Chapters 10 & 11: Blood & The Cardiovascular System
Slide 2 Blood Composition Slide 3 Blood The only fluid tissue
Connective tissue Components of blood Living cells Formed elements
Non-living matrix Plasma Slide 4 45% =erythrocytes (red blood
cells) Less than 1%= leukocytes (white blood cells) and platelets
55% = plasma Components Slide 5 Characteristics Color range
Oxygen-rich blood = bright red Oxygen-poor blood = dull red pH =
7.357.45 (slightly basic) Blood temperature = 100.4F Volume = 56
liters Makes up 8% of body weight Slide 6 Blood Plasma 90% water
10% dissolved substances Nutrients Salts (electrolytes) Respiratory
gases Hormones Plasma proteins Waste products Slide 7 Plasma
proteins Most abundant solutes in plasma Made by liver Examples:
Albuminosmotic balance; pH buffering Clotting proteinsprevents
blood loss when a blood vessel is injured Antibodiesprotects from
pathogens Slide 8 Acidosis Blood becomes too acidic Alkalosis Blood
becomes too basic In each scenario, the respiratory system and
kidneys help restore blood pH to normal Slide 9 Formed Elements
Slide 10 Erythrocytes Red blood cells (RBCs) Biconcave disks No
nucleus Very few organelles Large surface for gas exchange Carry
oxygen Outnumber WBCs by 1000 to 1 About 5 million per mm 3
Contains hemoglobin Iron-containing protein Binds strongly, but
reversibly, to oxygen Each hemoglobin molecule has four oxygen
binding sites 1 RBC = 1 billion oxygen molecules Slide 11
Leukocytes White blood cells (WBCs) Bodys defense against disease
Only complete cells in blood, with a nucleus and organelles Able to
move into and out of blood vessels (= diapedesis)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uoSwLi_CVXs Can respond to chemicals
released by damaged tissues (= chemotaxis)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KxTYyNEbVU4&feature=related
Increase in number during infection 2 kinds: Granulocytes
(particles in cytoplasm can be stained and then seen) Agranulocytes
(no particles) Slide 12 Platelets Fragments of multinucleate cells
(= megakaryocytes) Needed for the clotting process Slide 13 Anemia
= decrease in the oxygen- carrying ability of the blood May be
caused by low iron diet = tiredness Sickle cell anemia (SCA) =
genetic disorder resulting in abnormally shaped hemoglobin
Leukocytosis = high WBC count, indicating an infection Leukopenia =
low WBC count, caused by drugs like anticancer meds Leukemia =
cancer of bone marrow, makes excess WBCs Blood Disorders Slide 14
Figure 10.3 Slide 15 Hematopoiesis & Hemostasis Slide 16
Hematopoiesis Blood cell formation Occurs in red bone marrow Inside
most bones in children Only in flat bones and epiphysis of humerus
& femur in adults Makes ~100 billion cells (1 oz) per day Slide
17 All blood cells are derived from a common stem cell
(hemocytoblast) Hemocytoblast then differentiates (forms
specialized jobs) into either: Lymphoid stem cell: produces
lymphocytes Myeloid stem cell: produces all other formed elements
Slide 18 Figure 10.4 Slide 19 Formation of Erythrocytes Unable to
divide, grow, or make proteins Live 100-120 days When worn out,
RBCs are eliminated by phagocytes in the spleen or liver Lost cells
are constantly replaced Slide 20 RBC production is controlled by
erythropoietin Made by kidneys when oxygen levels in blood are too
low Negative feedback mechanism WBC production controlled by colony
stimulating factors (CSFs) and interleukins Platelet production
controlled by thrombopoietin Hormonal Regulation Slide 21 Figure
10.5 Reduced O 2 levels in blood Stimulus: Decreased RBC count,
decreased availability of O 2 to blood, or increased tissue demands
for O 2 Increased O 2 - carrying ability of blood Erythropoietin
stimulates Kidney releases erythropoietin Enhanced erythropoiesis
Red bone marrow More RBCs Normal blood oxygen levels Imbalance
Slide 22 Hemostasis Stoppage of bleeding resulting from a break in
a blood vessel Hemostasis involves three phases 1. Vascular spasms:
narrowing of vessels to limit blood loss 2. Platelet plug
formation: once vessels are damaged, platelets cling to that area
3. Coagulation : blood clotting Slide 23 Takes 3-6 minutes Sterile
gauze speeds up clotting time because more places for platelets to
hold on Slide 24 Clotting Disorders- Too Much Clotting Thrombus A
clot in an unbroken blood vessel Can block blood flow esp around
heart May result in heart attack Embolus A thrombus that breaks
away and floats freely in the bloodstream Can later clog vessels in
critical areas such as the brain May result in a stroke
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AiC1V5zAba4&feature=related
Slide 25 Not Enough Clotting Thrombocytopenia Platelet deficiency
Even normal movements can cause bleeding Creates purple blotches on
skin Treated by vit K supplements or transfusions Hemophilia
Hereditary bleeding disorder Normal clotting factors are missing
Minor trauma = major bleeding Treated by tranfusion of plasma or
injection of missing clotting factor Slide 26 Human Blood Types
Slide 27 Transfusions Body can lose 1530% of blood and still
compensate; causes weakness Loss of over 30% causes shock, which
can be fatal Transfusions are the only way to replace blood quickly
Transfused blood must be of the same blood group Slide 28 Human
Blood Groups Antigens Surface proteins found on blood cell Act as
ID tags Genetic Used to recognize foreign cells Slide 29 Antibodies
Blood proteins that recognize antigens Each antibody is specific to
one antigen Binding of blood antigens and antibodies result in
clumping (=agglutination) Causes blocked vessels and kidneys Blood
cells with foreign antigens are destroyed so tissues dont get
oxygen Slide 30 ABO Blood Groups Type A A antigens on surface Forms
anti-B antibodies @ infancy Type B B antigens on surface Forms
anti-A antibodies @ infancy Type AB A and B antigens on surface No
antibodies are formed Type O No antigens on surface Forms anti-A
and anti-B antibodies @ infancy Slide 31 Slide 32 Blood type A can
receive A and O blood Blood type B can receive B and O blood Blood
type AB can receive A, B, AB, and O blood Universal recipient Blood
type O can only receive O blood Universal donor Slide 33 Slide 34
Table 10.3 Slide 35 Rh Blood Groups Named for Rhesus monkey that
has the same antigen Humans are either Rh + (have the antigen) or
Rh - (do not have the antigen) Most Americans are Rh + Problems can
occur in mixing Rh + blood into a body with Rh blood Slide 36 Rh
Dangers During Pregnancy Danger occurs only when the mother is Rh
and the child is Rh + Mother forms antibodies 1 st pregnancy is OK,
no time to attack 2 nd pregnancy moms antibodies attack; requires
fetal blood transfusion RhoGAM shot can prevent buildup of anti-Rh
+ antibodies in mothers blood Slide 37 Blood Typing Process used to
determine ABO group of a person Persons blood samples are mixed
with anti-A and anti-B serum If coagulation happens = wrong blood
type Slide 38 Blood Typing Figure 10.8
