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Chapters 8 and 9: Correlations Between Data Sets
Math 1680
Overview Scatter Plots Associations The Correlation Coefficient Sketching Scatter Plots Changes of Scale Summary
Scatter Plots Often, we are interested in comparing
two related data sets Heights and weights of students SAT scores and freshman GPA Age and fuel efficiency of vehicles
We can draw a scatter plot of the data set Plot paired data points on a Cartesian plane
Scatter Plots Scatter plot for
the heights of 1,078 fathers and their adult sons From HANES
study
Scatter Plots
What does the dashed diagonal line represent?
Find the point representing a 5'3¼" father who has a 5'6½" son
Scatter Plots What does the
vertical dashed column represent?
Consider the families where the father was 72" tall, to the nearest inch How tall was the
tallest son? Shortest?
Scatter Plots Was the
average height of the fathers around 64”, 68” or 72”?
Was the SD of the fathers’ heights around 3", 6" or 9"?
Scatter Plots The points form a
swarm that is more or less football-shaped This indicates
that there is a linear association between the fathers’ heights and the sons’ heights
Scatter Plots Short fathers tend
to have short sons, and tall fathers tend to have tall sons We say there is a
positive association between the heights of fathers and sons
What would it mean for there to be a negative association between the heights?
Scatter Plots Does knowing the father’s height
give a precise prediction of his son’s height?
Does knowing the father’s height let you better predict his son’s height?
Scatter Plots We will generally assume the
scatter plots are football-shaped Association is linear in nature Each data set is approximately
normal
Scatter Plots Key features of scatter plots
Given two data sets X and Y, … The point of averages is the point (x, y)
The average of a data set is denoted by μ (Greek mu, for mean)
The subscript indicates which set is being referenced
It will be in the center of the cloud Due to the normal approximation, the vast
majority (95%) of the cloud should fall within 2 SD’s less than and greater than average for both X and Y
Scatter Plots
Associations When given a value in one data
set, we often want to make a prediction for the other data set We call our given value the
independent variable We call the value we are trying to
predict the dependent variable
Associations If there is indeed a relationship between the
two data sets, we can say various things about their association:
Strong: Knowing X helps you a lot in predicting Y, and vice versa
Weak: Knowing X doesn’t really help you predict Y, and vice versa
Positive: X and Y are directly proportional The higher in one you look, the higher in the other you
should be Negative: X and Y are inversely proportional
The higher in one you look, the lower in the other you should be
Associations Positive associations
Study time/final grade Height/weight SAT score/GPA Clouds in sky/chance
of rain Bowling
practice/bowling score Age of husband/age of
wife
Negative associations Age of car/fuel
efficiency Golfing
practice/golf score Dental
hygiene/cavities formed
Pollution/air quality Speed/mile time
Associations What kind of association is this?
Associations What kind of association is this?
Associations Remember that even a very strong
association does not necessarily imply a causal relationship There may be a confounding
influence at play
The Correlation Coefficient While strong/weak and
positive/negative give a sense of the association, we want a way to quantify the strength and direction of the association The correlation coefficient (r) is the
statistic which accomplishes this
The Correlation Coefficient The correlation coefficient is always
between –1 and 1 A positive r means that there is a positive
association between the sets A negative r means that there is a negative
association between the sets If r is close to 0, then there is only a weak
association between the sets If r is close to 1 or –1, then there is a strong
association between the sets
The Correlation Coefficient The following plots have
and , with 50 points in them
The only difference between them is the correlation coefficient Note how the points fall into a line as
r approaches 1 or –1
3 YX 1 YX SDSD
The Correlation Coefficient To calculate r…
Find the average and SD of each data set
Multiply the data sets pairwise and find the average
The correlation is the average of the product minus the product of the averages, all divided by the product of the SD’s
YX
YXXY
SDSDr
The Correlation Coefficient
X Y
1 5
3 9
4 7
5 1
7 13 91
5
28
27
5
XY
4
7
Y
Y
SD
2
4
X
X
SD
2.31XY
4.0)4)(2(
)7)(4(2.31
r
The Correlation Coefficient Compute r for the following data
X Y
1 2
2 1
3 4
4 3
5 7
6 5
7 6
X Y
1 3
3 7
4 9
5 11
7 15
0.8214
1
The Correlation Coefficient Estimate the correlation
The Correlation Coefficient Estimate the correlation
Sketching Scatter Plots The SD line is the line consisting of
all the points where the standard score in X equals the standard score in Y zX = zY
To sketch the SD line, draw a line bisecting the long axis of the football shape Note that the SD line always goes
through the point of averages
Sketching Scatter Plots Given the five-statistic summary (averages,
SD’s, and correlation) for a pair of data sets, we can sketch the scatter plot
Plot the point of averages in the center Mark two SD’s in both directions, on both axes Plot the point 1 SD above average for both data sets draw a line connecting this point and the point of
averages This is the SD line
Draw an ellipse with the SD line as its long axis Ellipse should go just beyond the 2 SD marks in all
directions The value of r determines how oblong the ellipse is
Sketching Scatter Plots A study of the IQs of husbands and wives
obtained the following results Husbands: average IQ = 100, SD = 15 Wives: average IQ = 100,
SD = 15 r = 0.6
Sketch the scatter plot
Changes of Scale The correlation coefficient is not affected by
changes of scale Moving: adding the same number to all of the
values of one variable Stretching: multiplying the same positive
number to all the values of one variable Would r change if we multiplied by a negative number?
The correlation coefficient is also unaffected by interchanging the two data sets
Changes of Scale
Changes of Scale
Changes of Scale Compute r for each of the
following data sets
X Y
0 8
4 9
6 10
8 12
12 6
X Y
0 2
2 3
3 4
4 6
6 0
r = -0.15
Summary The relationship between two variables, X
and Y, can be graphed in a scatter plot When the scatter plot is tightly clustered
around a line, there is a strong linear association between X and Y
A scatter plot can be characterized by its five-statistic summary Average and SD of the X values Average and SD of the Y values Correlation coefficient
Summary When the correlation coefficient gets
closer to 1 or –1, the points cluster more tightly around a line Positive association has a positive r-value Negative association has a negative r-value
Calculating the correlation coefficient Take the average of the product Subtract the product of the averages Divide the difference by the product of the
SD’s
Summary The correlation coefficient is not
affected by changes of scale or transposing the variables
Correlation does not measure causation!