CHAPTER1: PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN Engineering Mathematics
Slide 2
Copyright Texas Education Agency 2012. All rights reserved.
Introduction/Description Principles of Design will cover essential
engineering mathematical concepts that will allow you to practice
civil engineering design principles by scaling, measuring, and
constructing a model truss or suspension bridge. You will complete
team building exercises to calculate dimensions, resultant force,
and force using a free-body diagram. 2
Slide 3
Copyright Texas Education Agency 2012. All rights reserved.
Chapter 1: Outline 3 1.Free-body Diagrams 2.Calculus Gear Speed,
Torque, and Pitch 3.Dimensioning and Tolerance 4.Designing a
Truss
Slide 4
Copyright Texas Education Agency 2012. All rights reserved.
Objectives and Results 4 Objectives To understand and execute the
team building process. To understand and execute dimensional
analysis and the principles of design. To understand the purpose of
technical drawings. Results The result will be to build a truss or
suspension bridge, using the principles of design.
Slide 5
Copyright Texas Education Agency 2012. All rights reserved.
Schedule of Assignments Class PeriodsTopicReadingAssignment 1-2
Introduction Vocabulary Civil Engineering O*Net Chapter
1.1#1-Individual Write a one page paper about the Civil Engineering
Occupation. 3-4 Team Building Chapter 1.2#2-Form teams and discuss
leadership roles and team member responsibilities as a class. 5-6
Technical Drawing Chapter 1.3#3-Practice technical drawing and
complete technical drawing practice assignment. 7-10 Bridge
Building Contest Chapter 1.4#4-In teams, build a truss or
suspension bridge using the materials provided. 5
Slide 6
Copyright Texas Education Agency 2012. All rights reserved.
Vocabulary Team Building Dimensional Analysis Principles of Design
Technical Drawing Truss Bridge Suspension Bridge 6
Slide 7
Copyright Texas Education Agency 2012. All rights reserved.
Civil Engineering Profession 7 Visit the O*Net website
(www.onetonline.org).www.onetonline.org Write a one-page essay on
the civil engineering profession.
Slide 8
Copyright Texas Education Agency 2012. All rights reserved.
Principles of Design The Principles of Design lesson consists of
five sections: Introduction and Team Building Dimensional Analysis
Principles of Design Technical Drawing Bridge Building Contest
8
Slide 9
Copyright Texas Education Agency 2012. All rights reserved.
Team Building A team is a small group of people with complementary
skills who are committed to a common purpose, performance goals,
and approach for which they hold themselves mutually accountable.
Katzenbach, Jon R., and Smith, Douglas K., The wisdom of teams:
creating the high- performance organization; Jon R. Katzenbach,
Douglas K. Smith Harvard Business School Press, Boston, Mass.: 1993
9 What is a team?
Slide 10
Copyright Texas Education Agency 2012. All rights reserved.
What is Team Building? Creating a successful team can be a
challenging task. Teams must rely on the process called team
building. Team building integrates individual skills and resources
into a unified effort. 10
Slide 11
Copyright Texas Education Agency 2012. All rights reserved.
Team Building Actions Team building involves the following actions:
Encouraging team members to examine how they currently work
together Portraying ideal ways of collaborating Exploring the gaps
and weaknesses they currently suffer from Establishing action plans
for implementing more effective ways of cooperating 11
Slide 12
Copyright Texas Education Agency 2012. All rights reserved.
What is a Team Leader? Team building is best aided by a team leader
or a facilitator. A team leader or facilitator performs several
tasks: Helps the group learn about itself Observes team meetings
Gives feedback and key observations to the team 12
Slide 13
Copyright Texas Education Agency 2012. All rights reserved.
What Does a Team Leader Do? A team leader probes, questions,
listens, watches for nonverbal cues, and stimulates problem
solving. The intended results include a team that is open to new
alternatives, who is aware of their resources, has the ability to
think and act independently, and is willing to explore the
consequences of their current or proposed actions. 13
Slide 14
Copyright Texas Education Agency 2012. All rights reserved.
Benefits of Team Building There are several benefits for executing
team building: Improves morale and leadership skills Clearly
defines objectives and goals Improves processes and procedures
Improves team productivity Identifies a team's strengths and
weaknesses Improves the teams ability to problem solve 14
Slide 15
Copyright Texas Education Agency 2012. All rights reserved.
Team Building Assignment In your team, discuss leadership roles and
responsibilities of team members. Select roles for each team
member. Write and agree to team contract. Have your teacher approve
your team contract. Discuss implications of team building in the
field of engineering. 15
Slide 16
Copyright Texas Education Agency 2012. All rights reserved.
Dimensional Analysis in Action Dimensional analysis is a method of
analyzing equations or physical quantities in terms of their
dimensions and units. Dimensional analysis can be used to derive or
construct an equation, verify that an equation is valid, or
determine the units of a solution or quantity in an equation.
16
Slide 17
Copyright Texas Education Agency 2012. All rights reserved.
Physical Quantities and Dimensions Physical quantity is a property
of objects that can be measured, such as speed, force, frequency,
or volume. Dimension is a fundamental component of a physical
quantity, such as length, time, mass, electric charge or
temperature. All dimensions are physical quantities, but not all
physical quantities are dimensions. 17
Slide 18
Copyright Texas Education Agency 2012. All rights reserved.
Dimensional Analysis You can use dimensions to learn more about a
physical quantity or an equation. This is called dimensional
analysis. 18 Physical QuantityDimensions SpeedLength/Time
Force(Mass Length)/(Time) 2 Frequency1/Time VolumeLength 3
Slide 19
Copyright Texas Education Agency 2012. All rights reserved. Two
Major Systems of Units Systme International (SI) This system is
often referred to as the Metric System. Units are based on 10
(e.g., meters, liters, grams). SI units are most often used by
scientists and engineers. Units: The Metric System 19 Customary
System This system is also known as English or Imperial, commonly
used in regions colonized by the United Kingdom. There is no
standard relationship between different units (e.g., feet, gallons,
pounds). Metric System versus Customary System
Slide 20
Copyright Texas Education Agency 2012. All rights reserved.
What are the Principles of Design? Principles of design are laws
for designing anything. Principles of design involves nine
principles: Balance Emphasis Movement Pattern Repetition Proportion
Rhythm Variety Unity 20
Slide 21
Copyright Texas Education Agency 2012. All rights reserved. #1:
Balance Balance is the distribution of the visual weight of
objects, colors, texture, and space. In symmetrical balance, the
elements used on one side of the design are similar to those on the
other side. In asymmetrical balance, the sides are different but
still look balanced. In radial balance, the elements are arranged
around a central point and may be similar. Balance 21
Slide 22
Copyright Texas Education Agency 2012. All rights reserved. #2:
Emphasis 22 Emphasis is the part of the design that catches the
viewers attention. Usually the designer will make one area stand
out by contrasting it with other areas. The area will be different
in size, color, texture, or shape. Emphasis
Slide 23
Copyright Texas Education Agency 2012. All rights reserved. #3:
Movement Movement is the path the viewers eye takes through the
artwork, often to focal areas. Such movement can be directed along
lines edges, shape and color within the artwork. Movement 23
Slide 24
Copyright Texas Education Agency 2012. All rights reserved. #5:
Repetition Repetition works with pattern to make the artwork seem
active. The repetition of elements of design creates unity within
the artwork. Repetition 24
Slide 25
Copyright Texas Education Agency 2012. All rights reserved. #4:
Pattern Pattern 25 Pattern is the repeating of an object or symbol
all over the artwork.
Slide 26
Copyright Texas Education Agency 2012. All rights reserved. #6:
Proportion 26 Proportion is the feeling of unity created when all
parts (sizes, amounts, or number) relate well with each other. When
drawing the human figure, proportion can refer to the size of the
head compared to the rest of the body. Proportion
Slide 27
Copyright Texas Education Agency 2012. All rights reserved. #7:
Rhythm Rhythm is created when one or more elements of design are
used repeatedly to create a feeling of organized movement. Variety
is essential to keep rhythm exciting and active, and moving the
viewer around the artwork. Rhythm creates a mood like music or
dancing. Rhythm 27
Slide 28
Copyright Texas Education Agency 2012. All rights reserved. #8:
Variety Variety 28 Variety is the use of several elements of design
to hold the viewers attention and to guide the viewers eye through
the artwork.
Slide 29
Copyright Texas Education Agency 2012. All rights reserved. #9:
Unity Unity is the feeling of harmony between all parts of the
artwork creating a sense of completeness. Unity 29
Slide 30
Copyright Texas Education Agency 2012. All rights reserved.
Technical Drawing In this technical drawing section, you will draw
the bridge from the team building exercise. You will use the
principles of design, as you draw your truss or suspension bridges.
Technical drawing is the oldest type of written expression. It has
been used from the time of the ancient Egyptian pyramids and the
classical Greek Parthenon to the geodesic domes of Buckminster
Fuller and NASAs space stations. 30
Slide 31
Copyright Texas Education Agency 2012. All rights reserved.
Technical Drawing, cont. Many prominent American leaders used
instruments for preparing accurate technical drawings. George
Washington was a surveyor. He and his military officers used
drafting skills for mapping new territories. Thomas Jefferson
prepared house plans for Monticello, his beautiful mansion in
Virginia, and for the University of Virginia. 31
Slide 32
Copyright Texas Education Agency 2012. All rights reserved.
What is Technical Drawing? A word is an abstract symbol
representing a thing or an idea, but a picture represents an object
the way it appears in real life. Confucius said, One picture is
worth a thousand words. To understand the truth of this statement,
try to tell in words how to build a house, a model, or a mechanical
device. 32
Slide 33
Copyright Texas Education Agency 2012. All rights reserved.
What is Technical Drawing?, cont. However, no object is so
complicated that it cannot be drawn. Technical drawing, or
drafting, allows you to communicate ideas clearly and effectively.
Engineering drawing is one form of technical drawing that shows the
construction of a mechanical part or device. 33
Slide 34
Copyright Texas Education Agency 2012. All rights reserved.
Main Classes of Technical Drawings Artistic The artist is allowed
to express philosophic or aesthetic ideas or emotions. The objects
created are drawn in the artists personal style. The drawing looks
the way the artists sees the object, not necessarily the way the
object really appears. Technical The technical person is concerned
with how objects really are. Technical drawings show objects as
true to life as possible. Accuracy is one of the main objectives of
a technical drawing. 34
Slide 35
Copyright Texas Education Agency 2012. All rights reserved.
Users of Technical Drawing Engineers, inventors, or designers
usually create the first drawings of their design themselves. They
often first produce a freehand sketch and then a more accurate
drafting representation is created. Some of the ways to communicate
a technical drawing include the use of Computer-aided Design (CAD)
and using precision drafting tools. 35
Slide 36
Copyright Texas Education Agency 2012. All rights reserved.
Working Drawings When the designer is satisfied with the
development of the idea, working drawings are created for the
manufacturing shop. A working drawing is a complete drawing. The
working drawing is a complete description of the object. The
drawing is composed of two parts: the views and the dimensions.
36
Slide 37
Copyright Texas Education Agency 2012. All rights reserved.
Branches of Technical Drawing Technical drawing is composed of many
specialized types of drawing applied to various fields.
Architectural drawing is used in the building industry. Machine
drawing is used in the manufacturing industries. Structural drawing
is used in the construction industries, where structural steel is
used for large buildings and bridges. Sheet metal, electrical,
aeronautical, and marine drawings are other areas. 37
Slide 38
Copyright Texas Education Agency 2012. All rights reserved.
Essentials of Technical Drawing A technical drawing must be drawn
accurately, drawn with proper technique (lines must exhibit good
contrast), be neat, and made with speed. 38
Slide 39
Copyright Texas Education Agency 2012. All rights reserved.
Technical Drawing Assignment Choose any one mechanical item and
create the following four technical drawings of your item: Freehand
sketch Drafting representation Dimensional drawing Artistic
rendition following the principles of design Note: All four
drawings should be turned-in on the same sheet of paper (you may
use front and back). 39
Slide 40
Copyright Texas Education Agency 2012. All rights reserved.
Bridge Building Contest 1.Create a team of three (3) students and
research truss and suspension bridges. 2.Develop a plan for
designing your teams truss or suspension bridges. 3.Create a
technical drawing of your teams bridge. 40
Slide 41
Copyright Texas Education Agency 2012. All rights reserved.
Bridge Building Contest, cont. 4.Construct your teams bridge.
5.Create a presentation, after the bridge completion. 6.Present
your teams presentation and test the strength of your teams bridge.
41
Slide 42
Copyright Texas Education Agency 2012. All rights reserved.
Credits 42 ClipArt;
http://www.clipart.com/en/http://www.clipart.com/en/ Images;
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page Slide 21 Balance video;
from YouTube user: uxpassion;
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WZQpbVG0gYU
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WZQpbVG0gYU Slide 22 Emphasis video;
from YouTube user; Ari Richter;
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_qoqtnSF7io
Slide 43
Copyright Texas Education Agency 2012. All rights reserved.
Credits, cont. 43 Slide 23 Movement video; from YouTube user;
expertvillage; http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w-o4bmICWNU Slide 24
Pattern video; from YouTube user; expertvillage;
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dv0gHvgn9OY Slide 25 Repetition
video; from YouTube user; expertvillage;
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZfSnAkRF27c
Slide 44
Copyright Texas Education Agency 2012. All rights reserved.
Credits, cont. 44 Slide 26 Proportion video; from YouTube user;
expertvillage; http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S4dp6EcDuTM Slide 27
Rhythm video; from YouTube user; expertvillage;
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vwxvryBppTo Slide 28 Variety video;
from YouTube user; expertvillage;
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i7nuBLr8xgo
Slide 45
Copyright Texas Education Agency 2012. All rights reserved.
Credits, cont. 45 Slide 29 Unity video; from YouTube user;
expertvillage; http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WIednL9ZgF0
