Characteristics of Characteristics of AbsolutismAbsolutism

Basic PrincipleBasic PrincipleMonarch rules by Monarch rules by divine right and divine right and

decides what is best decides what is best for statefor state

PoliticalPoliticalRuler holds unlimited Ruler holds unlimited power; individuals are power; individuals are

subjects owing subjects owing loyalty and obedienceloyalty and obedience

SocialSocialRuler dominates upper classes, Ruler dominates upper classes, which in turn dominate lower which in turn dominate lower

classes. Ceremonies symbolize classes. Ceremonies symbolize ruler’s power.ruler’s power.

EconomicEconomicRuler encourages Ruler encourages

industry and trade to industry and trade to strengthen economy.strengthen economy.

CulturalCulturalRuler dominates Ruler dominates

cultural life either as cultural life either as a patron of the arts or a patron of the arts or

by censorship.by censorship.

Absolute MonarchsAbsolute Monarchs

FranceFrance

Louis XIIILouis XIII– Too young to ruleToo young to rule– Cardinal RichelieuCardinal Richelieu

Strengthened Monarchy, Strengthened Monarchy, took away political rights took away political rights of Huguenotsof Huguenots

Network of spies to protect Network of spies to protect the governmentthe government

Louis XIVLouis XIV– Too young to rule at firstToo young to rule at first– Cardinal MazarinCardinal Mazarin

Put down a revolt against Put down a revolt against the monarchythe monarchy

Louis XIV (1661 – 1715)Louis XIV (1661 – 1715) ““The Sun King”The Sun King” Best example of an absolute Best example of an absolute

monarchy in the 17monarchy in the 17thth century century VersaillesVersailles

– Place to watch over all parts of Place to watch over all parts of the governmentthe government

– Removed all threats (princes of Removed all threats (princes of the blood)the blood)

Destroyed Huguenot Destroyed Huguenot churcheschurches

Built palaces and armiesBuilt palaces and armies Weakened the nobility by Weakened the nobility by

excluding them from councilexcluding them from council

Louis XIV (cont.)Louis XIV (cont.) Louis’s aide Jean-Baptiste Colbert develops the Louis’s aide Jean-Baptiste Colbert develops the

economic theory of mercantilismeconomic theory of mercantilism Mercantilism:Mercantilism:

– Tax credits to French businessesTax credits to French businesses– Tariffs (taxes on imported goods)Tariffs (taxes on imported goods)– Encouraged moving to French colonies (Canada)Encouraged moving to French colonies (Canada)

Attempted to Expand France’s territoriesAttempted to Expand France’s territories– 1667 – 1678 added a small amount of territory from the 1667 – 1678 added a small amount of territory from the

NetherlandsNetherlands War of Spanish SuccessionWar of Spanish Succession

– 1701 – 17141701 – 1714– Wanted his grandson (Philip of Anjou) to take over SpainWanted his grandson (Philip of Anjou) to take over Spain– Eventually will establish the Bourbon dynasty of SpainEventually will establish the Bourbon dynasty of Spain

Legacy of Louis XIVLegacy of Louis XIV

France is a military powerFrance is a military power France is a world wide economic powerFrance is a world wide economic power Expansion of colonies around the worldExpansion of colonies around the world Huge debt to pay for Versailles and the Huge debt to pay for Versailles and the

warswars Abuse of power which results in Abuse of power which results in

problems for his heirsproblems for his heirs

Central and Eastern EuropeCentral and Eastern Europe PrussiaPrussia

– Frederick William the Great ElectorFrederick William the Great Elector– Built strong armyBuilt strong army– King Frederick IKing Frederick I

Will fight to gain lands from AustriaWill fight to gain lands from Austria AustriaAustria

– Maria Theresa (Hapsburg dynasty)Maria Theresa (Hapsburg dynasty)– Too many ethnic groups to truly uniteToo many ethnic groups to truly unite

War of Austrian SuccessionWar of Austrian Succession– 1740 – 17481740 – 1748– Prussian & France vs. England & AustriaPrussian & France vs. England & Austria– Treaty of Aix-la-ChapelleTreaty of Aix-la-Chapelle

7 Years War7 Years War– 1756 – 17631756 – 1763– France, Austria, & Russia vs. England & France, Austria, & Russia vs. England &

PrussiaPrussia– Treaty of Paris (1763)Treaty of Paris (1763)

RussiaRussia Ivan IV (tsar or czar)Ivan IV (tsar or czar)

– Expanded Muscovy (Russian) Expanded Muscovy (Russian) empireempire

– Destroyed boyars (Russian nobility)Destroyed boyars (Russian nobility)– Time of TroublesTime of Troubles

Michael Romanov (1613)Michael Romanov (1613)– Began dynasty of czars that lasted Began dynasty of czars that lasted

until 1917until 1917 1717thth century tsars century tsars

– Absolute ruler (divinely ordained)Absolute ruler (divinely ordained)– Russian aristocrats bound serfs to Russian aristocrats bound serfs to

the landthe land– Many revoltsMany revolts

Peter the GreatPeter the Great Traveled to Europe, came Traveled to Europe, came

back wanting to copy back wanting to copy Western ideas and Western ideas and technologytechnology

Reorganized the army and Reorganized the army and navynavy– Drafted peasantsDrafted peasants

Divided Russian into Divided Russian into provincesprovinces

Wanted to increase industryWanted to increase industry Increased taxesIncreased taxes Took control of the Orthodox Took control of the Orthodox

ChurchChurch LegacyLegacy

– St. PetersburgSt. Petersburg– Helped Russia strengthenHelped Russia strengthen– Left Russian in debt and Left Russian in debt and

distrusting the westdistrusting the west

Peter Westernizes RussiaPeter Westernizes Russia Introduced the potato (become the #1 crop)Introduced the potato (become the #1 crop) Introduced and edited the first newspaperIntroduced and edited the first newspaper Raised women’s status, especially for noblesRaised women’s status, especially for nobles Adopted Western fashion (especially for nobles)Adopted Western fashion (especially for nobles) Opened new schools (navigation, arts, & Opened new schools (navigation, arts, &

sciences)sciences) LegacyLegacy

– St. PetersburgSt. Petersburg– Helped Russia strengthenHelped Russia strengthen– Left Russian in debt and distrusting the westLeft Russian in debt and distrusting the west

English RevolutionEnglish Revolution Monarchy vs. ParliamentMonarchy vs. Parliament

– Cavaliers (Royalists) vs. RoundheadsCavaliers (Royalists) vs. Roundheads– Who had more power?Who had more power?

Queen Elizabeth I dies in 1603 (Ended Queen Elizabeth I dies in 1603 (Ended the Tudor Dynasty)the Tudor Dynasty)

Stuart DynastyStuart Dynasty– James I – wanted to show power of James I – wanted to show power of

monarchymonarchy– Divine Right of KingsDivine Right of Kings

English Civil War (1642 – 1649)English Civil War (1642 – 1649)– Charles I – Tried to make Church of Charles I – Tried to make Church of

England more Catholic (beheaded)England more Catholic (beheaded) Supporters known as CavaliersSupporters known as Cavaliers

– Puritans – joined side of Parliament Puritans – joined side of Parliament (anti-Anglican Church) - Roundheads(anti-Anglican Church) - Roundheads

– Oliver Cromwell (Puritan General)Oliver Cromwell (Puritan General) led “The New Model Army” to victory over led “The New Model Army” to victory over

the Cavaliersthe Cavaliers Ruled as a military dictatorRuled as a military dictator After he died, no central leadershipAfter he died, no central leadership

Charles II – restored monarchy in Charles II – restored monarchy in EnglandEngland– Restoration (1660)Restoration (1660)

England and the Limited England and the Limited MonarchyMonarchy

English RevolutionEnglish Revolution– Charles II put in power, but Charles II put in power, but

Parliament still strong forceParliament still strong force James II openly Catholic, James II openly Catholic,

threatened Anglican authoritythreatened Anglican authority Glorious Revolution (1688)Glorious Revolution (1688)

– William of Orange (Netherlands) and William of Orange (Netherlands) and Mary Stuart (James’ daughter) Mary Stuart (James’ daughter) “invade” England“invade” England

– English Bill of RightsEnglish Bill of Rights– Constitutional MonarchyConstitutional Monarchy

What has affected every What has affected every monarchy?monarchy?

Europe in CrisisEurope in Crisis 1616thth and 17 and 17thth Centuries Centuries Religious WarsReligious Wars

– France = Huguenots vs. CatholicsFrance = Huguenots vs. Catholics– Philip II (Spain)Philip II (Spain)– Queen Elizabeth I (England)Queen Elizabeth I (England)– Thirty Year’s WarThirty Year’s War

Other Wars (with some religion involved)Other Wars (with some religion involved)– Philip II (Spain) vs. Queen Elizabeth I (England)Philip II (Spain) vs. Queen Elizabeth I (England)

Economic ProblemsEconomic Problems– Price revolutionPrice revolution

Social ProblemsSocial Problems– Witchcraft craze (way before the Salem Witch Trials)Witchcraft craze (way before the Salem Witch Trials)

RevolutionRevolution– English Revolution (more on this later)English Revolution (more on this later)

Religious Wars (France)Religious Wars (France)

Huguenots (French Huguenots (French Calvinists)Calvinists)– Wanted more rightsWanted more rights– Growing political forceGrowing political force

Ultra-CatholicsUltra-Catholics– Wanted to remove Protestant Wanted to remove Protestant

influenceinfluence Fighting from 1562 – 1598Fighting from 1562 – 1598 Henry of Navarre (1598)Henry of Navarre (1598)

– Edict of Nantes – Catholicism Edict of Nantes – Catholicism official, but Huguenots had official, but Huguenots had freedom of religion and freedom of religion and political rightspolitical rights

Religious Wars (Spain)Religious Wars (Spain)

Philip II – “the most Catholic King”Philip II – “the most Catholic King”– Wanted to fight against Muslim, Wanted to fight against Muslim,

Jewish, and Protestant influences in Jewish, and Protestant influences in EuropeEurope

– Called by the pope to defend Called by the pope to defend Christendom (what does this sound Christendom (what does this sound like?)like?)

Battle of Lepanto (1571)Battle of Lepanto (1571)– Defeated Ottoman Turks (Muslims) in Defeated Ottoman Turks (Muslims) in

the Mediterranean (surprising victory)the Mediterranean (surprising victory) Netherlands (Dutch) Revolt Netherlands (Dutch) Revolt

(Netherlands and Belgium)(Netherlands and Belgium)– Revolted because of taxes and religionRevolted because of taxes and religion– Peace of Westphalia (1648)Peace of Westphalia (1648)

Netherlands gained more independenceNetherlands gained more independence Netherlands becomes great trade Netherlands becomes great trade

center (Americas)center (Americas)

Religious Wars (England)Religious Wars (England) Queen Elizabeth IQueen Elizabeth I

– Henry VIII – started Anglican ChurchHenry VIII – started Anglican Church– Queen Mary Tudor – Catholic rulerQueen Mary Tudor – Catholic ruler– Church of England – under Elizabeth Church of England – under Elizabeth

became a mix of Protestant and became a mix of Protestant and Catholic and was strengthened as Catholic and was strengthened as the official church of Englandthe official church of England PuritansPuritans

Spanish ArmadaSpanish Armada– Philip IIPhilip II

Wanted to take over EnglandWanted to take over England– Financial and religious reasonsFinancial and religious reasons

– Armada defeated, showed England Armada defeated, showed England was superior force in Europewas superior force in Europe

Economic and Cultural CrisisEconomic and Cultural Crisis

Price RevolutionPrice Revolution– Inflation – prices for food Inflation – prices for food

and land went up a quicklyand land went up a quickly– Growing population – forced Growing population – forced

need for more food and landneed for more food and land– New Markets – Americas New Markets – Americas

brought new raw materials, brought new raw materials, beginning of industrializationbeginning of industrialization

– ““little Ice Age” – weather little Ice Age” – weather changed causing shorter changed causing shorter crop season = less foodcrop season = less food

WitchcraftWitchcraft– Look it up, it would be funny Look it up, it would be funny

if it weren’t trueif it weren’t true

Thirty Year’s WarThirty Year’s War(1618 – 1648)(1618 – 1648)

Started in German lands Started in German lands (Holy Roman Empire)(Holy Roman Empire)– Protestants vs. Catholics Protestants vs. Catholics

(Hapsburg dynasty)(Hapsburg dynasty)– Spain & Austria vs. France, Spain & Austria vs. France,

Denmark, & SwedenDenmark, & Sweden Peace of Westphalia (1648)Peace of Westphalia (1648)

– France dominatesFrance dominates– Religious freedom in Religious freedom in

GermanyGermany– Holy Roman Empire no Holy Roman Empire no

longer existslonger exists

Europe after the Thirty Europe after the Thirty Year’s WarYear’s War