the structure that encloses the temporomandibular joint.

2. What is the function of the synovial membrane?

3. What is the function of the lateral ligamentof the temporomandibular joint?

4. What is the cause of “jaw clicking”?5. What is the location of the articular disk of

the temporomandibular joint?

AAJJ

BB CCII

DD

EE

FFGG

HH

KKLL

MMPP

NN

QQ

OO


A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________

C. ____________________________________________

D. ____________________________________________

E. ____________________________________________


F. ____________________________________________

G. ____________________________________________

H. ____________________________________________

I. ____________________________________________

J. ____________________________________________

K. ____________________________________________

L. ____________________________________________

M. ____________________________________________

N. ____________________________________________

O. ____________________________________________

P. ____________________________________________

Q. ____________________________________________

EXERCISE 3.66:

Glenohumeral (Shoulder) Joint


• From the Select topic menu, select Gleno-humeral (shoulder) joint.




AABB

CC

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A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________

C. ____________________________________________



AABB

EE

FF

CC

DD

GG


A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________


C. ____________________________________________

D. ____________________________________________

E. ____________________________________________

F. ____________________________________________

G. ____________________________________________

AABBCC DD

EEFF

GG

HH

IIJJ

KKLLMM


A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________

C. ____________________________________________

D. ____________________________________________

E. ____________________________________________

F. ____________________________________________

G. ____________________________________________


H. ____________________________________________

I. ____________________________________________

J. ____________________________________________

K. ____________________________________________

L. ____________________________________________

M. ____________________________________________

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AABB

EECC DD

FF

GG

HH

II

JJKK

LL

MM


A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________

C. ____________________________________________

D. ____________________________________________

E. ____________________________________________

F. ____________________________________________

G. ____________________________________________


H. ____________________________________________

I. ____________________________________________

J. ____________________________________________

K. ____________________________________________

L. ____________________________________________

M. ____________________________________________

AABB

CC EEFF

DD

GG

HH

II


A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________

C. ____________________________________________

D. ____________________________________________

E. ____________________________________________

F. ____________________________________________

G. ____________________________________________


H. ____________________________________________

I. ____________________________________________

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Glenohumeral (Shoulder) Joint

1. Name the structure enclosing the acromio-clavicular joint.

2. What is the function of the coracohumeralligament?

3. What is the function of the coracoclavicularligament?

4. What is the result of a torn coracoclavicularligament?

5. Name the tough, fibrous envelope of theglenohumeral joint.

AA BB

AABB

CCDD

EE FFGG

HH IIJJ

KK

MMLL


A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________

C. ____________________________________________

D. ____________________________________________

E. ____________________________________________

F. ____________________________________________

G. ____________________________________________

H. ____________________________________________

I. ____________________________________________

J. ____________________________________________

K. ____________________________________________

L. ____________________________________________

M. ____________________________________________

EXERCISE 3.67:

Elbow Joint


• From the Select topic menu, select Elbowjoint.




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130


A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________



AA

BB

DD

FF

II

KKJJ

GG

CC

EE

HH


A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________

C. ____________________________________________

D. ____________________________________________

E. ____________________________________________

F. ____________________________________________

G. ____________________________________________

H. ____________________________________________

I. ____________________________________________

J. ____________________________________________

K. ____________________________________________

AA

BB CCDD

FFEEGG

HHIIJJ KK LL

MMNN

PP

OO


A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________

C. ____________________________________________

D. ____________________________________________

E. ____________________________________________

F. ____________________________________________

G. ____________________________________________

H. ____________________________________________

I. ____________________________________________

J. ____________________________________________

K. ____________________________________________

L. ____________________________________________

M. ____________________________________________

N. ____________________________________________

O. ____________________________________________

P. ____________________________________________

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AA

BB CCDD

EEFFGG

HH

IIJJ


A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________

C. ____________________________________________

D. ____________________________________________


E. ____________________________________________

F. ____________________________________________

G. ____________________________________________

H. ____________________________________________

I. ____________________________________________

J. ____________________________________________

AA

BBCC DDEE

FF GGHH IIJJ

KK

LL


A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________

C. ____________________________________________

D. ____________________________________________

E. ____________________________________________

F. ____________________________________________

G. ____________________________________________

H. ____________________________________________

I. ____________________________________________

J. ____________________________________________

K. ____________________________________________

L. ____________________________________________


Elbow Joint

1. Name the structure that encloses the elbow joint.2. What is the function of the radial collateral ligament?3. What is the function of the ulnar collateral ligament?4. What is the function of the anular ligament of the radius?5. Name the bones associated with the elbow joint.

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132


A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________

C. ____________________________________________

• Click LAYER 2 in the LAYER CONTROLSwindow, and you will see the image at the top of the next column:

EXERCISE 3.68:

Knee Joint, Anterior View


• From the Select topic menu, select Kneejoint.




AA

BB

CC

AA

BB

• Mouse-over the green pin on the screen to find theinformation necessary to identify the followingstructures:

A. ____________________________________________

Non-Skeletal System Structures (blue pin)

B. ____________________________________________


AA

BB CC

DD

EEFF

GG

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A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________

C. ____________________________________________

D. ____________________________________________

E. ____________________________________________

F. ____________________________________________

G. ____________________________________________



AA

BB

CCEEDD

FFGG HH

II

JJ


A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________

C. ____________________________________________

D. ____________________________________________

E. ____________________________________________

F. ____________________________________________

G. ____________________________________________

H. ____________________________________________

I. ____________________________________________

J. ____________________________________________

AA

BBCCDD

GGHH

EE

FF

II JJKK LL

MM

NN


A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________

C. ____________________________________________

D. ____________________________________________

E. ____________________________________________

F. ____________________________________________

G. ____________________________________________

H. ____________________________________________

I. ____________________________________________

J. ____________________________________________

K. ____________________________________________

L. ____________________________________________

M. ____________________________________________

N. ____________________________________________

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134


A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________

C. ____________________________________________

D. ____________________________________________


E. ____________________________________________

F. ____________________________________________

G. ____________________________________________

H. ____________________________________________

I. ____________________________________________

J. ____________________________________________

K. ____________________________________________

AA

• Mouse-over the pin on the screen to find theinformation necessary to identify the followingstructure:

A. ____________________________________________

EXERCISE 3.69:

Knee Joint, Posterior View


• From the Select topic menu, select Kneejoint, if it is not already selected.




AA

BB CC

DD

JJ

EE

FF

HHII

KK

GG


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AA BB CCDD

EE HH

FF II

KK LLMM

NN

JJ

GG


A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________

C. ____________________________________________

D. ____________________________________________

E. ____________________________________________

F. ____________________________________________

G. ____________________________________________

H. ____________________________________________

I. ____________________________________________


J. ____________________________________________

K. ____________________________________________

L. ____________________________________________

M. ____________________________________________

N. ____________________________________________

AABB

CCDD EE

FFGG


A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________

C. ____________________________________________

D. ____________________________________________

E. ____________________________________________

F. ____________________________________________

G. ____________________________________________


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• Click LAYER 5 in the LAYER CONTROLSwindow and you will see the following image: C H E C K P O I N T :

Knee Joint

1. Name the structures that make up the“unhappy triad.”

2. Why are these structures referred to as the“unhappy triad”?

3. Name a ligament absent in approximately 40 percent of knees.

4. What is the function of the anterior cruciateligament?

5. What is the function of the posterior cruciateligament?

AA

BB

CC DDEE

FFHHII

KK

LLMM

JJGG


A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________

C. ____________________________________________

D. ____________________________________________

E. ____________________________________________

F. ____________________________________________

G. ____________________________________________

H. ____________________________________________

I. ____________________________________________

J. ____________________________________________

K. ____________________________________________

L. ____________________________________________

M. ____________________________________________

EXERCISE 3.70:

Ankle Joint, Lateral View


• From the Select topic menu, select Anklejoint.




AA BB

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A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________


AAGGBB

CC DDEEFF

IIHH


A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________


C. ____________________________________________

D. ____________________________________________

E. ____________________________________________

F. ____________________________________________

G. ____________________________________________

H. ____________________________________________

I. ____________________________________________

• Click LAYER 3 in the LAYER CONTROLSwindow, and you will see the image at the top of the next column:

AA BBCCDD

EE

FF


A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________

C. ____________________________________________

D. ____________________________________________

E. ____________________________________________

F. ____________________________________________


AABB

CCDD

EEFFGG

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A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________


C. ____________________________________________

D. ____________________________________________

E. ____________________________________________

F. ____________________________________________

G. ____________________________________________


H. ____________________________________________

I. ____________________________________________

J. ____________________________________________

K. ____________________________________________

L. ____________________________________________

M. ____________________________________________

N. ____________________________________________

AABB

CC

DDGG

EEFF

HHII KK LL

MMNNJJ


A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________

C. ____________________________________________

D. ____________________________________________

E. ____________________________________________

F. ____________________________________________

G. ____________________________________________

EXERCISE 3.71:

Ankle Joint, Medial View


• From the Select topic menu, select Anklejoint, if it is not already selected.

• From the Select view menu, select Medial.



AA

• Mouse-over the pin on the screen to find the infor-mation necessary to identify the following structure:

A. ____________________________________________

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139



A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________

C. ____________________________________________

D. ____________________________________________

E. ____________________________________________

F. ____________________________________________


AA

BB

CC

• Mouse-over the green pin on the screen to find theinformation necessary to identify the followingstructures:

A. ____________________________________________


B. ____________________________________________

C. ____________________________________________


AABB

CCDDEE FF

AABB

CCDD


A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________


C. ____________________________________________

D. ____________________________________________

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dfeldman

Pencil

dfeldman

Text Box

Au: Plural okay?


140


AA

BBCC

DD EE FFHHIIKK

LLMM

JJGG


A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________

C. ____________________________________________

D. ____________________________________________

E. ____________________________________________

F. ____________________________________________

G. ____________________________________________

H. ____________________________________________

I. ____________________________________________

J. ____________________________________________

K. ____________________________________________

L. ____________________________________________

M. ____________________________________________


Ankle Joint

1. Name the strongest tendon of the body. Whyis it considered the strongest?

2. What is the extensor retinaculum of the foot?What is its function?

3. What is the function of the lateral ligamentof the ankle?

4. What is the flexor retinaculum of the foot?What is its function?

5. What is the function of the medial (deltoid)ligament of the ankle?


• From the opening screen for the Skeletal System,or, if you are in the DISSECTION section, click theSELF TEST button at the top of the screen.


• From the Select region menu, select Joints.





• After completing the SELF TEST and saving yourresults, click the Select test topic menu, selectAnimation.

• From the Select animation menu, selectSynovial joint.

• Multiple choice is visible in the Select testtype menu.

• ALL is visible in the Select number of ques-tions menu.


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The following questions cover the material thatyou have just learned: joints. Apply what youhave learned in answering these questions:

1. Name the structure that encloses the temporo-mandibular joint.

2. What is the function of the synovial membrane?

3. What is the cause of “jaw clicking”?

4. Name the structure enclosing the acromioclavic-ular joint.

5. What is the result of a torn coracoclavicularligament?

6. Name the tough, fibrous envelope of the gleno-humeral joint.

7. Name the structure that encloses the elbow joint.

8. Name the bones associated with the elbow joint.

9. Name the structures that make up the “unhappytriad.”

10. Name a ligament absent in approximately 40 percent of knees.

11. What is the function of the anterior cruciateligament?

12. What is the function of the posterior cruciateligament?

13. Name the strongest tendon of the body. Why isit considered the strongest?

14. What is the extensor retinaculum of the foot?What is its function?

I N R E V I E W

AABB

CC

DD

EE

EXERCISE 3.72:

Histology—Elastic Cartilage

• From the opening screen for the SkeletalSystem or, if you are in the DISSECTIONsection, click the HISTOLOGY button at the topof the screen.

• From the Select topic menu select Elasticcartilage.


• Click the TURN TAGS ON button, and you willsee the image to the right:

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A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________

C. ____________________________________________

D. ____________________________________________

E. ____________________________________________

EXERCISE 3.73:

Histology—Fibrous Cartilage

• Click the CHANGE TOPIC button in theCURRENT TOPIC window.

• From the Select topic menu select Fibrouscartilage.



AA

BB


A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________

EXERCISE 3.74:

Histology—Hyaline Cartilage


• From the Select topic menu select Hyalinecartilage.



AABB CC

DD

EE


A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________

C. ____________________________________________

D. ____________________________________________

E. ____________________________________________

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A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________

C. ____________________________________________

D. ____________________________________________

E. ____________________________________________

F. ____________________________________________

EXERCISE 3.75:

Histology—Compact Bone


• From the Select topic menu select Compactbone.


• From the Select magnification menu selectLow magnification.


AABBCC DD


A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________

C. ____________________________________________

D. ____________________________________________

• From the Select magnification menu selectHigh magnification.

AABB

CCDD

EE

FF

EXERCISE 3.76:

Histology—Cancellous Bone


• From the Select topic menu select Cancellousbone.



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A. ____________________________________________

B. ____________________________________________

C. ____________________________________________


• From the opening screen for the SkeletalSystem, or, if you are in the DISSECTIONsection, click the SELF TEST button at the top ofthe screen.

• From the Select test topic menu, selectHistology.



AA

BB

CC


The following questions cover the material thatyou have just learned: histology. Apply what youhave learned in answering these questions:

1. Name the outer layer of most cartilage.

2. Give four examples of elastic cartilage.

3. What are lacunae? What are contained withinthe lacunae?

4. Give four examples of fibrous cartilage.

5. What is the function of the chondrogenic layerof the perichondrium?

6. Describe an osteon.

7. Describe a perforating canal.

8. Interstitial lamellae result from_________________.

9. What component of bone tissue is essential tobone nutrition, growth, and repair?

10. What are trabeculae?

I N R E V I E W

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