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CHAPTER.5
I l'2
CHAPTER _ 5
ROLE OF NON GOVERNMENT ORGANISATIONS (NGO's) IN
EMPOWERMBNT OF WOMEN
(With Special Reference To Haveli Taluka)
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Functioning of Selected N(.lOs
5.2.1 Subjects for the Monthly Meeting
5.2.2 Attendance for the lVfonthls,Meeting
Part - I Responses of Female Members
5.3 Social Aspect
5.3.1 Residence
5.3.2 Types of Family
5.3.3 Size of Familv
5.3.4 Sex Ratio
5.3.5 Age
5.3.6 Marital Status
5.3.7 Education
A. Literacy Level
B. Responses to l-iteracy Classes
C. Respondents Willingness to Attend Literacy Class
D. Reading Habits
ll3
i. Reading Habits
ii. Types oI'\ews
E. Girls Iiducation
F. Approach towards Girls' Education
5.3.8 Television Programmes
Variety of T.V. ProE;rammes
5.3.9 Health
A. Health Camp
B. Attendance
C. Usefulness ol'Health Camp
D. Immunisation
E. Child Care
5.3.10 Gender Sensitisation
A. Choice of Child
B. Birth of Girl Child
C. Response to thc Birth of Girl Child
i. Positi'vc
ii. Negative
D. Family Planrring Opcration
i. Decision of Famill' Planning
t14
eHAqTnn - s
ROLE OF NON GOVERNMENT ORG,{NISATIONS (NGOS) IN
EMPOWERM T]NI' OF WOME,N
(With Special Reference To Havali Taluka)
5.1 Introduction:
One of the objectives of this research is to pin point the problems in empowering
the selected rural women members through Self-Help Groups in rural areas of Haveli
Taluka of Pune District.
In this context researcher has made irn attempt to analyse the responses of female
members as noted in first part along with the responses of office bearers of STREEVANI
and SANTULAN in second part.
This chapter highlights the impact of' difterent socio-economic, political and
cultural activities of both Streevani and SeLntulan NGOs in respect of empowerment of
selected group of female members. It covt:rs social aspects in which the background of
each item such as literacy, awareness ol- girls age of rnarriage etc. will be discussed
considering the impact of activities of- thc r;e ected NGC)s. On the same line econonric
aspects of f-emale members, in which we otrserved significant changes as an impact o1-
economic activities of selected NGOs.
Such as occupation pattern and charr,{es rhere in due to training activities of NGOs.
income of family members, self-en-rploymenl. activities etc. will be discussed.
The political activities of the NGOs srrch as creal.ing political awareness. making
them aware about political rights and responsibilities will be taken into account to
highlight the political impact of selected NGOs on female members.
'fhe cultural activities mainly are responsible for bringing female members
together uplifting their social status as well as making them aware about social equality.
The impact of cultural activities of the NGOs on female members will also be discussed in
this chapter.
'fhe environmental activities of NGOs in respect o.f'village cleanliness, drinking
water, toilet facility etc. have positive impact on the attitucle o1-female members.
In short socio-economic, political and cultural background of selected members ofStreevani and Santulan will be taken into account, whenever necessary, to indicate the
impact of socio-economic, cultural and political acti'r,ities of selected NGOs.
I 1.5
The opinions of the office bearers :rncl social workers of Streevani and Santulan
NGOs are analysed critically in second part o1'this chapter.
On this background it is easy to study the impact of'the activities of the voluntary
organisations in questions, on their female members.
5.2 Functioning of selected NGOs:
Streevani and Santulan have fornred self help groups of their female members.
The activities of these self help groups and attendance fcrr rnonthly meetings of SHG are
discussed as below:
The NGOs have formed f-ecleration tlrough the network of different groups. This
kind of social capital contributes to econornic and social development.
The topics discussed in such monthly meeting are generally related to village
problems, loan and savings, sell'-employrnent, womens' problems and health problems.
Such meeting provide the platform for these members to lead the group and exercise the
right to information. It also discusses self introduction and family problems. The
responses of the female members to these issues are noted in Table 5.1.
1. Prayers and songs:
Generally the meeting of the self'help group slarls with prayers. The members
sincerely take part in it. The songs are contposed for such SHG and are covering the
topics related to the status of wornen, thLe impact of social evils, superstitions, gender
discrimination etc. These songs are in local language. l-he social workers taught these
songs to the animators or group leaders. Songs :rre eI'fective instrument to make these
female members aware of social problems.
It is observed from Table 5.1 that 56 % respondents of Streevani and Bg oA
respondents of Santulan have stated that th,;: meeting starts with the prayers.
2. Conducting the meeting:
Following instructions of concerner"l NGO, the said self help group (SHG)members to select the chairman among themselves for the meeting. Each member may get
opportunity to preside over the meeting. lt leads to imbibe the leadership quality among
the members.
t6
----.'*,.TNt |-1ll ii..-
;FJ{1rt
#x
,Sr.
No.Reasons
Streevani
No. oJ'Resnondents
Prayers & Songs 56 56
2.Issued related to
their villasez+ 1,1z+,
3. Loan & Savings 1l 1/z+
4 Self employment I6 t6
5. Women's problem t,l1+ I4
6. Health related issues I3 I3
7.Information o.fDroPrammes
38 38
8. Self introduction
9. Family Problem
il?
Table 5. I - Subjects discussed by the SH(] members during monthly meeting:
Suntulan TotalNo. of
Responclents%of o/
89 89.00 145 7 2.50
22 22.00 46 2 3.00
6I 61 .00 85 42.50
I 3.00 t9 9.50
{ 3.00 t/ 8.50
J 3.00 I6 8.00
J/ 32.00 t1)z r 6.00
) 3.00 I 1.50
7 700 7 350
N'o.
Respgnc!941;
Source: As the members responded or mclre than one choice total may not tally.
Source: F:'i,:[d work.
3. Issues related to village:
Through SHG, the female member is quite ilware or the village problems, such as
pollution, drinking water, road and electricity. the f]elow poverty line (BPL) families etc.
Such NGOs are taking initiate in promoting separate a.roups of BP[, female members,
making them well informed about gc)vernnl,ltt schernes lbr the benefit of such farnilies.
Women like to discuss the issues rr::lated to their own villase. 'fhev take active
part in Gram Sabha, where they can solve s,uch problems.
It is observed from Table,5.1 that 22c.:/omembers of'streevani and24 7o members
of Santulan have stated that the problemsr of'their own v'illage got the priority on the
agenda of the meeting.
4. Savings and loans:
While making rural female members financiallS'enlpower, they must be taught the
importance of savings. The SHG is mainlv concentrating to educate the members about
savings from their Iimited income and giverr them loans to their income generating activity
as well to solve their family problerls.
a,:
(.t0
(.t0
(.t0
(t()
(,t0
(t0
(t0
r tti
It is observed from Table 5.1 that 24 o/o members of Streevani and 61 7o members
of Santulan ascertained the activity of the savings and loan of the SHG.
5. Self-employment:
Almost all the members of Streevani ancl Santulan had the agriculture as the main
source of livelihood. But agriculture is m()nsc)on oriented and hence depending on the
vagaries of nature. To such uncertain incorne, the subsidiary agro-based industries and
other occupations. The SHG gives training t,r the members in their convential occupations
such as tailoring.
It is observed from Table 5.1 that 16 l,/o members of Streevani and3 Yo members of
Santulan have stated that they discussed about self-employment . The discussion about
the self-employment includes training for the various activities, marketing and the
information about various vocations.
6. Womens'problem:
The SHG gives the priority to discu:;s the womens' problem in its meeting. It isobserved from Table 5.1 that 14 %o ntembers o1'Streevani and 3 %o members of Santulan
stated that this topic has its importance irr the meeting .Women discuss their lantily
problems freely with other members which dcvelops ii fbeling of togetherness.
7. Health issues:
The female members were given allroturd training, in respect of health problenrs.
The water purification, drainage, cleanlinesi- sanitalion are important issues. It is seen
from Table 5.1 that 13 o/o members of Streevirni and 3 oto members of Santulan have state<i
that the health issues are discussed in such meelinss.
8. Right to information:
These female members leam a lot while attencling the meetings of SHG. The NGO
gives the information about the governmerrt programmes beneficial to members, latest
issues along with the important news. the extribition,women's day programmes etc.
It is observed from Table 5.1 that 38 ol, members of Streevani and32Yo members
of Santulan stated about this right to inforrrration. T'here needs to be much efforts on the
part of NGo to get their members aware about this right to information.
9. Self introduction:
Such meeting provides the platform to the me'mbers to get themselves introduced
Sr.No.
Attendance Streevani
No. ofRespondents
o,/./o
I For everyMeeting 97 97
2 Sometimes J 30(
r00.aTotsl 100
are important issues of such
family they donot hesitate to
I-l'o
TotalNo. of
Respondents
o,/,/o
l!: 176 BB00 )
-l:'" 21 12.00
_! loo.oo200 r 00.00
lt9
to other members. Such activity may irnbibe sell'confidence to them. It is rarelyfrom Table 5.1, as hardly 3 %6 members of Santulan are a\ .are of this aspect.
10. Family problems:
Generally, the village problems ancl women problems
meeting. However as these members con:;ider SH(i as one
discuss the family problems.
5.2.2 Attendance for the monthll, meeting of SHG:
Meeting of the self-help group normalh heldf once in a month. Social worker ofNGos or animator appointed by the organiiation leads the meeting.
NGOs train animators for how to run meeting, how to form group, how the grouplender should be etc.
This details are given in Table 5.2.
Table 5.2 - Respondents attendance for monthly meeting:
Santulan
Source: llrie.ld work
It is observed from the l'able 5.2 that among the respondents of Streevani 97 ,%
respondents attend meeting regularlv and ','9 9,ir responclents of Santulan attend meetirrgregularly' 21 % respondents of Santulan and only 3 9/o respondents of Streevani attendmeeting sometimes. Among the resporrclents o1' Sanlulan percentage of irregularattendance is high' Meetings held late in the evening and women staying far cannot attendevery meeting' Sometimes because of illness. among family members or of their own thevcannot attend the meeting.
Though these women themselves decides timings and date of the meeting still theycan not attend the meeting because responrJents of Santulan are more engaged in labourwork, self employment it becomes difficult fi.rr them to attend every meeting.
In that case they send money with other members. In the meeting they collectmoney, savings, keep records, collect loan installmenr.s.
2I
U(t
t0
0l.t
No. of,$etps4!9!!t;
i'9
100
t20
NGOs, in fact, charge fine for the nr,rn-attendance for the meeting but if these
women do not go for the work they do not i{el wage and get tired after hard work in farm
hence can not attend meeting.
Regular attendance will help them tc get more infitnrtation.
Part - I - Responses of female nrernhers of Streelani antl Santulan
5.3 Social Aspects:
Ilesearchcr has to test another hvpcllhesis of rcsearch study this hypothesis is
"socio-ecnnomic status of women" is upliftercl becaus,e o1-s;uch activities of NGOs.
ln this section researcher has discurised about stray ol- selected families, type and
size of the family, their age composition, sox compositicrn, their marital status, education,
health and genderaspects are covered this information collected from the field work may
f-ulfi| the ob.iective of ascertain the problemr,; of selected ternale members of Streevani and
Santulan.
5.3.1 Residence of female members:
As it is already discussed these lt'r
Nltsiu' I{oad. 'l'able 5.3 indicates durirtion ,,r
T'able 5.3 - Itcsidence of female members
lIsr. ; ..,Ntt. r cars
It--1_L.jrot0
Streeva
No. of 1
;pondents ',
11I) I
2. ll ro l5 16
i. I l6 rtt l() t2
, | trktra thuna'l zo 59
Total 100
ralc nrernberii ilre ll'orn the villages or.r Pune.
: .;t f;ia\ tl i-thi:sc IL'ntale nternbcrs.
in the villagc':
SuntulunNo. ttf
Respondents\o. olRt'tptttttlg4ts
reevanr I
Il
t.3.00 l
I
I
l(t 00__l
t.? 00
t1
I6
,r1.()0
,r /i.()0
t3 00I
t6.00 i
5r?.00
-_--:r 00.00 I
(t0
l0
60.()0
,t /).()0
t00 100.00
tr.00 i
100.00
Sr:urce : I'ield work.
It is obscrved from the 'fablc 5.3 th,rt 59%o resporrrJents of the Streevani and 60%o
respcrndents of Santulan are stal,ing in thosc villagcs lirr more than 20 years. 16yo
respondetrts oI both of thc organisation are sta)'ing in thc respective villages lbr the 1 I to15vears. I3%orespondentsofStrecvani and I49;1,respondenlso1'Santulan,forthelast5to
l2r
l0 years are staying there and respondents sl.a1,ing there for the last 16 to 20 years are l2oh
from Streevani and l\Yo of Santulan.
Highest percentage of 60 is obsen't:d in respect of the respondents stayir-rg in these
villages for more than 20 years. IJut tliel ,.:ould not organise themselves belbre inception
of the NGOs under study.
During informal discussion, it is l,"nown that ttrese villages are not their natiye
places. They came here after marriage.
It leads us to conclude thzrt the ma-i,.rrit1, of the rnembers of Streevani ancl Santulan
are staying these same villages firr nrore than 20 years. afier their marriage-
5.3.2 Type of Famity:
Joint family is characteristic of Indian society ancl particularly of rural society.
Even in this century for the various rerts;()n,cr such as common lancl owncrship- house
ownership, live stock ownershiJr or heacl ,rr1. the lrrnrily owned assets joint families arethere.
Type of lamily n'hether.ioirtt clr nur:lear aflects a lot on women's livcs. In nuclearfamily they get more freedom. ciur take parl, in dec,ision rnaking. She has 1o take care offlnancial matters" child rearirtg and perlir rrr hous.:hold activities. In -joint larnil-r,rnalemembers take decisions of ever-\'lurnilv nr,ttle r. Sometinrcs women cannot cope up rlithother women in the famili''. it creales stru;:j. Wonren oannot express thenrselyes and itaflbcts their health. Table 5.4 intricates thc r'Jrc of'frrrrilics.Table 5.4 - Type of famih' of thr: Respondents:
Sr.No.
Type offumily
Str
No. ofRespondents
I .Ioinl 19
2. Nuclear (/
Total 100
i\o. o.f' I ".,Respondents | 'o
i
eevant
105
200
Source: l:'ielcl work.
It is observed from 'fable 5.4 th,at amorrg tlre respondents of both of theorganisations, the percentage of the.f .int I'a'riir is rer,arkable.
95
---- to; i \io. ttf I
-:n I kr:t[',r,rr'lnrrtri 't'"
-T--_-il1e.00 'i tr,, l+a.uo
t22
It is observed from the Table 5.4 that 54 7o respondents' families of Santulan and
5l %o families of the respondents of Streevani are nuclezr, and 49 %o respondent's families
of Streevani and 46 %o respondents lamilies, of Santulan. are joint families.
As joint family is characteristic of Indian Societl'. participation of women in-group
should not kept limited for one member from one family, it will not serve the purpose ofempowerrnent of women. It has mentione<l in guidelines ol'lbrmation of group in booklet
of NABARD.
Percentage ofjoint famill' is noticabler. In joint famill'women have to spend lot oftime for household responsibilities. Sometimes they do not get adequate food it turns to
anemia among them. In traditiorral ioint larnilies, headecl by male members, women have
to carry only burden of labour work, housr:hold work, and child rearing. They hold equal
responsibilities but do not own assets. In joint families' w'omen hardly get an opportunity
to go out, NGOs gave them this opportunit.r,.
It leads us to conclude the joint family system is seen among more than 40 %
respondents of Streevani and Santulan.
5.3.3 The size of the family:
The size of the tamily of selected l'cmaie members is indicated in l'able 5.5.
It is observed from Tabie 5.5 that ilmc)ng the respondents o1'santulan 25 lamilies
have 5 members whereas among the rcspr>ndents o1' Streevani 22 lamilies have 5
members. Families having 6 merrbers arer frrund l9 among the respondents of Streevani
and 17 among Santulan. Number of lirmilies having ten and more than l0 lainily
members are noticable. These are 6 families among the respondents of Streevarri and 4
among the respondents of Santulan.
Total population of selected families is I 102. Among which population of fanrilies
selected from Streevani is 546 and 556 of Santulan. Overall families havins 3 to 5
members are highest in number in both of'the organisations.
5.3.4 Sex Ratio:
Sex ratio of selected furnily membe:rs of selected families of Streevani and
Santulan is presented in Table 5.5.
It is observed from Table 5.(j that the sex ratio of'the family members of Streevani
is higher 943 than the sex ratio 1br family members o1'santulan (891). The sex ratio ofStreevani is higher and sex ratio of Sanlulan is lower than the total sex ratio 916 of
selected families of both the orsanisations.
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Table 5.6 - Sex Ratio of selected families:
,Sr.
No.Particulars
t. To t al famil ie s s ele ct e d
z. Tot al members of .fantil ies
aJ. Total male
4. Total female
J.Sex ratio
'No. of'female ner 1000 male
Sr.No.
AgeStreevani
No. ofResnondents
o,//o
ILess than20 |'ear.s
I 1.00
22l to 30
Year,;26 26 00
J3l to 40
Yeurs37 37.00
11 to 50Yectrs
22 22.00
5l to 60Years
IO r 0.00
66l to 70
Years 4 4.00
Total r00 r 00.00
Santulan Total
t00 200
556 I 102
294 575
262 527
891 9t6
Streevani
518
28t
265
913
t00
Source: F'ield u'ork.
5.3.5 Age:
It is rather difficult to get exacl age but voting cards provided by the govt. has
solved this problem to some extent. Tabls -5.7 provides information about the age of the
respondents.
Table 5.7 - Age of the Respondents:
Suntulun
Source: Field work.
It is observed from the table 5.7 that highest percentage of 43 %o of Santulan and
37 Y" of Streevani respondents are among the 31 to 40 age group. It is followed by 22 yo
respcrndents of Streevani and 21 or/o of Sanlulan rlho are of 4l to 50 age group. 26 o
respondents of Streevani and 20 9/o respondents of Santulan are between 2l to 30 aee
,\o. oJ
,49.w9t,!gt!l
20
1)
21
I2
--io-
1'+-
i
T--l"T-I Jl
+-I::| ,'l;t--L:!':
o,//(l
TotalNo, of
Respondents
I 050
00 16 2300 I
3.00
1.00
80
43
1000 l__1I
21.s0 i
I____ .1
2.00 22 I 1.00
00 8 1.00
00.00 200 100.00
t25
group. 14 Yo and 16 %o respondents of Streevani and Santulan are respectively between the
age group of51 to 70.
Women at the age of 30 becomes more aware about family, relationships and
surrounding. They get relief from family rcsponsibilities, no need to spend more time tolook after their children. I'hey can think aboul themselves.
Women are more enthusiastic even in the age group of 50 to 70, which is
remarkable. Women of the different age group can cope up with each other and is it apositive sign. These senior women guide to other members to solve their problems or
crisis among the group.
NABARD (National Bank for A.ggiculture and Rural Development) in its
handbook mentioned that there must be one member from one family in Self-help Group
(SHG). The empowerment or development is the need of each village woman, It comes
true to reality through SHG and it should not be kept limited for some women. DRDA(District Rural Development Authority) har; kept membership limited upto the age of 45
but there should not be age limit for the participation in group. Any woman, who is willingto participate in group, should get an opportunitv of participation.
5.3.6 Marital Status:
In Indian Society marital stzrtus pla','s important role in socio-economic status ofwomen. Women play multiple roles in famill' and in.joinr family she has to fulfil more
responsibilities as a wife, mother. daughter-irr-]aw. sister-in-1aw etc.
Marital status of respondents is mentioned in the'l able 5.g.
Table 5.8 - Marital Status of the Respondr:nts:
Sr.No.
MaritalStatus
StreevaniNo. of
Resnondentso,//o
It. Married 84 84 00
2. Widow t0 10.00aJ- Destitute 4
" 4.00
4. Second Wife I 1.00
5. Unmarried l 1.00
Total r00 100.00
Sontut--N"-;fEeypgtt49_u!
82
r00
t6
ntulun
f -l*-;--r- | /o
TotctlNo. of
Respondents
o.//o
,\2.00 r66 83.00
t 6.00 26 r 3.00
1.00 2.50
l 0.50
I t.00 2 r.00
t 00.00 200 100.00
Source: F'ield rvork.
126
It is observed from the Table 5.8 that 84 % respondents of Streevani and g2 yo
respondents of Santulan are married. One respondent is second wife. I each respondents ofboth of the organisations is unmarried.
16 7o respondents of Santulan anrl 10 Yo of Streevani are widows. Overall 3 %o
respondents are destitute. The percentage of widow is noticeable. Position of widow injoint family is miserable, because of joint land ownership or land owned by head of thefamily. Sometimes the family owns very {i:w acres land, which cannot be distributed.Unfortunately, bigamy is existing in rural areas. Reasons fcrr biagamy are following:. First wife cannot give birth to a child.
o First wife cannot give birth to a bo1,.
o Even if she can produce boy still biagamy happens.
The Destitute women do not get nraintenance due to non-availability of marriagecertificate. Villagers are not aware or d,:) not understanrl the importance of marriageregistration certificate. Because of non-registration of marriage, the destitute women or thewidows do not get benefits of government r;chemes.
One of the tasks of NGOs is to crr::ate awareness about Hindu Law and to awarethem about marriage registration, dLrring th,: t:aining.
It is observed during field survey that now in village, the widows do no1 take offtheir mangalsutra and red bindi after husband':; death. l'he widowhood is a curse for mostof the women in our country because the illitc'rac1, and ill health are the barriers, whichprevent them to become self-relianl. Old tradition, prejuriices, and cultural practices bringlimitations on their participation in religior.rs and social programmes. Widowhood amonsyoung women creates problems of social ser:urity.
5.3.7 Education:
Education is an instrument for ernpowennent of women, in this section theresearcher has analysed the literacy rate of' selectecl members, their responses to theliteracy classes, their reading habits and the education of their daughters. In our sysremwomen has to play traditionally ascribecl role, which keeps them away from education.The poverty forced them to enter labour work at school going age. They do not get time toattend school.
The Gender discrimination deprived rl<>men from education. Women consist fiftypercent population of the total population br-rt in conrparison with men literacy rate amongwomen is low.
t27
Lack of knowledge resulted in lar:k of confidence, non-realisation of self-worth,
self-image. It deprived women fiom their rights. their entry in active politics. New
technology, advance technology, marketing, remain distanced from illiterate classes.
Extreme differences among urban and rural population are only because of illiteracy.
Health and education are the essential amr:nities which everybody should get benefit of it.
It leads the person towards betterment and leads the nation towards progress. All the
factors, which are necessary for the empowennent of women, are linked with education.
Awareness of law, income generation. l-realth, inforrnation of various issues, political
participation, literacy or education is pre-r;quisition of it.
On paper the government has providecl education to everybody but non-availability
of infrastructure, norrns related to populalion create obstacles in it. Literate women can
bring about social change. Crimes, discrirnination, inequality they will not take as fate but
will fight against it. They will demand for the equal participation. Since Vedic period she
kept away from the education because she ha-. supposed to play her role only in four walls.
Situation has changed but not satislactorl'.
In 2001 census literacy rerte of Ntralrarashtra \\'as 77.30 . male literacy rate was
86.27% and female literacy rate w'as 67.51'N,. 32.499/0 \\'omen are illiterate in progressive
state like Maharashtra.
A. Literacy level:
The researcher has to tesl the h,;pothesit that "the women in rural India are
illiterate and most dependent and having lcrv digniry in the family" the literate wolnen
have the possibility of unlimited exposur,: to neu inl'brmation and more importantly to
new ways of thinking and new perspectivcs ,rn existing, in{brmation. Literacy level of the
respondents is given in Table 5.9.
It is observed from Table 5.9 that prercentag,e of illiteracy amongthe respondents is
high to the level of 44 o/o of respondents o i'streevani arrd 3 8 %o respondents of Santulan. Itis followed by 31 o% respondents have leiuned 5th to I'h standard of Streevani and,32yo
respondents of Santulan. Overall l6 oZ respondents have completed their schooling upto
l2 Std and only I %o respondent has learned rnore than 12th Std.
Respondents who have studied upto 4th Stcl. cannot even read and write. Almost
frfty percent women among the responcents are illilerate but they can cope up witheducated women. It is noticeable. that evr:n they oan c()rnmunicate with them easily and
take part in collective action. They trust literate wonlen, only because all of them are
128
facing same problems. Their aims and expectation from
Literate women taught illiterate women their signatures.
Table 5.9 - Literacy level of the respondents:
life and objectives are same.
ilulan
%nts
TotalNo. of
Respondents
o//o
38.00 82 1t.00
14.00 23 I I.5O
_12.00 63 31.50
16.00 3I I5.50
I 0.50
r00.00 200 100.00
Sr.No.
Level ofLiteracy
Streevani
No. ofResoondents
o//o
1 Illiterate 44 '14.00
2. I to 4 Std. I 9.00
)J. 5 to 9 Std. 3l 31.00
4.I0 to 12
Std.I5 15.00
5.More than
I2 Std.I t.00
Total r00 100.00
Sanl-No.
oJ'
E__efle!de
J8
100
t+
32
I6
Source: [rield work.
B. Responses to literacy classes:
After Vedic period social reform rll'rvenrents starled in British rule did lay some
emphasis on female education, but this \\'as irore (lr less confined to the urban society.
leaving the vast majority of rural wornen illiterate.
Superstitions, women's traditional rolc decided tr1' patriarchal society kepl them
away from education. Golt. on their level rried to solve the problem by organizing adult
literacy classes, but that did not sustain. ,\fiqr that NGOs have undertaken the literacy
campaign, and Govt. through media motivate people to learn. Similarly, NGOs selectecl
for the present study also conducted atlult literacy classes. Among the illiterate
respondents how many of them have attencle,d the classes r.vas asked.
Table 5.lOshows the data regarding t his.
It is observed from the Table 5.10 that though 47 tt/orespondents cannot read and
write only 6 %o of respondents attended literacl'classes.
These NGOs initially conducted literacy classes in 2 villages but those women
could not complete the course due tcl various reasons like 'husband doesn't allow to go','there is nobody to do household u'ork or to look after children. Later NGOs did not
conduct the classes.
Table 5.10 - Respondents attendance to
Sr.No. Attendance
Streevan
No. ofResoondenls
t. Attended literacyclasses 6
2.Not attendedliteracy classes 41
3.
Can read andwrite no need toattend classes
53
Total r00 I
Santulan TotolNo. of
Respondents
o//oNo" of%
7.00 I3 6.50
3t 31.00 72 32 00
62 62.00 1t5 57.50
100 r00.00 200 r 00.00
129
5 3.0t")
Source: Field work.
There are in fact various factors, r,r,hich can motir,,ate women for the literacy such
as desire to read and write, inability to write' application, to read and sign progress cards ofchildren's, to read newsletter, to get infornralion through booklets, forms and governmentpublications.
But their actual participation is lou. to encourage these women for litbracy NGOsshould celebrate literacy day.
During the initial stage hr-rsbands co not allow thern to attend literacy classes. as
well Working for the whole day and do hard work like farm and household work it w.as
become difficult for them to concenlrate on it.
In some cases husband bit their wives, at that time they could not protestthemselves.
But now picture has changed in N4iinjari village these women demanded" throughfederation for adult literacy classes. because norv they can fight against their husbands andeven other women support them in lhis situ:rtion.
It leads us to conclude that NGOs sl-rould pursue the matter and to make themaware for the literacy, and more and more uronten should set literate.
C. Respondent's willingness to attend literacy class:
Even though these women have realised the importance of education. Theirwillingness to attend the literacy classes is not hundred percent.
These members were asked as to 'whc'ther they will attend the literacy classesconducted by NGo'. Table 5.r l indicates the details in this respect.
O/
6.00
1 1.00
r30
Table 5.ll - Respondent's willingness to attend literacy'class:
Sr.No.
ResponsesStreevani
No. ofResoondents
Respondents nced toattend literacyclasses(Illiterate women)
47 t00
z.Willing to attendliteracv classes
3I 66.
3.Not willing to attendliteracy classes
I6 31
Santulan TotalNo. of
Responclents%
No. oJRespondents
o.//o
J8 t00.00 83 100.00
I9 50.00 50 60.24
I9 50.00 33 39.75
00
fj./
"()
00
00
Source: lrield work.
It is observed from the Table 5.11 that 60 t% respondents showed willingness to
attend the class is good sign.
Non-willingness of 40 %o member is because of old age and lack of confidence for
grasping. Some of them do not find literac), useful fbr their generation. Respondents
willing to attend literacy classes are going tc demand for these classes.
Both of NGOs should take this issur-' seriously and to encourage wornen to attend
literacy classes. In case of 'streevani' respondent:; lronr village Manjari demanded for
classes. So other women's should take initizrtive.
D. Reading habits:
Literacy increases person's interest in readilrg. Nornrally educated perscln reads
newspaper. Newspaper reading will help pitrlicularlv these women and rural community
to overcome social evils, ill practices and introduced s,ocial relbrms, change. Women
from suppressed class write their experience:s, their llroblem solving attitude, fight against
inequality etc. these role models will inspire thcnr.
The information regarding the reading habits are recorcled in Table 5.12
Table 5.12 - whether respondents or their family members read newspaper:
Sr.No.
ResponsesStreev,tnI
No. ofRespondents
o,//o
t. Yes 4I 41 .00
z. No 59 59.00
Total 100 100.00 ]
antulan TotalNo. of
Respondents
o//oof o,//o
4 t.00 82 41 .00
59.00 It8 s9.00
100.00 200 r 00.00
Santu- N^"f4glpgn49,rlt
4l
59
100.00 t 100
:s,xrrc'ql;Eia *ort.
lll
It is observed from the Table 5.12ttrat 59 7o respondents they themselves or their
family do not read newspaper whereas 4 !6 respondents themselves or their family
members read newspaper. Some of therr cannot afford newspaper whereas in some
village they do not get newspaper. Very I'ew villages ilre having facility of newspaper
library, run by informal groups like youth group. Ganesh Mandal.
Percentage of non-readership is high. llven NGOs can organise meeting once in a
week and can discuss some of the issues and can create more interest in newspaper
reading. Group leaders on local level can le,,rd the me-eting and discussions. It will help to
change the social situation. They can discuss news of superstitions, political situation and
progress women have done through SHG. Surprisingly percentage of readership and
non-readership among the respondents of bolh of the organization is same.
i. Reading habits of family members:;
Further it was asked to thern that among theil farnily, members how many of them
read the newspaper.
Table 5.13 provides data regarding ttLis.
Table 5.13 - Reading habits of familv mernbers of the resDondents:Ing naDrIS oI lam
,Sr.
No.Family membersread news papers
StreevaniNo. ttf
ResDondenls
I Families don'lread news papers 59 59
2 All Members t2 t2
3. l0 Members I l.(1. 9 Members
5. 8 Members
6. 7 Members
7. 6 Memhers 2 z.l
8. 5 Memhers 2 2(9. 4 Members I2 12.
t0. 3 Members 6 6.(
11. 2 Members I 4
I2 I Member z z.
Total 100 r00.
lul,
tts
n
t%
TotulNo. o-f
Respondents./o
59.00 I t8 59.00
21.00 ))JJ I7 50
I 0.50
100 I 0.50
Z r.00
r.00 J r .50
9.00 2T r 0.50
3.00 I 4.50
3.00 7 3.s0
3.00 J 2. s0
r00.00 200 r00.00
T- s;,ia i;(,.-oJ:Respttttdcn
I -_--)0| 59-1-)0 | 21
,l 1
t)
)0
,t0
.)( )
0(.)
t)(.)
tt0 100
Source: Field work.
132.
It is observed from the Table 5.13 that- among the families of respondents 41 %o
families read newspaper and 59 o/o dct not re:td tlre newspapers.
Among the respondents o1-'santularr' 21 7o respr:ndents 'all family members read
newspaper and among the respondents c,l'' 'streevani' 12 %;o respondents 'all family
members read newspaper. It is fo.llowed by 12 9/o respondents of Streevani and 9 Yo
respondents of Santulan in these families 4 members read newspaper. ln 6 o/o families of
Streevani 3 members read newspaper and arrong the respondents of Streevani in 4 Yo
families 2 members read newspaper.
Through the percentage of readershrp and non-readership is similar among both of
the organization, percentage of all members in family read newspaper is high among the
respondents of ' Santulan'.
But overall these women's awarene:;s about it is remarkable.
ii. Type of news read by the respondents:
Table 5.14 indicates the details abotrt the nervs read by the members
able 5.14 - Tvpes of News read by the
,Sr.
No.Type of news readbv the members
Streevani,ii. oJ
R
I All news 18 I 8'.
2.News regardingwomen
J
3. Election, accident 2 2.
4. Self-help group 2
5.Sometimes readnews DaDer
2 2(
6.
I don't read socannot tell aboutothers
+ 4.(.
7 Head lines .l
8.News regardingCricket I I
9. Political News I l.(,
10. Market rate I t.
11.Like to readinformation I I.(
12.Do not read newspaper families
59
t3. Important new.s
Total 100 r00.
u4glESantulan Total
No. ofRespondents
%No. oJResltondents
o//o
IJ 13.00 3I t5 50
1: 12.00 t1 850
6 6.00 8 4.00
2 1.00
Z t.00
,4 2.00
2.00
I 050
I 0.50
I 0.50
/ 2.00 J L50
59 s9.00 I I8 59.00
8 8.00 8 .t 00
100 100.00 200 t00.00
I!i!E
/o
(,t0
()()
0ill
!2
t()
't ()
--.-l-)()
00-'r,;-
00
'r'()
t)
00
B3
It is observed from Table 5.14 that the readers among the 18 %o families of
Streevani and 13 o/o of Santulan read all typ,,: of'news. It is followed by 12 %o families of
the respondents of Santulan and 4'2'c, families of the respondent of Streevani who read
news regarding women. It is follou'ed by 4- ot'o lamilies who read only headlines. 2 oA
families of Streevani like to read ,news regarding self'-help group and election and
accident. 8 o% respondents of Santulan and Slreevani like to read important news.
Overall percentage of newspaper readers is lou,. Percentage of literacy is low, is
one of the cause of this.
E. Girls Education:
Education is the root of development. It is tool for social change.
National committee on Women's Education had identified socio-economic factors
influencing the education of girls.
o Acceptance of the need for educating girls an<l women.
. Lays down attitude towards the education of girls.
o Many do not feel that the lilt style firr which a girl is "destined" requires any
education.
o I large majority of girls in lhe rurirl rreas are recluired to look after their little
sisters and brothers.
. Many little girls also help in augment:ing the family income.
. Some parents might send their girls to sr:hool if they consider the education giverr
there is as relevant to their u'ork.
. Physical facilities in the form of school building etc. are not sufficient.
. Some parents would like to send their girls to school if it were exclusively 1or girls
and not co-educational.
r In other cases, the reason is distance r:,f'1lre school fiom the place of residence.
. Early marriage.
o Many parents are reluctant to educatr:' their girls be1,6nd a certain level because ofthe double expenditure involl'ed on erJucation as n,ell as on marriage.
Various steps are being taken by the government to attract girls to come to school
and to make them continue until they complete a stage, which is terminal.
o Attendance scholarships, prizes and stipends.
o Free textbooks and uniforms.
l14
Women teachers quarter.
Hostels for girls.
Opening of colleges for women.
Development and openings of addit ional residential schools and classes.
Girls'common rooms.
Training of women teachers.
Other special schemes for girls.
Supply of sewing machines, musical instruments, provisions of buses, laboratory
facilities, mandals, scouting and guiding etc.
But all these facilities are not available for all the schools in rural areas.
Transportation is major problem. School buildings are not good and adequate. Every
village is not having school facility and above all attitudinal change towards girls'
education is important, which is being ,lone by the NGOs'. Respondents' response
towards this issue is outcome of the awareness creation programme of NGos.
Education will improve status of urornen in f-anrily as equal partners, positive and
healthy relationship among husband and wiJb.
To study their attitude towards girls' education and impact o1'eflbrts done by the
NGOs it was asked to them that 'how much they want their daughters should learn'.
Among the respondents about 5(l o/o respondents are illiterate but all of them
responded positively to girls education. It, was askeil ro them that how much their
daughters should learn.
Table 5.15 indicated the details of the same.
Table 5.15 - Respondents attitude towards girl's education:
,Sr.
No. EducationStreevani
No. o-fRespondents
I. Up to 7th standard I
2. ITth standard 16 I
3. More than l0'n std 83 B
Total 100 I
tulan TotalNo. of
Respondents%
o//o
t.00 2 r.00
t 2.00 28 t 4.00
87.00 t70 8s.00
r00.00 200 r 00.00
o/,/o
San
N"o. oJ'Respondents
t00
(;.0(,)
lol, ,37
00.0t) I0t.,
I)
Source: Field wrlrk
l15
It is observed from the Table 5.15 that 99 7o respondents want their daughters to
learn and 85 % respondents want them to leam more than l2th it is remarkable. They
expressed themselves freely 'why they want therr daughter to learn'. Though almost 50 %o
of them are illiterate they are aware of girls' cducation is renrarkable.
Graph 1 - Respondenfs attitude towards girt's education
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
ElStreevaniElSantulan
Up to 7thstandard 1Oth standard
More than 10thstd
Lack of education throw them in wage l:rbour aclivitv and force them to work i1unorganised sector. NGOs should encourage dropoul girl :students for distance education.
Respondents of all the age group have realisecl imporlance of education, what kind ofchange education can bring about.
The respondents told that these girls trad not completed tenth exam they failed inEnglish language paper and though their mothers want them to re-appear, these girls are
not ready for that. So instead of sitting idle at home at least they should leam stitching,tailoring, cooking. NGOs can provide thenr extra coaching of English and can solve theproblem. Respondents want to get equal opportunity to their daughters for education.Women from both of the organizations are having sarne opinion about this issue. But girlsgo in only for female type courses such as nursing, teachers training etc. very few of themget opportunity to enroll themselves for technjcal educatiorr or skill work.
In the case of rural adolescent girls I)r. C. G<ipala.n (87) has suggested a course
which will be based on education for better li'"ing it can also be tenned as "Home Science
ii6
for Rural Girls". But even educated rural ivonren or literate rural women can undertake
this course, which will provide follorving prrrctical eclucation.
Personal hygiene and environmental edrtcation.
o Nutrition:- the value of difl'erent local :tirods and the types of nutritious recipes that
can be fashioned out of them, preparation of inexpensive balanced diets out of
foods available in the village;
o New agricultural technology for increased food production, effective and economic
use of fertiliser, safe and timely uSe r.rf pesticrde;
o Simple post-harvest technot'cgy for ar,oidance ol' tood waste during storage of
perishable foods;
. Simple agro based industrial technologl';
o Sex education and family planning;
o Care of the new born and intant feec ing and rearing;
. Child care and development;
o Home nursing and first aid;
o Available health care facilities and how'they coulcl be used;
o Immunisation, care of diarrheas (orul <1,::l'rydration ) and diseases of children simple
remedies for common aliments;
. Importance of education of children,
. Legal rights of women and citizenS.;rnd their obligations.
It leads us to conclude that awarene'ss r,rf education is among the women and they
have to encourage dropout girls to complete education.
i. Approach towards girl's education:
The women's are aware about girls or daughters education. The responses of the
respondents are recorded in. Table 5.16 indicates the details of it.
It is observed from the Table 5. lti that these are the expressions of their own
experiences. 75 %o respondents from both of'the organizations told that they want girls to
stand on their feet whereas 9 o% respondents rc-sponded that these girls would live better
life if they will educate. It is follor,r,ed by 5 % respondents rvho felt that through education
girls could do their progress. 3 %r respondents felt that education will make her future
bright. l "/o each among the respondents c'| Streevani expressed their impressions that 'Iam illiterate, so my daughter should lealn', 'boys and girls are equal', 'she can go
t) I
an)"vvhere', 'though we want them to learn, because of bad financial condition it is
difficult'.
Table 5.16 - Reasons for positive approach towards girls education:
,Sr.
No. ReasonsStreevan
ha,. of -Re
I They should stand ontheir feet
7(.; 76
z. They will Iive better life I 9
3Herfuture should bebrisht
7 '7
,| I am illiterate so mydaushter should learn :
5. Boys and girls are equal z 2.
6. She can go anywhere ) 2
Though we want them toIearn but becau.se of badfinanciul conditittrt it i,tdifficult
7 1l.
,Y.T'hey can clo theirptogress
9They should lettrnreading und u,riting
Totul r00 I
Sontulan
N".,|--laTotal
No. ofRespondents
o/
74 74.00 150 75 00
t0 | 10.00 I9 9.50
7 3.50
2 r.00
2 1.00
2 t.00
2 t.00
1I I 1.00 5.50
-t
100
5.00 J 250
I 00.00 200 00.00
,:
1,,l:'0(.t
t)0
t)0
t)0
,t)0
,)0
i)0
(,)0.0()
Source: Fie [d work.
Overall their approach to\ iards g;irls' education is positive. In focus group
discussion they said that to drop ou1 girl rve suggesr to complete the schooling or to takevocational training. Financial independencr: irnproves wrlnten,s status. Lack of educatiou,untimely death of husband, crisis in marrie d li[e resultecl in poor quality of life. Labourwork is the only solution for breacl and bulter. Some of the respondents told that due toilliteracy they cannot even read bus number- s(l cannot go anywhere on their own. Boysand girls are equal so girl's education is iilso important. Some of the respondents are
working in nearby industries but they are unskilled workers and they do not get any kingof facilities such as Provident fund. matemily'leave because they are unskilled daily wagesworkers.
Only education will bring about charrge so next generations should be literate.
Researchers opinion is NGOs shoulC discuss wit.h adolescents, drop-out girls andshould encourage them for the distance educ,ation.
138
o Respondents of both of the organization have accepted the need of educating the
girls.
o Respondents did not mention the problenrs such as non-availability of schools,
transports etc.
o Respondents want their daughters should live better life.
o There is problem of safety of these girls but respondents did not feel that is
important.
o Educated girls can face problem of v.iolence in family or in society.
o Educated mother can look after their children in a better way.
o Educated girl can be a partner with equal rights in her family.
o NGOs, in their gender sensitizirtion activities told importance of financial
independence and most of the respondents have gone through these problems have
realised the issue very well.
o Dropout girls do street plays to make girls arvare about girls education as well to
their mothers for girls' education.
It leads us to conclude that these w,omen wztnt their daughters should be financiallyindependent. It is concluded that as 59 9,t, ol'fenrale ntembers are literate and 84.50 %o
female members are earning members in the lamily anci hence the hypothesis is invalid.
The hypothesis is that the women in rural India are illiterate and most dependent and
having low dignity in family.
5.3.8 Television Programmes:
The substance of communication js reilective r:rf the values of society which, inturn, is nurtured and sustained through communication. N,fass communication media are
great instruments of social transfonnation. But this is a double-edged weapon. If it is nothandled properly it can cause social transgression. Mor,,ies and television are two bestexamples of this.
In recent years, television has overlaken all other mediums in the entertainmentfield. Television expansion in recent years has been phenomenal. In 1987 the number ofcommunity TV sets was estimated to be about 22,250.lt was provided in villages, urbanslums and tribal area of country.
In the year 1990 the entry of'various private conrmercial channels has changed themeasures and standards of life in every strata.
Table 5.17 exhibits the response of the members to TV programmes.
139
It is observed from the Table 5.11/ that 72 yo respondents of both Streevani and
Santulan watch television and only 28 %o respondents do not watch.
Table 5.17 - Whether respondents watch television programmes:
Sr.No.
ResponsesStreevani
No. ofResnondents
o.//o
I. Yes 71 71.
z. No 29 29.0(
Total 100 100-
w
Sr.No.
Progrummes(Multiple responses)
StreevanN":;7-*-f
t- Serials 9t
z- Maruthi movie 20
J.Women's
programme7
Agriculturalprogrammes 13
5. Talk show t0 I6. News 20
7.Religious
programmes
Total r00 I
%
TotalNo. of
Respondents
o.//o
72.00 143 71 .50
28.00 57 28.50
100.00 200 100.00
Santulan TotalNo. of
Respottdents%
5 5.00 116 73.00
t5 00 35 I7.50
4.00 I1 5.50
22 00 35 17.50
I0 5.00
19.00 39 19.50
8.00 I 4.00
r 00-00 100 r00.00
t -;urooi, No. oJ
tltelpqt4ent\.\crput. qc...\t
00 72
00 28
:: L "!__Source: Field work.
Rather than radio the villagers prclbr television as entertainment. There were no
informal groups like Bhajani Mandal or lVfahila Mandal. These women like to watch
television as and when they get time but loacl sheriding and electricity is not available to
every house. Every Panchayat office is nol having television. Cable TV has reached some
of the villages of this area.
A. Variety of TV programmes watcherl by the respondents:
Programmes relayed on the National channel normally covers various topics.
The details in respect of the respon:je ol'the merlbers to TV programmes are given
in Table 5.18.
Table 5.18 - Variety of TV programmei$ watched by the respondents (percentage tothe res
,Ntt. ttf8,_eWp!t_4!lts
,)it-ttlt 5.5
z,ti,r, 1.t
','.00
.l.()0
0.00
0.(,)t) It)
00.0(l r00
22
Source: F'ield work.
i,10
It is observed from the Table 5.18 that 91 9/o respondents of Streevani and 55 yo
respondents of Santulan watch Hindi and Marathi serials" It is follow by 20 o/o respondents
of Streevani and 15 %o respondents of Santulan who watch Marathi Movies. Women watch
programmes based on agriculture.22 o% respondents of Santulan and 13 %o respondents ofStreevani watch agriculture related prograrnntes. Overall l9 o/o respondents watch news
which is remarkable. 5 %o respondents wa:ch programme which are specifically for the
women.
These responses are multiple. \\lzrtcl-ring nervs introduces them to new area,
problems, achievement of people of other a"rea and r.r.ork of SHG in various rural areas-
But overall they watch TV mainl',' fbr the entertainment. ln rural area only
regional and National Channels are availabl::. During infirrmal discussion respondents told
that they like to watch even India-Pakistan cricket matches.
Women, engaged in agriculture, har<lly get tirne to watch Television. Most of their
time goes in household activities ancl farm activrties.
Among the respondents of Santulan some o('thern are havins cable TV which is
available only in Wagholi.
5.3.9 Health:
The awareness about good health ol' the family members is the urgent need of the
rural society. The NGOs selected lor the plrr?ose o1'stucly have arranged health camp forhealth awareness of members.
A. Health Camp:
Rural women do lot of work. Povert.1, strikes these women hard. Women perform
responsibility of home management. and absence of resources, to meet base minimum
needs for the survival affect them. Exces;si.",e workloa,C. insufficient food and mental
stress result in ill health. These women take ,:;are of their lirmily members, children.
Lack of awareness regarding their own health is the major problem among these
women. Even though they took loan for illr,ess, it is either fbr husband, children, mother-in-law and in rare cases it is for themseh,es. Looking at the situation Streevani and
Santulan organise health camp on the occasion of w.ome.n's day, mother's day and even
during the monthly meeting they provide information about health. Attendance of therespondents for these camps is important.
Percentage of the attendance \ health camp has given in the Table 5.19.
t4l
Table 5.19 - Respondents attendance for l{ealth Camp:
Sr.No. Responses
Streeva
N". tfnt
I Yes 7l 71 00
2. No 29 29.00
Total 100 r 00.00
ntulan
o.//o
TotalNo. of
Respondents
o,//o
66 00 137 68.50
34 00 63 31.50
100.00 200 100.00
--;,
No. trf4::_slq!!enlt
66
34
r00
Source: lrLeld work.
It is observed from the Table 5.19 that 7l o/o respondents of Streevani and 66 yo
respondents of Santulan have attended health camp. 34 o,/o respondent of Santulan and
29 % respondents of Streevani have not attended. Respondents of Santulan are havingmedical facility in Wagholi and respondents of'streevani having in Manjari and Vade.Respondents not attended health camp fo: various reasons such as old age, familyproblem, work etc.
It can be concluded that overall the,se women become aware
health related activities, it is positive. Au'areness shoulrl be increased
should be organised frequently.
about health and
and health camp
A. Attendance:
Within the span of 5 years both of th,-- N'GOs have organised health camp for thevarious types of diseases.
Data from the Table 5.20 indicate the :le-r-ails orit. l-hese responses are multiple.It is observed from the Table 5.20 thal anlong the respondents 47 yohave attended
health camp on aids. It is foltowed by'36 04 re:ipondents rrf both of the organisation haveattended eye's camp- 33 % respondents attencled health camp regarding women,s health.22 yo respondents attended health camp regar"cling arthritis. 5 0/o respondents of Santulanhave attended health camp of Dengue . 3 ,'o respondents attended camp regarding waterpollution. I Yo each had attended blood cher::king, aclolescent girl's health camp. Stressand tension camp.
Due to temporary migration possibilitl' of aids among the men is high. Butthrough this camp they have got information ztbout aids. Arnong the rural men and womenhave habits of tobacco chewing. NGOs should made them aware about cancer.
It-tr
lrt
*j.$d1--n' €bE
I r+-)
Table 5.20 - Health camp attended by the respondents:
Sr.No. Ilealth comp
N'o. of
I. Women's hectlth 46
2. Check up of eyes 37
J. Aids JJ
4. Arthritis 29
5Information ofprimary health centre
I
6.Informotion aboutpolluted water
j
7. ,Srress. Tension 2
8.I have checked mythroat 2
9. Dengue
10. Adolescent girls
I I. Blood checking
12. Handicap children
t3. Child health
4(t.00
(Multiple responses)
Santulan TotalNo. of
Respondents
0//oNo. of
Respondents%
20 20.00 66 33.00
_3.t 35.00 72 36.00
4t:) 40.00 95 47.50
tlI-t t 4.00 41 22.00
I 0.50
5 5.00 6 3.00
2 1.00
2 1.00
l( r 0.00 t0 s.00
2 2.00 2 r.00
2 2.00 2 r.00
I
J
100 I 0.50
500 J 2.50
Streevanif-, o,,
/'O_L___
t7 00
-j 5.(t0
.79.(t0
I . t)(,)
t.00
2"00
200
Source: Irield work.
Overall at least now they have realised irnportance of their own health. Non-availability of PHC is also a cause of honre delivery'. ignorance about diseases. Earliersuperstitions were dominating about health. Ilut now they at least check themselves by thedoctor. They do not feel shy. Their resp<)nses are base<j on the memory. NGOs have toguide them for the benefits of hospital dcliveries ;and to try to increase women'sattendance for it.
It leads us to conclude that health carnp activity is one of the most useful activityand which has to be carried on by the NGOs.
B. Usefulness of Health Camp:
Every village is not having medLcal fbcility and they cannot go to the doctor ontheir own. Non-availability of roacls, vehicles, alsc, Prinrary health centre is not availablein nearby villages. This is also one of the reason for the organization of health camp.
144
Attendance for the health camp is important and follow the information,
knowledge they got from health camp is rnore important, it should not remain only as
activity or for the change they should not att,rnd it.
To get the feedback of the health cantp activity il was asked to them that what
information do they get through health c&rnp,. '[ hat data has given in Table 5.21.
Table 5.21- Usefulness of Health Camps:
Sr.No.
Streevan
No. ofResoondents
I.We have to use
separate syringeforevery natient
1 5
2.I have checked myeyes
9 I
3. Aids is not infectious 10 I
4.
Got informationaboul women'sdiseases
9 I
5.We have to drinkliltered water
2 a
6.Got informationabout arthriti.s I l
7.Prevention fromdiseases u I
8. Cannot say t1II I
9Got idormationabout child hirth andgrowth
I I
10. Other .t
II.Keep surroundingclean to preventdengue
t2. Told information toother women
Total /I I
Santulan TotulNo. of
Respondents
o//oNo. of o.//o
24 36.36 28 20.43
12 18.18 2I r 5.32
10 7.30
9 6.60
1
J
6.06 6 4.38
| <l l 292
I] 803
6 9.09 I8 I3.t4
6 9.09 t5 t 0.95
2.92
t 0.60 7 5.1 r
/t 6.06 1 2.92
66 t00.00 137 t 00.00
LeslpnQerylt
.63
2' 6,\
4 0,\
\2
5 1:)
6.90
]67
.,/i 3
Source: f;ield work.
It is observed from the Table 5.21 thal. overall 86 % respondents could express
themselves.
Respondents about aids health camp were quoted more by the respondents. 36 yo
respondents of Santulan and 5 oZ respondents of Streevani said 'we have to use separate
t4.5
syringe for every patient', and 14 %o res,pondents of Streevani told that 'aids is not
infectious. 2 Yo other responses includes 'aids test is important during marriage', 'women
should avoid extra marital affairs', 'we should not treat t{lV positive patient badly', etc. It
is followed by 15 %o respondents 'who r:hecked their ey'es', here again some of the
respondents told that doctor advised thenr {br the spectaculars but those women did not
follow this, l0 yo respondents got infirrmation about child birth and growth, 8 %o
respondents told that they got information of prevention from diseases', 6 %o respondents
got information of diseases among the wonten and reasons lbr it. 5 %o said that they keep
surrounding area clean to prevent dengue, 4 o/o have got information about filtered water.
Majority of them have taken it senously, it is positive sign. In future they willimplement it.
It leads us to conclude that NGOs should organize these camps frequently and
should encourage women to follow doctor's a<h'ice and should take further treatment.
C. Immunization:
To prevent rural children from diseases one of the task of Panchayat is through the
help of District health officer arrange immu'isation progr'mme.
Panchayat should disseminate inlirrrnalion of irnmunisation programme arrange
programmes in health institution.
Mortality rate among the children is high due to malnutrition and various diseases.
Eradication of Polio and T.B. is main ol'riective of the Government, which is beingimplemented through Panchayat Raj.
Data about immunization has give'n in the Table 5.22. These responses are
multiple.
Table 5.22 - Respondents awareness about immunisation:
.Sr.
No.
Percent to therespondents to whomquestion is applicable
Streev,ani
No. ofResoondents
o//o
1 BCG 82 82.
2. Polio Pulse 83 83.(
3. Yellow fever 30 30.
Source: frield work
It is observed from the Tare 5.22 that more tha' g5 %immunisation. Recently Govt. published advertisemenrs and slogan
)t')
Santulan TotalNo. of
Respondents
o/of o,//o
90.00 172 86.00
90.00 t73 87.00
) 22.00 52 26.00
Respo_rypn1;,
0tl :70
00
women are aware ofto aware people from
:70
t46
yellow fever. But they have to pay about Rs. 100/- for yellow fever injection and all of
them cannot afford it. So the percentage of yellow fever dose is 26 o .
Some of the older respondents said that immunisation facility was not available for
their children but now they insist for their grand children.
Immunisation programmes are frequently arranged by the Govt. and thel' rnade the
people aware about through mass media Some of the voluntary organization do street
plays to tell them importance of the immunisation.
This we can say collective impact ol'both media and NGOs.
D. Child Care:
NGO informed them even during the' rnonthly meeting about child health seasonal
illness, water borne diseases. Importarrce of cleanliness, and their superstitions about
illness, these topics discussed by the social workers and SI{G members. To study the
outcome of it, it was asked to them that how do they take care of their children. Table 5.23
indicates their responses towards it.
Table 5.23 - How do they take care of their children's health:
Sr.No.
Stree vanl Santulan TotalNo. of
Respondents
o,//oNo" ttfR
0.//ouo''! , I %
I. Keep them cleun 26 2t',,.0(,1 22 22.00 48 24.00
2.Give them boiledwater
() 9.0t) ) 2.00 tI 5.50
3.Take them to theDoctor 19 19.00 t)
r 3.00 32 16.00
,1.They can take care o.f-
themselves1'JI -J,t .00 12 42.00 73 36.50
5.Take care of theirfood
.l 400 I3 13.00 I7 8.30
6.
Keep medicines ofcold and cough inhouse
I |00 I r.50
7.
Told teenagedaughters aboutwomen's health
2 az 00 I t.00 3 I.s0
8. Not applicable ) 500 5 5.00 IO 5.00
9. Cannot tell { 300 3 1.50
Source: Irield work.
It is observed from the Table 5.23 that24 Yo respondents keep their children clean.
It is followed by l6 o/o respondents who take them to the rlocfor R o/^ resnnndenrs tqkp aqrc
t47
of their children's food. 5 %o respondents give boiled rvater to their children whereas 36 7o
respondents told that their children are gro\ m up and can take care of themselves.
Most of them keep their children r:lean, they take care of bath, cut nails, clean
cloths. Respondents who take care of their children's food includes give them sufficient
food, prepare in house, prepare green lealy vegetables, do not allow them eat unhygienic
good. Respondents response 'take them to the doctor:' shows they do not pursue tantrik,
mantrik for children's illness is positive slgn. But in a few cases respondents answered that
people follow both.
Overall we can conclude that these women ha.ve sot at least some information or
knowledge of child health.
5.3.10 Gender sensitisation:
Gender equality will open new avenues to women. Women will get equal
opportunity to take part in every activity. -fhey will get equal access to basic services like
health, education. Gender equality will turn into equal rights.
New ways of thinking will help t.o change the social situation. Spending years in
schooling will automatically extend their rnarria.ge al later age. It will keep family size
limited because of health awareness and it uitl help to control infant mortality.
Gender discrimination started fror-n the Vedic period and exist the same till today.
Women were given subordinate status in the Hindu Society. 'She is protected by the
father in her childhood, by her husban<J in her adulthrrod and by her son in her old age'.
Division of labour perpetuates gender in,--quality because women do not have economic
power. Though they started working outsicle the home that has increased her burden and
not status or equal position. In rural area. girl chi]d, does not get sufficient food. clothing.She has to look after her siblings in her ctLilctlrood. It deprives her from education.
Taking into consideralion NCir-)s has identi{ied some areas Iike sendersensitisation, literacy, awareness of health etc.
Gender sensitisation can be a solution for the problems such as dowry, childmarriage, infanticide, child mortality elc. Gender sensitisation is one of the mostimportant activities undertaken by the NGOs. To make women aware about social ills.
To study the impact of gender sensitisation activities respondents opinion wereasked about birth of girl child, her age of marriage, her education, dowry system, reactionson the occasion of birth of eirl chil,l etc.
148
NGOs organize film shou's, dranras, sing songs which are based on gender
equality, crimes against women, their low status in family and society. Problems created
by gender inequality.
A. Choice of child:
In the vast majority of Indian hourseholds the birth of a boy is an occasion for
celebration, while the birth of a girl is greeted with silence, if not despair. ln every t-acet
of her life, the young female chilcl expericnces and senses either directly, or by subtle
nuances, discrimination against herself. .A girl thus grows up thinking of herself as the
inferior sex. Added to this, is the glorification of feminine self-sacrifice, submissiveness,
docility and dependence on the male. This hzrs deep cultural roots in our attitudes and
behavior and make for a consistent devaluation of the woman by her family, community
and most unfortunately, by her own self, a:; well. l'o combat this, it is necessary to trainyoung girls as self esteem usually stabilizes at mid childhood.
One of the reasons for insisting to have son was. The son was considered to be
more important than the daughter is because he rrot onll,performed the funeral rites
necessary for the salvation of father but alsc, at the same time retained the lamilv tree
(Koyaji 93).
To study the impact of gender sensitisation activities conducted by NGOs. it was
asked to them that 'what do they want to have' bo1, or girl and it was aske<l to them f6rtheir own and even in their close relations like rlauglrter, claughter-in-larv and sister-in-lawetc. This data is presented in Table 5.24.
Table 5.24 - Choice of child of respondents:
,SA
No.Bov or Girl
Streevani
No. ofRespondents
o//o
Any 48 18.00
2. Boy 27 27.00
3. Girl I9 ,t 9.00
+. Both 3 t 3.00
5. Cannot Say t3.00
Total r00 r00.00
tr//o
TotalNo. oJ
Respondents
o//o
37.00 8i ,t ') 50
23.00 50 25.00
23 00 ,t) 21.00
{ L5
17.00 20 r 0.00
100.00 200 r 00.00
Srntulun
No. of4e_rsppltl_gnlt ,
37
100
1tz)
z)
tit/
Source: F'ield work.
| 4tl
It is observed from the Table 5.24 thirl:48 or'o respondents from Streevani and 37 o
respondents from Santulan answered 'any' will do. It is lbllowed by 27 7o respondents ofStreevani and 23 o% respondents of Sa;rtul:rn u'ho answered 'boy' or 'son'. 23 %respondents of Santulan and 19 96 respondents of Streevani said they want girl child.
17 o/o respondents of Santulan and3 %o resgrndents of Streevani answered 'cannot say'.
Respondents of 'santulan' have given equal percentage to Boy of Girl. Majority
of the respondents answered'ant', shou,s their equal importance for the 'son'. This data
shows that the impact of having son is still a lot. These women have strong feeling that
only boy perpetuates family name.
In joint family older generation have strong feelings that birth of a girl child iscurse. Even through they see negligence of son for his parents still they are having rigid
mind set. They accept every other thing asr fate but not birth of girl child.
Still there are cases n'here mothsr-in-lar',, advised her daughter-in-law for the
family planning operation after having tu,o grand daughters, which is remarkable.
In some families daughter-in-law" u'ho is hav'ing only daughters, faces many
problems because family members har',.: to spend fbr her daughters' marriage and
education, though law has given her equal right in property family members do not give
her whereas sons brings dowry in the hous,,,.
This issue was discussed more in f.cus, group di:;cr,rssi.n.
During the focus group discussion. these re:sponclenls, told that due to traditional
way of thinking they could not accept their girt chilC to h.rok a er them in their old ace.
This has to be changed. Effbrts are be:ing d.ne br the NGOs.
B. Birth of girt chitd:
Media and oommercial advertisenienl.s sometinres shows that boy and girl areequal and most of the time it remains only as aciverlisc-nrenr and people do not follow it inpractice. This inequality gives birth to vari'us socizrl cvils.
Law has given equal right to girls irr ftunily propertl, but law is not effective in ourcountry. Ameniothesis test is expensive poor people c;annot afford that, they kill newlyborn baby girl. In many parts o1- our courLtrv people are having traditional or rigid mindset which creates lot of problems. Inter caste marriage of girl / daughter resulted inmurder. so girls right from the birth kept i. various resrrictions.
On this background it is necess,ary to know the feelings or responses ofrespondents on the occasion of birth of girl child. It shows impact of gender sensitisationactivities. Table 5.25 gives information about it.
I50
Table 5.25 - Reactions of the respondents on the occasion of the birth of girl child:
Sr.No.
ResponsesStreevani
No. ofRespondents
o,//o
I. Negative I7 17.
z. Positive 8l 8I
J.Cannotexpress 2 2.00
Total r00 I00.0tt
Santulan TotaINo. of
Respondents
o,/./oNo. of o,//o
)2 22.00 39 39.00
'-i / 74.00 Is5 77.50
+ 4.00 6 3.00
100 r00.00 200 100.00
Rgqpgndents
G raph 2
Source: Irield wrtrk.
Reactioas of the respondents on thethe birth of girl child
occasion of
,90;80,70-60
.,5010302010
5o
''oo'. a4r..^
os.r.
ESfreevaniElSantulan
\qbLen*^
It is observed from the Table 5.25 lhat 81 96 respondents of Streevani and 74 yo
respondents of Santulan showed 'positive' response on this occasion and overal I 19 y,respondents showed 'negative' response on this occasion.
It is remarkable. It leads us to corLclr-rde that NGOs are getting success in theirgender sensitising activities.
Government announced rewards to tamilies u,ho did family planning operationafter birth of a girl child, but attitudinal charrge is important only that will give girls betterquality life, parents love, equal status.
Feelings on the occasion of birth of girl child:Positive feelings:
In Pre-Vedic period birth of a girl child was not a curse to her parents because she
C.
i.
l-5 |
was having equal status with boys. She was liee to take any kind of education. She had
right to choose her partner. But the status of wonren had changed drastically in Vedic
period and deteriorates over the period.
It was asked to the respondents thal what do thel' feel on the occasion of the birth
of girl child, 81%o respondents of Streevani and 74'% respondents of Santulan answered
'positive feeling'. Further, it was astea tc them that what are the reasons for 'positive
feelings'. The details are given in'fable 5.2(i.
Table 5.26 - Reasons for 'positive' feeling on the occasion of girl child:
,Sr.
No- ReasonStreevani
No. ofRespondents
I. Girl and boy areequal 43 53
z.Daughter talces careof pctrents in their oldage
I5 I
3.Girls qre superiorthan boys
J _1
/t. I like girls I 11
i. I wcts not hctving kidso I tlid not feel bad 5 (.t.
6.Because that was myfir,st chilcl 6
Total 8I I
ulan TotalNo. of
Respondents
o//oo/lo
43.24 75 18.39
16.21 27 t'7,t",
8.t0 9 5.8 r
17.56 22 r1.19
14.86 l6 10.32
6 3 .87
r 00.00 155 100.00
a,a
09
52
.,'0
l7
.il
SantNo. of
Egtpp@g,nts
JZ
t3
I1
00.00 74
Source: I'ield work.
It is observed from the Table 5.26thi:'i' c,verall 48r%r respondents said that girl and
boy are equal. It is followed by l7 9zi respordents who answered that daughter takes care
of parents in their old age. 14 %o respondents told that they like girl. l0 %o respondentsanswered that they were not having kid so thrjy fbgl positi,,,e, this answer is rather negative.It is followed by 3 oZ respondents whose first- child u,as girl child so they did not f'eel bad,and 5 o% respondents said that girls are superit-rr to bovs.
Overall percentage of acceptance of 61irl child is high. In2-3 cases mother-in-lawsthemselves suggested to daughter-in-laws for the family planning operation though theyare not having son. Most of the respondents f-eel that boys and girls are equal which isremarkable. It is the result of gender sensitisation acrivities being done by the NGOs.Though they are familiar with the situation tlrat son does not look after his parents in theirold age still they want son to perpetuate family name and daughter to look afterthemselves.
152
Graph 3 - Reasons for the'positive'feelingsof the respondenfs on the occasion of birth
of girl child (overall picture)
60,1
50iI
40)30
20
10
o
... El Streevani
.,ESantulanVLIgEYUITI
Respondents responses saying 'I .,\'as not having kid so I did not feel bad'" and
'because that was my first child so I did not feel bad' zrre actually negative responses
because that was adjustment for not havinlr child.
NGOs provide them information alrorrt birth of child, introduction of human bodv-scientific reasons for the birth of b<ly and g:irl.
It leads us to conclude that programmes organised by NGOs towards gendersensitisation have effective impact among lhese respondents but rate of change is low.
ii. Negative Reactions:
Respondents expressed themselves very frankll' and freely. 17 yo respondents ofStreevani and22 oZ respondents of Santulan answered that they feel bad on the occasion ofbirth of girl child. Table 5.27 indicates the data.
Reasons were asked to them for their negative feelincs.
I mWddL.{E o- \r€l
"-i2.\-/-l% l, 6, E
1 *' !' tz ?*q :6'o : ?.' ?r^
i7"oZE6-*.o?? i 2,
v^2\
r5i
Table 5.27 - Reasons for 'negative' feelings of the respondents on
birth of girl child:
the occasion of
Sr.No-
Reasons fornegative feelings
Streevani
No. ofResnondents
We have to givedowry to daughter 4 1z
1z-We want to have atleqsl ct lson
6 3
tJ.I|te feel bad when shegoes to her in-lqws
aJ IIf not having sonother women givebad names.
1z I
J.Ifelt bad because shewas mv first child I 5
6.We want daughter tolook after ourselve,s. I 5
7.l{orrying about herfuture life.
8.lflant son toperpetuate familyname
9.Vle v,anl bctlh sonund daughter
Total I7 I
Source: [iield work.
It is observed from the Table 5.27 that overall 17 o/n respondents said that ' wehave to give dowry to daughters', 31 o/o euch respondents from Santulan said, 'they are
worrying about her future life', and 'we r\.r1n1 both son and daughter'. It is followed by35 oA respondents of Streevani who want lcl have at least a son'. 17 o/o respondents ofStreevani said, 'they feel bad when daughtcr goes to her in-laws',12 yo answered that ifnot having son other women give names'. 5 ith each from Streevani responded that, .that
was their first child so they felt bad, 'we warrt rlaughler to lo6k after ourselves.
These responses are reflections of the social ills existing in the society. Dowrysystem is the main because still dowry deaths happen in society and almost in everycommunity. Increasing number of rape case)s, sexual harassment, force for physicalcontacts, abuse and ineffective implementation of law against it are also the reasons whyparents do not want girl child. Whereas son perpetuates family narne is strong feeling ofrespondents. Respondents who answered that we ivant to have both son and daughtershows impact of the media, for longer time they' have created certain framework of familyto masses that is every family has to have a son and daughter and that is called as familv.
ar,-.
:t.5 2
:;.29
'r'.65
i76
.Y8
;.89
(^().00
Santulan TotulNo. of
Respondents
o//oNo. o_f
%
J 13.64 7 17.95
6 15.38
J 7.69
z 5.t3
I 2.56
I 2.56
7 31.82 7 I7.95
J 2 2.72 J 12.82
31.82 7 17.95
22 I00.00 39 100.00
l-s4
Respondents of 'Santulan' answered more worrying about her future life it shows that life
the way they lived they do not want their daughters to live and social problems which are
existing in society, cannot be tackled easil',.
It leads us to conclude that many tinres these women take birth of girl child as
adjustment or compromise. Though ver1, f'erv of them erxpressed negative feelings this has
to be changed.
D. Family planning operation:
Earlier people used to take childbirth as god gifi, as well more children are more
power or they will be supporters during oLI age, they will eam more etc. During the Five-
Year Plan government designed schemes to educate people towards it and to keep
scientific view for the childbirth. Especially in the rural areas the main emphasis ofgoverrlment programmes has been on rnaternity. child welfare, nutrition and familyplanning.
In rural areas PHC provides mec ical care, maternal and child health services,
family planning services, control of communicable rjisease, health and nutrition education,
environmental sanitation etc. Medical social wo;:kers are also working to educate the
people especially to couples for family plzurning and chil,lbirth. It will reduce infant and
child mortality as well maternal mortality.
Many times couples keep w'aiting tor a birrh o1'bab1' boy and give birth to manygirls in this process. Repeated childbirth oreates other problems. like malnutrition, acutepoverty and chronic illness in the ftrmily. It leads generation of generation to wage labour.Media in their own way is creating awaleness about it. -fhey publish information onbuses, put hoarding, show films. fior the rural people they write slogans on the walls ororganize film shows in villages.
Taking into consideration above all. it was askecl to them that do they did familyplanning operation. Table 5.28 provides infirrmatio'ab.ut it.
lt is observed from the Table 5.28 that 84 %o respondents of Santulan and 6g oA
respondents of Streevani have done famill' planning operation. 2l yo respondents ofStreevani and 6 7o respondents of Santulan have not done. For the I I %o respondents ofStreevani and l0 o/n respondents of'santulan this question is not applicable because theyare widow, deserted, unmarried, not having child etc.
It leads us to conclude that these women are aware of it and important is they gavethis information freel y.
l5-5
Table 5.28 - Respondents whether did familv planning operation or not:
Sr.No.
ResponsesStreevani
No. tJ'Respondents
t. Yes 68 (t
2 No 21
)J. Not applicable t1 I
Total 100 I
ntulan TotolNo. of
Respondents
o.//o
84.00 t52 76.00
6.00 27 t5 50
t 0.00 21 I t.50
100.00 200 r 00.00
Sru
8.00 8.1
I.00
L00 t0
No. trfRespondents
r00
o/./()
00.t)t)
Source: Irield work.
A. Decision of family planning operation:
Women do not have control on their body, no voice. They cannot decide orexpress themselves or opined for the issue:; which are very much related to them. One ofthe areas is family planning operation. The mermbers who have operated themselves it was
asked to them that 'who took the decision ol- lamily planning. Their responses can be seen
in the Table 5.29.
Table 5.29 - who took the decision of famirl' planning operation:
,Sr.
No. ResponsesStreevani
N;;il-I Both 51
2 W,.ft I1
3 Husband )
Others Ij N()t )peratcd )I ')
6 Not applicable tI I
Total 100 I
Regpn4erylg
Siur
N;;.;jntulan Total
No. ofRespondents
,%
o././o
68.00 122 6t.00
8.00 t9 950
r.00 J r.50
7.00 8 4.00
6.00 27 I3.50
t 0.00 11ZI r 0.50
100-00 200 r 00.00
a/./()
i.t.0(,t 68
,t.0(,1
2.0()
|00
i.0(t
i0a
00.00 100
I0
Source: Ficld work.
lt is observed from the Table 5.29 that 68 % respondents of Santulan and 54 yo
respondents of Streevani answered that borh took the rlecision. Among l1 %o cases ofStreevani and 8 o/n cases of Santulan they themselves took the decision, and only 2 o/o
t56
respondents of Streevani and I o/o respondent of Santulan said their husband took the
decision. Overall picture is positive. majority of the couple took the decision.
Women on their own took the decision and operated themselves shows their
boldness and percentage of this is noticeable.
7 o/o respondents of Santulan responded that 'other' it includes father, mother-in-
law, sister, nurse, etc.
Looking at the majority of the respondents i.e. 63 oZ between the age group of 3lto 40 it was expected that 6l %o couple took the decision.
5.4
|57
Economic Aspects
5.4.1 Introduction
5.4.2 Occupation
5.4.3 Ownership of the Land
5.4.4 House
A. Type of House
B. Ownership of House
C. Ownership of Household Appliaces
D. Facility of T'oilet
E. Fuel for Cooking
5.4.5 LivestockOwnership
5.4.6 Vehicles
5.4.7 Annual Income
5.4.8 Monthly Savings
5.4.9 Borrowing
A. Purpose of l-,oan
B. Amount Borrowed
C. Cumulative [,oan
D. Repayment of Loan
5.4.10 Self-employment Training
A. Attendance
B. Training
C. Benefits of the Trairring
D. Kinds of Benefits
E. Success of Training
F. Future Plan for Generating Income
I58
5.4 Economic Aspect:
5.4.1 Introduction:
In this section, the financial or economic background of the respondents was
studied in respect of occupation ol'the respondents, land ownership, annual income of thefamily, vehicles ownership, live stock ownership, type of house, ownership of house,household appliances, own by famiiy, toil::t flicilitv. fueI for cooking etc.
Women's awareness and knowleclge' of land ownership, irrigation facility, assets
and income of family members are studies; in lhis chapter"
Economic activities of the NGOs, right from the savings in-group, loaning pattern,reasons for the loan, self-employment training provided b1, the NGOs. Benefits of theseactivities have also been covered.
5.4.2 Occupation:
In rural areas farming and farming related activities are the main source of income.Illiteracy among these women forced therL to the labour: work. She plays dual role of paidworker and also performs household acrivilies. l{er income contributes major part offamily expenses. Even her contribution in .l?rmily lands is not recognized. She remainsinvisible' Table 5.30 Information about occupation of respondents has provided.
Joint land ownership has nc,t yet starr.ccl in this area which will improve worren,sstatus and her work will be counted by her fiunily menrbers. Because she not only w.rksin the farm but money required as and when for the famring expenses she borrows fromgroup.
It is observed from the Table 5.30 that 60 '% respondents of Streevani and,27 %;o
respondents of Santulan are engaged in farm and fann labour work. It is fbllowed by2l o/orespondents of Santulan who are engagerJ in only labour work. 1g o% respondents ofSantulan and l3 o%respondents of Streevani are housewiVes. l4 %o respondents of Santulanand 9 04 respondents of Streevani are errgaged in job. it is significant. Shop runningactivity has been doing by l0 %o respondents o1'Santulan aruJ 6yorespondents of Streevani.4 oz respondents are goat rearers, and 4 rerspondents ol'Streevani and 35 respondents ofSantulan are engaged in stitching. Dairy activity has been undertaken by g yorespondents
of Streevani organization.
| %o each among the responrJents of Santulan are engaged in farm and dairy andfodder cutting activity, running STD boc,th. labour and stitching and farm and shopactivity.
\l5q
Overall l8 yo respondents from b,rth of the organi;ation are engaged in self-
employment it is remarkable. It is impact of NCiOs.
2l Yo respondents of Santulan are engaged only in labour activity. They do not get
equal wages though the work they do is equal to men. 1'hey do not get other facilities.
Table 5.30 - Occupation of the respondents:
^Sr.No. Reasons
Streevani
No. oJ'
Resoondents
t. Housewife I3 t 3.6
Z. Farming 25 25
J. Farming and labour 35 35
4 Service 9 9.
5 Shop 6 6.
6 Goctt rearing 4 4.(
7. Stitching 4 4.(
8 Dairy )J 3.0(
9 Musala Grinding I 1.0(
I0 Labour
II Farm & livestock
t) l-'urm. Dairy, fodderculting
13 STD booth
11. Labour, Iailoring
15. Farm, shop
Total 100 r00.
Santulan TotalNo. of
Respondents%ttf o//o
8 r8.00 31 r 5.50
6 r 6.00 1I 20 50
I I 1.00 46 2 3.00
1 t4.00 23 I 1.50
0 t0.00 t6 800
4 2.00
1J 3.00 7 3.50
) 2.00 J 250
I 0.50
I 21 00 1'ZI 10 50
t.00 I 050
t.00 I 050
r.00 I 0.50
t.00 I 0.50
r.00 I 0.50
100.00 200 100-00
-f -*,o-;-l N;.,r-"' I Respondents
,;;l-i-_-i,;;l-;-o;,1--;--;,;-l-;-;,,-l-, -)()
100
Source: F'ielcl work-
School running by Santulan in nrining quarries has provided jobs to theserespondents- Some of them are angan\\'adi teacher, helper working in industries,animators of NGOs etc. Women working'in industries do unskilled work and they are notpermanent. 35 % respondents of Streevani have to w'ork in their own farm as well inother's farm as a labour- Self-emplovment activities can re,duce their burden of dual work.
)( )
160
Activities of goat rearing, masala making, dairy have been undertaken by the
respondents after joining the group.
It is also observed by National Prc,ductivity Pla:r for women (1988 - 2000) that
women who are engaged in agriculture antl :rgricultural labour, for them agriculture and
allied fields provide the largest sector for women's emplol,ment. It largely determines the
rural women's socio-econimic status. This is the sector where women's role as unpaidlabour in productive activities is most prorninent ancl is responsible for conferring women
a non-working status. In case of both agriculture and animal husbandry, development
strategies have provided very little to their active inr,olvement in both the sectors.
Among the respondents of Streevanj 8 7 %o responrJents and among the respondents
of santulan 82 o/o respondents are engaged in one or the other activity.
It is also reflection of the literacy level among the women. Women who are
housewives are either newly marriecl or pre'gnant or old age. Percent of illiteracy is highamong the respondents of Streevani and it is (\ Yo low among the respondents of Santulanstill percentage of women in labour work is high among the respondents of Santulan.
It leads us to conclude that most of-the women are engaged in farm and labouractivities.
5.4.3 Ownership of land:
Farming is major economic ilctivity in rural area. But non-irrigated land cannot becultivated for the complete year it fcrrces them lor the labour work in other farms. Most ofthe time head of the family or in joint famili, one mernber migrate to urban area. In nuclearfamily women has to play both the roles at this conclition, and also earn. The infbrmationof land ownership is provided in T-atrle 5.31. I'his is quite sell--explainatory.
It is observed from the Table 5.31 th,lt among the respondents of Streevani g6
families of Streevani and 40 families of Santulzm are land owners.
Among the landowners of Streevani 58 ']/o responrJents own non irrigated land and42%o owned inigated land. Among the lancl Santulan orvned 58 o/o of non irrigated landand 42 %o of them own irrigated land. 6 fanrilies among the respondents of Streevani and5 families of Santulan owned less than ors-or.)r€: Iand ormed less than one-acre land.
One to three acre land owned by 54 lanrilies among the respondents of Streevaniand27 families among the respondents of Santulan.
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3'1 to 5 acre land owned by l6 families anlong the respondents of Streevani and 4 familiesamong the respondents of Santulan. 5.1 to 7 acre lan,J owned by 7 families among therespondents of Streevani and I family anrong the respondents of Santulan. More than 9acre land owned by 3 families among the re;pondents of Streevani and,2 families amonsthe respondents of Santulan.
Among the owners of inigated land I to 3 acres owned by more than 35 %o
respondents of Streevani and 64.71 yo of Santulan. I'he 3. I to 5 acres irrigated land ownedby 60 o% respondents of Streevani and 17.65 '76 members ol'santulan. Among the ownersof irrigated land only 14 %o responrlents ol'streevani o,,vned more than 5 acres land and12 o/o respondents of Santulan owned more than 5 acres.
It shows their financial background zurd water scarcity in that area. They cannot dofarming for whole year and even cultivatom of sugar do not get much money it was told bythe respondents. Looking at the average family size they do not own sufficient land hencejoint family is unavoidable, and wage labour work.
These respondents have not yet unrlertaken anv Watershed Development Schemesor Social Forestry's Scheme for the supplernentary inconre. rhey can do it even to solvetheir drinking water problem, and watershed Developed Scheme will help them to takecash crop, fbdder and farming for two seasons.
Expert's guidance will help iltem for ncw agricultural practice, to get high yield.Some of the women indepently man,ege the activity in the local market and nearby
market' this is remarkable. After,loining the group respondents from Bhorvasti havestarted dairy activity with farming.
In village Bolhai there is a tenlple of (.ioddess. tenrple authorities gifted land tosome families who do worship of Goddess dirily. But rhat land is rocky and water source isnot available, though they are owners of land therv cannot r;ell it. Families having inigatedland cultivate sugarcane. 14 04 respondents of Streevan i ar-td 61%iorespondents of Santulanare engaged in other income generating activitics"
These women are aware of market rvhere they sell vegetables, grain, and whichcrop they take in seasons.
It leads us to conclude that the land is the important asset in village economy. Butmore than 90 percent of them own the land u;:rto .J acres.
Respondents of Santulan, who are staving oh rr)r lloilr highway, have opportunity toundertake self-employment activity as weil jc,bs i' inclustr.y which is nearby.
r6l
5.4.4 Type of house of the respondents:
A. Houses in village area are not norrnally very close to each other. Every village ishaving its typical character. In some villages population of particular caste stay inparticular part of village. Housing construr::tir:n is also clilf'erent in villages; most of the
houses are eco-friendly.
Table 5.32 shows data regarding type ol'houses, of the respondents.
It is observed from the Table 5.32 that 74 o/o respondents of Santulan and. 60 Yo
respondents of Streevani are having pucc€r house. built by cement bricks with the roof ofteen sheets or cement sheets or slab. Whereas 40 o,,o respondents of Streevani and 26 oh
respondents of Santulan are having kuchaha house.
Percentage of respondents of'streer,ani having kuchaha house is as high as 40 o/o
because their groups are in remote areas like vasti, ma,la and respondents having theirhouse in farms. 26 %o of the respondents of Sanlulan o\\,n same type of house.
Table 5.32 - Type of house of the respondents:
,Sr.
No. TypeStree
Nr-r7
1. Puccu 60
z. Kuchacha 40
Total 100
Suntulan
"t -: C,l*'ir,n %
TotalNo. of
Respottdents%
74.00 134 67 00
26.00 66 3 3.0u
t 00.00 200 t 00.00
Source: Irie|J wol.k.
Respondents staying in Kuchaha house have to l'ace many problems during rain1.
season, they do not build these houses with sul'tlcient heigiht. and there is no ventilation fbrthese houses. Smoke of the chulhas creates prc,blems, for trreathing to these women due tonon-availability of ventilation. They have L:r rnaintair-r thi:ir house for every season. roofand walls and flooring.
Percentage of respondents staying in pucca house, is as high as 66 percent amongthe respondents of Santulan because of their goorJ financial position.
It leads us to conclude that the memtrer ,rf N(-iO resi,ling near city and also withinjurisdiction of industrial area have pucca houses as an impact clf urbanization, whereas themembers of Streevani NGOs are mostly in ru,ral areas and have Kuchaha houses.
vant
t6.l
B. Ownership of house of the respondents:
Ownership of house directly affectsr on financial position of family. In rural area
having own house is status symbol.
Table 5.33 provides data ol'ownership of house of the respondents.
Table 5.33 - Ownership of house of the respondents:
Sr.No. 0wnership
Streevani
N". rf--Tfr
Owned 91 9l
z. Rental 4 +
3. Gharkul scheme T I
4. Other 4 4.
Total r00 r00.
Santulan TotalNo. of
Respondents%
oJ"%
76 76.00 r67 83.50
22 22.00 26 13.00
I 0.50
z 2.00 6 3.00
t00 r 00.00 200 r00.00
__1-8,-*
", --l-;;
"1"--' I Resnonde'nts
| ,,iJ- u -"l()
c,0 i
a'0 |- -t-
','lo-l _Source: I:ield work.
As regards ownership of the house it is obsenecl fiom the Table 5.33 that gl o
respondents of Streevani and 76 o/o resp<Ln<lenls of SantulizLn have their own house. It isfollowed by 22 7o respondents ol' Santulan and 4 ')6 respondents of Streevani who arehaving rental house. Only I o/o respondents; ol' Streevani har.e got house under Gharkulscheme.
'Other' response includes staying irr fitther's house, sister's house, and relative,shouse. House received under Gharkul schem.,c,rvned by, the respondent.
22o/orespondents of Santulan stay in rental house, where majority of the respondents are
from Wagholi, small scale industries anil sc,m,j large scale, inrjustries are in nearby areasand workers of these factories stav in WaghoJi.
Large houses are not found nrore in thi:; area, though each family has more thanTmembers.
C. Ownership of household appliances:
Appliances owned by family indicatc financial condition of family. In rural areasavailability of infrastructure is not much. Rural people are sufferer of load sheddins.Table 5.34 gives data of ownership ol.householtl appliances.
It is observed from the Table 5.34 ttrat 78 %o respondents of Streevani and 6g %o
respondents of Santulan own either colour or black white l.elevision. It is follow ed, by 690/o
respondents of Streevani and 90olo respondenls of Santulan owr pressure cookers.
165
Whereas 79 %o respondents o1'Streevani are having f:rn in their houses. Radio and
tape-recorded are owned by 75 o% responclents of Streevani and 56 %o respondents ofSantulan. Mixer is owned by 44 ou'o respotrdents of Santulan and 29 %o respondents ofStreevani. 13 %o respondents of Santulan arer having cable'fV and l0 %o respondents ofStreevani having cable TV 12 'A familir:s of Santulan owned each telephone and
refrigerator. 3 Yo each of Streevani owned telephone, cooler and VCR and refrigerator.
Table 5.34 - Ownership of household appliances:
^Sr.No.
AppliancesStreevani
No. ofResnondents
I. Radio 34 34
2. Tape Recorder 4t 41
1J. T.V. colour 40 40.
4. T.V.B&W _38 38.
5. Cable T.V. t0 t0
6. VCR )J
7. Mixer 29 29
8. Refrigerator IJ 3.(
9 Pressure Cooker 69 69
10. Fan 57 57
t 1. Cooler r i 3(
t2. Phone 3.(
13. Having Nothing 17 t7.
Santulan TotulNo- of
Respondenls%of
%
7 17.00 5I 25.50
39 39.00 80 40.00
0 50.00 90 45.00
B 18.00 56 28.00
5 | 3.00 23 11.s0
)J r.50
,Ia 11 00 73 36.50
2 12.00 t5 7.50
90 90.00 159 79.50
9 79 00 136 68 00
)t .50
2 t 2.00 t5 7.50
3 r 3.00 30 15"00
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NB: Each respondent has given more than one option ancl hence total may not tally.
Source: Iriekl work.
17 %orespondents of Streevani and l.ioh resp{)ndents of Santulan do not own anvappliances not even pressure cooker.
Mixer, pressure cooker save cooking time o1'the wonlen. Household appliancesdirectly reflect the living standard of the farnil.v. Teler,.ision, tape recorder, VCR, cableTV, cooker are indicators of higher living standard. Tb some f-amilies these appliances gotas gift in son's or daughter's marriage, either fiom tfteir relatives or from so'"s in-laws.But unfortunately if these women destitute they' do not get anything because after the
166
marriage their family owns assets and not thel'themselves. Cable TV facilitv is availablein village Wagholi and Kesnand.
The researcher is of the opinion that f'an should not be considered as luxury good.
Though these assets purchased from the in,;orns of these women it is not owned by them.Even it they want to sell that they cannot decirje on their orvn. Television either colour ofblack and white is available with maximunr number of members of Streevani gg % andSantulan 8l %.
It leads us to conclude these femaie members of Streevani and Santulan havemaximum number of amenities neecled for an ordinary farnily in the present age.
D. Toilet facility:
In developmental scheme provision has been also
Panchayat provides funds for that. Recently it has made
who wants to fight Panchayat election he ras to have his
same.
Table 5.35 shows data regarding this"
Table 5.35 - Facilify of Toilet:
,Sr.
No. FacilityStreevani
N^ i- l-R
Avctilable inhouse t9 l9
2. Not available 8I 81
aJ. ()ommon
Totsl r00 I
made for the personal toilet,
compulsory for the candidate
own toilet and should use the
ulan
0//o
TotalNo. nf
Respondents%
27.00 46 23.00
70.00 151 75.50
3.00 J t.50
t 00.00 200 r00.00
I
San
hro. oJ^
kS:p-gn{r2tJt
27r.)0
tl .Lt() ) 70
-- -l--;--lJ-- -t-- ---00.t.)0 i 100
Source: f;ield work.
It is observed from the Table 5.35 thar 8l ?o respondents of Streevani and,70 %o
respondents of Santulan do not har,'e common or persona.l toilet facility. It is fbllowed by27 % respondents of Santulan and 19 oZ rr:sp<indents of Streevani who are having thisfacility in their house' whereas only 3 oZ responclents are having common toilets.
There is no toilet facility and as such villagers use the sides of road or open groundas toilets' In village Manjari, Panchayat built common toilets, but people do not use it dueto water shortage. In village Bolhai there is a temple of (forldess where religious peopleuse to visit, but even that village is not having toilet fa.cility. Earlier Government has
167
provided Rs. 3000 l- grant for it, which u'as suf,licient, now they have reduced it and pay
only Rs. 500 /- it is not at all sufficient for its, cr>nstruction.
Toilet facility is necessary to all but in developmental scheme it has kept limitedfor schedule caste men and women" Women have lo go early moming that too outside
area, which is insecure for them. N(j(.) should make them aware of unhealthy
environment and diseases.
It leads us to conclude that these villagers must gir.e priority to toilet facility.
E. Fuel for cooking:
It is broadly known that rural populalion largely uses wood as a fuel but it resulted
in deforestation. Table 5.36 shows the data c,l'luel use by the respondents.
Table 5.36 - Fuel for cooking used by the respondent:-l'- .t"";i
No. of_- _, tq!yt"!g!U!
0() | 11
,i:, a _;; _
)( )
| )t I
Source: FieLJ rvorl:.
It is observed from the Table 5.36 that 46 % responclents of Santulan use gas as
fuel for the cooking and 32 yo respondents of' g11.,-'.rani use LpG for cooking. 35 %respondents of Streevani and 17 o,/o respondents of' Santulan use chulha for cooking.Chulha and gas both are used by the 15 oZ res,pc,ndents of Streevani and 14 %o respondentsof Santulan . 9 yo respondents of Streevani an,d 3 %o respondents of Santulan used chulha.stove and gas for cooking. It is followed trr, 4 %o respondents of Streevan t and 7 o/o
respondents of Santulan who use chula and stove for cooking. It is followed.by, g %o
respondents of Santulan and 2 o% respondents of Streevani who use stove and sas for
Sr.No. Facility
Streevsni
No. ofResoondents
I. Chulha, gas I5 I5
2. Chulhu 35 JJ
J. Slove, gas 2 2.r
/t Gas 32 32
). Chulhas, Stove 1(
6.Chulhas, elec
hitter 2 2.(
7.Chulha, Stove,
Ga.c9 9
8. Slove I l
Total 100 I 00.
an
o/
TotalNo. of
Respondents
o//o
14.00 29 I 1.50
t 7.()0 52 26.00
9.00 I] 5.50
46.00 78 39.00
7.00 tI 5.50
2 t.00
3.00 t2 6.00
4.00 j 2.50
100.00 200 100.00
t(l
168
cooking. 4 o% respondents of Santulan and 1 ?i, respondents of Streevani use only stove forcooking. 2 o/o respondents of Santulan use chulha and electric heater for cooking. Stove
for cooking . 2 yo respondents of Santulan u,se chula and electric hitter for cooking.
It is reflection of respondents stay and financial position. Percentage ofrespondents using cylinder is high among the respondents of Santulan because in villageWagholi they get it. Occupation of lhe 60 % respondents is agriculture of the Streevani.
They get fuel from the farm. 2 %o use electric hitter among the respondents of Streevani,
they take electricity directly from the pole. t hey are aware of the illegality of it.
5.4.5 Livestock:
Livestock in the house comprised oi'cows, buffaloes, bullocks, goats, and poultry.
Normally it is secondary occupation of families, their main occupation cultivation.Sometimes it is main income generating activity of the families. It is explained in Table
5.37. It is observed from the Table 5.37 that among the respondents of Santulan are 36 yo,
22 % respondents of Streevani owned a cow. 10 9/o respondents of Streevani and, 6 o/o
respondents of Santulan owned more than 2 corvs, ltl ?o respondents of Santulan and ll o/o
of Streevani owned only one bufTalo, l5 0,6 respondents of Santulan and2 %o respondents
of Streevani owned 2 buffaloes, 6 o respondents of Santulan and 2 o/o respondents ofStreevani are having 3 buffaloes and 6 ')1, lamilies ol' Santulan and I oh families ofStreevani owned more than 3 buffaloes
15 %:o each from both of the organizations own 2 bullocks and 8 %o respondents ofStreevani and 6 %n respondents of Santulan c,ivn I bull. 14 12ir respondents of Streevani and
8 %o respondents of Santulan are having one goat, w.hereas 6 o/o each from both of theorganization owned 2 goats and 7 9/o resp{rn{lents of Streevani and 3 %o respondents ofSantulan or Streevani who owned more than -i goats.
12 %o tespondents of Santulan ownecl I sheep and | 9/o owned more than 3 sheeps.
15 oZ respondents of Streevani and 12 o/ct respondents o{'Santulan owned more than 3
poultrys. It is followed by 3 %o resporrdents ol'Santulan u,h<l owned 2 poultrys and,3 oh
respondents of Santulan owned I poultry u'hereas 2 %o respondents of Streevani owned 3
poultries.
Percentage of the respondents owing livestock is high among the respondents ofStreevani. Owners of more than 3 poultries,are high among the respondents of both of theorganization. This activity can be done on large scale and rvomen should not spend muchtime to look after this. There are large industries that are engaged in poultry business andin other area women do poultry business with their support.
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Among the respondents of Santulan 5'l o respon,Cents do not own livestock and
among the respondents of 38 %o respondents do not own livestock.
As a part of income generation goa1. rearing and dairy milk activities are
undertaken by women in Manjari, Bhorvasti ianl{)ng the respondents of Streevani.
In Bhorvasti women collect the mitk and send to dairy. Government is
irnplementing goat rearing project for the below poverty line farnily thlough self-helpgroup.
5.4.6 Ownership of vehicles:
Ownership of vehicles again shows
of the family.
Table 5-38 indicates the number of families rvith the types of vehicle they own.
Table 5.38 - Type of vehicles owned by the families of respondents:(Multiple responses)
finturcial condition of ArtIV;'dS-l":rdlbll business
,Sr.
No. ReasonsStreevani
No. ofResoondents
o
I. Bit'yclc 52 78.
I.
16.
64.
z. Lttna I
J. Sc'ooler Il1. Molorcycle 13
5. .Iecp 2 1J.
6. Rickshav, I 1.1
7 Traclor 2 3.(
B. Truck, Lorry I 1.4
33.(9Not hctvingury)thing 33
Total 100 100-
ulan TotalNo. of
Respondents
o//o%
14 77 82 6t.19
I 0.7./
t 7.9I ZJ l7 t6
71.62 YJ 69.10
I t7 J 1-1). / J
1.17 2.00
tta j 373
8.95 7 5.2 2
33.00 66 33.00
I 00.00 200 100.00
- -l-il,.,, -l -*,. "r
-I Respondents
,,,,,1--i -
1)
.i0
.t)-rJ
100
Source: Irielcl work.
(Percentage to the respondents orvning vehicle)(No' of respondents - Total may not tally as the respondenls offbr more than one choice).
It is observed from the 'Iable 5.38 that 3.1 orr respondents of both of theorganization do not own any type ol'r'ehicle. l'hese are rnultiple responses and percentageto the respondents owning vehicles.
. t,\
0(,t
19,
0a
1l)
0(,t
t.(^')
l7r
Among the owners as expected 7ll 96 respondents of Streevani own bicycle it isfollowed by 64.18 o/o respondents of Stree'vani who own motorc ycle. 74.62 o/o respondentsof Santulan own motorcycle. It is follov,'ecl by a4.77 9/o respondents of Santulan whoowned bicycle.
17 '91 yo respondents of Santulan and 16.41 ol; respondents of Streevani ownedscooter. 8.95 o respondents of- Santuran owned truck. torry. pick-up, tempo. Jeep,rickshaw and tractor each owne d by 4 47 %orespondents among the respondents ofSantulan. 3 Yo each owned jeep and tractor and 1.49 9/,;D eachowned luna, rickshaw andtempo among the respondents of Streevani.
Jeep, rickshaw, tempo, lorry, truck are used for the businessdue to non-availability of pucca road motorcycle is a popularmotorcycle users most of them use it to carry milk, vegetabres etc.
Percentage of families orvning truck, temp., pick-up is high among therespondents of Santulan, because only 40 ouir farnilies owr land and engaged in cultivation.Remaining 60 o/o are engaged in various other activities, income generating activities.
In rural areas public transport is not available in a proper way, within time, hencemost of them use motorcycle for that purpose. Percent of the respondents owningmotorcycle is high among the respondents of santulan. It is also reflection of the annualincome of the family. Among the resporrde:rrts ol' Santulan percentage of the familieshaving more than 70,000 annual income is high. 'I'hrough the percentage of vehicleowners is same among the respondents of both of the org.anization. percentage of scooterowners is almost same among the respondenls .r'both of rhe organization.
5.4.7 Annual income of the family:In fbrming activity annual income c,l.
financial condition of family. Data of annutrl
5.39.
It is observed from the Table 5.39 that 3 o,/o respondents of Streevan i and I oh
respondents of Santulan earn upto Rs. 5000/- annually. Rs.5000 to 10,000 earned by 13 o/o
respondents of Streevani and 7 Yo respondents oi santulan. 19 yo respondents fromstreevani and 7%o respondents of Santulan earn Rs. I I,000 to 20,000 annually. Rs.21,000to 30'000 earned by 12% respondents of Streevani ancl l8o,/o respofldents of Santulan.
17 % respondents of both of the organizations have annual income betweenRs'31'000 to 40,000. 9 %o respondents of istreevani an<l 15 o/o respondents of santulanearned Rs.41.000 to 50.000.
purpose. In rural area
vehicle. Among the
lhe family shows appropriate picture of the
income of the family are presented in Table
17:l
Table 5.39 - Annual income of the familv:
,Sr.
No- ReasonsStreevani
No- ofResoondents
o.i
I Up to 5000 { 3.(
z. 5000 to 10,000 t? 13 (
J I 1,000 ro 20,000 I9 l9 (
21,000 to 30,000 t2 12.(
J. 31,000 ro 40.000 ta I /.t
6. 11,000 to 50,000 9 9.(,)(,
7 51,000 to 60,000 I0 10.
8. 6l,000 ro 70.000 I I.0(,
I6.0r9. More than 70,000 I6
Total 100 I00.00
Santulan TotalNo. of
Respondents%of o//o
I r.00 4 2.00
7 7.00 20 t0 00
5 t 5.00 34 t 7.00
?J 18.00 30 t5 00
7 t 7.00 34 17 00
J I s.00 24 12.00
r.00 tlt1 5.50
1.00 2 1.00
J 2s.00 4I 20.50
00 t 00.00 200 100.00
&w't!9!tJ!
Source: I'ield work.
Surprisingly among the respondents ol' both of the organizations 27 o/o respondentsearned more than Rs. 50,000 yearl1,.
Even though the participation of conrraratively hiElher income group is high amongthe respondents from both of the organizations, it shows that rvomen from higher incomegroup do not get opportunity to niix with othcr w'omen. Only financial empowermentshould not be the purpose of self--help group.
Family size in rural area is not limitcc. up {o 3 to 4 members, but more than that.
5.4.8 Monthty savings:
Savings money in-group fbr emergerrc:)' expenses and to avoid loan from privatemoneylenders is the base of self-help group. Sal'ings ol'members will use as credit. Thatthey use for internal loaning.
Savings decided by the group member s. -r'hat
anrount they save in-group.Table 5.40 indicates data regarrling this.
It is observed from the Table 5.40 that 64 Yo respondents of Santulan and 52 %'respondents of Streevani save Rs.50 per month in group. whereas 4l yo of Streevani and29 %o tespondents of Santulan save Rs. l00 r'- per mc,nth.'l %o Respondents of both of theorganizations save Rs.20 /- and Rs.30 /- in thr group. NGOs have formed separate groups
173
of the women from below the poverty linc. they save Rs.20 /- and Rs.30 /- in the group.They get benefit ofpanchayat schemes.
During informal discussion these lr,onren lold that if the group would not havethere we could not have saved the mone1,. -fhis
sa'i,ing is compulsory even if tney cannotsave the money regularly group charge fine for this. Normally all the group membersdeposit saving regularly but if a member is unable to deposit saving amount due to somedifficulty like inadequate income or unexpecterl expenses, other women help her to depositsavings. They are co-operative to each other.
Table 5.40 - Money saved by respondents every month:
,Sr.
No.Amount
(Rs.)
Streevani
No. ofResponden6
t. 50 52 52
2 100 4I 41.
J. 30 7 a
20
100Total 100
Santulun TotqlNo. of
Respondents
o//oNo. oJ o//o
l_ 64 64.00 I16 s8.00
l-v 29.00 70 3 s.00
I7 3.50
7.00 7 3.50
100 r00.00 200 r 00.00
o.'./tl
00
00
(.t0
00
Source:
It can be seen from the data that
amount of savings is comparatively Iow.
Ir'ield work.
\\'omen engaged in labour work are hieh so
5.4.9 Borrowing:
The respondents of both of the organisation have taken loan to support familyexpenses as and when they are unable to meer expenses lrom their annual income. It isinteresting to study the purposes for loan arorg rvith repayrne't of loan.
A. Purposes for the loan:
Poverty hits women, as they balance r.neans a'd ends at the househordtime women skip a meal to let the rest of hrousehoLl avail of the little thatThese women are subject to economic and social discrimirration and creditavailable to them. Millions of women live in povertv.
They need loan for the emergency needs rike itness, narriage,group members discuss and decide about the purpose fbr which roansmembers, what shourd be the interest rate, instarments etc. within the
level. Many
is available.
is not easily
education etc. The
are to be given to
span of five years
Table 5.41 - Purpose for the loan:
Purpose of loan
Household expen,\es
House repctiring
Business
t'74
these women borrowed money for various needs. l-able 5.41
this.
indicates the data regarding
Girls'educqtion
Boys education
House construcliott
Electric molor
Purchase ofplol
Gobur gas
Training
Un-productive loan
Marriage
Repctyment of old krun
Santulon Totol
o//oNo. of
Res.o//o
No. ofRes.
o.//(l
r.00 t7 17.00 -r8 19.00
2.01) 6 6.00 28 r 1.00
8.00 t3 13.00 21 I0.50
5.0() 7 7.00 21.00
9.00 33 33.00 52 26.00
2.00 I2 6.00
1.0() tI 5. s0
-J 00 aJ r50
00 I 050
00 I 0.50
I r.a0 I 0.50
I t.00 l 0.50
00 8 8.00 I3 650
00 J 2.50
Streevuni
2t
))
J.t
I9
t.7
tl
J
I
NB: Each respondent responded for more than one option and hence total may not tallv.
Source: I;ielrl work.
It is observed from Table 5.41 that money borrowed by the respondents can bedivide into three parts such as family loans. productive loans and non productive loan. Itis also observed that these members have gi.",en priority to productive loan. It is observedthat 35 o/o of female members of Streevani eurd 7 %o <tf female members of Santulanborrowed for agriculture purposes. It is the rel'lection of their main occupation further19 %o of members of Streevani and 33 oZ memberr; of Santulan borrowed for businesspurpose' Education may be considered pro<luctive and lo:rn for the education of sons and
t75
daughters is treated as investment. 23 oZ rnembers of Streevani borrowed the loan for thispurpose. The borrowings to meet education expenses of daughters indicate positivechange towards genders equality.
These female members know vel'y well their family responsibility hence they
borrowed family loans to meet medical ex;renses, householcl expenses and house repairing.
38 %o of female members of both of the organisations have taken family loan for medical
expenses such loan is utilised accident anC illness due 1o alcoholism . 28 oA of them had
take family loan to meet household expenses and 27 Yo <tf them for house repairing.
Marriage and repayment of old loern are the reasons of urgent need of the family.But the loans taken for these reasons are unproductive. 13 %o of members of both theorganisation had taken loan to meet marriage expenses r.r,hereas 5 % members of Streevanitook the loan for repayment of old [oan. lvfembers among themselves have to decide thatonly after the repayment of first loan, thev can take next [oan. This kind of loaning patternshould not become one more burden on the shoulders of women. Money borrowed fordaughter's and son's marriage should be al.oi,led as it is unproductive.
Among the productive loan only one female menrber of Santulan took the loan forGobar gas.
Respondents have not borrowed nroney for their own benef-rt like LpG gas, goldetc' This leads us to conclude that these l'emale members are aware of their familyresponsibility they give preference to prr;ductive loan. 'fhey are least interested inrepayment of old loan. These wonlen are lacing the problem of inadequate income andnon-repayment of loan may create problem tbr the suslainability of the group.
It is interesting to note that these fernale members relied on SIIG and not onmoneylenders.
B. Amount borrowed:
The need of rural women especially'lanclless labour, marginal farmer is they do notget work for the complete year but only f,rr the 6to 8 months. It becomes difficult forthem to survive for remaining months. Everr f<rr the farmers, to invest more money in farmbecomes difficult, due to not having irrigation facility. In that case SHG find them usefulfor micro credit. This details has given inTztble 5.42.
It is observed from the Table 5.42 that 23 % respondents of Santulan and,4 o/o
respondents of Streevani have not borrowecl the monev, whereas about 30 o/o respondentsfrom both of the organization have borrowed Rs. I to 5 thousand. It is followed by ZZ %respondents of Santulan and 19 96 rcsponclents of Streevani who borrowed Rs. 6 to l0
176
thousand. Rs. 16 to 20 thousand borrowed by
respondents of Streevani and 2 oZ respondents
thousand, and 7 %o respondents of Streevani
borrowed more than Rs. 25000 /-.
12 o/o respondents of Streevani and 8 Yo
of Santrrlan have borrowed Rs. 2l to 25
and 3 94 respondents of Santulan have
Table 5.42 - Money borrowed from SHG (w,ithin five vears):
shNo. Amount
StreevaniNo. of
Resoondents
I 1000 to 5000 3l 31
2 6000 to 10000 I9 19.
3. I 100() ro I5000 I9 19.
4. 16000 to 20000 I2 12.
{ 21000 to 25000 I 8.
6 26000 to 30000 I t.
7 31000 to 35000 2 2
B. 36000 ro 40000 I I
9. More than 10000 11
t0 Money notborrov,ed 1
Total r00 I
Sontulan TotalNo. of
Respondents%\o. of o//o
30 30.00 61 30.50
22 22 00 11 20.50
12 t2.00 3I r 5.50
tt 8.00 20 10.00
2 2.00 10 5.00
I t.00 z 1.00
I I00 ts0
I t.00 2 1.00
) 1.50
_'_l 23 00 27 13.50
100 100.00 200 100.00
c--
'--: neryg@l!;
00
ri rn-f- 1z;i,4,;t2.00 | 8
s;;a;1lr4-1-t.1'_"',1 _ ,_
r(to I I
3 (.to i-f-'
lLto | ,,
'-i:;; L,
--y;Source: |'ie.ld work.
Reasons for not borrowed money are both, nc, neeci to take the loan and not sure forthe repayrnent of the loan. About 50 o respondents l'rorrowed up to Rs. 10000 /- SHGfound them useful in this way to fullil their needs. SIJG menrbers discuss loan proposals
among themselves. They have decided their pr:ioritie-s like nredical, education, business
etc. Members borrowed above amounts witrrin the span ol,five years.
It leads us to conclude that SHG is el'fective alternative for private moneylenders.
C. Cumulative loan:
To get the more details of money transactions through self-help group it was asked
to them that within the span of five years for the how many times money borrowed by therespondents. Table 5.43 will provide this data.
Table 5.43 - Cumulative loan:
Sr.No. Amount
Streevani
No. ofResoondents
I More than 4 times 13 I ).
2. 4 times 47 .1'7r/.
J. 3 times I4 l4
+. 2 times t2 12.
5 I time II IIf f .
6 No loan 3 )J
Total 100 I
Santulan TotalNo. of
Respondents
o//ot\o. ofR
%
I3 6.50
a 7.00 54 27.00
6 6.00 20 10.00
31 34.00 46 23.00
30 30.00 4I 20.50
atZJ 23.00 26 r 3.00
rc0 r00.00 200 r00.00
177
00
00
00
t)0
t)0
Lt0
00.00
Source: lrield work.
It is observed from the T'able 5.4i that 13 % respondents of Streevani have
borrowed money for more than 4 times. 41 % respondents of Stree vani and, 7 vo
respondents of Santulan borrowed money lbr the 3 times. Money borrowed for the 2 timesby the 12 Vo respondents of Streevani and 34 o,,'o respondents of Santulan. 30 oA
respondents of Santulan and 1l ozi, respon<lenls of Streevani have borrowed money 1br
once' Among the respondents of Sl.reevani members borrowed money for more rhan 2
times are 74 04 because most of them are e'ngaged in farming activities and were facingdrought problem about five years. Responr1ents of Santulan are engaged in job,employment so they are having regulzrr incorne.
It leads us to conclude that in rural areas due uncertainty or inadequate rainfallSHG helps these people in emergency..
D. Repayment of loan:
Money borrowed by private nroneylenders on high interest rate and they could notrepay till the lifetime- In self-help group the y'get lozrn on moderate interest rate and evenif they could not repay loan within time, thel have tr> pay interest of that amount. lt wasasked them how do they repay loan.
Table 5.44 indicates data regarding this.
It is observed from the Table 5.44 that overall 77 o/o respondents repay loan ininstallment, whereas 1l Yo eachanswered that loan repavment is depend on the availabilityof money and repay lump sum amount.
r78
Table 5.44 - Repayment of loan:
^lr.No.
LoanStreevani
No. ofResoondents
o.'^1
Installment 80 80.(
z.Availability of
money t2 I2
3.Lump sum
amount I 8.00
Total 100 100.
Santulan TotalNo. of
Respondents
o//o,No. ofReslrondents %
75 75.00 155 77 50
t0 r0.00 22 I 1.00
I5 I5.00 atIJ I L50
100 r00.00 200 r 00.00
)0
00
Source: Field work.
It leads us to conclude that loan repayment nrostly' done by installment, it is totallybased or designed, on their financial conditions and uncertainty of nature, which helpsthem to avoid unhappy incidents like to 1<eep 'mangal sutraa' as mortgage to privatemoney lenders.
5.4.10 Self-employment Training:
The researcher has to test the hypoth:sis that the NCiOs have provided women self-employment opportunity to make them ecoriomicalll, souncl. with the help of primarv data
collected in field work.
l'raining lor self-employment activit)'was provicle<i by NGOs that was collectivetraining beyond the barriers of caste, religion and financial level of respondents. Suchtraining aims at enlpowering women financi;rlly these w'ornen are mainly landless labourerand marginal labours. They are illiterate, thev do not have training therefore they couldnot develop attitude towards life. 'fhese \4,cfrnen contribute to family income by workingin farm activities and other work from dailv wages. Because of lack of irrieation facilitvthese female members do not get adequate wr:rk.
A. Attendance:
NGOs under reference have conductecl different training activities for theirmembers such training may lead to improve skill of the members in respect of particularactivity. The attendance of these members fcrr such training is recorded in Table 5.45.
It is observed from the Table 5.45 th:,rt overall 52 tl6 respondents attended trainingof the self-employment activities and 48 0z6 have rrot. Percentage of non-attendance isnoticeable that has to be decreased.
tTtl
Table 5.45 - Training attended by the respondents:
,Sr.
No.
Streevani
No. ofResoondents
Training attended 5I J
z. Not attended 19 4
Total 100 I
t/)e
9.00
Santulan TotalNo. of
Respondents%No. of
fto/
53 s3.00 t04 52 00
47 47.00 96 48.00
100 r00.00 200 r 00.00
l.0t)
00.(n
Source: Field work.
Women who are engaged in farming activity do not get much time. Illiteratewomen are not much confident, social lvorker ol'NGOs should talk to them and toincrease their confidence level for positive response to the training.
It leads us to conclude that women are interested in self-employment activities butparticipation should be increased.
B. Training:
Normally government promotes traditir:rnal crafts activities on village level. But itis also not possible in every area. Whereas poultry, dairy, nursery, goat rearing which ispossible and they can undertake should be pr<lmoteri. NGOs' one of the nraior activitv istraining for self-employment.
Table 5.46 indicates training underr:aken by the respondents for self-employmentactivities.
It is observed from the 'fable 5.46 that overall ()6 yo respondents are trained incandle making it is followed by 50 yo respondents who are trained in papad and picklemaking' 45 % respondents are trained in goat rearing- Next is snack making in w.hich39 %o women are trained. 35 yo ancl 34 %o respondents are respectively trained i1 Rakheemaking and chalk making.
Packing of various product can also generate income 25 %o respondents are traineclin it' This is followed by 23 oz respondents are trained in spices making and 22 %o are inincense stick.
Nursery training has undertaken by l8 respondents w-hereas 14 are trained in soap,liquid soap and l5 in handmade paper things. l0 are trainecl in knitting, embroidery . 7 aretrained in dye and tie and 6 are in garland making.
Respondents are trained in multiple activities. Some of the activities were tried bythem for the income generation but could not sustain. There are various reasons fbr that-
180
product made by them should compete with existing market product. Ingredients should bethe same, attractive packing make products rnarketable.
Table 5.46 - Training of various self-employment's:
(Percentage to the respondents attended self-employment training)
Sr.No. Training
Streevani
No. ofRespondents
t. Snacks making 38 /1
z. Candle making 92
J. Papad, pickle 27 52.
/t- Soap, liquid soap t2 23.
5. Spices I9 37
-lJ
LIf a-
25.
6. Incense stick I8
7 Tie & dye 7
d. Chalk 13
9 Milk dairy B 15
_ti.
I0
10. (ioat rearing 18
tl1r- Nursery 5
12. Packing
t3. Kniilingembroidery
t1. Rakhee mctking
15.Handmade paper
things
t6 Floor mill1-1/. Heena, Rangoli
18. Vermi Culture
19. Marking training
20 Garland making
)oi
NB: Each respondent has given more than one option and hence total may not tally.Source: Fi:ld work.
No. oJ'
_.Sggpondents
Santulan
;"r'-*l-,TotalNo. of
Respondents%
2 4.00 40 37.50
), 40.00 68 65.38
23 43.40 50 48.07
2 4.00 t4 13.46
7.59 23 22.t1
.,|a 7.59 22 21.15
t4 6731t.I 40 00 J+ 32.69
,t 7.69
9 ' 55.00 .t '7 15 19
3 24.52 IB t7.3 Ij 47 16 25 21.03
0 t 9.00 10 9.61
j 66.00 35 3 3.65
28.30 15 I1.12
) 1.00 z 2.00
) i 4.oo az 2.00
7.59 + 3.84
4.00 2 2.00
r r.00 6 5.77
..;0
,t5
94
i-t
,'5
i'9
(,t ()
19
6,\',
1i, I
, i ' i! i'l
:':
182
Lack of marketing skill, low market availability for homemade product is lagging
behind them from these activities.
Milk dairy project is running successfirlly by the women of Bhorvasti of Streevani
organization. Women took initiative for this activity. They, themselves went and meet
authorities, though lack of motivation and encouragenrent by males. 5l 7o respondents ofStreevani and 53 7o respondents of Saniulan have undertaken self-employment training.
It leads us to conclude that at least 50 o/o women are interested in trainins for self-
employment activities.
C. Benefits of the training:
The researcher has to test the hypothesis that "activities of self help group have a
women have beenfavourable impact on promoting rural emplo,yment". In agriculture
contributing substantially but their work remain unpaid and invisible.
one of the task of NGos have undertaken is to pr.l'ide these
training, through which they can support famiry inc.ome and start
processing live stock produce, small trading, h,ome based activities.
Table 5.47 indicates the benefits of the trainins.
Table 5.47 - Benefits of the training:
Sr.No. Benejicial or not
Streevani
;m;1 ,"
If- Beneficial 47 47.00
2. Not beneficial /tt 4.00
3.Not attended
Training 49 49.00
Total 100 r00.00
women vocational
live stock tending.
'ulan TotalNo. of
Respondents
o//oof%
47.00 94 17.00
6.00 IO 5.00
17.00 96 .t8.00
ruq.00 200 r 00.00
Santu- N^rf4etp9!49rtt
4"7
100
4"7
II
L
l
I
tI
Source: Field u'ork.
It is observed from the Table 5.47 that 49 o respondents of Streevani and 53 %respondents of Santulan have not attended vocational training. Among the respondents
attended vocational training 47 yo respondentri fiom Streevani and 47 -7o respondents ofSantulan found this training beneficial where,:n 4 7o resp<rndents of Streevani and 6 yo
respondents of Santulan did not find it beneficial.
Further it was asked to them that why, what are the reasons for beneficial and notbeneficial because they are having their own frame work and expectations about self-
employment training.
l8i
But overall picture is positive they felt the beneficial. Women should take initiativefor training. Trained women should motivat* others rbr this training.
It leads us to conclude that though very few of them are engaged in self-employment activity these women found thiri trzrining beneficial.
Financial empowerment is necessarv fbr social change.
D. Kind of benefits:
It is necessary that training provided by NGOs should feel beneficial for therespondents. It was asked to the respondents that vvhat kind of benefit they got throughself-employment training. The data are given in .Iable
,5.4g.
Table 5.48 - Kind of benefit respondents got from self-employment Training:(o/oTo the respondenrs found the training beneficial)
Sr.No. BeneJicial or not
Streevani
No. ofResoondent,s
o/
1-IMe leurn some thin2lnew 7 14,
/. Doing the sameeconomic activity I 17.(
J.Got information aboulthe,se ctctivitie.; IO 2l.t
I7.(t
I0.6
z.L
In.future we can dosomething. ,Y
J.l4/e have tried it athome
j
6. Trained olher women I
7Ile have done someactivities J I0.(t
t_!_
,,t )l
8. Required more training I
9.
Now I could do goalrearing moresystematically
2
10.Prepared Rakhee andsold
r 00.11.
No. of respondentsfound Irainingbene.ficial
47
Santulan TotqlNo. of
Respondents%of o/
d 17.02 I5 t 5.96
u ___L't 'u
ItIA t 1.89
t-_ --]-tt
tt 22 2 3.10
- _-_l
so t, 25 26 59
I5 5.3 2
__t_ I t.06
J 5.3 t
I t.06
.1 2.12
9.5 2 ,1 4.2 5
I00.0 94 100.0
N;.Respqndents
8q
)t
rl')
Source: Fi,,:ld work.It is observed from the Tabre 5.4g that respondents expectation
concept of benefit is different.lrom the training or
] t'11'l
185
Overall 26 oh respondents said that in future we can do someth ing, 23 yo
respondents answered that got information about these activities, it is followed by 15 o/o
respondents who said that we learn something new, l4 7o respondents are engaged in some
activity. 5 %o each answered that we have tried it at home. we have done some activities.4 7o respondents ofSantulan have prepared ltakhee and s.ld.
The situation and impact 'of
si:lf-employment activities is very positive.Respondents want to learn something new, want to have information about these kinds ofactivities. Some of them even tried it at horne. which shows their enthusiasm. and wish todo something. The respondents, who responded that in future we can do somethingindicates optimism, increased level of confidence. I)ercentage of respondents doing same
economic activity is noticeable. 40 o% respondents of Santulan answered that in future wecan do something, it shows their willingness to do self-employment.
Respondents view about these activities is not only to get benefit of incomegeneration, but to gain knowledge, informatic'rn about r,arious activities. So that self-employment training organised by NGOs is beneficial for these women, not only monetarvbut also as for personality development.
It leads us to conclude that self-ernployment training should be conducted byNGOs.
E. Success of training:
Success or output of self-employmernt training. provided by NGO, is more andmore women should enter new fielcl of sell._emplol/ment to undertake the activities inwhich they are trained- To study the impact c,{'r,ocational training it was asked to them thatwhether they are engaged in same activities, hare started arier trainins.
Table 5.49 shows the data regarding this.
It is observed from the Table 5.49 that at least during the survey of presentresearch very fewof them were engaged in t|rose activities. (ioat rearing activity has beenundertaken by Streevani respondents. 38.8t1 'zo respondents are engaged in this. whereas5.26yo respondents of Streevani are engaged in spices mahing.
Milk Dairy training provided by Streevani founds most successful because 100 %respondents are engaged in it. This collective act.ivity has established and sustained.
1,36
Table 5'49 - Respondents engaged in sanre activities in which they are trained:
Sr.No. Activities
Streevani
No. ofRespondents o//o
Trained Undertqken
Goat rearing I8 7 38.88
2.Spicesmakins I9 I 5.26
aJ. Dairy 8 8 100.00
Nursery {
5.SnacksMakins 38
6.Papad &Pickle 27
7. Fqll, Pico
8.Trained otherwomen
9Monte,ssoriCourse
Santulan- N^ "f----ResDondents o/
TotalNo. of
Respondents o/
(indertaken Troined Under
token7q 47 7 14.89
23 I 4.34
8 I 100
2 r5.38 t8 2 I I.I I
140
1J 4.34 50 I 2.00
0 I t0.00 IO I t 0.00
1l I t.96 51 I t.96
I 100 I I lOU U
Trained
Source: liield work.Overall response is very lor,v. [Jut the,re are certain reasons fbr that.
t Hygienic conditions should be checked'*,hile nranulacturi'g the eatables.o Non-availability of markel lbr the prr_rduct.
o Product should be compete q,ith exjsting, rnarket product.o Goat rearing project has kept limited lbr the belou,poverty line families.
' Though dairy activity is beneficial nor take rnu.ch time but non availability offodder for the whole year is major prt-rblem and to solve this problem women ha'eto participate activery and should start *ater shed project in that area.
o Tie-up with bazaars like Apna Bazaar. hig bazazrr is necessary to reach the productto the customers.
o Exhibitions during festivals, in housirrg society or townships, mega project isnecessary.
o Sell of the product in village itself and in nearby villages will also help.
still in village Manjari sHG member:s have recently started activities like laundry"fabrication, bakery products with the help of .trederation.
')
I
(
187
Among the respondents of Santularr though number of women trained in goat
rearing activity is high, nobody has undertaken this activity'.
Though many of them trained in papad and pickle making but there are branded
products of papad and pickle in market. so it will become difficult for them to get market
for that.
Mushroom product they can <jo ancl can tie-up with hoteliers for that. Marketing
training should be provided to some responclents and they rvill look after only marketing.
Packaging will be done by trained women. [t has to be clone in a systematic way. Their
interests and skills should be studied and the:m training should be arranged. It leads us to
conclude that women are interested in sell--employment activities but obstacles prevent
them to enter in it.
NGOs should take initiative to arrange the exhibition of their products.
If the focus of NGOs, for the arranging training is income generation then they
have to do it more seriously and with the help o1'experls.
It leads us to conclude that women ale interested in self-employment activities but
obstacles prevent them to enter in it. T'he researcher has tested the hypothesis that
activities of self help group have a firvorable ''inrpacl on promoting rural employment", itis observed fiom the analysis in respect of s;ucc,ess o1'training programmes organised by
NGOs that this hypothesis is valid.
F. Future plan for generating income:
Vocational training provided by the N(;() if they found beneficial what are theirfuture plans regarding self - employment.
Table 5.50 provides data regarding this.
Table 5.50 - Future plan for income gener:rting aclivitl.:
(Yo'T ct the re:; pondents attended sel f-emp loyment train ing)
,Sr.
No.fncome
generating activity
Streevani
*I|;'L,,T-"t. Yes 28 JJ.
2 No 1)ZJ ,t<
Total 5I r00.
Santulan TotalNo. of
Respondents%of o//o
5 18.00 53 5 t.50
8 52.00 5I 48.50
-l i loo.o0 104 r 00-00
No.Respottglg4lq
0t.t
00 ')
5
Source: Field work.
l8iJ
It is observed from the Table 5.50 thal among the respondents, who have attended
vocational training, 55 %o respondents of Strcevani and 48 oZ respondents of Santulan want
to start income generating activity and 45 ozb respondents of Streevani do not want to start
and 52 %o respondents of Santulan do not want to start income generating activity.
Among the respondents o1' Santulan respondents have already started income
generating activity, in which they' have train,ed. l'hese activities are noodles making, papad
and pickle making, nursery etc. So in future they do not want to enter another income
generating activity.
Overall these women are enthusiastic to enter this new field. Labour work takes lot
of time, get inadequate wages and it is harl w'ork. 'l'hrough these activities they can eam
and fulfil their household responsibilities.
It can be concluded that, while tes,ting the hypothesis, i.e. "the socio-economic
status of women is uplifted because of such activities of NGOs, is tested. Researctrer is ofthe opinion that this hypothesis is valid.
t89
5.5 Political Aspects
5.5.1 Introduction
5.5.2 Gram Panchayat
A. Right to \rote
B. Duration
C. Reservation
D. Candidature to Panchayat Election
E. Attendance to Gramsabha
5.5.3 Welfare Schemes
I. Government Schemes
A. Knowledge about Government Schemes
B. Benefit of Government Schemes
C. Benefit under the Schemes
II. Village Welfare Schemes
A. \'illage Welfare Schemes
B. Participation in Village Welfare Schemes
5.5.4 Morcha
A. Awareness
B. Participation
C. Reasons for non-cooperation for the participation
90
5.5 Political Aspects
5.5.1 Introduction:
Political empowerrnent is new field 1br the w,rmen and it is not only for the elected
members but even for the common \\'oman, to participate actively in village level decision
making. NGOs provide training towards it, NGO provides training to its member to
achieve following objectives -
To improve the status of rural \\lomen their involvement with any political
institution and strengthening their partnership at local level political systems and
ensuring their participation in the activities of such institutions, including in the
affairs of decision making processes is necessarv.
ii. To strengthen the elected \!'omen representatives, to give them opportunity to
participate in development prograrnme such as water management, forestry,
drinking water, fuel and fodder, animal husbandry, health, education, farnily
welfare, poverty alleviation, public distribution, system and maintenance ofcommunity assets. NGOs trained them.
This section includes data regarCing duration t.ll' Panchayat Itaf election.
reservation for women in Gram Panchalat arrd their attendance fbr the (lrarn Sabha.
knowledge of welfare schemes. w'ornen's ;ralticipation in village development schemes
and functioning of Panchayati Raj.
As well, women's participation in nurrcha to get civic amenities and co-operation
of the family members for the same.
5.5.2 Gram Panchavat:
After 1962 Panchayat Raj s)'srem cante
recommendations of Balwat Melrta Conrnrittee.
Government at the grass root level, this Panchayat
village by implementing various welfare schemes.
existence according to
Panchayat is local seif
after the developrnent of
lnto
Village
is t,r look
A. Right to Vote:
NGOs impressed upon SHG members &e importance of voting rights, how it can
change the political scenario. NGOs' organise training programmes work about done by
the leaders for the villages, promises given by leaders also discussed by the women.
It was asked to them that do they vote in the election. This data has given in the
Table 5.51.
l9t
Table 5.51 - Whether respondents vote for election:
SaNo. Responses
Streevani
No. ofR
o//o
Yes 89 89.00
az. No 8 8.00
aJ. Other 3 3.00
Total 100 100.00
Source Fierld work.
Gnph 1-Whether Respondents Votefor Elections
89% g6%
D StreeyaniE Santulan
It is observed from the Table 5.51 that 89()'o respondents of Streevani and, g6 yo
respondents of Santulan vote in the election. Overall 9 9'o respondents said that they donot vote' 'Other' responses include that nirmes were not entered in the voters list. g %respondents said that they did not vote onll in last election because voting center was farfrom their village and transportation was rrot available. because of illness could not go,and one of them said that 'I cannot reave rny labo'r wrrrk even fbr a day, these are thereasons for that.
It leads us to conclude that these wornen are well aware about voting right.
B. Panchayat Election:
Leadership and active participation in group nurtures political awareness and helps
R
i
'9080
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
-l 4%) gy. <---rG*Other
Santulan TotalNo. of
Respondents
o//oNo. of;pondents %
86 86.00 175 87 50
I0 r0.00 I8 9.00
4 4.00 7 3.50
r00 r00.00 200 r00.00
Yes
lqL.i '.t :
i :' i'. I
I
S til #?f; l:r,:ric{ |[1,,1{it - aJ, ,, }.
4.ic::-i ;. ,s.$d
er*xjs !i:.*r '{ i I
l9l
in successful political empowerrnent. This empowerment in turn would result in morerepresentative planning.
They were asked the duration of Panchayat election. Table 5.52 indicates the data.Table 5.52 - Duration of panchayat Election:
Sr.No. Duration
Streevani
No. ofResnondents %
5 years 72 72.00
z. Don't know 28 28.00
Total 100 r00.00
ulun TotalNo. of
Respondents
o,//oof o,//o
) 82.00 r54 77.00
18.00 46 2s.00
r00.00 200 100.00
Santul
f *:,t -I Respondentsfl-fr;L -!,
Source: Field work.
It is observed from the Table 5.52 thar €rmong lhe respondents
respondents and among the respondents of'srreevani 72. oA respondents
is the duration of Panchayat election. 2g gi, respondents of Streevani andof Santulan answered that they did not knorv the duration.
It leads us to conclude that women'si a'^,areness is increasing about these issues.
C. Reservation:
For the active participation of wonrerr in villag,: Panchayat. Balwant Raj MehtaCommittee in 1957 recommended that at least tr,o u,omen should be included in thePanchayats as co-opted members an<l Maharas;htra was the first state which introduced theprovision for the nomination of one or two women to each of the local bodies under itsZilla Parishad and Panchayati Acl of l!r71. In the Seventy Third Amendment Actprovisions have also been made that not lesrs than one third of the total number of officesof chair person in the Panchayats at each,eve:l shall be reserved for women. .ro
studywomen's awareness of reservation in Gramil panchayat it rvas asked to them that whetherthere is reservation for women. Tabre 5.53 shrws the datii.
It is observed from the Table 5.53 that 56 9/o respondents of both of theorganisations have knowledge of the resen'ation for women and 44 o% respondents of bothStreevani and Santulan are not aware of it.
69 % women said that they have zLttended Panchayat Raj Training programmewhich was conducted by streevani and sanrulan. N(-ios encourage women fbr the activeparticipation in village panchayat.
of Santulan S2 %
answered 5 years
18 o/o respondents
Table 5.53 - Reservation
Sr.No. Responses
Streevoni
No. ofRespondents
o.//o
I Yes 56 s6.00
2 No 41 14.00
Total 100 r00.00
l()4
for women in Gram Panchayat:
,No. o.f
&"rygrr4e!!t!
56
Santulan TotolNo. of
Respondents
o.//oo.//o
56.00 II2 56.00
44.00 88 44 00
t00.00 200 r00.00
44
100
Source: Fie:[d wtrk.It is outcome of the training prograrnme concluctecl by NGos.It leads us to conclude that SHG nrembers have knowledge about reservation for
women.
D. Candidature to panchayat Election:
Women should be able to function as equal partners and participants indevelopment. It will improve their social status. For their active participation and tounderstand needs of the women they have to be an electe,l representatives who is havingauthority' NGOs encourage women to fight election: otherwise it had happened onlywhen stlme of thc seats declared reservccl firr ivomern. a1 that time women lought electionblindly.
It was asked to them that did they fight the Panchayat election. 'l'able 5.54indicates the data.
Table 5.54 - Candidature to panchayat Election:
Sant-
^/rr. oJ'
Respondents
100
Source: Field rvork.It is observed from the Table 5.54 thar 6 9'o respondents of Streevani and g oZ
respondents of Santulan fought the election.
Some of the respondents from village Manjari and Kesnand fought election andwon with the support of NGos'and some o1'the resllondents said, 'we filled the fbrm but
92
ulutr
o.//o
TotnlNo. of
Respondents
o,//o
800 l/I+ 7.00
92.00 186 93.00
100.00 200 r00.00
195
withdraw the name to elect the candidate un-oppose'. Among these respondents most ofthem said, 'we did door to door campaigning for these women and earlier for familymembers who were candidate for the election,.
Elected women said that for the next election they are going to make panel
consisting of SHG members and will take rnore active participation of SHG members inPanchayat.
A freshly discovered arena fbr struggle to shake off domination is the Panchayat.
This being a very recently entered area, prrtterns are barely discernible. A woman by
herself is often squashed or, if sufficiently ambitious, follows (or is urged to follow bythose at home supporting her), power patterns that are zrll around her. However, where
there are more than two or three women in the Panchayat and receiving support fromwomen outside (in this case the Sangha), there is an attempt to use this newly acquired
power for doing good to more than just ones,ell'. This, a more readily recognisable pattern
in the longer existing community level action, is only a glimmering in the context ofaction in Panchayat (Sujaya 97).
It leads us to conclude that overall pricture is positive in future more women willtake active part in Panchayat election.
E. Attendance to Gramsatrha:
Gramsabha comprises of all the votels. Among these voters 15 %o or 100 members
has to be there for Gramsabha. objectives ol'thc Gramsabha are:
o Discussions on audit and administrative rr'pofl. of ilnancial year.
. Implementation of the schemes for curre:nt veerr.
o To discuss and topics suggested by Chief'Ilxecutive Oflicer of Zillaparishad.It is for the purpose of active participation of villagers in issues related to their
village' Supervision of the work which has done by the elected members and participationin villagers in village planning.
Gramsabha is held 4 times in a y,ear. Nonnalll, in the month of April, May,October and November.
Women's participation in village is inevitable hence there attendance tbr theGramsabha. Table 5.55 indicates data regardi;:rg the issue.
It is observed from the Table 5.55 that 57 oZ respondents of Santulan and 24 o/o
respondents of Streevani attend Gramsabha sometimes, next to it 32 o/o respondents ofSantulan and 3l o/o respondents of Str:eevani do not attencl Gramsabha. It is followed by28 % respondents of Streevani and 3 o% resprondents of Santulan who attend once. onlv
i96
l7 yo respondents of Streevani and 8 o/o re:spondents of Santulan attend Gramsabha
regularly.
Table 5.55 - Respondents attendance to G ramasabha:
,Sr.
No.Attendance
Streevani
No. ofResnondents
Regular t7 t7.00
2. Sometimes 24 24.00
J. Once 28 28.00
No 3t 31.00
Total ru0 IOO.M
Sqntulun
t\o. of$99p9nclg_nts
r00
Graph 5 - Respon dents Attendance to Gramsabha
32%
o,//o
TotalNo. of
Respondents
o,//o
8.00 25 12 50
57.00 8140.50r 5.50
3.00 3I 3.50
32.00 63 3 2.50
r00.00 200 100.00
D SfreeyanifJSantulan
57
J/
"ry'ruwflQegcr'. oor*oruoooo"
+o
Source: Field work.
Overall percentage of the attendance is almost the same from both of theorganization. But percentage of respondents who attencl Gramsabha regularly is highamong the respondents of Streevani. They are interc:sted in attendance of Gramsabha asand when possible.
60
50
40,30)20,10 :
0:
57%
t97
Unfortunately percentage of the non-attendance is noticeable. But among the
respondents of Streevani there is a group Grampanchayat i.e. common Panchayat for 314
villages, Gramsabha helds in Panchayat olfice so women residing in other villages have to
walk 3 to 4 kms. So it is difficult. for them to walk for 3 - 4 kms. Sometimes Panchayat
authorities, looking at the high attendancer of women purposely cancelmeeting.
Gramsabha takes place in the month of April and May and during this season
women do not get work in nearby areas so they have go to other villages. They have to
start early moming and they come late in the evening so cannot attend Gramsabha as well
to go far for the water during this period.
After the support of NGO these women do not feel shy to talk to males and
Panchayat authorities. High attendance is sign of boldness.
It leads us to conclude that more than 60 o/ rry,omen attend Gramsabha.
5.5.3 Welfare Schemes:
In this section different welfare :;chemes of the goverrrment and the schemes ofGram Panchayat are discussed in this part.
I. Government Schemes:
Government has introduced about 2'l beneficiary oriented schemes exclusively lbrwomen. These schemes are falling under variotrs ministries and are monitored by the
Department of Women and Clhild l)evelopment. Ministry of Human Resource
Development. C)n village level these schemes are implemented by the Panchayat Ra1.
Objectives of these schemes are given bel,lrq,
i' To get the benefit of these sche'mcs wornen should have knowledge about it.
Earlier individual activists, social workers used to help them. Now selfhelp group
is proper media, which can linkager \\'c)men to panchayat Raj.
ii' To serve the purpose NGOs organise training programmes for Panchayat Raj and
even inform them about it during monlhly meeting as and when required.
iii' To study the output of it, it was asked to them that do they have knowledge ofPanchayat Schemes specially designed for the welfare of women.
Table 5.56 shows the data reBarr:ling this. It is observed from Table 5.56 thatoverall 57 o/orespondents have knowledgc o1'rvelfhre schemes whereas l3 %o respondentsof Streevani and 3 o/o respondents of Siurtulan sai,J. .there are no such schemes, andoverall 34 Yo respondents answerecl that they do no know of SHG.
Table 5.56 - Respondents Knowledge of
development:
Sr.No.
ResponsesStreevani
No. ofRespondents
o,//o
I Yes 53 . 53.00
z.No
(Schemes) I3 13.00
)J. Do not know 34 34.00
Total r00 100.00
198
Panchayat Schemes designed for women's
--No.Sanlulan Total
No. ofRespondents
o//oof o,//o
2 62.00 II5 57.50
3.00 I6 8.00
5 3s.00 69 34.50
r00.00 200 100.00
4s!p94de!!t
- .::
.)
r00
Source: Field work.
Even in monthly meeting these members have to discuss this topic to get morebenefit of welfare schemes not only on personal level bur even for the village level.
It leads us to conclude that efforts are being done by the NGOs are inadequate.NGos has to provide this informati.n to th; rcsponrlents frequently.
A. Responses to government schemes:
Though tlrere are 27 schcrnes, it i:; ciilliculr to giv'e the details of every scheme.Some of thc schcmes have been mentioned here to 61et tht-, idea of it.
[Jnder ICDS project nutritious food. immunisation, health and diet education.health checking and under women and chilrt uelfare: depzrrtment support for the daughter'smarriage of widow and abandoned womerr. rchabilitation of Devdasi, abolition of downsystem' funds for houses, training center fbr vi"omen. etc. It was asked to them that whichare the schemes especially for women in panchavat.
Specification of the schemes was a:;kr:,J to them. "fable 5.57 indicates the data ofschemes' These responses are multiple ancl pi:rcentage to the respondents who are havinuknowledge of scheme for every response.
It is observed from Table 5.57 those 50 o/o respondents of Santulan and 42 vorespondents of Streevani said sewing machine. It is fcrllowed by 29 % respondents ofsantulan and 24 %n respondents of streevani who said serving machine and grinder. 15 %respondents of streevani said housing scheme. 17 %o respondents of Santula n and 6 yo
respondents of streevani said tailoring or stitching classes. 12 oh respondents of santulanand 7 o/o respondents of Streevani said financial assistzmce lbr below poverty line famil1..5 7o respondents of santulan and 3 oz respo'dents of streevani answered goat rearing.7 Yo tespondents of streevani said floor mill. 6 o% responrJents of Santulan said bicycle.
199
Table 5.57 - Schemes for the welfare of ,n,omen:
(Percent to respondents wlro are aware about schemes) Multiple Responses
,Sr.
No. SchemesStreevani
No. ofResoondents
Sewing Machine 22
2.Sewing Machineand Grinder t3 2
1J. Noodles Machine 6 1
Stitching Class ,J
5. Housing Scheme 8 I
6. Goat Rearing 3 5
7 Floor mill I
IFinancialassistance lowidow
2 5
9.Trainingfor selfemployment
,I I
t0.Financialassistance to BPLF'amilies
I I. Loan.f'or selfemployment 2 .l
12. Bicycle
Suntulan TotalNo. of
Respondents
o.//oNo. ofLe;pgn4:rylt
o.//o
3I 50.00 54 46.95
IB 29.03 3I 26.95
+ 6.45 IO 8.69
Il 17.74 I4 12.17
I 6.95
1z 3.22 5 4.34
4 3.47
z , -1t./)
I 0.87
E 12 90 12 10.13
2 3.22 3.17
6.15 3.47
5.66
o.//o
1.5(.)
./.5 2
.t.32
:t.09
i66
54
77
88
C,I
77
Source: Field work.
Overall respondents of Streevani ha.,,e kn<lw.le,Cge of various schemes thanrespondents of Santulan. In fact there are schemes fbr farmers, land less labourersthese women have no knowledge about it.
Majority of the women are intereste,d in seq,ing class and sewing machine schemebecause tailoring work women can clo sittirrg al home while perfbrming household duties.Tailoring work has a certain status in rural areas. But all of them do not get sufficientwork and income.
It leads us to conclude that NGos should infirmr them about all the schemes.
the
but
Benefit of government schemes
Government has designed special
to the respondents:
schenres for rvornen and child welfare and these
B.
2tl{l
schemes are being implemented by the Panchayat. [lven there are other schemes toimprove lifestyle of the villagers.
Some of the health related schenrr:s lor children; pregnant women and lactatingmothers should get nutritious diet, health checrking, control of communicable diseases.
Housing schemes for the below poverty line econornic group is there, which iscalled as Indira Awas yojana.
To encourage parents for the education of g,irl child and provide necessary
facilities to them. Women from the below poverty line lamily should get self-employmentthrough Panchayat.
Beside above schemes there are olher agriculture related schemes which farmercan undertake such as watershed devejopment, social lbrestry, animal husbandry.employment guarantee scheme, etc. 'fhese clata are given in Table 5.5g.
Table 5.58 - Benefit of government schemes respondents get:
Sr.No.
BeneJits of GovLSchemes
Stre<zvani
No. ofRespondents
Yes 9 9
2 AIo B] 8
Do not knou, I d
,- Not applicable (Donot want benefit) 2 )
Total r00 I
'-'-Lrylffiot,00
ulan TotalNo. of
Respondentso,//o
9.00 18 9.00
88 00 t69 81.50
300 1t 5.50
1z r.00
100.00 200 100.0000.00 100
Source: l:'ield wor:k.
It is observed from Table 5.58 that or.rl1 9 oZ responclents of Streevani and Santulanget benefit of the schemes. overal[ 84 o/o rer'pondenls do not get benefit. g oZ respondentsof Streevani and 3 04 respondents 01- Santulan said that they don't know whether thev setbenefit or not. 2 oz respondents of Streevani saicl that they don.t want benefit.
In fact if their children get nutriti(:rur; diet in school that is also a benefit ofgovemment scheme but they are not aware .r'the details.
It leads us to conclude that more than 80 o% women do not get benefit ofgovernment schemes.
201
C. Under which scheme respondents get benefit:
Respondents who have got benefit o f government scheme. Are they really aware ofit, which scheme, what kind of benefit these details were asked to them.
This data will provide Table 5.59.
Table 5.59 - Under which scheme respondents get benefit:
Sr.No.
ll/hich Schemesbenefited
Streevani
No. ofRespondents %
t. Housing Scheme 7 77.7
2.Self-employment
Scheme1z 22.2
3. Farmer Scheme
Total rco 100.
Santulsn TotaINo. of
Respondents
o//oNo. of%
5 55.56 I2 66.67
2 22.22 4 22.22
2 22.22 z Il.II100 t00.00 200 r00.00
E9tp9!delt!8
,)
al
Source: Field work.
It is observed from the Table 5.59 that 7 1/o respondents of Streevani and, 5 yo
respondents ofSantulan get benefit under housing schemes"
Under this scheme 3 respondents har.e got house. I of them has got funds forhouse, 2 of them got toilet, I has gol funds firr house repairing of respondents of Streevani.
Among the respondents of Santulan. 2 have gor toilet, I has got material for toiletand 2 have got bathroom, cooker, chulha.
Self-employment scheme benefit hers received 2 respondents of Streevani and 2respondents of Santulan.
Under this scheme, 2 respondents cf Streevani got benefit of goat rearing and 2respondents of Santulan got Vada-pav hanclc,art.
Scheme for marginal farmer provid,rs kran on lo,uv interest rate 2 respondents ofSantulan get benefit of it.
Though on the goverrlment level they have fixe,l the cost of house or toilet butbeneficiaries told that it is not sufficient for them.
During the informal discussions wc)men told that they have applied for welfarescheme but Panchayat did not consider their application. To avoid this proper informationabout selection criteria of beneficiaries should be given by either the NGOs or panchayat
authorities.
It leads us to conclude that under wtLich scheme u,hat benef-it they get was knownto them.
20:r
II. Work expected from panchayat:
Provision of basic amenities is the mia.ior task of Panchayat, as well to implementdevelopmental programmes of agriculture, animal husbandry, forestry, social welfare etc.
To study the impact of Panchayat Raj training progranrnle and women's interest on villagelevel activities and functioning ol'village Panchayat it was asked to them that what workshould Panchayat do for the village.
This data has given in Table 5.60. 'l-hese responses are multiple and percenrage tothe respondents who could answer the question.
Table 5.60 - Expected work of panchayat do for the village welfare:
,Sr.
No. Panchavat worksStreevani
No. ofResoondents
T. Water, Tap 72 72.
z. Toilet, Latrine 47 47
3. Road i/ {/
1. Lighr 26 26
5.Garbage hin &
gutter I8 1,t
6. Housing /ac:ility tI I1
7.
Provide Jinanciulsupport to BPLfamilies in time
5
8.To keep village
clean II I l.r
J.l)9. School 3
10. Dispensary 3 3.0(
30(
2.0(
5.0(
I I. Anganwadi J
I/.To provide work
.for women. 2
13. Do not know j
Santulan TotalNo. of
Respondents
o//oNo. oJ%
51 51.00 123 61.50
38.00 38.00 85 42.50
43 43.00 97 17 50
27 27.00 J5 26.50
)z 32.00 50 25.00
6 6.00 I7 850
250
I1 5.50
7.00 t0 5.00
3 r .50
{ r.50
7 7.00 9 4.50
I] I 1.00 I6 8.00
o/
00
00
00
()0
(.t0
(,t( )
,:,)
0(.)
,,,,I
,;,,,:|-.-:)0i:,,1,1
)( I
NB: Each respondent opted to rnore tha.n one response hence total may not tally.Source: I;ield work.
It is observed from the Table 5.60 theLt only 5'% responclents of Streevani and l lrespondents of Santulan could not answer. It shows that most of the wolnen are awareit.
oA
of
201
72 yo respondents of Streevani and 51 9/o respondents of Santulan told thatPanchayat should provide water and tap. 11 is lbllowed by 54 % respondents of Streevani
and 43 o% respondents of Santulan who ansr.r'ered road. Next to it 47 o respondents ofStreevani and 38 04 respondents of SantuleLn replierJ that toilet and latrine facility shouldget by the Panchayat. 27 %o respondents ol'' Santulan and 26 o/o respondents of Streevanianswered light. street light. electricity.
Garbage bin, gutter was the answer of' 3212o respondents of Santulan and 18 %o
respondents of Streevani. Houses should be provided by the Panchayat was the response
of 1l o/o respondents of Streevani and 6 ?i, respondents of Santulan. I I Zo respondents ofstreevani responded that panchayat should treep village clean.
7 Yo tespondents of Santulan and 3 96 respondents of Streevani answered thatschool facility should be provided . 5 yo respondents of Streevani answered that panchayat
should support financially to the below poverty line family,. 3 %respondents of Streevanitold that Anganwadi should be provided by the Panchayat. And 7 %o respondents ofSantulan and 2 o% respondents of Streevani answered that Panchayat should provide workto the women.
Majority of the rurar women facing rJrinking \4,ater probrem.
It is reflection of'the conditions o{'r,illages. Major problems are water, tap. toilet,latrine' roads and light. Respclndents of both of the organizations want panchayat to dosomething areas such as water, toilet, about these problems.
Many of them do not have common or inclivi<lual toilet, still less than 50 oZ womenhave demanded or expect. This is surprising. It is a maJor cause of various diseases.Garbage Iifting, gutter fbr wastewater, garba1le beans are also cause fbr diseases.
under rnedical lacility PHC is available for 4 - 5 villages so trained nurse shouldbe made available for emergency treatment.
32 oA respondents of Santulan said F'anchayat should look after garbage bins andgutter' Because wagholi is weekly' mark,;t place for the almost 15-20 villages andpockets' Garbage of vegetables and eatatrles gather s() women or respondents fromWagholi want Panchayat to do this.
Developed conditions of villages v,ill solve many' problems of these villasewomen, as well children.
Before the SHG, Panchayat people viere doing everything on their own but nowthey are truly answerable for the villasers.
20.4
It leads us to conclude that the majority of' members (80 oh) are aware about the
Panchayat work.
A. Implementation of schemes for village development:
NGOs made SHG members aware about the work Panchayat should do for the
village. But women should also make themselves upto date and to collect the infbrmationfrom Panchayat people or elected members, about welfare schemes for the village. To get
the feedback about it, it was asked to rihem that whether Panchayat is implementing
scheme in the village at present. This data has given in the 'fable 5.61.
Table 5.61 - Implementation of schemes for vilage development:
Sr.No. Responses
Streevani
No. ofResoondents
It-Yes
implementinp 21
2. Not implementing 29
aJ.No knowledgewhetherimplementing or nlt
t-J
1.No knowledge ofPanchayal Scheme
)4
Total 100 I
,SantulanNo. of
Respondents %No. of%
J1 34.00 58 29.00
I9 19.00 1u 24.00
t.l t 2.00 25 I 2.50
3.t
IA0
35.00 69 34.50
100.00 200 r 00.00
' ---l-
*---'-T--% l*
;'t,+----r-2e.0(,)
I---T-l.t oo
I
i-,,,7- -+-
,::,:, LSource: Fierld q'ork.
It is observed from the-l'able 5.61 that amclns the 66 %o respondents ol. Streevaniand 65 o% respondents of Santularr are havirrg kngrvleclge sf panchayat schemes , 24 o
respondents of Streevani and 34 9'o respondenls of santulan responded positively whereas29 %o tespondents of Streevani and l9 o% rerspondents o1'sanrulan said no scheme is beingimplemented. It is followed by overall l2 9.t rcsponclents w,ho said no knowledge whetherimplementing or not.
Among the respondents o1' Streev;rni staying in Manjari the scheme is beingimplemented of common toilet, community hall. whereas in villages Bolhai. Vade.Gawade Vasti, Bhorvasti no scheme is beinlg implementerl.
Among the respondents of Santulan percentage of respondents staying in Wagholiis high where mobile toilet, water tank schernes are being implemented.
overall l2Yo women are not aware w.hich is rroticeabre.
2tl-5
B. Participation of respondents in panchayat scheme:
Gram Sabha has given them new platform to fight for their right and facilities, forthe better life, which they are not havin;g. Women's active participation in Panchayat
Schemes is essential to solve village problems for better life. They were asked to name the
schemes, in which they participated. Their response is recorded in Table 5.62.
Table 5-62 - Participation of respdndents in panchayat scheme:
(percentage o{' respondents participated in panchayat Schemes)
Sr.No.
Participated inPanchayatSchemes
Streevani
No. ofResoondents
1t. LV'ater Problem 9 I
2. Community Hall 7 tJ
3.For the benefits ofBPL familv. 2
+.Law awarenessworl<shops 2
5. Common Toilet I {
6DemandforCremation ground I J
7.Peop/e gave :;paceto build the roud.
8.
As a memher o.fPanchayatParticipate
9.
Vl/omen metPanchayat peoltleto clean the pond
Total 22 I
Santulan TotalNo. of
RespondentsNo. of
Ro.//o
4 23.00 I3 32.00
7 t6.00
2 4.50
2 4.50
7 41.00 B 23.00
I 2.s0
23 00 r 1.50
I 6.00 l 3.00
I 6.00 I 3.00
I7 r 00.00 39 100.00
o//o
.t.40
.1.00
900
9 0()
0()
0(.t
00.00
Source: lirie:ld work.
lt is observed from the -l-able 5.62 that 4l o,'o respondents of Streevani and 23 yo
respondents of Santulan have participated in water problem. During the summer all thesewomen face acute drinking water problem. Tr:r soh'e this problem woman demanded forwater tanker, paid money for piperine, raise rssue in (iramsabha.
32 % respondents of Streevani saitl community hall it is followed 23 yo
respondents of Santulan who gave space to L,uitd the road.
4l oA respondents of Santulan and 5 ?o resllondents of Streevani participated incommon toilet problern.
i06
6 Yo each of Santulan members partioipated in as a member of Panchayat and met
Panchayat people to clean the pond.
2 Yo each of Streevani members havc participated in law awareness workshop and
to get the benefit to below poverty line familv.
Problems concerning water and toilet are conlmon among the respondents of both
of the organization. Very few scheme.s are being implemented by the Panchayat.
Only members of village Maniari har,e got benefit of community hall, and common
toilet. Among the respondents of Szrntulan onlv members fiom village Wagholi have got
benefit of common toilet.
ingroup Gram Panchayat all the villages do not get benefit of all the schemes.
It is beginning may be it will motivate them for ilre more active participation forthe welfare of the village in coming )'ears.
It leads us to conclude that womcn take part in implementation of panchayat
Schemes.
A. Awareness and participation of res;rondents in Nlorcha:
To solve the village problems especiallv of basic arnenities NGOs had organisedmorcha' During summer it was for nater pro:rlc'rrr. fbr abolition of alcoholism and to closethe dance bar. To check SHG member's a\rrlr'cncss it u.as :rsked to them that whether thevhad organised morcha if 'Yes' have they parlicipated ;n it.
Table 5.63 indicates the data.
Table 5.63 - Awareness and participation 'f respon<lents in Morcha:
,Sr.
No.Awareness inParticipation
Streevani
N"-'j- -aR
I Participants notaware of Morcha.
IIta
2.
Parlicipants thoughaware of Morcha didnot participated
2B 2B
3.
Participantsparticipated inMorcha.
J8 58(
Total 100 100.
I son,
,1:o. of__ -Ee!pqJ'd9r!!
tU , 15
ulanNo. of
Respondentso,//(l
0//o
I5.00 29 I4 50
r 1.00 39 19.50
74.00 r32 66.00
100.00 200 100.00
(.t0
il)
tI
a0 r00
Source: Field work.
It is observed from the Table 5.63 that nrore than 8(l oZ members from both of theorganisations are aware of it, which is remarkable .
207
Among the respondents who are aware of it, 58 o/o of Streevani and, 74 oh ofSantulan had actually participated in it. Percentage of participation in morcha is highamong the respondents of Santulan.
To solve water problem both of the r:rrganisation-iointly did protest sit in on pune -
Nagar Highway. Respondents of Santulan s;tay who in Wagholi have more opportunity totake part in morcha and among the respondents of Streevani respondents staying in interiorarea have no opportunity to take part in it bccause o1'non availability of transport. Thoughthey are aware they cannot take part in it.
Overall these women are aware of m,orcha activitl,.
B' Co-operation of family members of respondents for the participation inMorcha:
Though women participates in morcha it is important to get them co-operation offamily members for the participation. To grlt the feed back of this it was asked to themdirectly that whether they get co-operation of family members. This data has siven inTable 5.64.
Participation has to be noticed. ,,\mong the respondents of Streevani 36 %respondents said my husband docsn't like' but still they' participate in l\4orcha, it isremarkable. It is sign of empowenlrent ancl rlther women should follow these women andto realise the importance of their or.vn social lif-c. and it is output ol'the activities organisedby NGOs,
Table 5'64 - Co-operation of family mernbers of respondents for participation inMorcha:
,Sr.
No.Co-operationfor
ParticipationStreevani
N,.i---T-
I. Participantsparticipate in Morchu i8 I
2.Co-operation gets.from familv members. 39 o
3.Do not getco-operation l9 3
Santulan TotalNo. of
Resportdents
o././oi\o. of o,//o
71 t 00.00 r32 t00.00
72 97.00 IIt 82.00
2 3.00 21 18.00
\gtpptt4tnlt
Source: F-ield work.
It is observed that from Tabre 5.64 trat 67 %o respondentsrespondents santulan get co-operation of fanrily menrbers fbr the33 o% respondents of Streevani did not get co_rrpepatiolr.
of Streevani and 97
participation, where
%
AS
.t08
It has to be noticed that though 33 o/, respondents of Streevani did nor get co-
operation still they participated in morcha lbr them it is rebellious.
The problems which can be solved by morcha are very much effect on women
because of alcoholism men spend their incorne on it. during water scarcity women have to
walk2 - 3 kms' to get the water. So though lanrily members do not allow them to go, stillthey participate.
It shows their sensibility to s<llve their problenrs on their own.
c. Reasons for non-cooperation for the participation in Morcha:Respondents frankly admitted that taeir family members do not co-operate them
for the participation in morcha. To go into rrore details reasons for non-cooperation wereasked to them.
Table 5.65 shows data regarding this.
Table 5.65 - Reasons for Non co-operation lor participation in Morcha:
,Sr.
No-Reasons for Non
Co-operationStreevani
No. of'Resoondents
Do not get co-operation from familyntembers
I9 10(.
2.My hushand does notlike. 7 3(t
3. My son does not like , J
1.Village people troubleus. J
5.
My husband isalcoholic he does notqllow me.
I
6.My husband does notdrink so no need to po
I j
7
Becquse of ill healthand old age familymembers do not allow.
8 42
A9q9n@nts
,'t'1_ J-. ___
Sontulan TotalNo. of
Respondents%tuf
%
2 t00.00 21 100.00
7 I8.s0
I 2.63
I 2.63
1 t00.00 J 52 63
I 2.63
8 21.00
'tl/t)
)ti
Source: Irield work.
It is observed from the Table 5.65 ttrat 42 %, respondents of Streevani said thatbecause of ill health and old age their famill' mcmbers do not want them to participate inMorcha' It is followed by 36 oZ respondents of Streevani who said that their husbands donot like it' 5 yo each of Streevani said that son does not like it, village people trouble us,my husband is alcoholic he does not allow rne to go, m), husband does not drink so no
209
need to go. Where as 100 o% respondents of'santulan said that their husbands are alcoholicso do not allow them to go.
It shows women's changing mind set though \lomen were suffering from illnessthey participated in his collective activitv. Some <lf the women neglected their husbands
disliking and participated in Morcha.
Participation has to be noiiced. Among the respondents of Streevani 36 oA
respondents said 'my husband doesn't like but they participate in Morcha,, it isremarkable. It is sign of empowerrnent and other women should follow these women andto realise the importance of their own social lilb, and it is output of the activities organisedby NGOs,
.ll()
5.6 Legal Aspect
5.6.1 Introduction
5.6.2 Age of marriale of g,irls child
A. Reasons for not to marry before 18 years of age
B. Dowry Systerrr
2,1 )
5.6 Legal Aspect:
ln this section, the researcher has discussed the problem of the marriage of the girlsbelow the age of l8 years. It also covers the problem ol Dowry.
5.6.1 Age of marriage of girl child:
Under the gender sensitisation activities NGOs rnake them aware about social illsexisting in the society one of them is chilcl nrarriage. It comes under health issue as wellin legal issue.
There are areas in which legal provisions could help considerably in improving thestatus of women- In patriarchal society, v/ornen suffer right from their birth. .Birth of agirl child is curse for the parents', so in l'arnily a girl child doesn't get sufficient food,proper education because she has to play' tra<litional role of housewife. For parents, girlchild is a burden- So they normally prefer to get her many before puberty or immediatelyafter puberty, that is at the age of 13,14. 11'girls get married at he age 13,14 she will missopportunity of completing her education arrcl obviously of income generation. 13, 14 ageshould be considered as childhood in which age she can play a lot, can mix with others,can understand meaning of marriage properly. Beftrre getting knowledge of childbirth shewill give birth to child and cannot look lirc'p6rly to herself and her child. She has tounderstand her role as wifb, as ntother lully be lbre getting married. Early marriage closedall the doors for her- To prevent earlv rnarriages law' can play effective role. Childmarriage Restraint Act. 1929 (popuiarly know as the Sarada Act) limiting the marriageableage of the boy 2l and l8 of girl.
on this background it was asked to them that what should be the age of marriageof a girl child.
Table 5.66 gives the details in this cr.rnlext.
It is observed from the l-able 5.66 that 66 9,'o respondents of Streevani and 59 %respondents ofSantulan said lg years.
39 % respondents of Santulan and .\3 o/o responclents of Streevani said it is morethan 18.
overall 99 %o respondents are aware 'f it. It is rernarkabre.
In this case the strict implementation of law is important. Media especiallygovernment television channel, on large scale has been campaigning against childmarriage. Their focus is more on hearth factor rather than raw.
2l_l
Table 5.66 - Age of marriage of girl chilrt:
Sr.No.
AgeStreevani
."'{ l-T.
Less than l6years I t.00
2 I 8 years 66 66.0(
J.More than 18
vears33 33.0(.
4. Do not know
Total r00 t00.00
59
3!)
2
Source: Field work.
Graph 6 - Age of marriage of girl child
D StreevaniE Santulan
Less than16 years I I years
More than18 yeals
It happens mostly among the dropor-rt of girls fronr school for various reasons non-availability of school, not interested in stud'r'ing, house is far from school and no transport
available. In this situations parents prefer th,em to marry at that age.
These answers show impact of the capacity builcling training organise by NGOs.The active participation of respondents in de:cision rrraking is of vital importance.
70,
60,
50
40,
3ot
20 ,,
10 ,
0,
o\"
8'
TotsINo. of
Respondents
o.//oof o//o
I 0.50
59.00 125 62.50
39.00 72 36.00
2.00 z 1.00
100.00 200 r 00.00
o\o*&b
Do notknow
)t4
The researcher is of the opinion that l\(iOs should supervise the implementation ofit at least for the self-help group members or look into the matter and prevent childmarriage if it is happening.
It leads us to conclude that these wonren are aware about age of marriage.
A. Marriage of girls before 18 y'ears:
Ill health among the women is becau:;e of marriage at early age. People residing in
remote area where there is no proper machinery to prevent it, they are unknown about it.
In some of the states even today child marriage takes place, due to lack of knowledge,
sometimes because of acute poverty.
Media on state and National level shows short lilms to educate people on the
disadvantages of early marriage, early childbirth etc.
To get the feedback of the efforts done by NGOs towards it, it was asked to them
why girls should not get malry before her age of eighteen and what are the reasons
feel. It has shown in Table 5.67.
Table 5.67 shows data regarding awareness of the SHG members for the ase ofmarriage.
Tabfe 5.67 - Marriage of girls befbre 18 vears:
as to
they
Sr.No. Reasons
Streevani
N". rf -f ,
nIncompletephysical growthcreates problem
79 79.
z. According to law 8 8
aJ.Maturity isimportant 7
4. Cannot tell 6 6
Total 100 I
Santulan TolalNo- of
Respondents
o.//ooJ o.//o
72 72.00 I5I 7 5.50
t3 13.00 21 t 0.50
{ r 3.00 20 10.00
2 2.00 d 4.00
00 r00.00 200 t00.00
./oNo.
lS;pooleryE
( )()
)()
)()
5.0,) I__ -t--
00.00 I I___-_t__
Source: I.'ield work.
These women realised the importance of complete physical growth. They are notmuch aware of marriage registration law so very few of thern mention about marriage law.
It is impact of the health activities, and adolescent girl's programmes conducted byNGOs.
l5
Graph 7 - Why girls should not get married before 18
trlStreevanitrJSanlulan
Village women and children are 1'acirlg problems o1- rnalnutrition. repeated
childbirth, child rnortality, povertl'. ill health anrong \\,omcn, illiteracy. crimes erc. Even
among adolescent girl's dropout, marriage at early age. family problem lack of know-ledge,
wage labour work remains the only option for them.
Marriage at the age of l8 w'ill sohe sc,rne problenrs. These girls will completetheir schooling that education will help the.rrr to take proper care of their own health as
well of their children's. It will automaticalh l.cduc:e birlh rate and child mortalitr.Educated girls can take jobs in nearby area and can avoid hard work of farm
labouring. Educated mother can educate hcr childrerr ancl give the family a better life.She can realize her role in the family as a partner, And even during the temporarymigration of male member of the family, she czrn take good care of family and play boththe roles.
Superstitions and traditional role, cultural bindings are obstacles, due to r,r,hich she
cannot progress herself but complete physical grorvth and maturity will solve these
problems to some extent.
80' t:l:L70rrilrl6o: .l I ll Ll50' llll ll40 llll ll
ii []L$(,t
5\.c$\.o."* .."no ^"t'"
-..""t- "$6" ..oa-
*f' Foc- -."'*t {.'
^"t {9oa"""
2t6
Women get insufficient food or sr)metimes they kept fast but educated girls
education will open her door or income generation. She can take self-employment
training.
These respondents have gone througn thc' various problems and situation. So they
want their daughters should get married after l8 years and educate properly. Respondents
feel health problem more important than law.
It is observed from the Table 5.67 that 79 ?o respondents of Streevani and 72 Yo
respondents of Santulan are aware o1- incorrplete phl.sical growth creates problem during
childbirth. It is followed by 13 oz'o respondents of Santulan and 8 %o respondents ofStreevani who have knowledge of law. Ne:<t to it l3yo respondents of Santul an and. 7 Yo
respondents of Streevani feel maturity is important.
'lncomplete physical growth' directll,shows the impact of the media campaign.
But between the lines there is a lot ri'hich has to be done.
o Early marriage happens in case of drop out girl so l.hese girls should be encouraged
by the social worker to undertake vocational training or distance education.
r Law should be implemented strictll, bv rhe panchaynl.
o Women have to express thernselves f irnrly in this kind of incidents and if necessary
have to take help of NGOs.
' 'Marriage is totally depending upon lare and nobody can do nothing fbr it' this
assumption has to be changed.
r NGOs have to infbrm these women tiequently about laws.
t ImPortance of marriage registration u'ill also help to prevent early marriage.
o NGOs should organise programmes tirr adole<.cent girls.
At least the next generation should get a healtlry lile and gain self-respect.
It leads us to conclude that these wornen are well aware of age of marriage of girlchild and factor related to this.
B. Dowry system:
The system of dowry is based on the concept of mamiage as a daan (gift). It used
to be nominal in almost all cases. f-he affltrent strata of Indian society give so much indowry that the financially weak people fincl it ctifficult to marry their daughters. It has
become a social custom rather a social evil. 'Ihe custom is not uniform in Hindu societyas it varies from community to comrnunitv.
)"17
The government of India passed an r\nti-dowr1' Act in l96l to check this evil. It issad that young men and their parents are ix much interestcd in accepting dowry as theywere before this law was passed.
Educated urban girls are aware of ecluality o1'status, but for marriage expenses they
follow customs even in 21't Centurl,which is sad.
Dowry system follows in different rva)'s in different parts of our country. If the
son-in-law is rich, parents do not hesitate 1o expense much on marriage ceremony, gifts,gold etc.
Dowry deaths are happening in alm,rsl all part of'our country. Dowry people takeas cost of bridegroom. Indirect doury deattrs in the form of suicide are also happening.
Government promotes inter-caste nrarriage, arvards for non-acceptance of dowryand group marriage.
The subordinate status of women in our society is the root of various social evilsand superstitions. To create awareness anlong women about these evils NGO's on theoccasion of women's day encourage SHG nrernbers to write and enact dramas, sing songsbased on it. Besides this they inform them abrout diflbrent law
To assess the impact of it and to rec:alri their knowledge of law the members wereasked as to 'What do they feel about dowrl' svstem or rvhat is their opinion about dowrvsystem. The data are presented in 'fable
5.6i1.
It is observed from the l'able 5.68 that overall 40 9/o respondents stated that thedowry should not be given and taken, 12 (!'o
ctpinecl that if'the dowry is not given t6eirdaughters will be in trouble.
I I %o respondents of Santulan and 11 irir respondents of Streevani confirmed thatthey had not taken dowry for their sons this rs remarkable. overall 8 o/o respondents wanttlris custom should be stopped. 5 oA respond,jnls said it is against law.
4 7o respondents of Streevani said it is not bad s-ystem because these respondentsare having sons. Can be concludeti that the situation is positive, the members themselvesfeel that this custom is bad. strict implemenratr.n of this law is important.
4 o/o respondents of Santulan and2 (2, respondents of Streevani have stated that themoney given in dowry will be deposited rn daughter's bank account. lt shows theirknowledge about 'streedhan' concept and in case of mishap of her husband at least shecan manage with that money.
:l l8
Table 5.68 - Responses of the respondents to dowry system:
Jr.No.
Opinion about dowrysystem
Streevani
No. ofResoondents
1.
Should not be given
and taken 1-5 15
2.This tradition should bestopped 6 6.
3.If the dowry is not given thedaughter will be in trouble 3 a
J.
4.Should not given and shouldbe tqken but there is ctntom 4 4.(
5. Cannot tell s
6.Did not take dowryfor myson 6 6.
7.It is not good but we have togive 6 6.
B.I did not givefor mydaughter J 5
9. It is not bqd 1
10.Matching of girl & boy isimportant l I.(
II.There will be problem inmarriage if dowry is nolgiven
3.t
12. It is against law ") 2.(
t3.IIte will not demand but ifthey witl giva we will ucceptit
_l 3.0(.
14.Amount of dowry doesn'Imake much different
1 2.
15. Register marriage is good 2 z.
t6.Dowry should be kept inbctnk account of daughter-in-lctw
) 2.0(
17.For onti dowry movementcollective action is imponant
18.If the girl is good should nottake dowry
Total 100 r00.
Santulan TotalNo. of
Respondents%oJ
%
36 36.00 8I 40.50
t0 10.00 I6 8.00
2I 21.00 z4 r2.00
4 2.00
3 3.00 7 3.50
I1 I 1.00 I7 8.s0
o 3.00
2.50
2.00
I 0.50
3 I.s0
X 8.00 t0 5.00
J 3.00 6 3.00
/ r.00
2 1.00
2.00 6 3.00
2.00 2.00
,l 2.00 2.00
r 00.00 200 r00.00
./o
(t0
00
0/)
) {,)
0(.)
00
00
00
0t)
)(t
-l)(.1
No.tclpgn@4!
)0
Source: F-ield work"
This issue was discussed more in focus group discussion. Respondents said thatpeople do not demand for dowry they accept r.vhatever brider's parents give them. Some ofthem said that they do not demand monev directly, but in the form of household
:ll()
appliances or initial investment in business etc. The case of register marriage is good signof the journey towards gender equality. Thr;: g.overnment through television media createsawareness about social ills. One of the tasks of l)anchayat is to encourage people forsgroup marriage' but Panchayat do not pay nruch attention.
This is the one more reason for norr-acceptance of birth of girl child. But whiletraining adolescent boys and girls iurti-dori'ry issue should be raised and these boys canpledge that they will not accept dowry in anr firnn.
Change in attitude is important becrruser parents having only girl child ca1 spendmore money, where as parents hal'ing three daughters cannot spend more money. In ruralarea spending more for this has become status symbol. Still some of the respondents saidthat they did register marriage of their daughters and sons, village people gave names tothem earlier but now they realised that inst,lad of borrou,ing money from private moneylenders for non-productive activity like nrarriage rhey prefer to do register marriage.These kinds of changes should take place to ::emove this social evil.
Sometimes farmers have to sell their land to fulfil the demand of in-laws or keepland mortgage and take money, from rich lanr,crs but they normally do not get their landback in lifetime.
It leads us to conclude that though i. i:; sociztl cvil w.omen did not condemnecl inlarge percentage, this has to be delinitell' change,l. N(ros should inform thenr nrore aboutlaw and gender equality.
220
5.7 Cultural Aspects
5.7.1 Introduction
5.7.2 Reasons for Celebration of Womens' Dav
5.7.3 Programmes of Womens'Day
5.7.4 Participation in the programmes
221
5.7.5 Introduction:
In this section researcher has discussed cultural activities ofGovernment organisations such activities includes celebration ofparticipation of the members in such activities.
the selected Non-
women's day and
5.7.1 CulturalAspects:
Gender equality, collective strength are the mind set which are invisible. and thevcan brought about through collective action.
NGOs organise rallies on the occasion of women's day, environment day etc. Tomake the women aware for unity and'we' feelings. To raise self respect to feel strong.To make them available platform to express themselves, to share the experience, to gather.
Women's day celebration takes place every year and women i.e. member of SHG from 2 -3 nearby villages gath€r and celebrate.
This section highlights their activities, progrirmmes and their feelings towards it. Itis kind of discovering inner power, to show sensibility towards social ills, social problemand women's role and to participate in social actir,ities and managed things on big scaledevelops their organisational skills, to understand each other.
Culture and tradition ascribed her role within the four walls but celebration ofwomen's day, participation in programmes introduces them to the New World, which isown' Earlier their participation in cultural activities was kept limited only in family theirand religious functions (like marriage, festir,'als etc.) NGos open them doors for theparticipation on village level and on large level.
5.6.2 The celebration of women's day:
NGos celebrate women's day every year. And arrange various programmes on thisoccasion' They were asked the reason for the celebration of women,s day was asked tothem' So far these organisations have celebrated 5 women's day. Respondents haveattended these' Some of them have attended it once. But they are aware of this celebration.It is given in Table 5.69.
lt is observed from Table 5.69 that only one respondent of Streevani and l lrespondents of santulan know the reason of women,s day celebration.
Overall 33 % respondents do not know the reason. It is followed by 20 %respondents who answered that 'women should gather' are the reason. .Women shouldget the information of various issues' told by 9 %o respondent. g o/o respondents felt that'there should be at least one day for women,.
222
Table 5.69 - Need for the celebration of Women's Dav:
SaNo.
Reasonfor womentsday celebration
Streevani Sanlulan TotalNo. of
Respondents%No. of
Resoondents %No. of
Respondents %
I. Cannot tell 35 35.00 3I 31.00 66 33.00
2.
l[/omen's should getopportunity to gather andsolve their problems.
7 7.00 7 3.50
3.There should be at leastone day for women. t3 r 3.00 4 4.00 I7 8.50
4.Women should get theirrights. IO 10.00 IO s.00
5.Women should get
jqformation II I1 00 7 7.00 I8 9.00
6.Because ofwomen'smovement in America I t.00 II I1.00 I2 6.00
7.Women should getreseryation 2 2.00 2 r.00
8.
lVomen should get oneday to express themselves.
4 4.00 4 2.00
9. l{/omen should gather I7 17.00 22 22.00 39 19.50
t0. I never go 7 7.00 7 3.50
I I. For their progress IO t0.00 I0 s.00
12.It is foundation day ofour SHG 3 3.00 3 I.s0
13. Other 4 4.00 a 2.00
TotaI 100 r00-00 100 r00.00 200 t00.00
Source: Field work.
Overall 6Yo but llolo respondents of Santulan told the reason that because ofwomen's movement in America- 5%o each respondents of both the organisations said that'Women should get their rights', for their progress.
Almost all the respondents have attended not all 5 women's day but they are awareof it.
Though only some of them know the reason for the celebration of women,s dav.This data shows what these women want for them _
o One day for women.
o One day to express themselves.
o Women should get information.
. Women should get rights.
lt shows their knowledge for their status and position and they have realised thatthey are having their own existence, which they have to prove, through information, rights,and they have to solved their problems on their own.
More important is that they have kept this day especially for them and they attendwomen's day programmes.
They participate in rallies and sing songs and go from village to village.
For these women meaning of women's day or reasons for the celebration ofwomen's day are based on there own experience.
Respondents from both of the organization feel that women should gather it wouldcreate strength.
These collective actions will gndually change their attitude from powerless topowerful.
It shows their expression about themselves it has started thinking process. This has
to be noticed.
They take decision on their for the attendance of the women's day it is also one ofthe sign of empowerment.
Instead of directly forming SHG 'santulan' organised rally on the occasion olwomen's day for anti-alcoholism. That was the incident when women realised power ofunity' Though they were not succeeded to abolish alcoholism, positive output of thisincident is group formation.
Both the organisations organise rally on this occasion. These rallies go from villageto village, some of the women take lead, they sing songs based on women,s status.exploitation etc.
It leads us to conclude that they are having their own, interpretations for thecelebration of women's dav.
5.7.3 Programmes of Women's Day:
NGos celebrate women's day every year, and arrange prografirmes for this. Forentertainment, to encourage collective activities, to create awar€ness about social issues. totake responsibilities to organise the programmes.
on this background the response of respondents is noted in Table 5.70.
zL4
L* oirn t- r' S It ,;rr I .-. e i e- kr- x'- glli'cr t)
q1 beo'",'(-r'\\l
ir-lur"t-iri'.il'rr
22s
Table 5.70 - Programmes of women's day:
Sr.No. Programmes
Streevoni SantulanNo. of
Respondents%No. of
Resoondentsoa No. of
Resoondents%
I. Song 9t 91.00 82 82.00 173 87.00
2. Speech 93 93.00 74 74.00 167 83.00
3. Dramas 79 79.00 78 78.00 157 78.00
4. Refreshment 75 75.00 73 73.00 148 74.00
5. Musical Chair 5I 51.00 55 s5.00 106 53.00
6. Rangoli 48 48.00 41 41.00 89 45.00
Street Plays 47 47.00 39 39.00 36 43.00
Source: Field work.
It is observed by the Table 5.70 that prograrnmes organised by both the
organisations are similar. Overall 87 7o respondents answered that songs. It is followed by
83 yo respondents who said speech. Next to it 78 7o respondents said dramas. 74 yo
respondents said refreshment and 53 o told musical chair 45 o/o and, 43 % respectively
answered that Rangoli and street plays.
It can been seen from the above data that every expression of women get
opportunity to express it such as singing, drawing rangoli, acting, playing games. Speech.
to tell their own experience to other women. Women engaged in self-employment activitytold their experiences and achievements to other women to motivate them.
Dramas based on superstitions, social ills performed by these women on the
occasion.
These women have got their own platform to realise themselves, their status insociety. Slowly other women will also take part in these activities, programmes.
5.7.5 Participation in the programmes:
Women's participation in these programmes will change their attitude about
themselves- They can realise themselves. It can improve their qualities, creativity.
Table 5.71 indicates the participation of the members in the programme.
Multiple Responses are possible.
Percentage to the respondents participated in programmes.
226
Table 5.71-Participation of members in these programmes:
^Sr.No.
Participationin
Programmes
Streevani SantulanNo. of
Respondents%No. of
Resoondents%
No. ofRespondents
%
I. Songs I7 17.00 20 20.00 37 I 8.50
2 Speech 6 6.00 6 6.00 I2 6.00
3. Dramas 9 9.00 lt I1.00 20 r0.00
4. Refreshment r00 t00.00 100 100.00 200 100.00
5. Musical Chair 4T 41.00 3t 31.00 72 s6.00
6. Rangoli 30 30.00 9 9.00 39 I 9.50
7. Street Plrys 5 5.00 6 6.00 II 5.50
8.Programmeorganisation I4 14.00 I4 14.00 28 14.00
9.
Do notparticipate inprogrammes.
3t 31.00 28 28.00 59 29.50
Source: Field work.
It is observed from the Table 5.71 that majority of them have participated in one orthe other programme it is good, because these activities give them confidence, smartness.
At least for that one day they keep aside their household work and participateenthusiastically in it.
17 Yo res ndents of Streevani and 20 yo respondents of Santulan took part insongs' 4l %o respondents of Streevani and 3l o/o respondents of Santulan had participatedin musical chair game - 14 % respondents had participated in programme organizationfrom both of the organizations. 30 % respondents of Streevani and 9 oZ respondents ofSantulan participated in rangoli. 11 oZ respondents of Santulan and 9 oZ respondents ofStreevani had participated in drama. 6 Yo each from both of the organization deliveredspeech, and 6 0/o respondents of Santulan and 5 7o respondents of Streevani did streetplays.
Women's participation in collective activities is high such as songs, musical chair.Women themselves write plays, songs and enact. Street plays and dramas are based onsocial ills' superstitions. Some of the women take responsibility of programmeorganisation like sitting arrangements, provision of eatables, pendol etc.
227
The researcher had attended the programme of women's day and observed that
these women have written the plays on gender sensitization and played in other villages.
It boosts their confidence, they get importance among the relatives, family members and
village women. For this particular day they buy similar sarees for women's day rally. They
clean the village and decorate it. But overall picture is positive because thinking process
will start through this. Slowly they wiil see changes among themselves.
This activity has to be continued by the NGOs, because it also develops leadership
qualities and community participation. These women share their problem with each other
because now they have realised that everybody is facing one or the other problem and
moral support in this kind of situation is necessary. They spend time in practicing and tryfor the excellence. In those dramas suggest remedies for the problems.
It leads us to conclude that more than 7O %o women have participated in one or the
other activity.
228
5.8 Environment
5.8.1 Introduction
5.8.2 Keeping the Surrounding Area Clean
5.8.3 Garbage Disposal
5.8.4 Plantation
5.8.5 Cleanliness of the Village
5.8.6 Sourc.es of Drinking Weter
5.8.7 Purification of Drinking Water
5.8.8 Toilet Facilitv
229
5.8 Environment:
5.8.1 Introduction:
Under the environment activity these women can undertake watershed
development project, social forestry project. Initially NGOs informed them, explain them
concepts of pollution, cleanliness, importance of plantation, benefits of kitchen garden etc.
On this background questions were asked to them how do they keep surrounding
area clean, how do they dispose garbage, availability of toilet, efforts to keep village clean
etc.
Availability of clean drinking water is also a part of environmental activity.
Government from their side have organise clean village competition NGOs encourage
women for the participation. women raise issues in Gramsabha.
This section provides details about above mention issues.
5.8.2 Keeping the surrounding area clean:
Purpose of the celebration of environment day is to make women aware of itsimportance.
Relation of cleanliness and health, tree plantation and its usage, are some of thetopics they discussed during the meeting. the responses of the members are recorded inTable 5.72.
Table 5.72 - Participation of members in keeping surrounding area clean:
,Sr.
No. wayStreevani Santulan Total
No. ofRespondents
o,//oNo- ofResnondentt
o,//,oNo. of
Respondents %
I Remove garbogetwice a dav 70 70 00 64 64.00 t34 67.00
2.Make upflooringwith gobar 20 20.00 6 6.00 26 13.00
3. Sprinkle water 6 6.00 4 4.00 I0 5.00
4.Remove grass,clean 3 3.00 9 9.00 I2 6.00
5. No place I 1.00 I2 12.00 I3 1.50
6.Put kerosene insurrounding area 3 3.00 3 t.50
7.House is on upperfloor 2 2.00 2 1.00
Total 100 r00.a0 r00 r00.00 200 r00.00
Source: Field work.
230
It is observed from the Table 5.72 that more than 60 % respondents remove
garbage twice a day. It is followed by 20 o/o respondents of Streevani who make flooring
with gobar. 12 % respondents of Santulan said' there is no place around the house 9 o/o
respondents of Santulan said that they remove gfttss and clean gutter.
Most of the houses, in their are1 are with gobar flooring they make flooring as
well surrounding area of the house with gobar. Some of the women cannot make up
surrounding with gobar they sprinkle water to prevent dust.
During summer it becomes difficult for them to get gobar due to inadequate fodder
for animals. These villages are not having pucca road because of pits water gather, grass
grows but in spite of all they try to keep surround clean with one or the other way.
Though earlier they used to keep surrounding arca clean they were not aware of itsimportance. Now they can even explain other factors related to it.
It leads us to conclude that women keep surrounding area of the house clean.
5.8.3 Garbagedisposal:
Problem of garbage disposal is being faced by both urban and rural population.
One of the tasks of village Panchayat is to keep village clean through garbage lifting,provision of staff for this, to provide closed gutter or pipeline. To take care of the
villagers' The responses of the members 1br disposal of the garbage are noted in Table
5.73.
Table 5.73 indicates data regarding this.
Table 5.73 - Garbage disposal:
^Sr.No. woy
Streevani
No. of I o,Respondents | 'o
I Santulan
| ."1:;:I^:;l ,TotalNo. of
Respondents%
I. Throw it onopen ground 22 22.00 45 45.00 67 3 s.50
2.Throw it infreld
.for fertilizer55 55.00 46 46.00 IOI s0.50
3. Throw it in pit I9 19.00 7 7.00 26 r 3.00
4. Burn it 4 4.00 7 7.00 26 13.00
Total r00 100.00 r00 r00.00 200 r00.00
Source: Field work.
It is observed from the Table 5.73 that22yo respondents of Streevani and 45 %respondents of Santulan throw it on open ground. 55olo respondents of Streevani and 46 yo
231
respondents of Santulan do not have their own farm but they throw it in farm, which isnearby. 19 % respondents of Streevani and 7 o/o respondents of Santulan throw it in pit toprepare fertilizer and sell it.
It is followed by 4 o/o respondents of Streevani and 2 oZ respondents of Santulan
who burn garbage.
Respondents who are not having field nearby they throw garbage in pit and makefertilizer they generate income through this. To make fertilized from garbage takes almostone year.
Percentage of respondents of Santulan who throw garbage on open ground is high.Because the garbage bins are far away from their houses. No proper gutter are there. pigs
run around the garbage and toilet facility is not available. It pollutes air a lot.
That self-help group members should raise this issue frequently in gramsabha toget the garbage bins.
It leads us to conclude that garbage disposal system is not proper.
5.8.4 Plantation:
NGOs encourage them to grow kitchen garden or flowering plants in backyard orin front of their houses. NGos provide them plants. They themselves get cheap andnutritious vegetables. Have they planted trees or not, it was asked to them.
Table 5.74 indicates data regarding this.
Table 5.74 - Plantation in surrounding area of house:
Source: Field work.
It is observed from the Table 5.74 that among the respondents overall 35 o/o ofthem have planted tree and 65 % have not. Reasons for the non-plantation are no space,house is on upper floor, no water, and in fact NGOs want them to do it on wastewater.
They have planted variety of trees like flower, fruits and some for fuel. Some ofthem have planted cotton, popaya. Guava" ashoka, rose, banana, coconut, vegetables.
232
They use it at home, distribute among neighbours. Overall picture is positive they are
aware of it and responding NGOs very well.
5.8.5 Cleanliness of the village:
Part of health awareness is to keep village clean and prevent diseases. To create
awareness among rural people about it and feeling of collective responsibility to keep
village clean Govt. has announced clean village competition about ten years ago. NGOs
encourage women.
What kind of effort women did to keep village clean this data has given in Table
5.75.
Table 5.75 - Efforts to keep village clean:
Sr.No. Responsa
Streevani Santulan ToulNo. of
Respondents%Nu of
Resnonden* %No. of
Resoondents %
I. Did nothing 57 57.00 37 37.00 94 47.00
2.
Clean villageduring the
competitionIO 10.00 28 28.00 _t8 19.00
3.Raised issue in
gramsabha I9 19.00 | 0 6.00 25 12.50
4.
Everybody keepssurrounding area
clean6 6.00 7 7.00 t3 6.50
5.Informed other
about cleanliness 8 8.A0 8 8.00 t6 8.00
6 Cctnnot tell II r 1.00 I] 5.50
7.Clean village on
women's davJ 3.00 3 1.50
Total r00 100.t)0 t00 100.00 200 r00.00
Source: [;ield work.
It is observed from the Table 5.75 that overall 47 % respondents said they didnothing' It is followed by 28 o% respondents of Santulan and l0 %o respondents ofStreevani who said clean village during the competition. 19 04 respondents of Streevaniand 6 %o respondents of Santulan answered that they raised the issue in gramsabha"whereas 8 Yo each respondents from Streevani and Santulan said that they informed othersabout cleanliness, I I o/o respondents of Santulan said that they cannot tell. 6 o
respondents of Streevani and 7 %o respondents of- Santulan answered that everybody keeps
233
surounding area clean. Clean village on the occasion of women's day was told by 3 Yo
respondents of Santulan.
Every year they have to take part in clean village competition. It is not only
sufficient to raise the issue during gramsabha but should follow the matter and if required
ask help from NGO. Issue of cleanliness should not keep limited for the competition.
It leads us to conclude that these women do not do any thing to keep village clean
every day.
5.8.6 Sources of drinking water:
The establishment of the Technology Mission on Drinking Water and Related
Water Management gave a new thrust to the Rural Water Supply Programme. Safe and
adequate drinking water is to be provided to the entire rural population by the end of 7th
five-year plan i.e- 1983. (National Perspective Plan for women 1988 - 2000 AD)
In the year 1983 during five-year plan Govt. has promised for the safe and
adequate drinking water. Entire rural area facing drinking water problem more or less.
The source of drinking water of these members is given in Table 5.76.
It is observed from the Table 5.76 that only 30 7o respondents of Streevani and
20 yo respondents of Santulan are having own taps. 45 oA respondents of Santulan and
40 %o respondents of Streevani are having conlmon taps. Overall2l % respondents have to
fetch water from well. Overall l0 o/o respondents are having borewell facility.
Table 5.76 - Source of drinking water of the respondents:
Sr.No. Source
Streevani Santulan TotalNo. of
Respondents
o,//oNo. ofResoondenls
o//oNo. of
Resnondents %
I. Own tap 30 30.00 20 20.00 50 25.00
2. Common tap 40 40.00 45 45.00 85 42.50
3. Well 21 2 t.00 22 22.00 42 21 .50
4. Bore well 9 900 I1 I I.OO 20 10.00
5.From wherever
we will set 2 2.00 2 r.00
Total 100 100.00 rc0 100.00 200 r00.00
Source: Field work_
Majority of the respondents are hal'ing facility of common taps where they have to
stand in queue because of crowd.
234
During sunmer wells get dry so they have to walk long distance to get the water.
From wherever they get water, they bring from there on bicycles, motorcycles, bulloccart
etc. in big cans.
It leads us to conclude that very few of them have their own water tap.
5.8.7 Purification of drinking water:
NGOs made these women aware of water bourn diseases. To get the feedback ofthis it was asked to them that how do they keep drinking water pure Table 5.77 indicates
the data.
Table 5.77 - Way to keep drinking water pure:
,Sr.
No. SourceStreevani Santulan Total
No. ofRapondenB
%No. ofRaoondentt %
No. ofRannnden* %
I. Boil IO 10.00 IT r 1.00 2I 10.50
2. Put tablets 5 5.00 2 2.00 7 3.50
3.Filter through
cotton 26 26.00 29 29.00 55 27.50
4. Drink as it is 29 29.00 3I 31.00 60 30.00
5.
Keep vesselsclean and on
heisht2I 21.00 24 24.00 45 22.50
6.
Ponchayat putpowder in
common tank9 9.00 aJ 3.00 I2 6.00
TotaI 100 IM.U) 100 r00.00 200 100.00
Source: Irield work.
It is observed from the Table 5.77 that30% respondents drink the water as it is,27 % respondents filter it through cotfon, 22 oh respondents keep vessels clean and onheight, l0 o% respondents boil it whereas 6 (Zo respondents said panchayat put powder incornmon tank, and 3 Yo said they put tablets.
Though NGOs made them aware but most of the respondents drink water as it is.But through one or the other way 60 %o respondents take good care to get pure water andthis is remarkable.
To get tanker available during summer women raised the issue in gramsabha, toclean the well, put medicine in tank etc.
It leads us to conclude that majority of them keep water pure.
235
5.8.8 Facility of toilet:
Part of the environment awareness is availability of toilet facility. Non-availabilityof toilet makes environment unhealthy. Due to non-availability of to toilets people use
open ground or roadsides as toilet, which is unhygienic.
The responses of the members to the toilet facility are given in Table 5.78.
Table 5.78 - Availabilitv of toilet:
Sr.No. Facility
Streevani Santulnn TolalNo. of
Respondents%No. of
Raoondentt %No. of
Ranondenh %
I. Available inhouse I9 r9.00 27 27.00 46 23.00
2. Not available 8t 81.00 70 70.00 151 75.50
3. Common 3 3.00 3 1.50
Total ru0 IOAM un ruo.00 200 100.00
Source: Irield work.
It is observed from the Table 5.78 that overall 75 oh respondents are not having the
toilet facility neither common nor own. 23 o/o respondents are having their own toilet, and
very few 3 o/o respondents are having common toilet.
Women should follow this issue and get available the toilets, it creates moreproblem for women, children and older people.
In village Bolhai there is a temple of Goddess where religious people used to visit,but even that village is not having the toilet facility.
Wagholi is the place of weekly market but toilets were not available there durinsthe present survey they have got common toilets.
5.9 Attitudinal Change
5.9.1 Introduction
5.9.2 Benefits
5.9.3 Quality of the Work of NGO
5.9.4 Improve4ent in Work procedure
5.9.5 Cfranges in Affitpde
237
5.9 Attitudinal Change:
5.9.1 fntroduction:
This is the core part of research, what kind of changes women see among
themselves is outcome of this research. NGOs do empowerment work through awareness
creation about the social situation and women's status. They help women come with these
situation through training, information, dramas, shows, lectures etc. and attitudinal change
takes place through this, as well decision,making.
Various group aPtiivities have taught them how to analyse the situation as wellanallse t{r!i1 own personality, and now they feel confident. Through capacity building
tlactivity thby realised the importance of knowledge and information for decision making.
', Earlier they were entangle with family afflairs but they now realise the importance
of their participation in governance well.
Collective power, strength got through gathering. They can express opinionsexpectations from the organizations and can evaluate the work.
This section will focus on change in.attitude of the women see among themselves
and how do they evaluate organization's work, benefits they get from group etc.
5.9.2 Benefits:
Concept of group was totally new to these women. Earlier there were unwrittennorrns for the women that women should not waste their time out, women must veil theirfaces or should kept their head always down. not to speak with strangers especially withmen- They should eat last, no matter if it is less or not. They have no say about theirson's or daughter's marriage. Participation in decision making was unknown to them.The only task, which was given to them, was to follow the orders.
Women's livelihood strategies involve not just an engagement with incomegenerating activities or with the labour market, but also social networking, changes inconsumption pattems, labour and assets pooling, adoption of different technologies,saving, borrowing, investment and so on (Grown and Sebstud g9), (Tripp 9a).
The benefits obtained by the members are given in Table 5.79. ltis observed fromthe Table 5.79 that 99 %o respondents of Streevani and 95 %o respondents of Santulan feelthat benefit of the group is they have got opportunity to gather, next to it 96 yorespondents
of Streevani had responded that they got loan from the group, whereas 9l o/o respondentsof Santulan feel that Sankranti Celebration is benefit of group. 79 % respondents of
238
Santulan feel that they get loan from group- It is follow by 76 % respondents ofsantulan who feel that they solved village problems is benefit ofTable 5.79 - Benefits respondents get from the group (Multipte responses):
SaNo. BeneJits
Streevani Sontulan TotaINo. of
Respondents%No. of
Resoondents %No. of
ResDondents %
I. Get loan 96 96.00 79 79.00 175 87.50
2. Knowledge of Bank 68 68.00 48 48.00 II6 58.00
3.Got opportunity togather 99 99.00 95 95.00 194 97.00
4. Celebrate Sanlvanti 58 58.00 91 91.00 149 74.50
5. Solved village problem 50 50.00 76 76.00 126 63.00
6.
No need to take moneyfrom privatemoneylenders.
22 22.00 30 30.00 52 26.00
7.Solved householdproblems 6 6.00 ,t, 4.00 IO 5.00
8. Got information 2 2.00 3 3.00 5 2.50
9.Got opportunily toexpress 6 6.0t) 7 7.00 I3 6.50
10.Got opportunity to goout I 1.00 I r.00 2 r.00
I I. Got selfemployment 2 2.0() J 3.00 J 2.50
12.Got opportunity to go toPanchayat 4 4.00 4 2.00
13.
Solved other women'sfamily problem of wifebeating and temporarydissertations.
4 4.00 I2 r 2.00 T6 8.00
Source: Field work.group' 68 o/o respondents of Streevani feel that they have got bank knowledge is benefit ofgroup whereas 48 % respondents of Santulan f'eel that they have got bank knowledge,58 % respondents of Streevani said that Sankranti celebration is benefit of group, 50 yo
feel that they solved village problem is benefit they got, through group. overall 26 %respondents said that now they don't need to borrow money from private moneylenders.
6 04 respondents of Streevani and 4 04 respondents of Santulan feel that they couldsolve their household problems. 7 oh respondents of Santulan and 6 %o respondents ofStreevani said that they got opportunity to express themselves . lz % respondents of
239
Santulan told that they could solve other women's family problems mainly of wife beating
and temporary desertation, 4 Yo respondents of Streevani said that they got opportunity toT-
Graph 8 - Benefits Respondenfs Gef from the Group
go to Panchayat. 2 Yo each of Streevani said that they got information, and got self-employment and 3 %o each of Santulan said they got information and got self-employmentis benefit of group. I oh each from both the organisations feel that they got opportunity togo out.
Basic concept of self-help group is micro credit to needy women but in thesegroups' participation of the women from high income group is also there because these
women do not opportunity to mix with each other.
NGOs made them compulsory that every month two different members go to thebank to deposit money so every body will get bank knowledge. Get experience to talk tothe authorities and even sometime it motivates women for adult education.
Besides different castes and religion they come together and celebrate .Sankranti,
because this festival give the message to the people to talking to each other sweetly. Evenwidow and deserted women take part in it without any complex this is most importantoutcome of the group. These are the occasions where women ciilr express themselves.
The focus of self-help group is on monetary factor obviously most of therespondents from both of the organization answered that they get loan and no need to takemoney from private moneylenders. Private moneylenders charge high rate of interest as
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240
well these women have to keep mortgage. lncreasing amount of interest makes them
difficult to repay loan and interest and to release their mortgage. Sometimes women keep
their 'mangalsutra' as mortgage but in SHG they get loan with low interest rate and
whenever they need money they get.
Through SHG and collective action these women solved other women's familyproblems of wife beating and temporary dissertation which is remarkable and it has to be
noticed because first women were taking beating and desertation as their destiny but it isimpact of gender sensitisation activity.
These women reacted on it that earlier if man beats his wife it was personal
between them, but now we go collectively and talked to that person, if necessary we seek
for the police assistance and we do not scared to go to the police station.
One of the respondent told that 'when social worker told us to put our photographs
on passbook we feel proud about ourselves'.
To attend meeting, to open bank account on their name these are their very own
activities which gives them feelings of individuality.
These women got opportunity to go out of vitlage even out of state only because ofSHG. Among the respondents of Santulan 3 respondents visited Gujrat to take part inearthquake relief work.
Overall women find SHG beneficial from various ways, NGOs did not kept itlimited to the financial angle.
Solved village problem response shows that in spite of staying in same village theywere not having feelings of 'ours', which has created, by SHG. Different groups
participate jointly in gramsabha.
It leads us to conclusion that more than money, gathering is important for women.
5.9.3 Need to improve quality of work of NGO:
The responses of members in respect of improving the quality of work of NGOsare given in Table 5.80.
It is observed from the Table 5.80 thrrt majority of the respondents from both of theorganisation want to improve quality of work. 64 %o saidquality should improve and25 %o
said'existing quality is good' and l0 oZ could not express themselves. They can evaluatework of the organization is remarkable.
241
Table 5.80 - Quality of work of NGO should be improved:
,Sr.
No. FacilityStreevani Santulan TotaI
No. ofRespondents
%No. ofRespondents
oli No. ofResoondenls %
I. Yes 64 64.00 65 65.40 129 64.50
2. No 24 24.00 26 26.00 50 25.00
3. Can not say I2 I2.00 9 9.00 2I I 0.50
Total r00 100.00 100 r00.00 200 100.00
Source: F'ield work.
It leads us to conclude that NGOs should take feedback from members and
improve the quality.
5.9.4 Improvement in work procedure:
The members have their suggestions to improve the work procedure. It is noted inTable 5.81.
It is observed from the Table 5.81 that respondents expectation from both of the
organisations are similar.
Overall 45 oh respondents said organisation should provide self-employment and
training whereas 16 %o respondents said that organisation should encourage women tocontinue group. 8 7o respondents said that saving should be increased. It is followed by7 Yo respondents who said that groups should be continued and social worker should leadmeeting- 4 Yo women said that NGOs should solve women's problems. 3 Yo eachsaid thatwomen should get literate, should run group properly, should solve village problems .2 %each said that should get more information about federation, should get more information,should get more benefits.
Self-employment is their priority. f'hey like to participate in group actives andthey want support from NGO to continue the group. Rather than animators social workerof NGOs should conduct the meeting. These are their consider expectations from NGOs.
It leads us to conclude that SHG members are familiars with the work oforganisation so organisation should consider their expectations and accordingly change thequality of work.
242
Table 5.81 - What kind of improvement respondents want in the work procedure ofNGOs:
Sr.No.
fmprovemcnt % tothe respondents
who wantsimorovement
Streevani Santulan TotaINo. of
Respondents%No. of
Respondents %No. of
RespondenS %
IShould provide self-employment andtraining
29 46.00 29 44.00 58 45.00
2.
Organisation shouldencourage women tocontinue proup.
8 r 3.00 I3 20.00 2I I 6.50
3.Saving should beincreased 6 9.40 J 8.00 I] r 6.50
4.Should get informationabout Federation 3 4.00 3 2.00
5.Should implement Govt.Schemes 2 3.00 2 1.50
6.Women should getliterate 4 7.00 4 3.s0
7.Should solve women'sproblems 3 5.00 J 4.00 7 4.50
8.Should run groupproperly 4 7.00 4 3.50
9.Should solve villageproblems 2 3.00 a 4.00 5 3.50
10.Should get moreinformation. 3 4.00 3 2.00
II. Should get more benefits 3 4.00 3 2.00
12.
Groups should becontinued and socialworker should lead themeeting
9 r 4.00 9 7.00
Source: Iiield work.
5.9.5 Attitudinal changes amongst the members:
Though women play multiple roles they are not having status in community andsociety because they play inherited, ascribed role. They are under the impression thatwomen should have been like that.
Changes in the power structure within the family are the most difficult to achieve,to record or even to observe. In public spheres of the community and panchayat, visibleactions reflect changing empowerment. In this private world of the family, this is muchmore difficult.
243
Women, who are towers of strength in public, appear willing to put up with beating
and being cowed down at home. Women choose their space and it is easier to effect
changes outside the home. However, many report to more respect being shown to them in
their homes and also of their insistence that their daughters go to school. The change in
image outside the home, but the exact texture of this impact has not been captured.
(Sujaya 97).
NGOs through self help group open new avenues for them within the span of fiveyears these women leam something. Started thinking about themselves. This is impact ofgroup.
To get their opinion about themselves it was asked to them that what kind ofchanges they see among themselves after joining the group.
Table 5.82 gives attitudinal changes amongst the members.
Table 5.82 - Changes effected arhong the members:
^9aNo.
Changesrespondents see
among themselves
Streevani Santulan TotalNo. of
Respondents
o././oNo. of
Resoondentso//o
No. ofResoondents
o//o
I. Become bold andconfident 39 39.00 40 40.00 79 39.50
2. Got various information I6 16.00 22 22 00 38 t 9.00
3.
Now I can talk properlyto strangers, Govt.people
11 I I.00 7.00 t8 9.00
4. Can mix with eoch other 8 8.00 /) 23.00 ,7JI 15.s0
5.We hove got opportunityto go out 6 6.0a 6 3.00
6.I have solved myproblem on mv own
II 1.00 If 0.s0
7.Now I can takedecisions on mv own
6 6.00 6 3.00
8. Got new experience 2 2.00 a r.00
9.
Do not see muchchanges because do notmix much
6 6.00 8 8.00 I4 7.00
t0. Gotfinancial supportsavings 2 2.00 2 1.00
II. Now lfeel, I shouldlearn reading, writing 3 3.00 3 1.50
TotaI 100 100.00 100 r 00.00 200 100.00
Source: Field work.
244
Graph 9 - Kind of changes respondents see amongfhemselves
iElStreevani i
,n rg!t,4"j_ ,
It is observed from the Table 5.82 that overall 39 %o respondents from both of the
organisation said that they become bold and confident. It is followed by 19 %o respondents
who said that they have got various information, 15 oh respondents said that they can mixwith each other, 9%o respondents said that now they can talk to the strangers and Govt.
authorities properly. Whereas 7 Yo respondents do not mix much in-group do not see
changes among themselves . 3 % each said that they have got opportunity to go out, nowthey can take decisions on their own. | %6 each said that got new experience, got financialsupport and savings, now I feel I should learn reading and writing.
93 o/o women see changes among themselves and in their life, which is remarkable.
Through these responses we can build up a picture of positive impact and involvement ofNGOs on women's lives.
These women never left their homes unaccompanied, through the group they havegot the opportunity to travel outside and in their immediate community.
ln group they discuss their personal problems freely and they realised thateverybody is facing one or the other problems, because of group they do not feel alone.They support their families and as a consequence has the dialogue between husband andwife takes place women now take part in decision making.
This is the core part of present research. It shows their self-realisation. self-evaluation, which has done by themselves. They feel confident and bold.
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245
Some of the experience told by the respondents are quoted here:
o In-laws of a member were harassing her, she myself went to the Stree-Adhar
Kendra and solved the problem. The support we got from the group was great.
o For the Panchayat Raj training members have done study tour to Delhi, Himachal
Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh etc.
o The members had organised study tour of sixty members to Karnataka and went to
Ahemebabad for the training of federation.
o The members have written a play on gender sensitisation and directed it and my
family members allowed to do this.
o Through the efforts of the members one of the women got benefit of Sanjay
Gandhi Scheme and Housing Scheme.
o The members have got oppornrnity to visit places like Goa, Bombay and to interact
with the women of SHG members in other areas.
o After the death of one of the member's son-in-law that member supported her
daughter that she could stand her on her own feet and after her teachers trainine
she is working as Montessary teacher.
It leads us to conclude that the groups are playing important role in women's life.
Majority of women said they have become bold and confident hereafter in their life
this confidence and boldness will help them to cope with the situation. Important is that
they were aware about their attitude before SHG start so they evaluated themselves
exactly. They have given excellent example that if SHG would not be there we could not
have answers these questions.
Now they have realised that they can talk to strangers and government officials,
earlier they felt shy to talk to the strangers and because of pressure of family members.
Before group there meeting points were floor mill, common tap, well and topics
were related to other family members behavior towards themselves. SHG has even
changed that because instead of complaining about family problems now they try to solve
them.
6 o4 respondents of Streevani said 'now I can take decisions on my own' it is major
sign of change because earlier it was difficult for them to take decision for smaller thinss.
They have to depend on husband, mother-in-law etc.
Importance of experience sharing has been recognised by them. They have
realised that beyond caste, mon€y, humanity is important.
SHG opened new world of information to them.
246
In spite of staying in the same village they were not getting opportunity to meeteach other' Most important part is that during Sankranti Haldi Kunku they put Kunkueven on the forehead of widows for them, which is actually against custom.
SHG has raised the status of women in these areas. Now they feel their existenceand are aware of the role they play in society.
z+t
CHAPTER - 5
Part - II
OPINIONS OF OFFICES BEARERS AND SOCIAL WORKERS OF
STREEVANI AND SANTULAN NGOS
5.10 Introduction
5.10.1 Area of Operation
5.10.2 Activities
5.10.3 Response to these activities
5.10.4 Awareness Creation
5.f 0.5 Experience of this work
5.10.6 Development
5.10.7 Short Comings
5.10.8 Efforts to Overcome Short Comings
5.10.9 Problems of Women's
5.10.10 Problems of Organisations
248
CHAPTER_ 5
Part - II
OPINIONS OF OFFICES BEARERS AND SOCIAL WORKERS OF SELECTED
STREEVANI AND SANTULAN NGOS
5.10 Introduction:
The researcher has selected two NGOs namely Streevani and Santulan for the
purpose of study. She has interviewed one director and three social workers each ofStreevani and Santulan. They were interviewed on the basis of questionnaire (Appendix)
the analysis of the responses of the selected offrce bearers is done qualitatively.
The questionnaire used for the purpose of collecting necessary information fromthe said office bearers mainly irrcludes personal information, year of establishment ofNGOs, objectives of NGOs, area covered by the NGO. Additional information in respect
of position of office bearers in the said organization the reason for selecting the villages
and activities of the organization were also the points in cliscussion. It was also a certainfrom them above the achievements of organizations shortcoming the functioning ofNGOs, financial status of NGO and leadership provided by the organization along withfuture plans of the organizations.
5.10.1 Area of operation:
The researcher has interviewed the office bearers of Streevani with respect of thearea of operation. The respondents have stated that the NGO has started its activities inthe area where there was no NGO. The organization has surveyed the villages situated
nearby Wagholi. They selected Manjari Kh., Awalwadi, Vadjai, Kesnand, Theur,Shirsawadi, Vadebolhai, Bhivari, Dongargaon etc. They have selected the villages, whichare near each other, and there are needy women there, so organization can do somethingfor them- The office bearers of Santulan were also askecl as to which villages they haveselected and on what basis for the activities of Santulan as NGO. They replied that firstthey started working with mining qua:ries unorganized groups and then started working inWagholi, Kolvadi, Kesnand and Domkhel.
They have selected the villages, which are nearby Wagholi. They have startedworking in this are4 not with study and research but directly with women in this area whowere facing acute problem of alcoholism among the men which has resulted in wifebeating, poverty, untimely death of male members of the family so these women
249
approached the organization and organized morcha on the occasion of women's day. This
activity afterwards tumed into SHG.
5.10.2 Activities of Streevani and Santulan:
The office bearers of Streevani were asked about the activities of theirorganisation. They replied that theirorganisation initiated the activity of forming self-helpgroup' creating awareness of law, gender sensitisation, health, realization of her owndignity, income generation and empowerment of women through these activities.
They were also asked to why their NGO gave emphasis on this activity, the officebearers replied that founders have vision they thought that the benefit of research should
reach to grass root level. Women are having subordinate status in our sociery so thovshould express themselves they have to learn reading, writing.
While responding to the question office bearers of Santulan said that earlier childrearing, cooking were the only area for women. They were having secondary, subordinate
status' to make them aware of it we organise training programmes for law, health, and
gender sensitization.
5.10.3 Response from women to this work:
Initially response from the villagers fbr this work was not good, they weresuspicious. But house to house visit made a positive effect.
Women's response during initial stage was not encouraging but home visit and
explanation of the concept of sHG change the picture slowly.
Women themselves wanted to do this work so they responded very well but mendid not co-operate.
5.10.4 Methods used for the awareness creation among these women:
They did street plays about Aids auareness, problems of adolescent girls etc. tocreate the awareness among the villagers. T'hey visited schools on l5th August andintroduced the organization.
They went from house to house to make women aware about SHG and first gaveinformation to family members, still they did not believe so while starting they arrangedmeeting in one of the SHG members house.
5.10.5 Experience of social workers and directors about this work:Social workers and directors experience about this work is positive. They are
250
satisfied but still want to do more. Transparency among the NGO and beneficiaries is
important to get positive response. When these women realised that it is useful for them
they co-operated for every activity.
Their experience about this work is positive. During the first meeting these
women decided the name of the group and time and venue for the next meeting, as well,
select three members as the leaders of the group.
5.10.6 Development, Activity:
The kind of development they sa\^, among these women is the outcome of this
activity. They described it in various angles. Directors and social workers of Streevani
told that women become aware of Panchayat rai, developmental schemes and
consciousness about watching TV. They can express themselves. They participate intraining organize in other villages or even in cities. They take lead. Now they behave
smartly, dressed smartly and neatly.
Impact of gender sensitization activities and law is a lot these women ask questions
to husband. Their status and position in house wage differences for the same work. Theywant justice for themselves and for others.
Directors and social workers of Santulan told that belongingness and unity among
women has increased. They can take decisions on their own. They can express
themselves' Women participate in morcha. These women learn more that money matter.
Now these women decide about their children's education. They activelyparticipate in Gram Sabha. Women's conscienceness on their rights and duties is on therise. Now these women even go to the police station.
Impact of gender sensitization activity resulted in birth control and amniocentesistest.
5.10.7 Shortcomings in present work:
According to the office bearers of Streevani the lacunas in present work is thatthey have to motivate the women to come together for longer time.
women on village level shourd take more initiative and work more.
Agriculture development proglammes has to be undertaken and training should beprovided for the social workers.
Short comings in present work told by director of Santulan is that because ofunstable financial position they cannot organise camps, awareness programmes, trainingas they want to organize.
251
5.10.8 Efforts to solve the problems:
The director and social workers of Santulan said that to solve these problems or to
overcome the lacunas they provided training to the animators to motivate women. Women
who can lead and go with other women, are being trained by NGO.
The organization has started a shop, on experimental basis, to sell products
produced by SHG members. '
5.10.9 Problems faced by women today:
These women are facing the problem of non-cooperation of local political leaders.
Political leaders create problems. It is only because of their non-cooperation alcholismis
existing in these villages, but in spite of non-cooperation of political leaders women take
part in Gramsabha and ask questions. The director and office bearers of Streevani said
that aware them about reduction of marriage expenses and rainwdter harvesting are the
areas where they did not get success.
They could successfully ban dance bar but they could not prevent alcholism. Mendislike increasing participation of women in gramsabha so sometimes they do not putnotice of gramsabha still these women go to the of{ice and ask for details aboutgramsabha.
Dowry problem could not be solved completely. Members do not get loan fromSHG for marriage.
The director and social workers said that family problems and harassmentproblems could not be taken care of completely.
o Achievements of the organisations:
They were asked what their achievements were, the directors and social workers ofStreevani said that women's political awareness, economic independence and socialmobility has increased. At the time of establishment there were 12 self-help groups, nowthey are having more than 100 groups and women themselves demand for various training.
Women, with the help of NGOs' form federation and are planning to get morebenefit.
The director and social workers of Santulan were asked what their achievementswere they said.
Whereas social workers said women want to have place / space to do incomegenerating activity and marketing of the product.
252
Now women feel empowered and not powerless. Women become aware ofcleanliness of village as well of their houses. Before SHG widows would not mix or talkto other women but now they feel supported.
Number of SHG has increased and ntore and more women want to participate in it.
Women get benefit of government schemes through SHG. Women have
undertaken self-employment activity. They have elected in Panchayat election.
They have advantage of the family counseling and guidance center of the NGO.
These women discuss their problems here.
5.10.10 Problems of organization:
Problems of organizations were asked to director and social workers of Streevani.
They replied that permanent frrnding is big problem. Organization have to have its ownvehicles. Office in that particular area has to be started. Expert resource persons should
be available for training.
Organization do not have permanent or fixed funds. Recently they have got plotfor the office. It was told by director and social workers of Santulan.
o Fundings for the present work:
Further it was asked to them that fiom where they get funds for this activity.Streevani gets fund from Indo-German project, Caritas.
Santulan got funds from Indo.German Project but last one and a halGyear thev didnot get funds.
. Expenditure of the funds:
Expenditure pattern of funds was important to know while answering the questionof streevani director said that funding agencies decide the expenses.
Social workers answered that their salary, travelling, training expenses they getthrough the funds.
Sanfulan also spends money on awareness creation programmes, women,s daycelebration, training progftunmes, travelling expenses of social workers etc.
From July 2005 and onward they did not get funds from Indo-German Socialservice Society. So after that they could not appoint paid social worker.
o Fulfillment of the objectives:
Director and social workers of Streevani feel process of fulfiling the objectives of
2s3
the organization is going on. They themselves feel the problems among the women and
community are dowry alcoholism, illiteracy.
The objectives of social justice, anti social evils such as liquor movement are inprocess of fulfillment. Dowry system and gender senstisation are the inter-related
problems, that have to be solved was expressed by director and office bearers of Santulan.
o Leadership among the SHG member:
NGOs have tried for the local leadership and trained women towards it. Response
from the women towards the activity was good but local people trouble them.
They have tried for local leadership. Some women are been also elected in the
Panchayat body. In one of the village panel in the Panchayat SHG members working.
o Help from the governmenh
They were asked what help they get from the government. Streevani do not get
direct help from the government only the below poverty line groups get benefit of goat
rearing project. They got it under the scheme of Suvarn Jayanti Rojgar yojna.
Santulan get help from the govemment in the form of benefrt to the SHG members
of developmental schemes. One whole group got benefit of Suvarn Jayanti Gram Swa
Rojgar Yojna, 2 members got help for their daughters marriage because they are widow, 6
of them got benefit of Indira Awas Yojana, 5 members got benefit of ICDS project, 5
women got tailoring machines.
o Future plans of the organization:
They told the future plans of the Streevani that more training will be provided tosocial workers and will reach to maximum women.
We want women to work as pressure groups. 'fhey should get work on local level.Santulan wants to make them financiat independent, to organise more training,
awareness creation programmes. To start training centre and home for destitute women.
o Kind of changes community workers feel:
What kind of changes overall community workers l,eel.
These women attend gram sabha ask questions about amenities, budget, street lightproblems. These women attend parents teacher meetings. Now these women do notthrow used water but use this water to plants trees.
Superstition awareness is being done by the women through songs. Awareness
254
creation among adoscent girls about education has been done. Women are getting loans so
family members talk to them, ask their opinion.
In village Bhivari these women organize adult literacy class and can read and writenow.
Community workers of Santulan said that through SHG women support their
families' in need so male members oi th" family give importance to them and encourage
for the participation. For the more loan amount family members support them. Women
ask to ration shopkeeper for the non-availability of kerosene or grain. These women have
got an opportunity for learning, new learning through exposure etc. These women on their
own organise socio-cultural activities at village level. Because of SHG all of them learned
their signatures.
They feel that girls shoutd learn schooling as well some vocational training is
important. Women talk to shangers to authonties.
Overall social workers and directors of both of the organizations are satisfied about
the work still there are some areas which needs to be done a lot.
Social workers and directors see positive outcome of their work, on family leveland on community level. Their training to these wonren lirr the various issues find them
useful.
