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The Tide of War Turns 1863–1865

The Tide of War Turns 1863–1865

Section 1TheEmancipationProclamation

Section 2War AffectsSociety

Section 3The NorthWins

Section 4The Legacyof the War

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January 1863 Polish nationalistsrevolt againstRussian rule.

July 1863 Source of Nile Riveris found at LakeVictoria in present-day Uganda.

July 1863 Battle of Gettysburgtakes place.

Union takes Vicksburg.

March 1864 Grant is put in

charge of allUnion armies.

January 1863 Lincoln issues the EmancipationProclamation after presentingit to his cabinet.

The slight curve of the cavalry swordprovided a better slashing motion whenfighting on horseback.

500

Confederate and Unioncavalry clash at Yellow Tavern,Virginia, on May 11, 1864.

June 1864 Archduke Maximilian of

Austria becomesemperor of Mexico.

1863

CHAPTER

Interact with History

1866

The Tide of War Turns 501

September 1864 First InternationalWorkingmen’s Associationis established, and KarlMarx becomes its leader.

November 1864 Lincoln is reelected.

April 1865 Union takes Richmond.

Lee surrenders at Appomattox Court House.

Lincoln is assassinated.

September 1865 English officials arrest Fenian

leaders of planned uprising in Ireland.

The Confederate uniforms weregray and the Union’s were blue.The two sides are oftenreferred to by these colors.

In 1863, you have been a Civil War soldier for

two years. The life of a soldier is a hard one.

The food is awful. Disease is common. Worst

of all is the horrible violence and death. Often

you feel the urge to run away and go home.

What wouldinspire you tokeep fighting?What Do You Think?• What would you be willing to sacrifice for

your country? What if your country foughtfor something you did not believe in?

• How would the attitudes of fellow soldiersinfluence your decision?

RESEARCH LINKSCLASSZONE.COM

Visit the Chapter 17 links for more informationabout the Civil War.

What Do You Know?What advantages and disadvantages did the North and the South have? Did particularindividuals give either side an advantage during the Civil War?

Think About• what qualities contribute to the success of

military leaders• the importance of obeying orders for

soldiers even if it might mean death• your responses to the Interact with History

about what would inspire you to keep fighting (see page 502)

What Do You Want to Know?What questions do you have about the later part of the Civil War and how it ended?Make a list of those questions before you read the chapter.

Comparing and ContrastingWhen you study historical events, it is important to compare and contrast the effects thatevents had on different individuals and groups. A single event might affect two groups of peo-ple in completely different ways. Use the chart below to compare and contrast the impact ofevents on the Union and the Confederacy in the later years of the Civil War.

See Skillbuilder Handbook, page R10.

Reading Strategy: Comparing and Contrasting17

502 CHAPTER 17

CHAPTER

Robert E. Lee was the militarygenius at the head of the

Confederate armies.

Ulysses S. Grant took charge of the Union armies in March1864.

Taking Notes North

Many people are enthusiastic;Democrats are angered

Mild inflation; new possibilitiesfor women

Union confidence rises; Lincolnwins second term

Industrial expansion

South

Most whites are enraged; blacks areelated

Severe inflation; bread riots; newpossibilities for women

Confederate morale sinks; bid forEuropean recognition is lost

Enslaved persons liberated; wide-spread economic devastation

EmancipationProclamation

War’s Impact

Northern Victories inBattle

Union Wins Civil War