N ot e s

Introduction

1. Encyclopedia of the Jewish Diaspora (2009) gives an estimate of 4500,or 0.0004 percent of the estimated Indian population of approximately1.25 billion (1204). Joan G. Roland estimates in The Jewish Communi-ties of India (1998) that at her time of writing, the Jewish populationof India numbered approximately 5000 (267).

Chapter 2

1. It is beyond the scope of this book to fully explore Western atti-tudes towards Nazi persecution of Jews in 1938–1939. Battlegroundis published after Kristallnacht, which does prompt the United Statesto withdraw its ambassador from Germany; the British parliament alsovoiced some objections. However, neither the US nor Britain were pre-pared to address the substantial refugee crisis resulting from events inGermany; France signed a non-aggression pact with Germany later thatsame year (Mara).

2. T.G. Fraser’s Partition in Ireland, India and Palestine: Theory andPractice (1984) remains the only scholarly work that brings the par-titions of India and Palestine into extended conversation. More work isbadly needed, especially in light of the continuation of conflict in bothSouth Asia and the Middle East over the last 30 years.

3. For a full account of the history and politics of Palestine, see GudrunKrämer’s A History of Palestine (2011).

Chapter 3

1. The problematic association of Jewishness with certain kinds of eco-nomic activity extends well beyond the realm of literature. Consider,for instance, the recent explosion of self-help and business books inChina inviting readers to make money “the Jewish way” (Cha D1).A full investigation of this larger phenomenon is beyond the scope ofthis book.

2. For an account of the events surrounding the destruction of the BabriMasjid by Hindu militants and an analysis of the fallout of the state’s

174 N ot e s

complicity in the event and the subsequent rioting, see Arvind Sharma,Ed. Hinduism and Secularism: After Ayodhya. New York: Palgrave,2001.

3. This university’s website is exclusively in English—even the section forthe department of Bengali.

4. This image was used on the theatermania website, which is an onlinevenue for theatre ticket purchases.

5. See the theatreinchicago website, for example.6. This generous ideal is consistently associated with Indigenous cultures

in Mauss’s work, among whose practices Mauss hopes to discover thekey to understanding a utopic, pre-monetary past. This in and of itselfcries out for postcolonial analysis, but that task is beyond the scope ofthis book.

Chapter 4

1. Gay Courter’s Flowers in the Blood (1991) also narrates the demiseof the Baghdadi Jewish community of Calcutta. It is one of severalpieces of melodramatic historical fiction based on the lives of nineteenthand early twentieth-century Jewish women that Courter has written.Unlike the other writers discussed in this book, Courter evinces nopersonal connection to the Indian subcontinent, and her novel worksto exoticize Indian Jews; as such, it is beyond the scope of this book.

2. It is beyond the scope of this book to fully examine Ezekiel’s statushere, although most critics cite Ezekiel’s modernity and, in particular,the fact that his poetry “breaks away, in content and in style, fromthe English poetry of the region as it was written during the colonialperiod” (Dulai 123).

3. All of the citations of poetry in this section refer to Ezekiel’s CollectedPoems.

4. Rabbi Ezekiel N. Musleah, who was born in Calcutta, has self-publishedhis own account of his family’s and community’s life, Bits and Pieces:Snitches and Snatches from a Lifetime of Thoughts, Anecdotes and Events(2011) but its limited availability and somewhat haphazard style set itapart from the literary texts discussed in this chapter.

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Young, Robert J.C. Postcolonialism: An Historical Introduction. Oxford:Blackwell, 2001.

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I n d e x

Note: Locators followed by ‘n’ refer to notes.

Aafreedi, Navras Jaat, 169–70Adorno, Theodor, 26Ahmad, Dohra, 28–9, 30, 31, 113Ahmedabad (Gujarat), 136, 139,

141riots in, 131, 138, 142–3, 147,

148Allen, Woody, 108Amin, Idi, 110anti-Semitism

anti-Zionism v., 3–5, 10of Battleground, 72–4genetics and, 171Indian Jews and, 127–33of Pakistan, 27, 130–1of Protocols, 106–10, 111, 112in Rushdie’s work, 27, 34–5Shylock and, 16, 93–113, 123–5see also economies, postcolonial,

of Jewishness; Holocaust;terrorism/violence, asassociated with Jews

apartheid, 20, 38, 45–50Appadurai, Arjun, 42, 87, 163Appiah, Kwame Anthony, 10, 50,

52–3, 90archive/past history, 15–16, 57–91

of Cairo genizah, 58, 59–61, 80cosmopolitanism and, 59–64,

67–8, 71, 88–91Derrida on, 15, 57–8, 61erasure/denial of Jewishness in,

22–5, 59–71, 78, 89ethnography and, 155

Hindu-Muslim conflict and,66–7, 68–9, 71–5

Holocaust origins of, 58Holocaust/prewar letters as, 58,

64–80Indian-Jewish relationships and,

64–79of Indian Jews, 16–17, 143–4,

146–7, 150–8, 163in post-9/11 era, 15–16, 84–6relegation of Jews to, 6–7, 15–16,

17, 48, 59–91, 102–3, 121silence of, 64–71, 75–80South Asian reconfiguration of,

88–9terrorism and, 82–3, 84–7tolerance and, 78, 79, 81–5, 88Wandering Jew as author of,

22–5, 58, 63–4Arendt, Hannah, 4Aryanism, 8Association of Jewish Libraries, 117Atatürk, Kemal, 129autoethnography, 16–17, 151–8

see also ethnographyAzam, Sofiul, 20

“And So Farewell, My Country,”26–7, 34, 47

Babri Masjid, 102, 113, 160, 173n2babu (Indian clerk), figure of, 108Baghdadi Jews, 13, 14, 99, 149–50,

174n1Baldwin, Shauna Singh, 1

196 I n d e x

Baldwin, Shauna Singh: The TigerClaw, 15, 75–9, 88, 168

archive in, 58, 75–6, 78–9, 82contemporary terror and, 79–80,

81, 82erasure of Jewishness in, 77–9hybridity/cosmopolitanism in,

76–8, 83, 87Indian-Jewish love story in, 75–9silence in, 75, 78–9

Banerjee, Sarnath, 1Corridor, 24

Banerjee, Sarnath: The Barn Owl’sWondrous Capers

archive in, 22–5, 58erasure/death of Jew in, 22–5,

63–4, 78, 89hybridity/cosmopolitanism in,

23, 25, 63–4, 78, 99Wandering Jew in, 20, 22–5, 53,

63–4, 99Bartholomeusz, Dennis, 102–3Bauman, Zygmunt, 15, 143Bedekar, Vishram, 72, 167, 169Bedekar, Vishram: Battleground, 58,

71–5, 77, 169, 173n1anti-Semitism/stereotyping in,

72–4hybridity/cosmopolitanism in,

73–5, 85, 88–9Indian nationalism in, 72–4Jewish-Muslim association in,

73–4publication history of, 71–2, 74

Bellow, Saul, 11Bénabou, Marcel, 12, 123Bene Israel, 127–63

archives of, 16–17, 143–4,146–7, 150–8, 163

autoethnography of, 16–17,151–8

and communityfragmentation/erasure,135–6, 142–50

and competing pulls of India andIsrael, 133–42, 144

contemporary location of, 144,154

cosmopolitanism and, 143,147–8

gendered freedom/experiencesof, 133–8, 146, 150–8,160–1

Indian nationalism and, 129–31,138–9

and migration to Israel, 13,127–8, 131–50

origin legend of, 151, 163recipes of, 147, 155–6see also Indian Jewish writers;

Indian JewsBenjamin, Walter, 52, 108Bhabha, Homi, 47, 95Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), 101,

103Billington, Michael, 149Bissoondath, Neil, 117Blixen, Karen: Out of Africa, 93Bloomberg, Michael, 9Bombay, 11, 29, 112

Indian Jews in, 130–1, 135–6,146, 151–2, 153–4, 155

see also Desai, Anita:Baumgartner’s Bombay

Booker Prize, 116, 123, 165Book-of-the-Month Club, 114–15Bose, Subhash Chandra, 73Bourdieu, Pierre, 114, 115Boyarin, Jonathan, 2, 5, 6, 7, 153Boyarin, Jonathan and Daniel,

19–20, 25–6, 50, 51, 53–4Brouillette, Sarah, 116, 124Brown, Judith, 19Bruce, Lenny, 43Buchdahl, Rabbi Angela, 170–2Budhos, Marina Tamar, 20

House of Waiting, 39, 54, 100,125, 168

The Professor of Light, 38

I n d e x 197

Burma, 73, 130Butler, Judith, 4–5, 84–5, 86

Cain, figure of, 21Calcutta, 11, 22–4, 68, 84

Baghdadi Jews of, 13, 14, 82,149–50, 174n1

Lal’s Merchant of Venice as set in,101, 102

Cantor, Paul, 44, 113Chakrabarty, Dipesh, 6–7Chambers, Claire, 62Chatterjee, Margaret, 7, 10Chatterjee, Partha, 81, 138Chaudhuri, Amit, 108Cheyette, Brian, 8Christianity, 81, 153

and figure of Jew, 1–2, 3, 6–9,20–2

and figure of Shylock, 95, 96,101

and Jews/Indians, 6–8, 14–15Christmas, celebration of, 37, 65,

147, 162circumcision, 38, 47, 52, 61–2, 76

and feminization, 53, 108as Jewish/Muslim practice, 51,

62, 130, 131Cixous, Hélène, 156Cleary, Joe: Literature, Partition

and the Nation-State, 80Cochin, Jews of, 141, 149

Daniel on, 129, 130, 131–2, 133,158

decline of/outmigration by, 13,29, 127, 131–2, 133

Fernandes on, 127, 128–9, 136,152

Kerala and, 13, 127, 128–9,131–2

in The Moor’s Last Sigh, 29, 85,109, 112

Coetzee, J.M., 30, 31Cogley, Richard W., 14Cohn-Bendit, Daniel, 5–6, 12–13

colonialism, British/Europeanassimilation/enslavement by, 36,

94diasporic escape from, 25–6and feminization of Indian men,

53, 108Ghosh and, 61, 62–3Holocaust and, 72–3, 79, 129–30Indian Jews and, 13–14, 129,

132Jews/Indians and, 6–8, 10–11,

13–15, 25–6, 32–3, 107–8marketable aesthetic of, 120, 169Orientalism and, 13, 14, 62–3,

107South Asian Muslims and, 10–11Wandering Jew and, 20, 21–2Zionism and, 81

Commentary (Jewish magazine),113

communal violencein Ahmedabad, 131, 138, 142–3,

147, 148after Babri Masjid destruction,

102, 113, 160, 173n2of Indian partition, 62, 67,

68–9, 72–4, 84, 85, 130–1,135

Corson, Rabbi Moshe, 117cosmopolitanism

Bene Israel and, 143, 147–8difficulties/failures of, 32, 39,

73–5, 88–9, 96–8, 109–11hybridity and, 11, 15, 17, 124of India, 88–9, 159–60,

169–70“minority,” 50–5as postcolonial/diasporic “ideal,”

32, 52–3, 87–91, 124, 153,167

and relegation of Jews toarchive/history, 59–64,67–8, 71, 88–91

Richler and, 90–1rootlessness of, 23, 54–5, 77

198 I n d e x

cosmopolitanism—continuedYiddish secularism and, 81see also

hybridity/cosmopolitanism,from Jewish to South Asian

Count of St. Germain, 23Coupland, Reginald, 80Courter, Gay: Flowers in the Blood,

174n1Cowart, David, 100Cowley, Jason, 41Critchley, Simon, and Tom

McCarthy, 95, 96

Dalit Voice (journal), 109, 111Dangor, Achmat, 1, 53Dangor, Achmat: Kafka’s Curse, 15,

42, 45–50, 51attitudes to Jewishness in, 46,

47–8, 49erasure of Jew in, 45, 46–8, 54hybridity in, 45–6, 48, 49–50on Jewishness as White, 20, 38,

45–50miscegenation in, 46, 48–9, 50

Daniel, Ruby: Ruby of Cochin: AnIndian Jewish WomanRemembers, 129, 130, 131–2,133, 158

Darwish, Mahmoud, 4Da Silva, Tony, 71, 120, 121Das, Sisir Kumar, 101, 106David, Esther, 13, 16, 133, 158,

160–1, 163Book of Rachel, 146–7, 155–6The Man with Enormous Wings,

138Shalom India Housing Society,

147–9The Walled City, 135–7, 138,

140, 149David, Esther: Book of Esther,

137–42animals/pets in, 137, 139–40clothing in, 139, 140, 141–2

competing pulls of India andIsrael in, 133, 138, 140–2

Indian nationalism in, 129–30,138–9

Jewishness/Judaism in, 137,140–2

miscegenation in, 149David, Robin, 16, 158

City of Fear, 133, 142–4Dayal, Samir, 29Deleuze, Gilles, and Félix Guattari,

15, 51–2, 53Delman, Carmit, 13, 16–17, 150–8

background of, 150–2and location of Bene Israel, 144,

154and racism/Othering, 152–3trip to Israel by, 154–5, 157

Delman, Carmit: Burnt Bread andChutney, 150–6, 157, 158, 163

as autoethnography, 151–2, 153,154–5, 157, 158

grandmother as central to, 150–1,155–6

readers’ guide to, 153, 163Derrida, Jacques, 6, 51, 81, 86, 87,

89–90Archive Fever, 15, 57–8, 61“Faith and Knowledge,” 162–3Given Time, 107, 124–5Of Grammatology, 57

Desai, Anita, 1, 116–17on Indian partition, 66–7, 68, 75

Desai, Anita: Baumgartner’sBombay, 68–71, 88, 116–17,137

archive in, 58, 68, 70–1, 82cosmopolitanism in, 71, 89, 90,

119–24denial of Jewishness in, 15, 68,

69–71, 120–1erasure of Jewishness in, 69–71,

120–2, 123, 125Hindu-Muslim conflict in, 68–9,

84

I n d e x 199

Jewish/global readership of, 94,119–24

praise/awards for, 11, 16, 119,122–3

silence in, 69–71, 79, 121stereotyping in, 69, 119–22Wandering Jew in, 90, 119

Deshpande-Maitra, Yashodhara, 72Dhareshwar, Vivek, 11, 94diaspora, Jewish/South Asian, see

Indian/South Asianpostcolonial/diasporicexperience; Jewishpostcolonial/diasporicexperience

Dickens, Charles, 10Doré, Gustave: “The Wandering

Jew,” 22, 23, 63Dreyfus, Alfred, 5–6Du Maurier, George: Trilby, 113–14

East London Mosque, 25economies, postcolonial, of

Jewishness, 16, 93–125capitalism and, 1, 10, 16, 23,

106–13marketing and, 113–25middleman and, 94–101, 106–11,

112, 120, 125and reception of Baumgartner’s

Bombay, 119–25Shylock and, 16, 93–113, 123–5terrorism and, 72, 98, 111–12and threat of Jewish world

domination, 106–10see also Shylock, figure of

Egorova, Yulia, 13, 109, 111, 129Einstein, Albert, 108Eliot, George: Daniel Deronda, 90Emergency (1975–77), 28, 140,

160erasure, of Jewishness, 3, 15–16, 17,

51, 63in The Barn Owl’s Wondrous

Capers, 22–5, 63–4, 78, 89

in Baumgartner’s Bombay, 69–71,120–2, 123, 125

Indian Jews and, 135–6, 142–50in Kafka’s Curse, 45, 46–8, 54middleman and, 96, 97–8, 110,

125in There, Where the Pepper Grows,

83, 85, 89in The Tiger Claw, 77–9

ethnography, 2, 24, 153, 155autoethnography and, 16–17,

151–8Ezekiel, Nissim, 13, 158–63, 174n2

“Background, Casually,” 159Collected Poems, 159, 161, 162“In India,” 159–60“The Island,” 159Latter Day Psalms, 160“Minority Poem,” 159“The Second Candle,” 161–2

Fagin (Dickens character), 10Fanon, Frantz, 181fascism, 34, 129–30Fatah, Tarek, 10, 79Fellahin, 61Fernandes, Edna, 127, 128–9, 136,

152Fieldgate Street Great Synagogue

(London), 25Figuera, Dorothy, 8Finding Your Roots (PBS series),

170–2Finkielkraut, Alain, 2–4, 5, 6, 8, 12flight, as metaphor

for mobility of Wandering Jew, 27transcendence and, 34, 42, 51

food, 44, 96, 152of Bene Israel, 138, 139, 147,

155–6Forster, E.M.: A Passage to India, 32Foucault, Michel, 70, 156France

Jews/Jewishness in, 2–9, 63, 123Jewish migration to, 141–2

200 I n d e x

France—continuedstudent unrest in, 5–6, 12–13wartime resistance in, 42, 75–9,

86–7Frank, Ben G., 172Fraser, T.G., 80, 173n2Fredici, Cesare, 107Freedman, Jonathan, 2, 11–12, 17,

98–9, 100, 114, 115

Gaddhafi, Muammar, 110Gandhi, Indira, 43, 140Gandhi, Leela, 159Gandhi, Mahatma, 10, 53, 129–30,

139Garb, Tamar, 1–2Gates, Henry Louis, Jr, 170–1genetics/genealogy, 12–13, 136,

170–2Germany, 6, 20–1, 72, 173n1

see also HolocaustGhosh, Amitav, 1, 51, 88Ghosh, Amitav: In an Antique

Land, 59–63, 64, 78, 88Cairo genizah in, 58, 59–61, 80colonialism in, 61, 62–3hybridity/cosmopolitanism in,

59–64, 78, 88, 89interactions with Egyptians in, 60,

61–2Middle East politics and, 59, 61,

80, 104relegation of Jews to

archive/history in, 15,59–63, 79, 81, 85

Gilman, Sander, 9, 25, 35, 62, 95,96, 159

Gilroy, Paul, 69Globe and Mail, The, 43Goldstein, Eric L., 152–3Gross, John, 16

Hadassah, 117, 122–3Haeems, Nina, 153Halkin, Hillel, 113Hallward, Peter, 12

Hamid, Mohsin, 35Hammerschlag, Sarah, 2, 3, 5–6, 8Hendre, Sudhir, 108, 109Hindu Mahasabha, 129Hindu-Muslim conflict

Holocaust archive/letters and,66–7, 68–9, 71–5

Indian partition and, 68–9, 72–4,81, 84, 86

and Jewish-Muslim association, 9,10, 73–4

in Merchant of Venice adaptations,101–6

see also communal violence; Indiansubcontinent, partition of

Hindu Unity, 127Hitler, Adolf, 66, 76, 77, 79, 110,

145Ho, Elaine, 71, 120–1Holocaust

Aafreedi on, 169, 170colonialism and, 72–3, 79,

129–30counterterrorism/resistance and,

42, 75–9, 84–5erasure/denial of, 64–71, 78, 89as historical reference point,

15–16, 69, 71–5, 79–82,84–7, 88–9

Indian-Jewish relationships of,64–71, 75–9

Indian/South Asian writers on,81–2, 84–90

and Jewish diaspora, 26and Jewish identity, 3, 5, 6,

81–2letters as archive of, 58, 64–80memorialization of, 889/11 terrorist attacks and, 15–16,

84–6silence of, 64–71, 75–80transnational readings of,

64–71Howard Ribalow Prize, 122–3Huggan, Graham, 116–17, 123

I n d e x 201

hybriditygenetics and, 170–2of Indian Jews, 28–9, 142–3,

151–2, 165–6, 168, 172Indian/South Asian, 25, 40–5,

59–63, 78, 88–9of names, 25, 33, 38, 40, 44–50,

60, 151, 156in Rushdie’s work, 15, 27–30, 33,

37, 41–5, 87, 111–13and terror, 87, 142–3

hybridity, of Indian-Jewishrelationships

in Battleground, 71–5, 85, 88–9in House of Waiting, 39–40, 168in Kafka’s Curse, 45–50in The Tiger Claw, 75–9, 85

hybridity/cosmopolitanism, fromJewish to South Asian, 11, 15,17, 124

in In an Antique Land, 59–64,78, 88, 89

in The Barn Owl’s WondrousCapers, 25, 78

in There, Where the Pepper Grows,82–5

in The Tiger Claw, 75–9, 85in Two Lives, 25, 64–8, 75, 78,

88, 168hybridity/syncretism

in The Moor’s Last Sigh, 27–30,33, 44

in Shalimar the Clown, 41–2, 44,45, 87, 89

Inayat Khan, Noor, 58, 75, 79India, partition of, see Indian

subcontinent, partition ofIndian Jewish writers, 13, 16–17,

20, 127–63, 165archives of, 16–17, 143–4,

146–7, 150–8autoethnography by, 16–17,

151–8(in)visibility of, 158–63

and Zionism, 17, 128–30, 140–1,144, 160, 168

see also entry below; Indian writers;Israel, as depicted by IndianJewish writers

Indian Jews, 13–14, 73, 127–63anti-Semitism against, 127–33autoethnography of, 16–17,

151–8as being able to “pass,” 8, 152–5,

157British colonialism and, 13–14,

129, 132and community

fragmentation/erasure,135–6, 142–50

and competing pulls of India andIsrael, 133–42, 144

decline of, 13, 29, 127–8, 131–3,135–6

divisions among, 128–9hybridity of, 28–9, 142–3, 151–2,

165, 168, 172Indian nationalism and, 129–31and migration to Israel, 13, 67,

127–8, 131–50and miscegenation, 134, 136,

149–50scholarship on, 128–9see also Baghdadi Jews; Bene

Israel; Cochin, Jews ofIndian National Congress, 139Indian nationalism

communal violence of, 73–4, 84,130–1, 135

and Jewish community, 129–31and World War II, 72–3

Indian/South Asian postcolonial/diasporic experience, 19–55

as global minority, 50–5hybridity/cosmopolitanism of,

11, 15, 17, 124in London, 25, 31–2, 34, 37, 68,

90in Rushdie’s work, 15, 20, 26–45

202 I n d e x

Indian/South Asian postcolonial/diasporic experience—continued

and Wandering Jew figure, 20–6see also entry below; communal

violence; hybridity/cosmopolitanism, fromJewish to South Asian

Indian subcontinent, partition of, 7blaming of Jews for, 108communal violence of, 62, 67,

68–9, 72–4, 82, 84, 130–1,135

and creation of Pakistan, 28, 61,67, 87, 130–1

Desai on, 66–7, 68, 75and Hindu-Muslim conflict,

68–9, 72–4, 81, 84, 85Holocaust and, 15, 69, 82, 84and India’s entry into war, 72–3migrations caused by, 51, 82,

130–2, 133, 135, 171and partition of Palestine, 72,

80–1, 86, 129, 131, 173n2Indian writers

Jewish characters/themes of, 1–2,11–17

Jewish/global readers and, 95,118–24

Jewish writers’ mentoring of, 11see also Indian Jewish writers

In Search of the Bene Israel (Shepardfilm), 163

International Conspiracy againstIndians, 108–9, 110

Islam, Manzu, 1, 20, 53Islam, Manzu: Burrow, 15, 32, 48,

168diasporic struggle/relationships

in, 32, 34, 51failed cosmopolitanism in, 32Kafka’s influence on, 42, 45

Israel, 3–5, 9–10, 122, 163creation of, 28, 59, 61Indian Jewish migration to, 13,

67, 127–8, 131–50

and Palestine conflict, 9–10,79–80, 143

Sadat’s visit to, 105Israel, as depicted by Indian Jewish

writersand appeal of kibbutz, 132,

140–1, 142, 155Indian-American experiences in,

154–5, 157, 162migrants’ experiences in, 131–50as refuge from partition violence,

128–33Zionism and, 128, 140–1, 144

Israel, Rachel Rukmini, 153

Jacob, Miriam, see Mahadevan,Meera

Jameson, Fredric, 12, 52, 116Jerome, Saint, 15Jew, figure of

Christianity and, 1–2, 3, 6–9,20–2

economic activity/capitalism and,1, 10, 16, 22, 93–125

erasure of, 3, 15–16, 17, 51, 63French theory/views on, 2–9, 63,

123as homeless, 27, 73in Indian literature, 1–2, 11–17in left-wing/student politics, 2–3,

5–6, 12–13liminality of, 11, 84, 98–9, 125marketing/reception of, 113–25as middleman, 94–101, 106–11,

112, 120, 125miscegenation and, 1, 46, 48–9,

50, 134, 136, 149–50as “Other,” 2, 3, 12, 14–15,

23–4, 59–63, 66, 152–3as racialized, 8, 9, 32–3, 34–5, 40as relegated to archive/past

history, 6–7, 15–16, 17, 48,59–91, 102–3, 121

sexuality of, 1, 23, 46, 47–8, 53,99, 108, 112, 123

I n d e x 203

as “site of anxiety,” 1–7as spectral, 40–50, 54, 78–9,

98–100, 125and terrorism/arms trade, 72,

84–7, 98, 111–12in U.S. culture, 1, 2, 7, 8, 11–12as “wanderer,” 15, 20–6, 51,

53–5as White, 3, 8–9, 39–40, 45–50,

152–3see also entries immediately below

Jewish-American writers/readers,11, 114–16, 117–19, 122

see also specific writersJewish Book Council, 117–18Jewishness

aesthetic tastes and, 47–8, 114–19of Asian-American writers, 11–12erasure of, 3, 15–16, 17, 51, 63genetics and, 12, 48, 136, 170–2in Indian literature, 1–2, 11–17as “lack,” 6–7, 12, 123–4masculinity/femininity of, 53–4“middlebrow” literature and,

114–16, 122“normalization” of, 3, 8, 151–3postcolonial economies of, 16,

93–125reading as associated with,

117–19as relegated to archive/past

history, 6–7, 15–16, 17, 48,59–91, 102–3, 121

in Rushdie’s work, 15, 20, 26–45South Asian subjectivities and, 11,

20, 26, 37–8, 53, 60–1,88–9, 110–11

as spectral, 40–50, 54, 78–9,98–100, 125

as White, 3, 8–9, 39–40, 45–50,152–3

Zionism and, 3–5, 10, 17, 30–1,52, 90, 122

Jewish postcolonial/diasporicexperience, 2, 6, 7–9, 11–13,15–16, 17, 19–55

as global minority, 50–5hybridity/cosmopolitanism of,

11, 15, 17, 124Indian Jewish writers and, 13,

16–17, 20, 127–63, 165Kafka and, 15, 42, 45, 52–3in London, 25, 31–2, 34, 37, 68and relationship with Israel, 3–5,

9–10in Rushdie’s work, 15, 20, 26–45as spectral, 40–50, 54, 78–9,

98–100, 125as “wanderers,” 15, 20–6, 51,

53–5see also

hybridity/cosmopolitanism,from Jewish to South Asian

Jews and Indians/South AsiansChristianity and, 6–8, 14–15colonialism and, 6–8, 10–11,

13–15, 25–6, 32–3, 107–8as global minorities, 50–5in London, 25, 31–2, 34, 37, 68as middlemen, 16, 96–7, 111–13as racialized, 8, 9, 32–3, 34–5, 40in Rushdie’s work, 15, 20, 26–45see also Indian/South Asian

postcolonial/diasporicexperience; Jewishpostcolonial/diasporicexperience

Jews and Muslims, associationbetween, 9, 10–11, 14, 26

circumcision as, 51, 62, 130, 131in diasporic communities, 25,

31–2, 34, 37–40, 68as global minorities, 50–5Hindus and, 9, 10, 73–4in International Conspiracy book,

108–9, 110in Rushdie’s work, 15, 20, 27–35,

36–7, 40–5, 112–13, 168

204 I n d e x

Jhabvala, Ruth Prawer, 165–9Heat and Dust, 165, 166In Search of Love and Beauty,

166–7, 168My Nine Lives, 167, 168

Jinnah, Muhammad Ali, 109Johnson, Barbara C., 131Joly, Maurice: Dialogue in Hell, 106J2 Y-chromosome haplogroup, 171,

172Judah, Sophie, 13, 16, 133, 158,

160, 163and location of Bene Israel, 144,

154Judah, Sophie, works by

Dropped from Heaven, 144–6“The Funeral,” 144–6“A Girl from My Hometown,”

144“My son, Jude Paul,” 130“Nathoo,” 130“Shame under the Chuppah,”

157–8

Kafka, Franz, 15, 45, 52–3, 54The Metamorphosis, 42, 45, 52,

53Kashmir, 9, 27

hybridity/syncretism of, 41–2,44, 45, 87, 89

Kashmiriyat, 41, 45, 87, 89Katz, Nathan, 13Kaye/Kantrowitz, Melanie, 152Kehimkar, Haeem Samuel, 13Kenya, 8, 95, 109–10

see also Vassanji, M.G.: TheIn-Between World of VikramLall

Kerala, Jews of, 13, 127, 128–9,131–2, 132, 152

see also Cochin, Jews ofKesari (Indian nationalist

newspaper), 139Khilafat movement, 129Khomeini, Ayatollah Ruhollah, 30–1

Koshy, Susan, 50–1Kostelanetz, Richard, 115Kunzru, Hari, 20, 167

Gods Without Men, 38–9, 40, 54Kureishi, Hanif, 1, 20, 25, 116

Love in a Blue Time, 36“My Son the Fanatic,” 36“We’re Not Jews,” 35–6

Kurup, Shishir, 101–2The Adventures of Heeb and

Saheeb in the HolographicUniverse, 101–2

Kurup, Shishir: Merchant on Venice(rewrite), 16, 101–6, 111, 124,125

costumes in, 102, 104–5Hindu-Muslim conflict in, 101–6modernity v. tradition in, 103–4Sharuk as outsider in, 104–5

Lahiri, Jhumpa, 51Lal, Ananda, 116Lal, Ananda: The Merchant of Venice

(adaptation), 16, 101–3, 104,106, 113, 124

Hindu-Muslim conflict in, 101–3,104, 106

and Shylock’s placement in past,102–3

Lamming, George, 90Le Hunte, Bem, 1Le Hunte, Bem: There, Where the

Pepper Grows, 82–5, 119–20erasure of Jewishness in, 83, 85,

89Hindu-Muslim conflict in, 84, 85Holocaust-9/11 connection in,

15–16, 58, 82–3, 84–5, 111hybridity in, 83–4, 85relegation of Jews to

archive/history in, 82–5, 88Lessing, Doris, 90Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim: Nathan

the Wise, 54Levi, Primo, 35

I n d e x 205

Levinas, Emmanuel, 8Levitt, Laura, 29, 81London, 25, 31–2, 34, 37, 68, 90

Mahadevan, Meera, 16, 158Mahadevan, Meera: Shulamith,

133–6, 144miscegenation in, 134, 149original title of, 133women’s sacrifices/suffering in,

133–6, 150Maharaj, Nageshwar, 108–9, 110Malamud, Bernard, 11, 51Malieckal, Bindu, 107, 111Malvery, Olive Christian, 14Mandel, Naomi, 71, 82Manorama, 157marketing of Jewish

literature/themes, 113–19Baumgartner’s Bombay and,

116–17, 119–25and Jewish readers/consumers,

114–16, 117–19“middlebrow” literature and,

114–16, 122postcolonial literature and,

115–17and success of Trilby, 113–14

Marx, Groucho, 108Marx, Karl, 106Mauss, Marcel, 107, 174n6Mehta, Deepa, 156–7

Water (film), 156–7Mehta, Ved, 1, 20, 118, 167

“Maidl,” 40, 53, 54Melady, Thomas, 110Menon, Krishna, 43Merchant Ivory (film company),

166, 169“middlebrow” literature, 114–16,

122and marketing of Jewishness,

113–19and postcolonial literature,

115–17

middleman, 94–101, 106–11, 112,120, 125

invisibility/erasure of, 96, 97–8,125

liminality/marginalization of,95–9

as shared Jewish/Indian figure,16, 96–7, 111–13

and terrorism, 98, 111–12,113

as Wandering Jew, 99miscegenation, 1

Indian Jews and, 134, 136,149–50

in Kafka’s Curse, 46, 48–9, 50Mishra, Vijay, 11, 19–20, 32Mufti, Aamir, 10, 54, 80–1, 89, 90,

125Mukherjee, Bharati, 1, 11, 16, 45,

99–100, 117Jasmine, 99–100The Middleman and Other Stories,

11, 98–101, 111, 125“The World According to Hsü,”

97Müller, Max, 8Musleah, Rabbi Ezekiel N., 174n4Muslim League (India), 109Muslims, 9–11, 14, 15

and Israel-Palestine conflict,9–10, 79–80, 143

see also Hindu-Muslim conflict;Jews and Muslims,association between

Nahman of Bratslav, 52Naipaul, V.S., 16, 116

A Bend in the River, 97, 101,125

Naipaul, V.S.: The Mimic Men, 94–6,107–11

colonial context/discourse of, 94,107–8

failed cosmopolitanism in, 94–6,97, 109–11

206 I n d e x

Naipaul, V.S.: The MimicMen—continued

invisibility/erasure in, 96, 110,125

Shylock figure in, 93, 94–6, 98,100–1, 106, 107–8

namesas changed, 38, 45–50hybridity of, 25, 44–50as literary allusions, 32

names, Jewish, 114, 135as adopted by non-Jew,

45–50of ancestors/family, 49, 151,

156Biblical, 141, 148as changed, 37, 144erasure/disavowal of, 78hybridity of, 33, 38, 40, 60, 151,

156of middlemen, 98, 100–1of Wandering Jews, 22, 34

Nanda, Gulzarilal, 43Nehru, Jawaharlal, 73, 140Newman, Judie, 69, 1219/11, see September 11 terrorist

attacksNochlin, Linda, 63, 88Numark, Mitch, 13

Olsen, Peter, 117–18Orientalism, 13, 14, 62–3, 66, 107,

123, 168Ottoman Empire and Caliphate,

129Oxford English Dictionary, 43Ozick, Cynthia, 122

Pakistananti-Semitism of, 27, 28, 130–1creation of, 28, 61, 67, 87,

130–1Jewish community of, 130–1,

148, 151, 153, 155Pathan Muslims of, 170

Palestine, partition ofand creation of Israel, 28, 59, 61Holocaust and, 79Khilafat movement and, 129and partition of India, 72, 80–1,

86, 129, 131, 173n2Palestine-Israel conflict, 9–10,

79–80, 143Parciack, Ronie, 136, 140Parfitt, Tudor, 12, 14, 170partition, see Indian nationalism;

Indian subcontinent, partitionof; Palestine, partition of

Peel, William (1st Earl Peel), 80Penslar, Derek, 5, 96–7Perec, Georges, 123Peretz, Y.L., 52Phillips, Caryl, 93polygamy, 151, 156Posner, Richard, 93postcolonialism

and archive/past history, 15–16,57–91

and economies of Jewishness, 16,93–125

and Indian Jewish experience,13–14, 127–63

and partition, 66–7, 68–9, 72–4,75, 80–1

and terrorism, 84–7, 98, 111–12see also Indian/South Asian

postcolonial/diasporicexperience; Jewishpostcolonial/diasporicexperience; specific subjects

Potok, Chaim, 11, 122Protocols of the Elders of Zion,

106–10, 111, 112

Qadhi, Yasir, 170–1, 172

Rabin, Yitzhak, 10Radway, Janice, 114–15Random House, 117–18Rao, R. Raj, 158–9, 159–60

I n d e x 207

Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh(RSS), 129

Ray, Lisa, 157Richler, Mordecai, 117

Vassanji’s biography of, 58, 90–1Roland, Joan G., 13–14, 128, 132,

173n1Roth, Philip, 30, 35–6, 45, 51Rothschild banking family, 97Roy, Amit, 149, 150Rushdie, Salman, 1, 25, 35, 53, 116,

160, 167Azam’s poem dedicated to, 26–7fatwa against, 30–1The Ground Beneath Her Feet, 26and hybridity, 15, 27–30, 33, 37,

41–5, 87, 111–13Imaginary Homelands, 31and Jewish-Muslim relationships,

15, 20, 27–35, 36–7, 40–5,112–13, 168

and Jewishness, 15, 20, 26–45Kafka’s influence on, 45Midnight’s Children, 19, 29–30,

112, 116, 138Roth’s influence on, 30, 35–6, 45Shame, 27, 28

Rushdie, Salman: The Moor’s LastSigh, 27–30, 44, 53, 111–13

Cochin Jews in, 29, 85, 109, 112criticism of Jewishness in, 27–8,

113economic activity/terrorism in,

29–30, 111–13, 125hybridity/syncretism in, 27–30,

33, 44Jewish-Muslim relations in,

29–30, 112–13Rushdie, Salman: The Satanic Verses,

30–5, 36–7, 40, 44, 54diasporic experience in, 28Jewish-Muslim relationships in,

15, 27–8, 30–4, 36–7, 168Jewishness in, 28, 34–5

Rushdie, Salman: Shalimar theClown, 40–5

cosmopolitanism in, 40–5, 85–7,88

flight/transcendence in, 42Holocaust in, 15–16, 42, 85–7,

88Jewish hybridity in, 40–1, 42–3,

87Jewish-Indian/Muslim

relationships in, 40–5Kashmiri hybridity/syncretism in,

41–2, 44, 45, 87, 89spectral Jewishness in, 40–5terrorism/counterterrorism in,

41–2, 85–6Wandering Jew in, 41–3

Sadat, Anwar, 105Said, Edward, 4, 6, 26, 107, 123Saltzman, Devyani: Shooting Water,

156–7Saltzman, Paul, 156Sandler, Adam: “The Chanukah

Song,” 152Sarmad, 14Sartre, Jean-Paul, 8Scherman, Harry, 114secularism, of religious minorities

Indian/South Asian, 38, 54–5,81, 102

Jewish, 37, 54–5, 65September 11 terrorist attacks

Holocaust and, 15–16, 84–6Muslim experience after, 35, 38,

103, 111Seth, Vikram, 1

Desai’s criticism of, 66–7, 68A Suitable Boy, 66, 67

Seth, Vikram: Two Lives, 15, 64–71,78

archive in, 58, 64–7, 70, 79–80,82, 88

aunt’s Jewish identity in, 64–6,69, 71, 79–80, 168

208 I n d e x

Seth, Vikram: Two Lives—continueddenial of Jewishness in, 64–6, 67,

70, 88Desai’s criticism of, 66–7, 68hybridity/cosmopolitanism in,

25, 64–8, 75, 78, 88, 168silence in, 64–5, 69

Shakespeare, William: The Merchantof Venice, 16, 93, 94, 97, 101

see also Kurup, Shishir: Merchanton Venice; Lal, Ananda: TheMerchant of Venice; Shylock,figure of

Shepard, Sadia, 13, 16–17, 130,150–8

background of, 150–2, 153Bene Israel documentary by, 163trip to India/Pakistan by, 153–4,

155–6, 157, 158Shepard, Sadia: The Girl from

Foreign, 150–6, 157as autoethnography, 151–2, 153,

155, 157, 158grandmother as central to, 150–1,

155–6, 157Shepherd, Ronald, 165, 166Shetty, Sandhya, and Elizabeth Jane

Bellamy, 57–8, 59Shylock, figure of, 16, 93–113,

123–5and capitalism, 96–7, 106–13,

124–5as Hindu, 94–8, 101, 106–11in Kurup’s rewrite, 16, 101–6,

111, 124, 125in Lal’s adaptation, 16, 101–3,

104, 106, 113, 124and middleman theme, 94–101,

106–11, 112, 125as Muslim, 16, 101–6, 111, 113as outsider/site of anxiety, 93–4,

98–9, 104–11postcolonial split of, 123–4sexuality of, 98, 99, 108, 112,

123

in South Asian culture, 93–4,106, 123–4

and terrorism/violence, 98,111–12, 113

and threat of Jewish worlddomination, 106–10

see also economies, postcolonial,of Jewishness; Kurup, Shishir:Merchant on Venice; Lal,Ananda: The Merchant ofVenice

Sidhwa, Bapsi: An American Brat,38–9, 40

Silas, Shelley, 16Calcutta Kosher, 149–50

Silliman, Jael, 153Singh, Maina Chawla, 127, 132,

133, 152, 162Sinha, Kaliprasanna: The Observant

Owl, 23, 64Smith, Zadie: White Teeth, 37South Africa, 8, 20, 38, 45–50

see also Dangor, Achmat: Kafka’sCurse

South Asianshybridity of, 25, 40–5, 59–63, 78,

88–9and reconfiguration of archive,

88–9secularism of, 38, 54–5, 81, 102Shylock and, 93–4, 106, 123–4subjectivities of, 11, 20, 26, 37–8,

53, 60–1, 88–9, 110–11see also

hybridity/cosmopolitanism,from Jewish to South Asian;Indian/South Asianpostcolonial/diasporicexperience; Jews andIndians/South Asians; Jewsand Muslims, associationbetween

Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty, 57, 123Staines, David, 90Star Trek, 93

I n d e x 209

Sue, Eugène: Le Juif errant, 21Sugarman, Jeffrey, 102Svengali (Trilby), 113–14

Taylor, Charles, 81Teresa, Mother, 159terrorism, see entry below; Holocaust;

September 11 terrorist attacksterrorism/violence, as associated

with Jewsarms trade and, 72, 98as historical phenomenon, 86–7in post-9/11 era, 84–7, 111Shylock figure and, 98, 111–12,

113Thieme, John, 108, 161Tilak, Bal Gangadhar, 139Tipu Sultan, 137tree, as metaphor, 51–2

in “And So Farewell, MyCountry,” 5, 27–8

in Kafka’s Curse, 46–7, 48, 51in Shulamith, 133

Trinidad, 8, 108–9, 110Ty, Eleanor, and Christl Verduyn, 151

Uganda, 110

Vassanji, M.G., 1Mordecai Richler, 58, 90–1

Vassanji, M.G.: The In-BetweenWorld of Vikram Lall, 16, 93–4,101, 106, 107–11, 125

cosmopolitanism in, 95, 97–8,109–11

invisibility/erasure in, 97–8Voltaire, 8

Wagner, Richard: “The FlyingDutchman,” 22

Walkowitz, Judith R., 14

Walters, Barbara, 171Wandering Jew, 15, 20–6, 51, 53–5

masculinity/femininity of, 53–4in “middlebrow” literature, 114,

122–3origin/later versions of, 20–2Rushdie and, 26–7, 41–3

Wandering Jew, in specific works“And So Farewell, My Country,”

26–7, 34, 47The Barn Owl’s Wondrous Capers,

20, 22–5, 53, 63–4, 99Baumgartner’s Bombay, 90, 119Burrow, 34, 51Shalimar the Clown, 41–3

Warren, Rick, 170Whiteness, Jewishness and

for Indian Jews, 8, 128, 152–5,157

in Kafka’s Curse, 20, 38, 45–50marketability of, 123problematic association of, 3, 8–9,

39–40, 45–50, 152–3in The Satanic Verses, 33, 34–5,

36–7, 38

Yaffe, Martin, 16Yerushalmi, Yosef Hayim: Freud’s

Moses, 58, 61Yiddish, 39, 43, 46, 52, 77, 81Young, Robert, 87, 89–90

ZionismBritish colonialism and, 81Indian Jewish writers and, 17,

128–30, 140–1, 144, 160,168

Jewish identity and, 3–5, 10, 17,30–1, 52, 90, 122

Zoroastrianism, 143