--ED 111 682

ApTHORTITLE

'INSTITUTION

REPORT NOPUB DATENOTE

-DOCUMEiT'RESUME'

4 'SE 019 689

. Scopino, John A.; And Others -.

Characteristics of DOctoral Scientists and Engineesin the UnitedStates, 1973. -

.

National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C. Div. of-Science Resources Studies.. NSF -'75 -312

Hay 75 -

64g; Small type used in appendices.' For a relate.

AVAILABLE FROM'

.

EDRS 'PRICEDESCRIPTORS

IDENtIUERS-

-ABSTRA.CT

document,- see SE 01.9 708Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing'Office, Washington, 0402 (Stock Ng.038-000-00229-5, $1.15)

MF-$0.76 ..HC-$3.32 Plus Postage*Doctoral Degrees; Employment Statistics; *Engineers;National Surveys( *Occupational Survey; Professional'Occupations; Science Education; *Scientists;*SurveyiNational Science Foundation; NSF

.This .publication presents data on the supply,utilizat ion, and characteristics of U.S.' doctoral scientists and ,

engineers. The population surveyed consisted,of individuals in theUnited Statei who held science or engineering doctorates, or who had-received doctorates in nonscience and monengineering areas but wereemployed in science or engineering positions. Included in thepopulation were individuals vho received their, doctorates between

'January 1, 1980 and June 30, 1972, inclusive. Subsequent surveyS inthis biennial beries will take account of new entrants into this

- segment of the nation's scientific and engineering manpowerresources. The data on doctoral. scientists and engineers in this'report are .presented in three patts: charts providing a broadperspective; tables- presenting more specific, although selective,information:- and appendices containing the questionnaire andspecialties list used in the survey, plus notes on the surveymethodology, coverage, concepts, and definitions used in the survey.(Author/MLH)

4

k7

.4************************************************************************ ' Document acquired by ERIC include many informal unpublished* materials not available frbm other sources. ERIC makes every effort ** to obtain the best copy available. nevertheless, items of marginal ** reproducibiliiy are often encountered and this affects the quality ** of the microfiche and hardcopy reproductions ERIC makes available ** via'the ERIC Document Reproduc-fton Service (EDRS). EDRS is not* responsible for theyquality of the original document. Reproductions ** supplied by EDRS are the be'st that can be made from the`original., ************************************************************************

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SCOPE OF INTEREST NOTICE' The ERIC Pao Rey has ats.gned

ttite document for processingto.

In out judgement, th.tdocumentnen of tutored to MR dsonng-houses noted-to the Nett. Index-ing shouid reflect Mow specialpeottt of view.

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EDUCATION INVELCAIIE- NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF

EDUCATIONTHIS DOCUMENT HAS SEEN REPRODUCE° EXACTLY AS RECEIVED PROMTHE PERSON OR ORGANaiAT.Ote OR;q4N*TING IT POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIONSST.TED DO NOT NECESSARILY REPRESENT OFFICIAL NATIONAL INSTITUTE OPEDUCATION POS1T1ON OR POLICY

1 ik.

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Related Publications

REPORTS NSF No. Price

Young and aeniorScience and Engineering Faculty,1974: Support, Research Participation, andTenure. ., ti 75-302 1.70

U nem p I oymeht Rates and Employment Character- .istics for Scientists and Engineers,'1971 72-307 $1.75

Scientific Human Resources:,Profiles andIssues - 74 -304 $0.25

American Science Manpower, 1970 71-45 $2,00

HIGHLIGHTS"National Sample of Scientists and Engineers:

Participation in National Programs aria Change'sin Educational Attainment, 1972-74" 75-317

"National Sample of Scientists and Engineers:Changes in Employment, 1970- 72.and1972-74" 75-309

"Federal Scientific and Technical PersonnelDecline in 1973" , ~ , 74-316'

"Immigration of Scientists and Engineers Drops,Sharply in FY 1973: Physician Inflow Still "'Near FY.1972 Peak", 74302

"Selected CharacteriStics of Five Engineeringand Scientific Occupational Groups, 1977' 73-306

Availability of Publications

Those publications marked with a price should be obtained directly from tbdSuperintendent ofDocuments, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. Where no price is Irsted,single copies may be obtained gratis from the National Science Foundation, WashingliOn, D.C.20550

(See inside back cover for Other Science Resources Publications.)

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing OfficeWashington, D.C. 20402 - Pries $1.15

.

Stock \Number 038-000-6229-5

ii

i.5

iii

FQREWORR

This report is a reference ocument providing data on the characteristicsof°245,000 doctoral scientists nd engineers in the United States. The reportwas produced from data gener ted by the National Science Foundation's Man-power Chatiacteristics System hich was established to provide manpoWerdata essential to those engage in science and engineering policy matters. Acharacteristic feature of the Sy tem is that information is collected froiri in-dividual scientists' and engineers rather than from other sources; e.g.,employers, professional societies, etc. Consequently, many characteristicsunknown to'emplOyets can be identified.

The basis of this report is the 1973 sun/ay, the first in a biennial series, ofthe Doctoral Roster of Scientists and Engineers, conducted for the NatignalScience Foundation and the National Institutes of Health, ,Dy the National,Acadernyof Sciences' Commission on Human Resources. Surxieya of the Doc-toral Roster provide the data collection mechanism for one element of theMan-power Characteristics System which also inclu t ational Sample of .Scientists and Engineers and surveys of Ne nts to Science andEngineering. '

This report was prepared in the Founeltion's `BiTiiion of ScienceResources Studies. General supervision was provided by RObert W, Cain,Head, Sponsored Surveys and Studies Section. .

May 1975

Charles 8.'FalkDirectorDivision of Science Resources

Studies

iv

:4

acknowledgments

'

'....

J. James Brown, Study Director, Manpower Characteristics System,provided' the planning and direction for; System activities. The..report wasprepared by JohnA. Scopino with the assistance of Gayle F. Barker; and Nancy

, M. Conlon. ' .. . ..

With support fro he National SciAce Foundationand the ,Natibnal In-stitutesof Health, members of the Commission on Human Resources staff con- _ducted the 1973 survey and maintained the roster of Podtoral Scientists andEngineers, under the direction of William C. Kelly. The Commision staff in-clucled .r.ewis C. Solmon, Porter E. Coggeshall, Lrndsey. Harmon; Doris E.

. .flagowski, and Herbert Soldz.. . . ,

The doctorate-holding scientists and engineers who to the sur-vey_ deserve our warmestthanks since it was their effort which made thiS report .

possible. . . ,

,

ti

V

1J

,CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

PART I. GRAPHIC HIGHLIGHTS- General Characteristics'

Employment CharacteristicsSalaries

PART II. MAJOR'CHARACTERISTICS ,

Page

vi

1

1

31 3

6Total Doctoral Scientists and,Engineers . ^ 7Total Employment and Salaries

*4 9Employed in business and industry 11Employed in educational institutions ' 12Teabhing in universities 4

or colleges 13Employed iri nonprofit organizations 14Employed in the Federal Government 15Receiving Federal support ' 16

Women . 17

APPENDIXES:A. Technical Notes 19B. Detailed Statistical Tables' 27C. Reproduction of the 1973 Questionnaire and Specialties List 30

' See note on p. 18.

,

0

11.

INTRODUCTION

This pu blication presents .data on the supply, utilization, andcharacteristics of the Nation's doctoral scientists and engineers. The popula-tion surveyed consisted of individuals in the United States who held science orengineering doctorates or who had received doctorates in nonscience andnonengineering areas but were employed in'science or engineering positions.InclUded In the population were individuals who received their doctoratesbetween January 1, 19.30 and June 30, 1972, inclusive. Subsequent surveys inthis biennial series will take account of new entrants into this important seg-ment of the Nation's scientific and engineering manpower resources,

The data on doctoral scientists and engineers in this report are presentedin three parts: The charts in part I .provide a broad perspective; more specific,although selective, information is presented in the tables in part II; and detailedtabulations appear in a separate volume.' The technical notes in appendix Acontain information on the survey, methodology, coverage, concepts, anddefinitions. The questionnaire and specialties list used in the survey arereproduced in appendix C.

VI .

' National Science Foundation, Detailed Statistical Tables, Characterlitics of Doctoral Scien-tists and Engineers in the United States, 1973 (NSF 75-312-A) (Washington, D.C. 20550), 1974.These may be obtained gratis on request to NSF.

9

4

N

Part I.

GRAPHIC HIGHLIGHTS

OF DOCTORAL

SCIENTISTS AND

ENGINEERS

1

GENERAL CHARAtT

scoseiscientisti

tame:WetsSecieiogists:Et'Athrepelegiets,

:Other SecietSciehtlets.

.

.sputtc,EfNocinpol

"!.

Part I.

LIGHTSN

CTORAL

TS AND

INEERS

r

..,

o

1

(

GENERAL CHARACTERLSTICS

SOURCE: *dor* Wm* remrs,bn....._......t....

. 11

..

,

.

.

0 % 2

.....,aim

!,

EMPLOYMENT CHARACTERISTICSy,

....,..-4...0`

I...,3

::.

1..Median Annual SalaneFull-time Employed Civilians

..0 g

a

a

4

111111111111111111111i1 1 1

Median An`nual Salaries'- -Con.

Primary Work Activity(Thousands of dollen,

10 15 \4

Total

Research & Development

Basid Research

AppUedfeseerch

Development

14inagemeMorAckninistration

OfR&D-

pther than R&D

-Oftoth'

-Consulting

Sales1PrOfesilonatServices'

ittiptOrt,

-J

SOURCE: Nation:4S iegic,fbuntiatipr.

164

Physical

Chemists

Physicistsft Astrono_

Mathematical Scientis

MethertriCians

Statisticians

Computer Specialists

Enviroriinental Scientists

Earth Scientists

Oteargraphers

. Atmospheric Scientists

Engineers

Lite Scientists:''

merf-

tt

ALL. FIELDS

Raid

BiologicalScientists

'Agriculttual Scientiste:,

MedicalScientists.-,;

Riychologists

Sp-dal-Scientists

Economists

SoeiologistS,& AnthroPologists

OtherSocialScientist*

SOU

on.

(Thousands of dollars). 25 _ 30

I

I

ro4rodatiort ,

R&d

(Thousands pf dollars) --

10

'ALL ilEiDS

1-Rtirkal SdernittS"

Chemists . .

ists,a- Astronomers-.. -

-

Seientists

i Ittatf;iirnaiidaris ...-

--Statisticians

Cornntiter.Specialists .

-Environmental Sqientists

4

, Earth Scientists :1-

Oteano-graptiers =

Atrnospherie Sdients

"`Edgineers

Life-Scientists '

iliologioat Scientists-

:Agricultural Scientist*

; Medical-Scientists

Paydholooists

Social-Scientists" --

Entst

--SocioracjistsEtAnthropologists

OtherSncialScientistit j11111.1.====.1spunc,g; *,or,*

MINIMINE111=IN

17J. .

Median Annual SalariesCon.s

?i)aaMtI

1

`No main comoutotio pt oups with fomositton io WNW*.SOURCE: *Most Sdonotr-Foundotion SOURCE: Notional Scrimps-Foto/NW.*

5

.

Con..11

ICH

21.5

.8

9.4

a indhidusis

18

SOURCE: Moo' nal Seines Foundation

5

..

4

, «-id

4

./

0

Part

MAJOR ClARACTERISTICS.

notes

Percents may not add to totals because of rounding.

Median salaries were computed only for groups of ft411-timeemployed civilians of 20 or more individuals.

;For additional definitions see technical notes.

6 r

TOTAL DOCTORAL SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS

FIELD

Over one-fourth of the doctoralscientists and engineers were lifescientists..

Field Number PercentTotal; all fields 244,921 100.0

Physical scientists. 53,425 21.8Chemists 33,851 13.8Physicists/astronomers 19,544 8.0

Mathematical scientists 13,515 5.6Vathematicians 11,984 4.9Statisticians 1,531 .6

Computer specialists 2,943 1.2Environmental scientists 11,074 4.5

Earth scientists 9,142 3.7Oceanographers 1,227 .5Atmospheric scientists 705 ,.3

Engineers 37,569 15.3 OfLife scientists 64,540 26.4

Biological scientists 41,035 16.8Agricultural scientists 11,893 4.9Medical scientists 11,612 4.7

Psychologists 28,286 11.5Social scientists 32,773 13.4

Economists' 9,678 4.0Socioiogists/

anthropologists 7,455 3.0Other social scientists 15,640 6.4

No report 796 .3

ryl

RACE

Asiaons made up the largest racial minori;ty group.

AGE

The median age in 1973 was 42.

EMPLOYMENT STATUS

Almost 90 percent were employed inscience or engineering. The 1973 un-employment rate was 1.2 percent.

7.

Ra

TotalWhite/CaticasiaBlack/NegfoAmerican IndiaAsianOtherNo report

Ag

Total24 or under25-2930-3435-3940-4445-4950-5455-59.60-6465-6970 or over.No report

Employm

TotalFull-time emplo

Science/engiNonscience/

nonenginee

Part-time emploScience /engiNonscience/

nonenginee

yostdoctorateNot employed,

employmentNot employed,

Isseking'RetiredOther ,

Nti, report

L SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS

asia)

RACEdia

Ag

toral Asians made up the largest racial minori-ere life ty group.

Percent

100.021.813.88.05.54.9

.61.24.53.7

)Io .51gi .3a/ 15.3iee 26.4

16.8plo 4.9gi 4.7

11.5lee 13.4

4.0

1, 3.0it 6.4

.3

L AGE

The median age in 1973 was 42.

'

EMPLOYMENT STATUS

Almost 90 percent were employed inscience or engineering. The 1973 un-employment rate was 1.2 percent.

7

Race Number PercentTotal 244,921 100.0

White/Caucasian 212,686 86.8Black/Ne.gro' 1,860, .8American Indian 106 --Asian 11,001 4.5Other 315 .1No report 18,953 7.7

Age

Total 244,921, 100.024 or under 1225-29 10,679 4.430-34 54,023 22.135739 45,329 18.540-44 37,913 15.545-49 31,767 13.050-54 25,576 10.455-59 16,849 6.960-64 10,240 4.265-69 7,321 3.070 or over 4, 1 1.8No report 73 .3

Employment status

Total 244,921 100.0Full-time employed 213,611 87.2

Science/engineering 202,432 82.7Nonscience/

nonengineering 11,179 4.6

Part-time employed , 7,180 2.9Science/engineering 6,420 2.6Nonscience/

nonengineering 760 .3

Postdoctorate 5,959 2.4Not employed, seeking

employment 2,642 1.1Not employed, not .

seeking e 1,477 .6Retired 6,266 2.6Other 2,381 1.0No report 5,405 2.2

TOTAL DOCTORAL SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS -CON.

Geographic location Number

All locations N4,921Selected States 145,188

California 28,049New York 25,433Pennsylvania 13,013Illinois 11,742Texas 10,944Massachusetts 10,669Ohio 10,659New Jersey 10,511

Michigan 8,654Maryland 8,278District of Columbia 7,236

Standard MetropolitanStatistical Areas Number

All locations 244,921Selected Metropolitan Areas 97,738Washington, D.C. - Md. - Va. 14,072New York, N.Y. - N.J. 11,882Los Angeles - Long Beach, California 8,283Boston, Massachusetts 7,655Chicago, Illinois 6,939

San Francisco - Oakland, California 6,330Philadelphia, Pa. - New Jersey 5,806Newark, New Jersey 4,317San Jose, California 3,247Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 3,139

Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minn. - Wisc. 3,042Wilmington, Del. - N.J. - Md. 2,972Raleigh-Durham, North Carolina 2,960Houston, Texas 2,932Denver-Boulder, Colorado 2,630

Baltimore, Maryland 2,464St. Louis, Missouri - Illinois 2,331Rochester, New York 2,316Detroit, Michigan 2,211Albany-Schenectady-Troy, New York .. 2,210

5,

SELECTED STATES

Nearly three-fifths (59.3 percent) werelocated in 10 States and the District ofColumbia.

SELECTED SMSA

Two-fifths were located in 20metropolitan areas.

1

TOTAL EMPLOYMENT AND SALARIES

FIELD

The highest median annual salary amongdoctoral scientists and engineers wasreported by medical scientists; the lowestby mathematicians.

Field

Medianannualsalary

All fieldsPhysical scientists

ChemistsPhysicists/astronomers

Mathematical scientistsMathematiciansStatisticians

Computer specialists i+Environmental scientiSts

Earth scientistsOceanogriaphersAtmospheric scientists

EngineersLife scientists

Biological scientistsAgricultural scientistsMedical scientists

PsychologistsSocial scientists

EconomistsSociologists/anthropologists

Other social scientistsNo report

$20,90021,20021,30021,10019,30019,10020,80022,10020,70020,70019,4002490022,50020,00019,50019,80023,00020,20020,40022,30019,50019,60019,100

AGE

Over three-fifths of those employedwere under age 45.

Median salaries increased up to ages60 to 64; the overall median Salary of$20,900 was reached between ages 40and 44.

PRIMARY WORK ACTIVITY

About two-fifths of those employedwere engaged in some phase ofresearch and development, includingR &D management; over one-thirdreported teaching as their primarywork activity.

The highest median annual salary,$27,500 was reported for those manag-ing or administering both research anddevelopment and non-R&D activities.

Age

All ages24 and under25-2930-34

35-3940-4445-49

50-5455-5960-64

65-6970 and overNo report

Pri ary work

To alResea chand

developMenBasic researcApplied reseaDevelopment

Management oradministrationOf R&DOf other thanOf both

TeachingConsultingSales/profession

servicesOtherNo report

NT AND SALARIES

r

ry amongeers wasthe lowest

rk

entrc.earnt

Orion

an

on

Medianannualsalary

$20,90021,20021,30021,100.19,30019,10020,80022,10020,70020,700

'19,40022,8002'2,50020,00019,50019,80023,00020,20020,40022,30019,50019,60019,100

AGE

Over three-fifths of those employedwere under age 45.

Media salaries increased up to ages60 to 6 the overall median salary of$20,900 as reached betWeen ages 40and 44.

PRIMARY WORK ACTIVITY

About two-fifths of those employedWere engaged in some phase .of

,^ research and development, includingR&D management; over one-thirdreported teaching as their. primarywork activity.

The highest median annual salary,$27,500 was reported for those manag-ing or administering both research anddevelopment and non-R&D activities.

9

Age

Totalem-

ployed Percent

Medianannualsalary

Alkages 226,750 100.0 $20,900`24 and under 12 -25-29 10,199 4.5 15,50030-34 51,535 22.7 17,500

35-39 43,704 19.3 19,600-40-44 36,388 16:0 22,00045-49 30,442 13.4 . 24,100

50-54 24,315 10.7 25,00055-59 15,664 6.9 25,30060-64 8,850 3.9 25,900

65-69 4,207 1.9 24,90070 and over 1,118 .5 22,500No report 316 .1 21,400

Primary work activity

Total 226,750 100.0 $20,900Research and

development . ;69,509 30:7 20,600Basic research -* 32,275 14.2 19,900Applied research .... 28,654 12.6 21,000Development 8,580 3.8 21,100

Management oradministration 40,408 17.8 26,700Of R&D 22,529 99 27,000Of other than R&D .. 12,097 5.3 25,700Of both 5,782 2.5 27,500

Teaching 81,728 36.0 18,900Consulting 4,014 1.8 23,200Sales/professional

services 8,242 3.6 20,700Other 6,939 3.1 21,400No repbrt 15,910 7.0

TOTAL EMPLOYMENT AND SALARIES -CON.

TYPE OF EMPLOYER

Four-year colleges and universitiesemployed over one-half these doc-

. torals.

Those employed in elementary/secondary schools reported salaries$1,800 below the overall median.

Type of employer

Medianannualsalary

Total 226;750 100.0 $20,900Business and industry 50,022 22.1 23,400Educational institutions. 132,692 58.5 19,300

4-year college/university 128,095 56.5 19,300

2-year cc:liege 3,061 1.3 18,400Elementary/secondary

schools 1,536 :7 19,100Hospital/clinic 5,714 2.5 19,600Nonprofit organizations. 7,853 3.5 22,200Federal Government 17,640 7.8 23,700Military/Commissioned

Corps 1,984 .9

State government 2,597 , 1.1 19,200

Other government 1,322 .6 19,600

Other 3,390 1.5 24,700

NU report 3,536 1.6 2.1,600

c)6

SELECTED STATESThose in Ohio and Texas *had salariesbelow the $20,900 overall median.

SELECTED SMSAThose in the Denver-Boulder, Colo.;Raleigh-Durham, N.C. and St. Louis, Mo.-Ill. metropolitan areas had salaries belowthe $20,900 overall median.

10

Geograp

All locationsCaliforniaNew YorkPennsylvaniaIllinoisTexasMassachusettsOhioNew JerseyMichiganMarylandDistrict of Columbi

StandardStatis

All locations .

Washington, D.C.-New -York, N.Y.-N.Los Angeles - LonBoston, MassachuChicago, Illinois .

qan Francisco - 0Philadelphia, Pa.-Newark, New JerSan Jose, CalifornPittsburgh, Penns

Minneapolis-St. PWilmington, Del. -Raleigh- Durham,Houston, Texas .Denver-Boulder,

Baltimore, MarylaSt. Louis, MissourRochester, New YDetroit, MichiganAlbany-Schenect

ograp

ms

umbi

SALARIES-CON. Medianannual

Geographic location salary

All Iocatiori's $20,900California 21,700New York 22,600Pennsylvania 21,300Illinois 21,200Texas 19,900Massachusetts 21,300Ohio 19,800New Jersey 22,900Michigan 21,500Maryland 23,000District of Columbia 25,400

versitiese doc-

entary/,salaries

n.

SELECTED STATESThose in Ohio and Texas had salariesbelow the $20,900 overall median.

SELECTED SMSAThose in the Denver-Boulder, Colo.;Raleigh-Durham, NC. and St. Louis, Mo.-III. metropolitan areas had salaries belowthe $20,900 overall medigh.

r

dardlatis

ns .

Lonichuais .

-O'a.-Jersifornnns

t. Pel.-im,is .

er,

ryla30Ur

w Yan

ect

Standard Metropolitan -Statistical Areas

Medianannualsalary

All locations'Washington, D.C.-Md.-Va.New York, N.Y.,-N.J.Los Angeles - Long Beach, CaliforniaBoston, MassachusettsChicago, Illinois

San Francisco - Oakland, CaliforniaPhiladelphia, Pa.-New JerseyNewark, New Jersey tSan Jose, CaliforniQPittsburgh, Pennsylvania .........

Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minn.-Wisc.Wilmington, Del.-N.J.-Md.Rateigh-Durham, North CarolinaHouston, TexasDenver-Boulder, Corrado

Baltimore, MarylandSt. Louis, Missouri-IllinoisRochester, New YorkDetroit, MichiganAlbany-Schenectady-Troy, New York

$20,90024,60023,30022,10021,70022,900

22,20'2t40023,50023,40022,300

21,30023,20020,60021,60020,400

20,50022,40021,80023,100

Medianannualsalary

$20,90023,40019,300

19,30018,400

19,10019,60022,20023,700

19,20019,60024,70021,600

104;7

EMPLOYED .IN BUSINESS AND INDUSTRY If

FIELD Primary employment for about 40 percent of allemployed physical scientists and engineers was in businessand industry as compared with less than 7 percient ofmathematical /scientists, social scientists, and psy-chologists.

FieldTotal

employed

Employed inbusiness and industry

NumberPercentof total Percent

* All fields 226,750 80,022 22.1, . 100.0Physical scientists 49;110 19,213 39.1 38.4

Chemists 30,859 -15,294 49.6 . 30.6*Physicists/astronomers 18,251 3,919 21.5 , 7.8

Mathematical scientists 12,607 850 6.7 1.7Mathematicians 11,112 686 6.2 1.4Statisticians 1,495 164 11.0 .3

Computer sp =cialists 2,914 1,050 4 36.0 2.1Environment I 'scientists 10,537 2,030 19.3 4.1

Earth scie tists , 8,688 ' 1,933 22.2 3.9Oceanogr hqs, 1,166 74 6.3 .1Atmosphen sdient 683 23 3.8 -

Engineers 36,187 17,348 47.9 34.7Life scientists 59,350 6,821 11.5 13.6

Biological; scientists 37,441 3,175 8.5 6.3Agricultural scientists 11,116 1,828 16.4 3.7Medical scientists 10,793 1,818 16.8 3.6

Psychologists 26,037* 1,454 5.6 2.9Social scientists 29,865 1,246 4.2 2.5

Economists 8,734 783 9.0 1.6.SociologistS/anthropologists 6,781 63 .9 .1Other social scientists 14,350; 400 2.8 .8*

No repOrt 143 10 7.0 -

11

Ag

Total24 or under25-2930-3435-3940-44454950-5455-5960-6465-6970 or overNo report ...

AGE Almost two- thirds (Q4.3 pand industry were under age

Primary w

erfist:reds,

err

TotalResearch and d

Basic researcApplied reseDevelopment

Management oradministratio

Of R&D .

Of other thOf both

TeachingConsultingSales/professioOtherNo report

PRIMARY WORK ACTIVITbusiness and industry were pand development including R

2

'NESS AND INDUSTRY

aent for about 40 percent of all

fists and engineers was in businessred with less than 7 Percent ofs, social scientists, and psy-

Age

Employed in businessand industry

Number Percent

Total24 or under

50,02210

100.0

25-29 1,966 3.930-34 11,855 23.735-39 10,201 20.440-44 8,117 16.245-49 6,445 12.950-54 5,696 11.455-59 3,412 6.860-64 1,600 3.265-69 481 1.070 or over 171 .3No report 68 .1

AGE Almost two-thirds (64.3 percent) employed in businessand industry were under age 45.

Employed inbusiness and industry

Totalemployed Number

Percentof total Percent

PRIMARY WORKbusiness and industryand development

Employed in businessand industrY.

226,75049,11030,85918,25112,60711,112

1,495 -i2,914

10,5378,6881,166

68336,1875435037,44111,11610,79326,03729,865

8,7346,781

14,350143

50,02219,21315,2943,919

850686164

1,0502,0301,933

7423

17,3486,8213,1751,8281,8181,4541,246

78363

40010

22.139.149.621.5 .6.76.2

11.036.019.3 :

22.26.3

°' 3.847.911.58.5

16.416.85.64.29.0

.92.87.0

100.038.430.67.81.71.4.3

2.1

4.1

3.9.1

34.713.66.33.73.62.92.51.6

.1

.8

Primary work activity Number: itieroent

Tots)Research and development .

Basic researchApplied researchDevelopment

Management oradministration

Of R&DOf other than R&DOf both ,

teaching 4..,ConsultingSales/professional servicesOtherNo report

56,02223,1573,407

12,8366,914 .

17,2911'

12,4712,9811,846

902,2681,4352,539.3,235

100.046.36.8

25.7118'

34.624.9

6.03.7

.2:4.52.95.16.5 .

ACTIVITY Over 70 percent inwere primarily engaged'in research

including 'R&D management.

11

S

EMPLOYED IN EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS

FIELD Primary employment for over four-fifths of all. employed mathematical and social scientists was in

educational institutions as compared with about one-third ofthe engineers.

FieldTotal

employed

Employed ineducational institutions

PercentNumber , of total Percent

All.fields . 226,750 132,692 58.5 100.0Physical scientists 3 49,110 22,035 44.9 16.6

Chemists 30,859 11,870 38.5 8.9 ,Physicists/astronomers 18,251 10,165 55.6 7.7

Mathematical scientist's r 12,607 10,700 -84.9 8.1Mathematicians 11,112 9,596 86.4 7.2Statisticians 1,495 1,104 '73.8 .8

Computer,specialists ., 1914 . 1,506 , 51.7 1.1Environmental scientists f0,537 5,314 50.4 4.0

Earth scientists . 1.e.. . '8,688- 4,306 49.6 3.2Odeanographers 1,166 693 59.4 .5Atmospheric scientists 683 315 46.1 .2

Engineers 36,187 13,022 36.0 9.8Life scientists . . 59,350 39,798 67.1 30.0

Biological scJentists 37,441 26,933, . 71.9 20.3Agricultural, scientists 11,116 6,885 61.9 5.2Medical scientists 10,793 5,980' 65.4 4.5

Psychologists 26,037 15,956 61.3 12.0SociasCientists :t 29,866 24,260 81.2 18.3

Economists 8,734 6,283 , 71.9 4.7Sociologists /anthropologists 6,781 6,187 91.2 4./Other social scientists 14, 11,790 82.2 8.9

No report .143 101 70.6 :1

12

Age

Total24 or under , .

25-2930-3435-3940-4445-4950-5455-5960-6465-6970 or overNo report

AGE Over three-fifths of theengineers employed in educatioage 45; about the same proportigroup.

Primary work

TotalResearch and dev

Basic research .

Applied researcDevelopment

Management oradministration

Of R&D. Of other than

Of bothTeachingCdhsultingSales/professionalOtherNo report

PRIMARY WORK ACTIVITYinstitutions were primarily engaquarter were.. primarily in resecluding R&D management.

Age

theatioDrti

NOrk

derch .

arc..

)ron .

han

onal

gase

ATIONAL I STITUTIONS

t for over four-fifths of allnd social scientists was in.'mpared with about one-third of

Employed in /,educational institutions

otalloyed Number

Percent,of total Percent

6,7509,110

,8598,251

132,69222,035'11,870 .

10,165

58.544.938.555.6

100.016.68.97.7

,607 10,700 84.9 8.11,1i2 9,596 86.4 7.21,495 1,104 73.8 .82,914 1,506 51.7 1.1

,537 -'' 5,314 50.4 4.0,688 4,306 49.6 3.2

1 166 693 59.4. .5683 315 46.1 .2

,187 13,022 36.0 9.8,350 39,798 67.1 30.0,441 26,933 71.9 20.3,116 6,885 61.9 5.2,793 5,980 55.4 4.5,037 15,956 12.0,865 24,260 81.2 18.3,734 6,283 71.9 4.7,781 .6,187 91,2 4.7,350 11,790 ' 82.2 8.9143 101 70.6 .1

12

.

Age v

Employed in educa-tional institutions

Number Percent

Total 132,692 100.024 or under 1

25-29 . 6,251 4.730-34 30,074 22.735-39 25,725 19.4

21,382 16.1,45-49 17,848 13.550-54 13,849 10.455-59 8,992 6.860-64 5,322 4.065-69 2,583 1.970 or over 487 .4No report 178 :1

AGE, Over three-fifths of the doctoral scientists andengineers employed in educational institutions were-underage '45, about the same proportion as in the togroup.

.1

-...t,

Primary Work activity

Employed in educa-tional institutions

Number Percent

tI; Total , 132,692 100.0Research and development 28,200 21.3

1. Basic research -.,, 20,195 15.2-Applied research, 7,355 5.5Development ' 650 .5 ,

Managementor .

administration 1,1,384 8.6OW r'l .00- 3,295 2.5Of ,Other than R&D 5,708 4.3Of both , 2,381 1.8

Teaching I 80,131 80.4Consulting 491 .4Sales/professional services 1,870 1.4Other 1,795 1.4No report 8,821 6.6

PRIMARY WORK ACTIVITY Three-fifths in educationalinstitutions were primarily engaged in teaching; about one-quarter were primarily in research and development in-cluding R&D management.

31

TEACHING IN UNIVERSITIES OR COLLEGES

FIELD Almost line-half (47.6 percent) of the doctoral scien-tists and engineers teaching in universities or 4-yearcolleges were life or social scientists.

Field

Teaching in universitiesor 4-year colleges

Number 'percent

Total, all fieldsPhysical scientists

Chemist's_

r 101,80916,403

8,841

100.016.1

8,7Phyiicists/astronomers ... 7,562 7.4

, Mathematical scientists,,Mathematicians

- 9,499,8,516

9,38,4

Statisticians 933 1.0Computer specialists 1,204 1.2

- Environmental scientists ..., 3,919 3.8.- Earth scientists 3,251 3.2

Ocesnographdrs 441 .4 ACADEMIC RANK About'Atmospheric scientists ... 227 .2 universities or 4-year colleg

Engtheers 10,656 10.5Life-scientists: 27,442 27.0- Biological scientists 19,508 19.2

Agricultural scientists .... 3,949 3.9Medical scientists 3,985 3.9

Psychologists 11,635 11.4 Academic rank- Social scientists .. 20,981 20.6

TotalEconomists . 5,497 5.4Sociologists/

anthropologists 5291 5.2

ProfessorAssociate professor

Other social scientists .... 10,193 10.0 Assistant professorNo report 70 .1 Instructor

Lecturer.OtherNo report

.:NOTE: These data are based on doctoral scientists and engineers employed at universities orcolleges and reporting teaching as a-primary or secondary work activity.

13

IVERSITIES OR COLLEGES

.1

. t(47.6 percent) of the doctoral scien- (

0aching in universities or 4-y4ear )ial scientists.

Teaching in universitiesor 4-year colleges

Number kiercent

101,809 100.016,403 16.1 .

8,841 8.7r s . . . 7,562 , 7.4

9,499 9.38,516 8.4

983 1.01,204 1.23,919 3.8

)Ut 3,251 3.2441 .4eg 227 .2

10,656 10.527,442 27.019,508 19.23,949 3.93,985 3.9

11,635 11.420,981 20.65,497 5.4

5,291 5.210,193 10.0

70 .1

entists and engineers employed at universities orr secondary work activity.

ACADEMIC RANK About 95 percent of those teaching inuniversities or 4-year colleges held professorial rank.

Academic rank

Teaching in universitiesor 4-year colleges

Number PercentTotal 101,809 100.0$

Professor , 39,352 38.7Associate professor 30,201 29.7Assistant professor 26,682 26.2Instruct 711 .7Lectur r 811 .8Other, : 1,869 1.8No report 2,183 2.1

13

53

EMPLOYED IN NONPROFIT OF

r

FIELD Three-fifths of the doctoral scientists and:engineersemployed in nonprofit organizations were engineers,physical or life scientists.

FieldTotal

employed

Employed innonprofit organizations

NumberPercentof total Percent

All fields 226,750 7,853 3.5 100:0Physical scientists 49,110 1,636 3.3 20.8

Chemists 30,859 778 2.5 9.9Physicists/astronomers 18,251 858 4,7 10.9

Mathematical scientists 12,607 191 1.5 2.4Mathematicians 11,112 171 1.4 2.2

.e"

Statisticians 1,495 20 1.3 .3Computer specialists 2,914 110 3.8 1.4Environmental scientists 10,537 456 4.3 5.8

Earth scientists 8,688 293 3.4 3.7Oceanographers 1,166 108 j+9.3 1.4Atmospheric scientists 683 55 8.1 .7

Engineers \ 36,187 1,291 3.6 16.4Life scientists 1,794 8.0 22.8

Biological scientists 37,441 1,402 .3.7 17,9Agricultural. scientists 11,116_ 10g - .9 1.3Medical scientists s.... 10,793 287 2.7 3.7

Psychologists 26,087 1,187 4.6 15.1Social scientists 29,865 1,186 4.0 15.1

Economists 8,734 339 3.9 4.3Sociologists /anthropologists 6,781 216 3.2 2.8Other social scientists 14,350 681 4.4 8.0

No report 143 2 1.4

3414

V

Total24 or under25-2930-3435-3940-4445-4950-5455-5960-6465-6970 or over torNo report an

AGE Almost one-half (48.9 percnonprofit organizations were and

P.

Primary work a

tatYec

110-

951

71295147

866

TotalResearch and evel

Basic research...Applied researchDevelopment

Management oradministration

Of.R&DOf other than ROf,,both

TeachingConsultingSales/professionalOtherNo report

8701

16937

PRIMARY WORK ACTIVITY 0employed in . nonprofit organizagaged in research and developmement.

OFIT ORGANIZATIONS

toral cientists and engineersaniza t s were engineers,

O

Employed innonprofit organizations

yeti, NumberPercentof total Percent

7,853 3.5 100.010. 1,636 3.3 20.89 778 2:5 9.9

'51 858 4.7 10.97 19I-' 1.5 2.4

12 '171 1.4 2.295 , 20 1.3 ' .314 110 3.8 1.47 456 4-4.1 5.8

293 3.4 3.766 4- ,108 9.3 1.4

55 8.1 .787 1,291 3.6 16.40 1,794- 3.0 22.81 1,402 3.7 17.9

16 105 .9 1.393 287 2.7 3.737 1,187 4.6 15.1'5 1,186 4.0 15.1

34 : 339 3.9 4.3216 3.2 2.8631 4.4

2 1.48.0

14

, Employed in nonprofitY organizations

, Age Number PercentTotal .444g 7,853 100.0

24 or under25-29 375 4.830-34 2,024 25.835-39 1,440 18.340-44 1,188 015.145-49 1,048 13.350-54 823 10.555-59 456 5.860-64 303 3.965-69 153 1.970 or, over 21 .3No report 22 .3

AGE Almost one-half (48.9 percent) of those employed innonprofit organizations were under age 40.

Primary wk activity

Einployed in nonprofitorganizations

Number PercentTotal 7,853 100.0

Research and development.. 4,121 52.5Basic research 2,020 25.7Applied research i,883 24.0Development 218 2.8

Management oradministration 2,099 26.7

Aa

Of R&D 1,181 15.0Of other than R&D 590 7.5Of both 329 4.2

Teaching 109 1.4Consulting 243 3.1Sales/professiona services 261 3.3Other 485 6.2No repprt 535 6.8

PRIMARY WORK ACTIVITY Over two-thirds of thoseemployed in nonprofit organizations were primarily en-gaged in research and development including R &D manage-

. ment.

EMPLOYED IN TOE 'FEDERAL: GOVERNMENT

A

FIELD About one-third of the doctoral scientists andengineers employed in the Federal Government were lifescientists.

FieldTotal

employed

Employed inthe Federal Government'

NumberPercentof total Percent

All fields 226,750 17,640 7.8 100.0Physical scientists 49,110 4,124 8.4 23.4

Chemists 30,859 1,635 5.3 9.3Physicists/astronomers 18,251 2,489 13.6 14.1

Mathematical scientists 12,607 505 4.0 2.9Mathematicians 11,112 383 3.4 , 2.2Statisticians 1,495 122 8.2 -*"."'"" .7

Computer specialists 2,914 120 4.1 .7Environmental scientists 10,537 1,967 18.7 11.2

Earth scientists 8,688 1,542 17.7 8.7Oceanographers 1,166 174 14:9 1.0Atmospheric scientists 683 251 36.7 1.4

Engineers , 36,187 2,679 7.4 15.2Life scientists 59,350 5,844 9.8 33.1

Biological scientists 37,441 3,315 8.9 18.8Agricultural scientistsMedical scientists (

. 11,11610,793

1,801728

16.26.7

10.24.1

Psychologists 26,037 960 3.7' 5.4Social scientists 29,865 1,441 4.8 8.2

Economists 8,734 650 7.4 3.7SociologiO.Manthropologists 6,781 79 1.2 .4Other social .s,i.entists

#,14,350 712 5.0 4.0

No report 143 - - -

Total ...24 or under .

25-2930-3435-3940-4445-4950-54

_55-5960-6465-6970 or overNo report ...

AGE About three-fourths (7in the Federal Government

15 -

a

Primary

Total ...Research an

Basic reseaApplied resDevelopme

Managementadministrat

Of R&DOf otherOf both .

TeachingConsulting .

Sales/professOtherNo report

PRIMARY WORK ACTIVITYin the Federal Governmentdevelopment including R&D

E FEDERAL GOVERNMENT

ier .

....

of the doctoral scientists andthe Federal _Government were life

(7it

a

...an;seare

)meenttrat'SD

ierth

g'ess

TyitkD

Employed inthe Federal Government

Totalemployed Number

Percentof total Percent

226,750 17,640 7.8 100.049,110 4,124 8.4 23.430,859 1,635 . 5.3 9.318,251 2,489 13:6 14.112,607 505 4.0 2.911,112 383 3.4 2.2

1,495 122 8.2 .72,914 120 4.1 .7

10,537 1,967 18.7 11.28,688 1,542 17.7 8.71,166 174 14.9 1.0

683 251 36.7 1.436,187 2,679 7.4 15.259,350 5,844 9.8 33.137,441 ..,3,315 8.9 18.811,116 1,801 16.2 10.210,793 728 6.7 4.126,037 960 3.7 5.429,865 1,441 4.8 8.2

8,734 650 7.4 3.76,781 " 79 1.2 .4

14,350 712 5.0 4.0143 -

/15

I*

I* ,

,,

Age

Employed in theFederal Government

Number PercentTotal 17,640 100.0

24 or under25-29 634 3.630-34 3,609 20.535-39 3,220 18.340-44 2,852 16.245-49 2,639 15.050-54 2:172 12.355-59 1,450 8.260-64 672 3.865-69 295 1.770 or over 86 .5No report 11 .1

AGE About three-fourths (714'percent) of those employedin the Federal Government were under age 50.

Primary work activity

Employed in theFederal Government

Number PercentTotal 17,640 100.0

Research and development . 9,898 56.1 -I'Basic research 4,666 26.5Applied research 4,765 27.0Development 467 2.6

Management oradministration 5,391 30.6

Of R&D 3,878 22.0Of other than R&D 916 5.2Of both 597 3.4

Teaching 2'36 1.3Consulting 120 .7Sales/professional services. . 340 1.9Other. 809 4.6No report 846 4.8

PRIMARY WORK ACTIVITY About four-fifths of thosein the Federal Government were engaged in research anddevelopment including R&D management.

T

RECEIVING FEDERAL SUPPORT

FIELD More than four-fifths of all employedoceanographers and atmospheric scientists were supportedby Federal funds.

Doctoral scientistsand engineers receiving

Federal support

TYPE OF EMPLOYER Nearlytoral scientists and engineers_organizations reported Federal s

FieldTotal

employed NumberPercentof total Percent Type of employer

Totalemployed

All fields 226,750 105,050 46.3 100.0 Total 226,750Physical scientists 49,110 20,165- 41.1 19.2 Business and industry 50,022

Chemists 30,859 8,348 27.1 7.9 Educational institutions 132,692Physicist/astronomers 18,251 11,817 64.7 11.2 4-year college/university 128,095

Mathematidal scientists 12,607 4,199 33.3 4.0 2-year college 3,061Mathematicians 11,112 3,429 '30.9 3.3 Elementary/secondary school' 1,536Statisticians 1,495 770 51.5 .7 Hospital/clinic 5,714

Computer specialists 2,914 1,281 44.0 1.2 Nonprofit organizations 7,853Environmental scientists 10,537 6,201 58.8 5.9 Federal Government 17,640

Earth scientists 8,688 4,636 53.4 4:44 Military/Commissioned Corps 1,9oceanographers 1,166 959 82.2 .9 State government 2,597Atmospheric scientists 683 606 88.7 .6 Other government 1,32

Engineers 36,187 18,510 51.1 17.6 Other 3,390Life scientists 59,350 35,529 59,9 33.8 No report 3,536

Biological scientists 37,441 21,963 58.7 20.9Agricultural scientists 11,116 7,440 66.9 7.1Medical scientists 10,793 6,126 56.8 5.8

Psychologists 26,037 10,344 39.7 9.8Social scientists 29,865 8,776 29.4 8.4

Economists 8,734 2,613 29.9 2.5Sociologists/anthropologists 6,781 ,999 29.5 1.9Other social scientists 14,350 4,164 29.0 4.0

No report 143 45 31.5

rly

I s

SUPPORT

,

-fifths of allwere

TYPE Oi EMPLOYER Nearly three-fourths of the doc-eric scientists were supported toral scientists and engineers employed by nonprofitA organizations reported Federal support of their work.

al

yed

Doctoral scientistsand engineers receiving

Federal support '

al Percentyed Number of total Percent

,750,022!,692,095,061,536.,714,853,640,9

,597,32,390,53

50105951

7129514

01

63

105,050 46.3 100.020,165 41.1 19.28,348 27.1 7.9

11,817 64.7 11.24,199 33.3 4.03,429 30.9 3.3

770 51.5 .71,281 44.0 1.26,201 58.8 5.94,636 53.4 4.4

959 82.2 .9606 88.7 .6

18,510 51.1 17.635,529 59.9 33.821,963 58.7 20.97,440 66.9 7.16,126 56.8 5.8

10,344 39.7 9.8`E4,776 29.4 8.4

2,813 29.9 2.51999 29.5 1.94,164 29.0 4.0

45 31.5

16

Type of employer

Doctoral scientistsand engineers receiving

Federal supportTotal

employed NumberPercentof total Percent

Total - 226,750 105,050 46.3 100.0Business and industry '50,022 11,605 23.2 11.0Educational institutions 132,692 60,345 45.5 57.4

4-year college/university 128,095 59,584 46.5 56.72-year college 3,061 376 12.3 .4Elementary/secondary school 1,536 385 25.1 .4

Hospital/clinic "" 5,714 2,860 50.1* 2.7Nonprofit organizations 7,853 5,786 73.7 5.5Federal Government 17,640 17,640 100.0 16.8Military/Commissioned Corps 1,984 1,984 100.6 1.9State government 2,597 1,556 59.9 1.5Other government 1,322 571 43.2 .5Other 3,390 1,450 , 42.8 1.4No report 3,536 1,253 35.4 1.2

39

wbmEN

FIELD

Four-fifths of the women doctoral scientists and engineers inthe United States were life scientists, psychologists or socialscientists.

The highest median annual salaries of women are in the fieldsOf engineering, statistics, and economics.

Women doctoralscientists and engineers

Median .

Percent' annual. Field TOW, Number of total Percent salary

All fields 244,921 21,261 8.7 100.0 $17,600Physical scientists 53,425 2,486. 4.7 11.7 17,400

Chemists 33,881- 1,950 5.8 9.2 17,300Physicists and

,

astronomers 19,544 '536 2.7 2.5 17,700Mathematical scientists 13,515 992 7.3 4.7 17,100

Mathematicians - 11,984 915 7.6 4.3 16,800Statisticians 1,531 77 5.0 .4 19,500

Computer specialists 2,943 90 3.1 .4 17,700Environmental scientists 11,074 307 2.8 1.4 17,0'00

Earth scientists. 9,142 236 2.6 1.1 16,700Oceanographers 1,227 '54 4.4 .3 -Atmospheric

scientists 705 17 2.4 .1 -Engineers 37,569 165 .4 .8 19,600Life scientists 64,540 7,697 11.9 36.2 17,300

Biological scientists 41,035 6,214 15.1 29.2 17,100, Agricultural scientists 11,893 175 1.5 :.8 -

,Medical scientists 11,612 1,308 11.3 6.2 18,300Psychologists 28,286 5,777 20.4 27.2 18;200Social scientists 32,773 3,582 10.9 16.8 17,600

Economists 1* 9,678 610 6.3 2.9 19,300Sociologists/

anthropologists 7,455 1,444 19.4 6.8 17,100Other social scientists 15,640 1,528 9.8 7.2 17,400

No report 796 165 20.7 .8 - TYPE OF EMPLOYER Newomen were affiliated with

Primary

Total ...Research and

Basic reseaApplied resDevelopme

Managementadministrati

Of R&DOf other tOf both ..

Teaching ...Consulting .

Sales/professiOtherNo report

PRIMARY WORK ACTIVITYemployed women were prim

Type o

All emploBusiness andEducational i

4-year coiluniversity

2-year coilElementary

school ..Hospital/cliniNonprofit orgFederal GoveM ilitary/Com

Corps .?..State governOther governOtherNo report

4017

''rnary

al ...ch and

reseaed reslopmeementnistratiR&Dother tboth .rig ...ting .

orofessi

doctoral scientists and engineers infe scientists, psychologists or social

art ..

rryprim

"ype o

at salaries of women are in the fields, and economics.

emplo;s andonal ir coltversityr collmtaryool ..1 /cliniit orgGove'Corn....

)vernDvern

rt ...

Neith

Women doctoral'scientists and engineers

Number*Percentof total Percent

Medianannualsalary

21,261 8.7 100.0 $17,6002,486 4.7 11.7 17,4001,950 5.8 9.2 17,300

536 2.7 2.5 17,700992 7.3 4.7 17,100915 7.6 4.3 16,800

77 5.0 .4 19,50090 3.1 ..4 17,700

307 2.8 1.4 17,000236 2.6 1.1 16,70054 4.4 .3

17 2.4, .1 . -165 .4 .8 19,600

7,697 11.9 36.2 17,3006,214 15.1 29.2 17,100

175 1.5 .81,308 11.3 6.2 18,3005,777 20.4 27.2 18,2003,582 10.9 16.8 17,600

610 6.3 2.9 19,300

1,444 19.4 6.8 17,1001,528 9.8 7.2 17,400

165 20.7 .8

17

Primary work activity ,

Employed womendoctoral scientists

and engineers.

Number PercentTotal 17,341, 100.0

Research and development . 4,517 26.0Basic research 3,403 19.6Applied research 971 5.6Development 1435 .8

Management oradministration 1,472 8.5

Of R&D 524 3.0Of other than R&D 699 4.0Of both 249 1.4

Teaching 7,549 43.5Consulting 324 1.9Sales/professional servicils 1,686 9.7Other 632 3.6No report 1,161 i 6.7

PRIMARY WORK ACTIVITY More than two-fifths of theemployed women were primarily engaged in teaching.

Type of employer

Employed womendoctoral scientists

and engineers

Number PercentAll employers

t

17,341 100.0Business and industry 892 5.1Educational institutions 12,258 *70.7

4-year college/university 11,192 64.5

2-year college . 584 3.4Elementary/secondary

school 482 2.8Hospital/clinic 1,171 6.8Nonprofit organizations 722 4.2Federal Government 849 A.9Military/Commissioned

Corps 23 .1State government 279 1.6Other government 199 1.1Other 444 2.6.No report 504 2.9

TYPE OF EMPLOYER Nearly two-thirds of the employddwomen were affiliated with 4-year Colleges or universities.

41

'APPENDIXES /

A. Technical Notes

B. Detailed Statistical Tables

C.- Reproduction of the 1973Questionnaire and Specialities List

° NOTE

Appendix B, Detailed Statistical Tables, has been published separately and

may be- obtained gratis .from the NatiOnai ScienCe Foundation, Washington,D.C. 20550.

Page 27 carries a listing of these tables.

42

APPENDIX A

Techcal Notes

43

The Roster of Doctoral Scientists and Engineers was com-piled from a number of sources, including: NAS-NRC's Doc-torate Records File, an accumulated record of data on doc-torate recipients from U.S. institutions; NSF's NationalRegister of Scientific and Technical Personnel, which from1954 through 1970 collected information on highly qualifiedpersonnel in science fields; American Men and Women ofScience, 12th Edition; and numerous university and collegecatalogs. The 1973 Roster contained data on approximately272,000 individuals of whom 252,000 had received science orengineering (S/E) doctorates from U.S. institutions, 10,000were foreign doctorate holders, and an additional 10,000 Were

individuals who had received their doctorates in nonscienceand nonengineering (non-S/E) areas, but who were subse-quently employed in an S/E position. .

Year of doctoricohorts, starting IAhad fewer graduaelto form cohorts.of classes includthe 1972 class w

To ensure reppopulation, a vaquate representatables necessitatcells whereas Isampled to yieldincreased. an incases were inclu

From a total p59,086 was selec

Sampling Plan pie were avails

From this population of doctorate-holders, a sample of ap-mailed to this n

proximately 59,000 was selected for the 1973 Survey. Thisthose who ilk

sample was stratified according to (1) category within the 1973August 29, and

Roster, i.e., U.S. S/E doctorate holders, foreign doctorateon November

holders, and non-S/E doctorate holders, (2) sex, ( §) size ofdoctoral institution (according to the number of S/E doc-torates awarded) (4) field of doctorate and (5) year of doc- Response R

torate (table A-1)A The survey yi

Category within the RosterDue to procedures required to of the total samp

compile the Roster, it was necessary to treat those individuals 59,086 individu

who received-their degrees from U.S. institutions, those who 3,386 we're not

held doctorates from foreign institutions, and those who held pond to the s

non-S/E doctorates as separatesegments for sampling pur- responses from

poses. Analysis of r

SexThe number of women doctorate holders in science slightly lower r

and engineering is significantly smaller than the number of , foreign instituti

`'`then. This characteristic was therefore used to define a tists, from thos

stratum, in order to ensure that women were adequately 1969 and from

represented in the sample selected. institutions. Exwho were unde

Size of doctoral institution Scientists and engineers who rates among elhad received their doctorates from 1930-1972 were included in ma,kedly fromthis survey. During this period, marked changes in the size ofdoctorate-granting institutions had taken place. In order to ' Since the vcreate homogeneous cells, individual doctorate holders were represented, it

classified withrespect to the size of institutions from which achieve the st

their degrees were granted. Institutions granting less than 50 timates of total

doctoral degrees in science and engineering were classified so that the stas small; those granting from 50 to 299 such degrees as results which

medium; and those granting 300 or more science and tion had been

engineering doctorates as large. Thus, as the size of an institu-tion changed during the period 1930-72, its classification waschanged accordingly and its graduates were grouped with Definitionsgraduates of other institutions of comparable sjze. A copy of th

Field of doctorateAn individuals field of doctorate included inaprepresents the major subject of the doctorate. to permit the

19

doctoartingg r ad ua

harts.inctudlass w

ire rep1, a varresentaessitat'reas laI yieldan in

e incluw

total p3 selecavailathis ntied

, and,ber 2

ie Ra

,ey ysamp

lividunot

the sfrom

3 of rwer r3titutithosfroms. Exunderig elfrom

he ved, itie sttotal

ie sdch

)een

ms

of thnapthe

DIX A

Nbtes

.....

The Roster of Doctoral Scientists and Engineers was com-piled from a number of sources, including: NAS-NRC's Doc-torate Records File, an accumulated record of data on doc-torate recipients from U.S. institutions; NSF's NationalRegister of Scientific and 'Fechnical Personnel, Which from1954 through 1970 collected information on highly qualifiedpersonnel in science fields; American Men and Women ofScience, -12th Edition; and numerou's university and collegecatalogs. The 1973 Roster contained data or approximately272,000 individuals of whom 252,000 had received science-orengi ring (S/E) doctorates from U.S. institutions, 10,000were feign doctorate holders, and an additional 10,000 wereindividua who hadreceived their doctorates in nonscience, and nonengineering (non-S/E) areas, but who were subse-quently employed in an S/E position.

Sampling Plan

From this population of doctorate-holders, a sample of ap-,,proximately 59,000 was selected for the 1973 Survey. This

'sample was stratified according to (1) category within the 1973Roster, i.e., U.S. S/E doctorate holders, foreign doctorateholders, and non-S/E doctorate holders, (2) sex, (3) size ofdoctoral institution (according to the number of S/E doc-torates awarded) (4) field of doctorate and (5) year of doc-torate (table A-1).

Category within the RosterDue to procedures required tocompile the Roster, it was necessary to treat those individualswho received their degrees from US. institutions, those whoheld doctorates from foreign institutions, and those who heldnon-S/E doctorates as separate segments for sampling pur-poses.

SexThe number of women doctorate holders in scienceand engineering is significantly smaller than the number ofmen. This characteristic was therefore used to define astratum, in order to ensure that women were adequatelyrepresented in the sample selected.

She Of doctoral institutionScientists and engineers whohad received their doctorates from 1930-1972 were included inthis survey. During this period, marked changes in the size ofdoctorate-granting institutions had taken place. In order tocreate homogeneous cells, individual doctorate holders wereclassified with respect to the size of institutions from whichtheir degrees were granted. Institutions granting less than 50doctoral degrees in science and engineering were classifiedas small; those granting from 50 to 299 such degrees asmedium; and those granting 300 or more science andengineering doctorates as large. Thus, as the size of an institu-tion changed during the period 1930-72, its classification waschanged accordingly and its graduates were grouped withgraduates of other institutions of comparable size.

Field of doctorateAn individual's field of doctoraterepresents the major subject of the doctorate.

19

Year of doctorateVarious YeatS. Were grouped to formcohorts, starting with the 1930 class.Since the earlier classeshad fewer graduates, a greater number of years weregroupedto form cohorts. As the size 91 classes increased, the numberof classes included in a cohort was decreased, culminating inthe 1972 class which constitutes an individual cohort.

To ensure representativeness of small groups within thepopulation, a variable sampling ratio was used. Thus, ade-quate representation of small cells within the stratificationtables necessitated the inclusion of all available cases In thosecells whereas larger cells did not need to be so heavilysampled to yield reliable statistics. Accordingly, as cell-sizeincreased, an increasing number, but decreasing percent ofcases were included in the sample (table A-2)

From a total population of 272,234 individu Is, a sample of59,086 was selected: current addresses for 00 of this sam-ple were available. On March 30, 1973, survey forms weremailed to this number of individuals; followup mailings tothose who had not yet responded took place on May 17,August 29, and October 17, 1973. The survey was terminatedon November 26, 1973. 1,

Response Rates

The survey yielded on overall response rate of 74.5 percentof the total sample and 79.0 percent oIthose contacted. Of the59,086 individuals in the total sample, 1,561 were deceased,3,386 were not able to be contacted, and 11,683 did not res-pond to the survey, resulting, in a total of 42,456 usableresponses from members of the sample.

Analysi of response rates by stratification criterion revealslightly lo er rates from individuals holding doctorates fromforeign ins and somewhat lower rates for socialscien-tists, from those who received doctorates between 1958 and1969 and from those who received doctorates from smallinstitutions. Except for foreign doctorate holders, however,who were understandingly more difficult to locate, responserates among elements of the stratification table did not deviatemarkedly from the overall rate (table A-3).

Since the various cells in the sample were not equallyrepresented, it was necessary to assign differential weights toachieve the statistics presented in this report which are es-timates of total population; i e., each response was weightedso that the statistics represent, as nearly as possible, theresults which would have been obtained if the entire popula-tion had been surveyed.

Definitions

A copy of the questionnaire and accompanying material isincluded in appendix C The following definitions are providedto permit the effective use of the data presented in the report.

Field of science or engineering-I-The date on field werederived from responses to question 17 which requested thename and code number of the specialtyselected from theSpecialties List included with the questionnairemost closelyrelated to the respondents principal employment. The group-ing of specialties to form fields was accomplished in confor-mance with the scheme presented in tableA-4. Individuals fail-ing to respond to question 17 were assigned the specialty oftheir doctorate degree listed in item 9.

This field definition, which is used in all of the statisticaltables presented in this report, differs from the field definitionsused by the Commission on Human Resources in their report'based on this sure Care should therefore be exercised incomparing data from ese sources.

Type of employerDerived from question 15. The term"Educational institutions" includes junior colleges, 2-yearcolleges, technical institutes, medical schools, 4-yearcolleges or universities, and elementary or secondary schools.

Geographic locatiOnState data were derived fromresponses to question 11 on the location of employment. In-dividuals not reporting place of employment or not employedwere classified by their mailing address.

University or 4-year college teachersDefined as those in-dividuals who reported :'4-year college or university, otherthan medical school" as their type of principal employer underquestion 15 and also reported "teaching" as-their primary orsecondary work activity under item 16,

Primary work activityDerived from responses to question16. The term "development" encompasses the development ofequipment, products, systems or data. "Sales/ProfessionalServices" includes sales, marketing, purchasing, estimating,and professional services to individuals but excludes con-sulting which is treated as a separate work activity. The workactivities listed under question 16 as "report or other technicalwriting, editing," "production," "quality control, inspection,and testing," have been aggregated with "other" to form asingle category.2

Race=Derived from respohses to question 7. Respondentsreporting "East Indian" as their race were tabulated separatelyand in number tables, they were aggregated with Asians to

National Academy of Sciences. Doctoral Scientists and Engineers in the UnitedSlates: A 1273 Profile. (Washington, D C C. 1974.)

This calegotyls omitted from an salary tables.

45

form a single category labelled "Miens," in salary tables,"Orientals" and "East Indians" are listed separately.

SalariesDerived from responses to question 12 which re-quested information regarding annual salary before deduc-tions for income tax, social security, retirement, etc.. but ex-cluding bonuses, overtime, summer teaching or other pay -merit for professional work. Salaries reported are median an-nual salaries, rounded to the nearest $100 and computed forfull-time employed civilian scientists and engineers only.Differences between calendar year (11 to 12 months) andacademic year (9 to 10 months) salaries for scientists andengineers employed in educational institutions have been ac-cortdated by multiplying academic year salaries by 11/ 9 toadjus o a calendar-year scale ,t,

SOurces of Error

No definitions or limitations, except for salary questions,were provided to the respondents since the terms _used in thequestionnaire were considered to be meaningful to doctoralscientists and engineers. A classifitation structure was includ-ed with the questionnaire to allow resporsisclor to identify thescience or engineering specialties a ted with their

urrentempioyment and academic degrees. Experience withprevious surveys of this population has revealed that nosignificant bias is introduced using this approach.

Part of the information collected was processed usingkeypunching operations. In order to eliminate as manykeypunching errors as possible, a process of 100-percentverification was utilized. The remainder of the informationcollected was reduced to magnetic tape by use of an opticalmark reader. Several visual examinations of completedquestionnaires were used as a basis for calibrating the opticalmark reader to accommodate penciled responses of variousdensities, thereby holding errors to a minimum.

The estimates presented in this report also refleit randomerrors introduced due to sampling. The following formula wasused to produce the range of sampling errors at the 90-percentlevel of confidence:

N - Ns

Np 1

pQ

Ns

The sampling errors reported are based on the assumption ofrandom sampling from a finite population. Since the DoctoralRoster Survey employed startified sampling procedures, thesampling errors are somewhat overestimated.

Except for table B-23 whore salary base period is included as a variable

20

s e

TABLE A-1. Classification scheme of 1973 Doctoral Roster Survey

Total U.S. StE doctorates Foreign doctorates -Population Sample Pera.ent Population Sample Percent Population Sample Percent

TOTAL 272,234 59,086 21.7 252,190 48,870 19.4 -40,375 5,206 50.2

SEX:Male . ,Female

SIZE OF INSTITUTIONSmall ' ,Medium ,

I,arge -Unclassified

FIELD:MathematicsPhysics --.

ChemistryEagh sciences , .

Engineering-Biosciences

'PsychologySocial sciencesOther/unknown

YEAR OF DOCTORATE:, 30-35

. 364142-45

446-4950-5354-5758-61'62-63.64-6566-6768-6970-7172Unknown

248,479 47,670 19.223,755 11,416 48.1

.15,190 6,615 43.598,404 18,479 18.8

138,596 23.776 17.220,044 10,216 so. 1

15,919 4,409 27.724,659 5,139 20.643,114 7,907 18.3

8,525 1,986 23.338,518 6,362 16.568,955 17,091 24.830,983 7,128 23.0

- 40,265, 8,142 20.21,297 922 71.1

4>.

9,926 2,393 24.112259 2,787 22.7

6,501 1,773 27.310,088 2,356 23.421,771 4,266 19.624,920 4,847 19.526,039 5,733 22.0

17,711 4,695 26.522,481 5,488 24.4,27,529 6,244 22.733,402 6,978. 20.939,371 7,481 ,,...19.019,774 3,699 18.7

465 346 74.4

' SOURCE: National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council

46

230,474 39.467 17.1 9,729 4,589 = 47.221,716 9,403 43.3 646 -617 95.5

15.190 6615_..

43.5 -98,404 18;479 . 18.8 - 7 -

138,596 23,776 17.1 ..- -- - - 75 5,206 50.2

14,005 3,232 23.1 672 496 73.822,529 4,181 18.6 1,911 735 38.540,265 6,751 16.8 2587 889 34.4

8.015 1,581 19.7 481 368 76.537,466 5,693 15.2 915 531 58.066,423 15,865 23.9 2,183

f.:1150 40.325,749 4,931 19.2 - 444 393 88.537,737 6,636 17.6 830 566 68.2- - - 354 348 98.3

9,215 1,938 21.0 542 363 67.011,356 2,248 19.8 570 t 371 65.16,013 1,433 , 23.8 269 221 82.29,207 1,842 20.0 504 324 64.3

19,868, 3,358 . -16.9 954 460 48.222,660 3,826 16.9 1,249 514 41.223,617 4,668 19.8 1,540 603 39.216;031 3,882 24.2 978 45g 46.220,184 4,456 22.1 ! 1,216 501 41.225,025 5,055 20.2 1,210 507 41.931,235 5,822 18.6 742 412 55.538,013 6,652 17.5 131 123 93.919,767 3,690 16.7 9 9 100.0- - - 465 346 74.4

21

'ABLE A=1. Classification sc eme of 1973 Doctoral Roster Survey

.

ern

Total

Populatiop Sample Percent Population Sample Percent Populatiop Sample . Percent Population Sample. Percent

50.2 9.669 , 5,010 51.8II .

47.2 8,276- 3,514 43.795.5 '1,396 1,396 100.0

..

U.S. S/E doctorates foreign -doctorates ' . Non-S/E doctorates

2 272,234 59,086 21.71 252,190 481870 19A 10.375 5,206 .

..- - ____ _ .

.2 .248,479 "47,670 19.2 230,474 39,467 17.1- 9,729 4,589

.5 23 '755. .

11,4f6 48.1 21,716 9,403 43.3 646 1317,

15,190 6,615 43:5 15,190 6,615 43498,404 18,479 18.8 98,404 16,479 , 18.8 -

138,596 ' 23,776 17.2 138,596 23,776 17.1 -.2 20,044

--10,216 50.1 - - - 10,375 5,206

8 15,919 -4,409- 27.7 14,005 3,232 23.1 672 496

5 24,659 5,139 20.6 22,529 4,181 18.6_ 1,911 . 735

4 43,114 7,907 18.3 40,265 6,751 16.8 2,587 889

5 8,525 1,986 23.3 8.015 1,581 19.7 -:481 363

0 38,518 , 6,362 16.5 37,466 5,693 15.2 _ 915 531

3 68,954_ -, 17,091 24.8 66,423 15,865 23.9 2,183 880

5 30,983 7,128 23.0 25,749 4,931 19.2 444 393

2 10.265 8,142 20.2 . 37,737 6,636 17.6 . 834, 5661,297 922 7-1.1 - - - - . .354 ''. 348

0 9,926 ` 2,393 24.1 9,215 1,938 . 21.0 542 363

1 -- 12,259 2,787 22.7 11,356 2,248 19.8 570 " 371,

2 6,501 1,773 27.3 6,013, 1,433 23.8 269: 221

3 10,088 .. - 2,356 23.4 9,207 _1,842. 20.0 504 324

2 21,771 .4,266' .19.6 19,868 -- ' 3,358 -'16.9 .954 4602 24,920 4,847 19.5 22,660 3,826 16.9 1,249 . 514 '

2 26,439 5,733 22.0 23,617 4,668 19.8 1,540 603

2 17,711 4,695 26,5 16,031 3,882 24.2 976 ' 452 '

2 22,481 5,488 24.4 20,184- 4,456 22.1 1,216 501

3 27,529 6,244 22.7 25,025 5,055 20.2 1,210 507

3 33,402 6;978 20.9 31,235 5,822- ;15:6 742 412

3 39,371 7,481 19.G '38,013, 6,652 17.5 7 1.51 123

3 19,774 3,699 { 18.7 19,767 3,690 18.7 9, 465 346._. 74.4 , - - - 465 346

- - ...,_

7 - -- - .- -50.2 9,669 5,010 ' , 51.8

73.8 1,242 . 681 - ; 54.838.5 223 223 100.034.4 267 267' 100.076.5 37

t37 100.0

58.0 1 138 100.0-40.3: 349 346 09.1

., -88.5 4,790 1,804 37.768.2 1,698 940 55.*98.3 943 574 60.9

67.0 169 92 54.465.1 333 168, f - -50.582.2 219 119 54.3;64.3 377 190 50.448.2 949, -- ',. 440 ' 47.241.2 -1,01f __ 507 50.1 ,39.2 882 462 .- -52-.4462. 702 361 51.

- 41.2 1,081 531 49.1'41.9 . 1,294 682 52.7

65.5. 1,425. 744 52.2,93.9'. - 1,227 ,706 57.5100.0 - . - -74.4 - -

tional Research 'Courtail

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4.

, TABLE A-4. Science and engineeringfield classification of specialties-7,

1973 Doctoral Roster Survey

FIELD Specialty codeAll fields 000 to 799

Physical scientists 101 to 299Chemists 200 to 299 -Physicists and

astronomers 101 to 199

Mathematical scientists

Mathematicians

Statisticians

000 to 060082 to 099000 to 052 ,

060, 082 to 099 .

055

Computer specialists 080

Environmental scientists 301 to 399Earth scientists 301 to 360

388, 389, 391398. 399

Oceanographers 370,397Atmospheric scientists 380

Engineers 400 to 499

Life scientists 500 to 579Biological scientists 540 to 579Agricultural scientists 500 to 519Medical scientists 520 to 539

Psychologists 600 to 699

Social scientists 700 to 799Economists 720, 725Sociologists/

Anthropologists 700, 710Other social scientists 703, 708, 709,

729, 740 to 769Out of scope 841 to 899

24

5';!

TABLE A-5. Sampling errors at the 90-percent level of confidence for

Phyiical and lifescientists

Chemists, socialscientists, andpsychologists

Biological scientistsand engineers

Size ofestimate

Samplingerror ( ±) Size of

estimateSamplingerror (±). Size of Sampling

1,000 130 estimate error ( i )1,000 1402,00 170 1,000 110 2,000 1903,000 210 2.000 160 3,000 2304,000 240 3,000 190 4,000 2605,000 270 4,000 220 5,000' 2907,500 320 5,000 240 7,500 34010,000 360 7,500 280 10,000 ,37012,500 390 10,000 300 12,500 40015,000 420 12,500 310 15,000 41020,000 450 15,000 310 20,000 42025,000 460 20,000 290 25,000 40030,000 460 25,000. 200 30,000 34035,000 440

40,000 40045,000 34050,000 230

Agricultural scientists, medicalscientists, mathematical scientists,

mathematicians, environmentalscientists, earthscientists,

economists, andsociologists/anthropologists

Size of Samplingestimate error ( ±)

1,000 120... 2,000 150

3,000 1704,000 1705,opo 160*44,

CoMputer specialists Statisticians and oceanographers

Size of Sam6ting Size of Samplingestimate error ( ±) estimate error (± )

500 80 250 50750 ao 500 70

1,000 100 750 701,250 110, 1,000 501,500 1102,000 1002,500 80

25

-90-percent level of confidence for.

4

Chemists, socialscientists, andpsychologists

Biological scientistsand engineers

I

Physicists andastronomers, and

other socialscientistsSize of Sampling

Size of Sampling estimate error (±)Size of

estimateSamplingerror ( ±)

estimate error (± )1000 140

1,0002,000

110160

2,0003,000

190230

\-...1,000 120

3,000 190 4,000 260 2,000 1704,000 220 5,000 290 3,000 2005,000 240 7,500 340 4,000 2207,500 280 10,000 370 5,000 23010,000 300 12,500 400 7,500 25012,500

15,0003C6310

15,00020,000

410420 -,.

10,00012,500

24020020,000 290 25,000 400 .., "If 15,000 10025,000 200 30,000 340

Computer specialists

4

Statisticians and oceanographers Atmospheric scientists

Size ofestimate

Samplingerror (4±)

Size ofestimate

, 'Samplingerror ( ± )

Size ofestimate

Samplingerror (± )

500 80 250 50 100 30750

1,00090

100500750

70'1 10

200300

4050

1,250 110 1,000 50 400 501,500 110 , 500 402,000 100 600 30 ,2,500 80 700 10

,

re

TABLE A -6.. Sampling errors at the 90-percent level of Confidence for. TABLE A-7. Sampling errors of totals atconfidence for doctoral scientis

Doctoral scientists andengineers employed In

full-time non-S/gpositions

University or 4-yearcollege teachers

Size ofestimate

Samplerror

Size ofestimate

Samplirigerror ( ±) 1,000

5,00010,00020,00030,00050,006.75,000

100,000125,000150,000175,000200,000240,000

1202 .3751

67 .8799987

Size ofestimate

Samplingerror (± )

1,0005,000

1000019,00020,00030,00040,00050,00075:000

100,000

120260360430480550590600530150

1,0002,0003,0004,0005,0007,500

10,000

120160180200210200130

Postdoctoral appointees Women doctoral scientistsand engineers

TABLE A-8. Sampling errors of percenconfidence for doctoral scienti

Size ofestimate

Samplingerror (±) Size of

estimateSamplingerror (± )

1,0002,0003,0004,0005,000

100130140130100

1,0002,0003,0004,0005,0007,500

10,00012,50015,00017,50020,000

70100120130140160170160150

13080

Estimat

Base of percent 1 or 99 2 or 98 5 or 95 10 0

1,0002,0003,0005,00010,00015,00020,00030,00050,00060,000100,000150,000

20000

000

1.2.85.69.53.38.31

.27

.22

.17

.15

.12

.10

.08

.07

1.71.2

.98.75.53.43.38.31

.23

.21

.17

.13

.12

.11

2.6 3.

1.9 2.

1.5 2.

1.2 1.

.83 1.

.68 .9

.59

.48.37.34 .4.26.21

.18

.17

re)

26pv,

90-percent level 'of:confidence for -

University or 4-yearcollege teachers

Size of Samplingestimate error ( ±)

*. 1,000 1205,000 260

10,000 36015,000 .43020,000 48030,000 55040,000 590 oi50,000 60075,000 530

100,000 150

Women doctoral scientistsand engineers

Size clfestimate

Samplingerror ( ± )

1,000 70.2,000 1003,000 1204,000 1305,000 140 '7,500 160

10,000 17012,500 16015,000 15017,500 13020,000 80

/ma

TABLE A-7. Sampling errors of totals at the 90- percent level Ofconfidence for doctoral scientists and engineers

Size ofestimate

Samplingerror (± )

1,000 1205,000 260

10,000 370,

20;000 51030,000 62050,000 76075,000 '870

100,000 930125,000 940150,000 920175,000 850200,000 730240,000 260

TABLE A-8. Sampling errors of percents at the 90-percent level ofconfidence for doctoral scientists and

Estimated percent

Base of percent 1 or 99 2 or 98 por.96 10 or 90 20 or 80 25 or 75 50

1,000 1.2 1.7 2.6 3.6 4.8 5.2 i 6.02,000 .65 1.2 1.9 2.6 3.4 3.7 4.33,000 .69 .98 1.5 2.1 2.8 3.0 3.55,000 I .53 - .75 1.2 1.6 2.2 2.3 2.710,000 .38 .53 .83 1.1 1.5 1.6,, 1.915,000 .31 .43 .68 .93 1.2' 1.3 1.620,000 .27 .38 .59 .81 1,1 1.2 1.330,000 .22 .31 .48 .66 .88 .95 1.150,000 .17 , .23 .37 .51. .68 .73 .8560,000 15 , .21 .34 ..46 , .62 .67 .78100,000 .12 .17 cit .26 .36'" .48 .52 .6a150,000 .10 .13 .21 .29 - 39 .42 .49200,000 .08 .12 .18 .25 x34

,

34 .37 .42240,090 .07 .11 :17 .23 .31 .33., .39

26r.) 6

.

.APPENDIX B

A LiSting ofDetailed Statistical Tables

A

ti

kLj

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS NUMBERS AND SALARIES

B-1 Characteristics of doctoral scientists and engineers in the UnitedStates. 1973

B -2 Salary dis1nbutton of doctoral scienblits and engineers, by field- 1973

NUMBER OF DOCTORA iCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERSDEMOGRAPHIC.EMPLOYMENT; AND VIED OF,SOIENCE AND ENGINEERING

B-38-4B-58-6B-7B-8

.B-9

By field and citizenship: 1973 'By field. six, race. and employment status- 1973By field, age. and type of employer 1973By field. typed employer. and race: 1973By held, age. and pnmary work activity 1973By field. primary work actrvity. and racy 1973By feed. type of employer. and pnmary work activity 1973

MEDIAN ANNUAL SALARIES OF DOCTORAL SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERSDEMOGRAPHIC. EMPLOYMENT. AND FIELD OF SCIENCEAND ENGINEERING

B-10 By field. se;. and ive 1973B-11 By Reid and *or 1S738-12 By field and, primary work activity: 1973B-13 By field and type of employer 1973

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF DOCTORAL SCIENTISTS ANDENGINEERSNUMBERS

B-14 By geographic division. State, and field: 1973B-15 By Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area and lurid- 1973 .8-16 By Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area and typaof employer 19738-17 By Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area and primary work actrvity:

1973

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF DOCTORAL SCIENTISTS ANDENGINEERSMEDIAN ANNUAL SALARIES

8-16 By geographic division. State, and field. 19738-19 By Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area and field 1973B-20 By Stindard Metropolitan Statistical Areaand typeof employer 1973B-21 By Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area and primary work activity:

1973

27

.s`

UNIVERSITY AND COLENGINEERSNUMB

B-22 Number ofyear col

8-23 Median annuniversityacademic

WOMEN DOCTORAL 8

B-24 By field.B-25 By fieldB-26 By field

WOMEN DOCTORALSALARIES

B-27 By field13-2$ By fieldB-29 By field

SELECTED CHARAENGINEERSNUMB

a*. B-30 By field. fu8-31 Employed

field and r8-32 Postdocto

accepting

RAL

)RAL

lidhid

d

ARAMB

Ad. Idyedand rontoMC*

NDIX B

ting ofTables

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICSNUMBERS AND SALARIES

B-1

B -2

Characteristics of doctoral scientists and engineers in the UnitedStates. 1973Salary distribution of doctoral scientists and engineers, by field' 1973

NUMBER OP DOCTORAL SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERSDEMOGRAPHIC.EMPLOYMENT, AND FIELD OF SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

8-3B-403-5B-6B-71:1-5

B-9

By field and citizenship 1973By field, iv, rack andemployrnant status. 1973By field, age, and type of employer 1973By field type of ernplioyer. and rack 1973By held age, and primary work activity: 1973By field, primary work activity. and rack 1973

, By field, typo of employer, and primary work activity- 1973

MEDIAN ANNUAL SALARIES OF DOCTORAL SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERSDEMOGRAPHIC, EMPLOYMENT, AND FIELD OF SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

B-10 By field, sex, and MC* 19738-11 By field and age: 19738-12 By field and primary work activity- 19738.13 By field and typo of employer 1973

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF DOCTORAL SCIENTISTS ANDENGINEERSNUMBERS

8-14 By geographic division. State, and heft,- 19738-15 By Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area and herd 1973B-16 By Stanpard Metropolitan StalisticalAres and typeof employar 1973B-17 By Standard Metropolitan Statistical As and primary work Sanity-

1973

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF DOCTORAL SCIENTISTS ANDENGINEERSMEDIAN ANNUAL SALARIES

8-19 By geographic division, State, and field: 1973B-19 By Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area and Nod. 1973B-20 By Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areaand typeof employer 1973B-21 By Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area and p nmsry work activity:

1973

27

UNIVERSITY AND COLLEGE EMPLOYMENT OFOOCTORAL SCIENTISTS ANDENGINEERS NUMBERS AND SALARIES

8-22 Number of doctoral scientists and enginsars who are university or 4-year college teachers, by field. stem and academic rank 1973

13-23 Median annual salaries of doctoral soienusts end engineers who areuniversity or 4-year college tescharl, by field. salary Pat andacademic rank. 1973

iWOMEN DOCTORAL SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS--NUM

\RS

8-24B-258-26

By field, employment status, and rack IonBy field and typo of employer 1973By field and primary work activity- 1973

WOMEN DOCTORAL SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERMEDIAN ANNUALSALARIES

B-278-29B-29

By field and MCC 1973By field and typo of employer..1973By field and primary work-activity: 1973

SELECTED CHARACTERISTICS* OF DOCTORAL SCIENTISTS ANDENGINEERSNUMBER

B-to By field, funding agoncy, and typo of employer-19738-31 Employed in futl-lifne ncutscierics and nonengineering positions, by

field and reason for acceptance of such position 1973B-32 Postdoctorals by field, time since receipt of doctorate and reason for

accepting postdoCtoral posniorr 1973

58

APPENDIX C.

Reproduction of 1973Questionnaire

and Specialities List

I

NATIONAL RESEARCHNATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES .NATIONAL

sloe CONSTITIMOP Lrtsea I.IMPCTO

0IIKI KlIktiell ,,.10, it

Dear Colleague

The National Science Foundation has askSciencesNational Academy of EngsneeringNatioit in operating the Manpower Characteristics Sysestablished the System to provide data needed toresources in the sciencesand engineering and quipolicies and programs

As our part of the task, we shall maintainthe earned doctorate m the natural and social soneenng Already available data will be utilized tWe believe the Survey of Doctoral Scientists andneeded data bearing on the problem of utilizatioscientists and engineers, the support of graduateresearch and development and postdoctoral amyl

We seek your help You are one of ascientists and engineers who are being asked totionnaire on the following pages.has been designupon your time and yet to provide data that msignificant and useful Some data already evadeon the form to conserve your time

Information provided will be treated aspurposes of statistical description -Summariesof the results.

Please complete and return the questioenvelope is enclosed for your convenience, Yelated and, indeed, is essential to the success of

Sincerely yours,

4444*Robett A. AlbertyChairman, Advisory Committee

PLEASE DO NOT WRITE ON

ARCHTIONAL

wIXIPCTO

has askng-Natiosues Systseeded to4 and gm

maintainsocial ammined ttists anditilizatiosraduateJral activ

of a.ked ton designthat in

'y evade

tied asmuses

'testi=e. Y:cess of

C.

1973

naireList

RITE OH

9 -28

OM

OM

OM

OM

OM

OM

WM 0111CI AY KII041111 11,5os sit

---Dear Colleague

wewe

wewe

we

we

we

esseness

es

esses Sincerely yours.

4/444*

NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL- NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES NATIONAL ACADEMY OF ENGINEERING

till comrtrnox avapr: .431cTo0, I C. sopa

March 1973

The National Science Foundation has asked the National Academy ofSmencesNational Academy of Engmeenng-National Research Council to assistit in operating the Manpower Characteristics System The Foundation hasestablished the System to provide data needed to assay this Nation's humanresources in the sciences and engineering and guideln the development of nationalpolicies and programs.

As our part of the task, we shall maintain information about recipients ofthe earned doctorate in the natural and social sciences, irilithematics, and enginetting Already available data will be utilized to the greatett extent possibleWe believe the Survey of Doctoral Scientists and Engineers will provide criticallyneeded data bearing on the problem of utilization and supply of doctorsscientists and engineers, the support of graduate education, and the supp t ofresearch and development and postdoctoral activities.

We seek your help You are one of a carefully drawn sample of doctoralscientists and engineers who are being asked to provide current data. The ques-tionnaire on the following pages has been designed to make minimum demandsupon your time and yet to provide data that in the aggregate will be statisticallysignificant and useful Some data already available to us have been preprintedon the form to conserve your time.

Information provided will be treated as privileged and used only forpurposes of statistical descnpuon. Summaries will be published after analystsof the results

Please complete and return the questionnaire promptly. A selfaddressedenvelope is enclosed for your convenience Your assistance will be greatly applemated and, indeed, is essential to the success of this project

Robert A. /libertyChairman, Advisory Committee

PLEASE DO HOT WRITE OH THIS PAGE

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Other Science Resources Publications

REPORTS

ExpeAditures for Scientific and EngineeringActivities at Universities and Colleges,Fiscal Year 1973 ,

Research and Development in Industry, 1973The 1972 Scientist and Engineer Population Re-

defined. Vol. I. Demographic, Educational, andProfessional Characteristics

Reviews of Data on Science Resources,No. 23, "R&D Expenditures of State Public In-stitutions, Fiscal Year 1973"No. 24, "Work Activities of Employed DoctoralScientists and Engineers in the U.S. LaborForce, July 1973"

R &D Activities of Independent Nonprofit Insti-tutions, 1973

National Patterns of R&D Resources: Funds &Manpower in the United States, 1953-1975

Federal Support to Universities, Colleges,and Selected Nonprofit Institutions, FiscalYear 1973

Research and Development in State GovernmentAgencies, Fiscal Years 1972 and 1973

Projections of Science and Engineering DoctorateSupply and Utilization, 1980 and 1985

Federal Funds for Research, Development, andOther Scientific Activities, Fiscal Years1973, 1974, and 1975, Vol. XXIII

Detailed Statistical Tables. Federal Funds rResearch, Development, and Other Sc' ntificActivities, Fiscal Years 1973, 1974, d1975, Vol. XXIII

Graduate Science Education. Student Support andPostdoctorals, Fall 1973

Detailed Statistical Tables. Graduate ScienceEdudation: Student Support and Postdoctorals,Fall 1973

NSF No. Price REPORTS

Reviews of Data on Science Resources,No. 22, "The Federal Role in the Supp

75-316 In press Graduate Science and Engineering75-315 In press Education"

An Analysis of Federal R&D Funding byFiscal Years 1969-1975

75-313 $3.70 'Immigrant Scientists and Engineers in tUnited States. A Study of CharacteristAttitudes

75-311 $0.35 Papers and Proceedings of a ColloquiuReseardh and Development and EconGrowth/Productivity

75-310 In press

75-308 $1.90

75-307 $1.15

75-304 $3.25

.75-303 $1.80

75-301 $1.30

74-320 $1.70

74 -320 -A

HIGHLIGHTS

"Se, arately Budgeted Academic R&D ExD line in Real Terms in' FY 1974"

"Th 1972 Scientist and Engineeredefined"

"Employment of Life Scientists UpAccounts for Nearly All Growth ofand Engineers in Doctorate-Grantitions"

"NSF Forecasts Rise in Company-Fundeand Development and R&D Employm

"Changes in Graduate Programs in S74-318 In press Engineering, 1970-72 and 1972-74"

"Total Scientific and Technical PeIndustry Remains Level, R&D Persoin 1970"74-318-A

ces,Supp

g by

in terist

lulu

:co n

ources Publications

neeringges,

try, 1973 ...ulation R e-ational, and

es,e Public In-

ed Doctoral,. Labor

ofit Insti-

Funds &3-1975 ...es,

, Fiscal

) Ex

er

Jpof

anti

nde)ym

S

Perso

overnment73ng Doctorate85

ent, andars

nds forScientificnd

Support and

ciencetdoctorals,

I

NSF No. Price REPORTS

Reviews of Data on Science Resources,No. 22, "The Federal Role in the Support of

75-316 In press Graduate Science and Engineering75-315 In press Education"

An Analysis of Federal R&D Funding by Function,Fiscal Years 1969-1975

75-313 $3.70 Immigrant Scientists and Engineers in theUnited States. A Study of Characteristics andAttitudes

75-311 $0.35 Papers and Proceedings of a Colloquium onResearch and Development and EconomicGrowth/Productivity

75-310 In press

75-308 $1.90

75-307 $1.15

75-304

75-303

75-301

$3.25

$1.80

$1.30

74-320 ,$1.70

74-320-A

74-318 In press

74-318-A

HIGHLIGHTS

NSF No. Price

74-317 $0.25

74-313 $2.25

73-302 $2.50

72-303 $0.75

"Separately Budgeted Academic R&D Expe,ndituresDecline in Real Terms in FY 1974" 75-306

"The 1972 Scientist and Engineer PopulationRedefined" r 75-305

"Employment of Life Scientists Up in 1974Accounts for Nearly All Growth of Scientistsand Engineers in DoKtorate-Granting Institu-tions" 74-315

"NSF Forecasts Rise in Company-Funded Researchand Development and R&D Employment" 73-301

"Changes in Graduate Programs in Science andEngineering, 1970-72 and 1972-74" 72-311

"Total Scientific and Technical Personnel inIndustry Remains Level, R&D Personnel Lowerin 1970" 72-306

65