Chapter2 Geography of Agra Region - INFLIBNETshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/14703/8/08.chapter2.pdf · Geography of Agra Region Topography of a particular region plays

Chapter -2

GEOGRAPHY OF AGRA REGION

2.1 Geology

2.2 Topography

2.3 River system

2.3.1 Yamuna

2.3.2 Tributaries of Yamuna

2.4 Flora

2.5 Fauna

.

Chapter-2

Geography of Agra Region

Topography of a particular region plays an important role for human settlement.

Ancient settlements are mostly located on the banks of rivers to cater to the needs of both

humans and animals. Similarly, availability of natural resources for multiple use

depends upon the geomorphological features and climatic conditions of the region.

Hence, brief information about the Geology, Physical features and Ecology of Agra

region is dealt herein.

2.1 Geology:

The area comprising Agra and its adjoining districts has been geologically

mapped by Mallet (1869), Hacket (1870), and Heron (1922, 1936). The general

geological sequence of Agra region can be classified broadly into three fold geological

sequence viz. Algonkian- Delhi system, Cambrian (Upper Vindhyan) and Quaternary

(Pleistocene, Recent to Upper Pleistocene) (Heron ( 1922, 1936) (Table-2/1). Coming to

the geological environment of Agra district proper, the whole of the district is covered by

Pleistocene to sub-recent alluvial deposits of the rivers of the Indo-Gangetic system

which have traversed this area (Joshi 1965). In the southern part of the district it gets

blended with the alluvial deposits of the peninsular block, carried by the rivers of the

Vindhyan Foreland (Chandra Bhan 1977). The deposition of the alluvium commenced

after the final upheaval of the Himalayas and has continued all through the Pleistocene

age upto the present. The alluvium in the district consists of interbeded deposits of sand,

silt and clays. At places calcarious concretions (locally known as kankar) are associated

with this alluvium (Joshi 1965). Kankar is very commonly found in the alluvium and

quarried economically where it is found within a depth of 3 m(10 ft) below land surface.

Open-pit quarrying for kankar below that depth is generally not considered economical.

Kankar is used as road metal and also for making lime. (Baweja et al..,1980). As

revealed by the basic data reports of boreholes, the depth of alluvium varies from 150

metres near the village Basai Kalan (Block-Saiyan) at distance of 5 km of Agra, to 252

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metres near the village Arzi Round to 3 km to the north- east of Firozabad. The thickness

of the alluvium progressively decreases towards south and ultimately becoming zero

over the peninsular block (Chandra Bhan 1980).

A narrow strip of easterly trending Vindhyan sandstone outcrop, running in a

north-eastern to south-western direction, is exposed in the south-western part of the

district near Fatehpur Sikri (Joshi 1965, Baweja et al., 1980). The Vindhyan rock system

of the district comprises of Upper Bhander sandstones. It comprises hard compact,

reddish, fine grained sand stones characterized by white to fawn coloured spots. The

ripple marks and current bedding indicate deposition under shallow water conditions.

Mallet (1869) has estimated a thickness of 228.6 m (750 ft) for sandstones near Fatehpur

Sikri in which neither the upper nor the lower beds are included. The Vindhyan outcrops

does not riser for more than 80 metres above the surrounding plains (Baweja et al.

1980). The Vindhyan sandstones are traceable even beyond the boundaries of the district

under the massive cover of alluvium. From the borehole reports of Geological Survey

of India, it is revealed that the layers of these rocks dip towards the north-east. They were

encountered at a depth of 150 metres near Agra and at 252 metres near Firozabad.

Vindhyan sandstones are both flagtsones and freestones and often homogeneous, fairly

fit of elaborate and delicate carving (Joshi 1965). The white spotted red sand stone was

profusely used as medium of Mathura school of art in Kushan and Gupta period. In the

magnificent Mughal monuments at Fatehpur Sikri, Agra, Delhi, it constitutes the

common building material .

Rocks of the older formations like the Vindhyan system and the Delhi system are

highly folded and faulted. Heron (1922) has mentioned two main faults running parallel

to each other in a NE-SW direction which is the direction of axis of folding in the region

(Baweja 1980). The Great Boundary Fault, separating the two important formations, the

Dharwarian represented by the Aravalis on the west and the Vindhyans on the east, is

another remarkable geologic features of the district. The eastern extremity of one of

these, the Great Boundary Fault of Eastern Rajputana has been traced to about 5 km west

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of Agra district boundary in the Kheragarh tehsil. The north-western fault is not so well

seen and much of its length can only be approximately laid down on the map as it lies

below the veil of alluvium deposit in the district (Baweja 1980; Singh 1971).

Table-2/1: Generalized geological sequence for Agra Mathura, Etah and Mainpuri area (After Baweja et al.)

2.2 Topography

Comprising a fertile alluvial plain, slopping almost imperceptibly towards the

east-south east, Agra district lacks the more striking features of natural beauty

(Atkinson 1884). Atkinson has suggested threefold physical division of the district viz.

1) the Trans-Jumna, 2) the Cis-Jumna and 3) the trans-Utangan (Atkinson 1884:411-

In simple language, the district is mostly covered by a thick pile of quaternary

sediments with restricted patches of rocks of Vindhyan Supergroup (Fig.2/1). Vindhyan

Supergroup consists of rocks of Bhander Group, which includes white to purple

arenite, medium to fine grained purplish to reddish spotted and laminated sandstone

with intermittent partings of shale, shale-pebble-conglomorate,siltstone and greenish

sand stone.

Quaternary sediment has been classified into (1) Older Alluvium and 2) Newer

Alluvium. The older Alluvium is represented by Varanasi Alluvium of Middle to Later

Pleistocene age. Newer Alluvium of Holocene age comprises of two units

(1) Terrace Alluvium and (2) Channel Alluvium. The district is poor in minerals (GSI

District Resource Map, Agra 2002).

Quaternary Recent to UpperPleistocene

Newer Alluvium Sand and gravel

Plesistocene Older AlluviumLaterite and Clay

Sand, clay, silt andkanakr

Upper VindhayanCambrian

Upper Bhander Sandstone

Lower Rewa Sandstone

Sandstone, hard andcompact

Sandstone, hard andcompact

Delhi systemAlgonkian

Ajabgarh Series

Alwar Series

Slates, phylites, quartiziteand quartizites, impure,limestonesQuartizites, grits, conglomerates and impure limestone

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413). The district is divided by four well-defined tracts, separated by the main rivers

(Nevill 1905: 1A).Joshi (1965) has also suggested four physical division of the district

which are formed by its major rivers, the Yamuna, the Chambal and the Utangan. The

first of these consists of area which lies to the north of the Yamuna forms part of the

Ganga-Yamuna doab and includes the tehsil Etmadpur in Agra and neighbouring

Firozabad now a separate district.The second comprises a uniform stretch of upland

country between the Yamuna and Utangan, which includes the tahsils of Agra, Kiraoli,

Fatehabad and a considerable portion of tehsil Kheragarh. The third division is the long

and narrow strip in the south-easr between the Yamuna and the Chambal includes Bah

tehsil.The fourth division is the remainder of Kheragarh, extending in a south-westerly

direction from the Utangan , between the territory of Bharatpur and Dholpur in

Rajasthan.

The trans-Yamuna division or belt includes the Etmadpur tehsil of Agra district

and part of newly carved Firozabad district. This division has a level expanse of upland

which has been dissected by the inconsiderable affluent of the Yamuna, mainly Jhirna,

Sengar and Sirsa. Small and isolated ridges of sand occur in this tract the characteristic

feature of which is a light yellow loam of great natural fertility. In the south its almost

level surface is cut up by deep and extensive ravines which render large areas unsuitable

for agriculture. Another feature of this region is the occurrence of kankar beds which are

sometimes exposed or are left covered with a thin layer of soil due to active erosion in the

vicinity of the ravines. The whole of the ravine belt is dotted with babul trees and is used

as a grazing ground. The khaddar or flood plain of the main rivers lies below the ravines

and forms narrow belts by the sides of the ravines where tall grasses known as munj and

Sarpat grows in abundance (Atkinson 1884; Joshi 1965).

The next physical division is a tract lying to the south of the Yamuna which

extends as far as the Utangan. It is practically a level stretch of loamy soil, broken only by

the Khari river and drainage channel locally known as the Dahar (or Nahra). A few

outcrops occur rising out of the alluvial plain in the west, from Fatehpur Sikri to Kiraoli.

Along the course of the Khari Nadi there are ravines which grow longer and deeper as the

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river flows east-south-eastwards. Until the Yamuna reaches the Agra tehsil the ravines

along its course break up the surface only for a short distance from the river line after

which they are more marked, the land affected being rendered uncultivable for over a

mile in breadth. In tehsil Fatehabad they almost disappear for some distance

(thehighlands gradually sloping down to a low bank of alluvial land) but they soon

appear again becoming deeper and broader as the river proceeds onwards. The ravines

along the Utangan are similar to those along the Khari.

The third division, which is covered by the tehsil of Bah, is an oblong strip of land

about 65 km long with an average breadth of 12 to 14 km. It is bounded by the Utangan

and the Yamuna in the north and by the Chambal in the south and is scoured by the deep

and extensive ravines of these rivers (Fig. 2/2). The level upland, which forms the

watershed between them, is very narrow and almost makes a ridge flanked on all sides by

broken land. The soil in this watershed is a fine loam which becomes sandy as the ravines

Fig. 2/2: View of ravines in Bah tehsil, Agra

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on the north are approached, whereas to the south the soil is of a clayey nature. The clay

is dark in colour in the west and is known as mar. It becomes a genuine stiff clay (termed

matiyar) ion of the tract becoming somewhat sandy in the extreme in the eastern port

Fig. 2/3A: View of Upper Vindhyan ridges near Bandrauli.

Fig. 2/3B: View of Upper Vindhyan ridges near Patsal.

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east. In this tract the lowlands are more valuable agriculturally than those in the other

parts of the district; indeed the kachhar is limited to a narrow, raised strip along the

Yamuna, though at some places ( for example north of the village Bateshwar in the north

and north of village Khilaoli in the east) there are broad stretches of fine rich soil.The

lowlands of the Chambal are extensive and produce magnificent crops because they are

annually enriched with silt bought down by the rivers.

The fourth natural division of the district is that part of the Kheragarh tehsil

which lies to the southwest of the Utangan. It is drained by several water courses and is

flafld by a spur of the Vindhyas which run along its northern boundary. Sandy and clayey

soils are generally found in this tract which is dotted with numerous isolated hills. The

water-table is near the surface by the nature of the underlying strata renders irrigation

difficult. Due to the character of the soil, this tract differs from the rest of the district.

Here the loam (dumat) is not only inferior in quality but also very limited in extent.

Fig. 2/4: View of hill formation near Bargawan Khurd, Tehsil Kheragarh.

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The hilly tract south-west of tahsil Agra, which occupies parts of Kiraoli and

Kheragarh tehsils, may well be considered a fifth natural division of the district. The hills

belong geologically to the Upper Vindhyan system including their lowest (the Kaimur

group) as well as their highest (the Bhander group) beds. The Bandrauli and Fatehpur

Sikri spurs are the two parallel but broken ridges of Vindhyan sandstone running south-

west to north-east (Fig. 2/3A-3B). The Bandrauli ranges starts from the village of

Churiyari and terminates near the village of Saunauthi in the east of tehsil Kiraoli while

the Fatehpur Sikri ridge starts from the village of Bahrauti and extends to the village of

Khera near the south-western boundary of the tehsil. The elevation of these ridges does

not exceed 150 feet above the surrounding plain. The rocks vary in colour from red to

grayish-white, sometimes having a bluish tinge, as in the villages of Dhanauli and

Ninwaya. The Fatehpur Sikri ridge, well known for its quarries, has supplied red

sandstone for the construction of forts, palaces and mosques in Agra and Delhi.

The hills in tehsil Kheragah are higher and well-defined, the highest point being

Usra hill which is 810 feet above sea level. There are other lesser ridges and hills, the

most prominent being those lying to the east of Bargawan Khurd (Fig. 2/4) , to the east of

Naya Gaon, near Nasaua, near Khohara and near Udaina.

2.3 River System

The most prominent physical feature of the district is river Yamuna with its main

tributaries, Chambal and Utangan, which in turn have many other minor steams as their

tributaries. The affluents form a broken chain of pools in summer but assume

considerable volume during the rainy season, the velocity depending on the nature of the

rainfall. During the monsoon the upper portions of the courses of these streams have low

and shelving sides but their banks become more abrupt as they approach the bigger

rivers. The minor channel flow from north to south in the north of the Yamuna but to the

south of the river they move from west to east (Fig. 2/5).

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2.3.1 Yamuna

The Yamuna, the chief river of the district, is personified in Hindu mythology as

Suryatanaya, the daughter of Surya (the sun god), as Yamasvara, the sister of Yama (the

lod of death) and one of the wives of Krishna. Another popular name of the river is

Kalindi. It is said that on its banks the rishi Agastya underwent penances and austerities,

Kin Bharat performed over 300 horses sacrifices and Shantanu 7 big sacrifices and

Sahadeva distributed lakhs of gold coins.

The first appearance of the river is in the north of tehsil Kiraoli where it forms the

boundary of the district for some distance, separating the tehsils of Agra Sadar and

Kiraoli from the district of Mathura. Making a convex bend it flows south for 1.5 or 3 km

and then turns in an easterly direction forming the boundary between the northern tehsils

of Firozabad and Etmadpur and the southern tehsils of Fatehabad and Agra Sadar. In the

extreme east of tehsil Fatehabad receives the waters of the Utangan and continues its

course along the northern boundary of tehsil Bah, dividing it from the districts of

Mainpuri and Etawah. From village Khilaoli the Yamuna finally leaves the district and

passes into Etawah district. That the river has an extremely meandering course in the

district is by the fact that although its total length in the district is 145 miles,

the distance (as the crow flies) from its point of entry to that of its exists in only half that

length. Its course is marked by a wide belt of calcarious ravines which get steeper and

wider as it flows from west to east, the only break being a 9 km stretch near Etmadpur

Mudra ( a village 9 km east of Agra). Here the old high bank of the river makes a large

loop enclosing loop enclosing a tract of heavy alluvial soil.

Generally the bank of the river are firm, steady and stable and are scoured by

many ravines but a strip of alluvial flood plain of varying width occurs between the cliff

and the river. The variation in the width of the main stream is from 500 feet to a quarter of

a mile and the normal velocity is nearly two miles an hour but during the rains it rises to

seven and a half miles.

evidenced

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2.3.2 Tributaries of Yamuna

Jhirna:

The first tributary of the Yamuna in Agra district is the Jhirna (also known as the

Karwan or the Karon) which joins it in the north. The stream enters the district near the

village of Naharria which is in the north of tehsil Etmadpur. Its course continues in a

southerly direction till it joins the Yamuna near Shahdara, a few miles from Agra. The

area adjacent to the site where the stream enters the district is scoured by ravines.

Another stream, also called the Jhirna, appears during the rains and flows along the

common boundary of the tehsils of Firozabad (now a separate district and Etmadpur

tehsil of Agra district but dries up in summer and is of little importance.

Sirsa and Sengar are two other small streams of undivided Agra district and now

fall in Firozabad district.

Utangan:

Utangan or Banganga is the only southern affluent of the Yamuna in Agra

district. It rises near Jaipur, some two hundred miles away, and passes through the

Bharatpur district, receiving on its southern bank the waters of the Gambhir a short

distance fefore its entry into Agra district at the south-western corner of tehsil Kiraoli,

near the village Sarauli (Nevill 1905:9). It separates the tehsils of Fatehabad and Bah and

joins the Yamuna at the village of Rihawali, 15 km (ten miles) east of Fatehabad. The

main characteristic of this river is that it has a shallow bed of sand and single. During the

rainy season it swells to a fair size, frequently inundating the low marshy land along its

course and becoming liable to floods though it shrinks considerable during the summer.

It proceeds east between high banks of stiff soil cut up by ravines and changes its courses

several times. A channel was made in 1848 near the village of Sarauli (in tahsil Kiraoli)

for diverting the waters of the Fatehpur Sikri canal but the river appropriated this new

channel for itself in order to find way into the Khari. It retained this new course for over

twenty years causing frequent floods. In 1885 it broke through its northern bank and

destroyed the villages of tehsil Kiraoli and the adjoining fields. The flood of 1991

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necessitated the training of the river and it was diverted to its old course to which it has

adhered ever since. Several small tributaries feed the Utangan, the Kawar (or Goela)

being the first to join it in this district which it enters in the south-western part of tahsil

Kheragarh. After flowing in a north-easterly direction it passes from the villages of

Jagner and Singaich to the Vindhyan hills and then bends eastwards to join the Utangan

near the village Ghosiana. The Kawar is also fed by some small affluents such as the

Chlhi, Lohenri and Jhanjhan which are insignificant watercourses. During the hot

weather they dry up completely but attain a fair size during the monsoon. The Utangan is

joined by the Prabati in the south of tehsil Kheragarh, a stream of a considerable size

which flows into the district from the north-west (Joshi 1965).

Khari:

This river is the only feeder of Utangan in the north. It enters the district from the

south-west of Fatehpur Sikri and proceeds north for a short distance till it meets the

Orinia, another stream derived from numerous small channels which carry of the

drainage from Bharatpur in Rajastahn. From the junction of these two streams the Khari

bends eastwards and after flowing under a bridge on Fatehpur Sikri road it turn south-

east at Shingharpur and , passing the villages of Janegara and Akola in tehsil Kiraoli,

demarcates the boundary between the tehsil of Kheragarh on the south and those of

Fatehabad and Agra on the north. It finally meets the Utangan at the village of Motipura

in tehsil Fatehabad. It flows in a shallow channel between low banks in the upper portion

of its course but in its lower courses it is flanked by precipitous ravines. During the rainy

season it is swollen by floods but in summer it shrinks to only a ribbon of water.

Chambal :

This river rises in the northern slopes of the Vindhyas. Tasrod is the village in the

extreme west of tehsil Bah near which the river first touches its boundary. The river

flows as far as the border of district Etawah. The banks of the river are steep and high but

there is a flood plain below the banks in which the river takes its course. During the rains

it is fed by many torrents and consequently it becomes a wide and turbulent stream,

frequently inundating the surrounding areas but in summer it shrinks to a thread of water

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winding along a sandy bed. Its velocity varies from an hour according to

the season and it is not navigable because of the variation in the depth and volume of its

water (Nevill 1905:11).

2.4 Flora

The flora of district is divided into three geographer categories viz. the ravined

lands along the Yamuna and the Chambal, the non-ravined lands including the Yamuna-

Chambal doab and the xerophytic areas of tehsil Kheragarh. In the first, xerophytic

shrubs and stunted trees are also met with, the most common species being reonj (Acacia

leucophloea), cheonkar (Prosopis spicigera), hins (Capparis horrid), pilua ( Salvadora

oleoides), arusa (Adhatoda vasica), khajur (Phoenix species), hingota (Balanites

roxburghii), kari (Dichrostachys civera), kakraunda (Carissa spicigera), chapat

(Grewia flavescens), kairukha (Diosphyros cardifolia), makoh (Zizyphus oenoplia),

jharberi (Zizyphus numularia) and ber (Zizyphus xylocarpus) (Joshi1965).

The tops of the ravines are arid and barren and contain the more zerophytic

species like kakril (Capparis aphylla) whereas the nullah beds and sides carry

comparatively more vegetation of a less xerophytic character. The first six species that

grow in the ravined lands are also found along the nullah beds and milder slopes. The

vegetation is denser and richer in the parts of the ravines near the rivers but the parts

further away are either barren or sparse in vegetation. In such areas useless grasses like

safed lappa (Artistda adscensionis) are found along with patches of bhanjura (Aphuda

mutica), chhoti jargi (Bothriochloa pertusa), jargu (Dichnthium annulateum), mueel

(Iscilema lexumq) dab (Demostachya cipinnta), anjana (Ceuchrus ciliaris) and doob.

The ravine along the left bank of the Yamuna are less barren than those in the

Yamuna-Chambal doab and on the right bank of the Chambal pilua (Salvadora

oleoides) occurs profusely and grows to a large size. The Yamuna-Chambal doab is

almost devoid of any of these forest trees and is under cultivation. Groove lands of

mango, khini (Manilkara hexandra) and buron (Krataeva religiosa) often occur in this

area.

In the dry and ravined areas of tehsil Kheragarh the same xerophytic species are

two to six miles

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found as in the ravined lands, the southern part of this area being almost a desert. Forest

plantations of babul, sheesham (Dalberjia sissoo), siris (Albizzia labbek) and neem

(Azadirachta indica) have been raised in blocks in all these three botanical divisions

(Joshi 1965).

Forests- The forests of the district are of the dry deciduous type o to the low

average rainfall. The growing period is limited to the three monsoon months of July,

August and September and growth in the rest of the season is not very perceptible. The

forest area of the district falls into four categories. The first is the protected forest along

the canals; the second is the reserved forest; the third is the unclassed forest and

wastelands (44,978 acres) and the fourth consists of roadside avenues which are

controlled by the forest department.

2.5 Fauna

The natural habitat for wild life is not uniform in all parts of the district. The

forest cover is less in the Etmadpur and Agra Sadar tehsils , where as it is more in the

tehsils boarding either Madhya Pradesh or Rajasthan. The wild life of the district is more

varied to the south of the Yamuna, particularly in the neighbourhood of the ravines along

this river and the Chambal and in the hill tracts adjacent to Fatehpur Sikri and Kheragarh

but birds are not found in great numbers due to the lack of cover and the sparse

vegetation. The species met with are those that prefer wide open spaces rather than dense

jungle. The most commonly seen animal is the nilgai or the blue bull (Boselaphus

tragocamelus). Though not very common, black bucks (Antelope cervicapra) are

reported to inhabit in the region. The Chinkara or the Indian gazelle (Gazelle bennetti),

also called the ravine deer, is found mostly in the ravines, the arid areas and the broken

country along the Yamuna and the Chambal and their number is not large. The other

herbivorous animals found in the district include sambar (Cervus unicolor), wild boar

(Sus porcinus), the former being very rare and the later being very commonly found in

the forest blocks or ravines. Hyena and Jackal (Canis aureus) are the most common

carnivorous animals found in the district. The former are being found in the hill tracts.

wing

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Foxes (Vulpes bengalensis) are also found in the district but are not very common. Small

population of wolves is found in forest area (Joshi 1965).

In Bah tehsil, Tigers and leopards were seen. Hyenas, wolves, jackals and foxes

are found in the ravines of the tehsil. The ravine deer and nilgai are found in the tehsil, the

former being found in both ravines and upland and the later found in the areas adjacent to

ravines. In Kiraoli tehsil nilgais are also found. In Fatehabad tehsil panthars are not

found generally, they come occasionally from across Rajasthan border. Deer, nilgais,

pigs, foxes, jackals and hares are found in almost all parts of ravines of the tehsil. The

Etmadpur tehsil of Agra district has thin forest coverage due to which the number of wild

animals is also small. Here jackals and foxes are generally seen along with other animals

like hares, wolves and wild cats. Nilgai population is less in the tehsil and that too found

in the south-east of it.

Birds:

Crane and adjutant were found in the district in the past. The common among the

game birds is the partridge (Francolines pondicerianus) , locally known as titar and

found in all parts of the district. Black patridge or kala titar (Francolines vulgaris) is

found in the ravined lands. In the ravines land of the tehsil Bah, painted patridge or kala

titar (Francolines pictus) are found (Joshi 1965). The most common among the quails

are the bater (Coturnix communis) and the lava (Pardicula asiatica). These birds are

generally found in the forest blocks of ravined lands.

Reptiles:

The reptiles in the district include a variety of snakes like ajgar or python

(Python molurus) domuhi or sand-boa (Eryx johni), Russell's sand-boa (Eryx conicus),

dhaman, wolf- snake, water-snake, rakat-bansi, striped keelback, black-barred sanke,

blind snake, the krate, cobra, sand-snake, kankutti pambu etc. The lizards found in the

district include goh or moniter lizard, the house gecko, the girgit, Oosarsanda or sanda,

bamani etc. Three types of tortoises are common in the district. These are Yamuna

kachhua (Kachuga tectum), the patar ( Trionyx gangeticus) and the pond turtle

33


(Lissemys punctata). The first category is found in the river Yamuna and the other two

categories are found in the lakes, ponds and rivers (Joshi1965, p.20). Two species of

crocodiles viz. gharial or long-snouted crocodile (Gavialis gangeticus) and magar or

broad-snouted crocodile (Crocodilus palustris) are found in the district in the river

Yamuna and Chambal. A variety of ordinary species of fish are found in the rivers and

tanks of the district.

References

Atkinson, E.T. & Fisher, F.H. (Ed): Statistical Descriptive, and Historical Account of the

North-Western Province of India, Vol.VII-Agra District, (Allahabad, 1884)

Baweja, B.K. etal., 1980. 'Geology of parts of Agra district' in GSI, Bulletin No.38 .

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Chapter2 Geography of Agra Region - INFLIBNETshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/14703/8/08.chapter2.pdf · Geography of Agra Region Topography of a particular region plays