MS. K. GOWRI. M.PHARM.,

LECTURER.

CHAPTER VPDL 101 HUMAN ANATOMY &

PHYSIOLOGY

BLOOD It is a connective tissue

It is the connection between the cells of different parts of the body and the external environment eg,It carries

1. Oxygen from the lungs to the tissue and carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs for excretion

2. Inorganic salts ;NaCl,NaHCO3,K,Mgphosphate etc

3. Nutrients like monosaccharides, amino acids ,fatty acids

4. Hormones

5. Enzymes e.g.certain clotting factors

6. Gases e.g. oxygen CO2,N2

PLASMA PROTEINS

Which makes up about 7%of plasma ,are normally retained in blood

Create osmotic pressures of blood

ALBUMINS

Its formed in liver

Maintains normal plasma osmotic pressure

Act as carrier for lipid and steroid hormones

GLOBULINS

As antibodies (immunoglobulins),they binds to and neutralize,foreign materials such as micro-organisms

Transportation of some hormones and mineral salts,e.g.thyroglobulin carriers the hormone thyroxine and transferrin carriers the mineral iron

Inhibition of some proteolytic enzymes e.g.alpha 2macroglobulin inhibits trypsin activity

CLOTTING FACTORS

Coagulation of blood serum is plasma from which clotting factors have been removed

FIBRINOGEN: synthesized in the liver and is essential for blood coagulation

Viscosity due to plasma proteins ,mainly albumin and fibrinogen

INORGANIC SALTS

Involved in wide variety of activities ,including cell formation ,contraction of muscles

Transmission of nerve impulse

Maintenance of balance between acids and alkali

Measured in hydrogen ion concentration

NUTRIENTS

Digested in alimentory canal and resultants nutrients are absorbed

E.g.monosaccharides ,amino acids,fatty acids,glycerol and vitamins

ORGANIC WASTE PRODUCTS

Urea ,creatinine and uric acid are waste products of protein metabolism

CO2 released by cells conveyed to lungs for excretion

HORMONES

Chemicals compounds synthesized by endocrine glands

Transfer to target site and influence cellular activity

GASES

O2,CO2&N2 transported round the body in solution of plasma

O2 & CO2 + haemoglobulin of blood

CELLULAR CONTENT IN BLOOD

Three types of blood cells

• Erythrocytes or red cells

• Thrombocytes or platelets

• Leukocytes or white cells

ERYTHROCYTES (RED BLOOD CELLS )

Circular biconcave and non nucleated discs erythrocytes count –no of erythrocytes /litre or/cubic mm of blood

Packed cell volume or haemocrit –volume of red cells in 1 litre or 1mm of whole blood

Mean cell volume –average volume of salts measured in femtolitres

Haemoglobulin- weight of haemoglobin in whole blood measured in grams /100ml

Mean cell haemoglobin –average ml of Hb in each cell measured in picograms

DEVELOPMENT OF LIFE SPAN ERYTHROCYTES

Formed in red bone marrow

Life span is 120 days

Its processes is called erythropoiesis

Maturation of the cell

Formation of haemoglobulin inside the cell

Maturation of erythrocytes

Tissues hypoxia

Kidneys secrete erythropoieten in to

blood

Bone marrawincreases

erythropoiesis

Red blood cell numbers rises

Increased blood O2 carrying capacity reverses tissues

hypoxia

DESTRUCTION OF ERYTHROCYTES

Carried out by phagocyctic reticuloendothelial cells

Biliverdin formed from the protein part of the erythrocytes

Reduced to bilirubin

BLOOD GROUPS

Different types of antigen on RBC’S

Antibodies would react causing a transfusion reaction

Two blood types the donor and the recipient

ABO SYSTEM

55% OF POPULATION HAS EITHER A-type ,B-type or both antigens

The remaining have neither A Nor B

A individual cannot make anti –A

Blood group AB make neither and blood group O makes anti-A&anti-B

AB is universal acceptor

O is universal donor

RHESUS SYSTEM

Rhesus antigen or factor

85% of people have is antigen they are Rh+ ve

15%have no rhesus antibodies they are Rh-ve

LEUKOCYTES

White blood cells depends body against microbes and foreign materials

Largest blood vessels

Contains nuclei &have granules

GRANULOCYTES

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes

Neutrophils

• Microbial growth

• Tissue damage eg inflammation

• Metabolic disorders

• Leukemia ,heavy smoking

• Use of oral contraceptives

Eosinophils

• capable of phagocytosis

• Elimination of particles

• They are sites of allergic inflammation such as asthmatic airway and skin allergies

Basophils

• Contains cytoplasmic granules packed with heparin histamine that promotes inflammation

• Binds to antibody type receptors on the basophils membrane e.g.pollen in hay fever

AGRANULOCYTES

Types of leukocyte with a large nucleus and no granules in their cytoplasm are monocytes and lymphocytes

THROMBOCYTES

Very small non nucleated discs ,2 to 4um in diameter derived from the cytoplasm of megakaryocytes in red bone marrow

Thrombopoietin is involved

HAEMOSTASIS

Vasoconstriction –platelets come in contacts with damaged blood vessels, surface become sticky and to damaged wall

Vasoconstriction is seen

PLATELETS PLUG FORMATION

Adenosine diphosphate attract more platelets

Positive feedback system

COAGULATION

Clotting results in formation of an insoluble thread like mesh of fibrin Prothrombin activator Plasma protein fibrinogen Fibrinolysis

activatorsplasminogen plasmin

fibrin break down products

CONTROL OF COAGULATION

Perfect smoothness of blood vessels lining platelets do not adhere to this surface

The binding of thrombin to special thrombin

Presence of natural anti coagulants

ERYTHROCYTES DISORDERS

Anaemia :no enough haemoglobin available to carry the oxygen from the lungs to tissues

Impaired erythrocyte production

1. Iron deficiency

2. Megaloblastic deficiency

3. Hypoplastic deficiency

Increased erythrocytes loss

1. Haemolytic anaemia

2. Normocyctic anaemia

Tachycardia ;the heart rate increases to improves blood supply and speed circulation

Iron deficiency anaemia

Polycythaemia

Leukocyte disorders

1. Leukopenia

2. Luekocytosis

3. Leukemia

Haemorrhagic diseases

1. Thrombocytopenia

2 Vitamin K deficiency

Disseminated intra vascular coagulation

Congenital disorders –haemophilias