Characteristics of Life Monachus schauinslandi `Ilio-holo-i-ka-uaua

Characteristics of LifeCharacteristics of LifeMonachus schauinslandi`Ilio-holo-i-ka-uaua

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The Characteristics of Living Things


• Great Complexity & Organization

• Composed of Cells

• Reproduction & Development

• Mechanism for Inheritance

• Metabolism & Homeostasis

• Interaction with the Environment

• Evolution (Adaptation)

– Living things are made of the same materials as everything else in the universe• Atoms are assembled into molecules

• Living things are more organized , more complex

– Living things require energy to carry out life processes

Great Complexity and Organization

• Atoms• Molecules• Organelles• Cells• Tissues• Organs• Organ Systems• Organisms• Populations• Communities• Ecosystems• Biosphere

AtomsAtoms

Some ElementsSome Elements

Simple Inorganic MoleculesSimple Inorganic Molecules

• Water (H2O)

• Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

• Molecular Oxygen (O2)

• Ammonium (NH3)

• Sodium Chloride (NaCl)

Categories:

Lipids

Proteins Nucleic Acids

Carbohydrates

Biological CompoundsBiological Compounds

Combining the Organic Building Block MoleculesCombining the Organic

Building Block Molecules

+o

Glucose Fructose Glucose Fructose

OH H

H2O Sucrose

CH2OHCH2OH

• Polysaccharides• Proteins• Nucleic Acids • Fats

• Polysaccharides• Proteins• Nucleic Acids • Fats

Macromolecules(usually polymers)

Cell OrganellesCell Organelles

mitochondria

smooth ER

nucleus

golgi

rough ER

CellsCells

OsteocyteNerve cell

Blood cell Muscle cell

Levels of Body OrganizationLevels of Body Organization

OrganismsOrganisms

PopulationsPopulations

CommunitiesCommunities

Ecosystems

Ecosystems

The BiosphereThe Biosphere

carbonatom

organ system

DNA molecule

organelle celltissue

organ

organismpopulationcommunity

ecosystem

biosphere

http://ebiomedia.com/gall/cell/cell3.html










Prokaryotic CellProkaryotic Cell

Eukaryotic Animal CellEukaryotic Animal Cell

Eukaryotic Plant CellEukaryotic Plant Cell

Classification: Six kingdom system:

Eubacteria

Protista

Fungi

Plantae

Animalia

Archaebacteria

E. coli Cyanobacteria

Paramecium Diatom Slime moldEUKARIA

http://www.bio.umass.edu/biology/troptrip3/fungus.jpg

http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/seagrass/halp03f.jpg

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Asexual ReproductionAsexual Reproduction

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Sexual ReproductionSexual Reproduction

DevelopmentDevelopment










DNADNA

Contains information for almost all cell

activities

Mechanisms for Genetic ChangeMechanisms for Genetic Change

• Genetic Recombination

• Mutation

• Chromosomal Aberration

• Genetic Recombination

• Mutation

• Chromosomal Aberration

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Genetic Recombination

Mutation

Sickle cell

Normal RBC

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Downs Klinefelter’s syndrome

XYY

Chromosomal AberrationDiGeorge Syndrome










The sum total of the chemical processes that occur in living organisms, resulting in growth, production of energy, elimination of waste material, etc.

• Anabolism- build up of complex molecules

• Catabolism- break down of complex molecules

Metabolism

Cellular RespirationCellular Respiration

C6H12O6 + 6O2 6H2O + 6CO2 + energyC6H12O6 + 6O2 6H2O + 6CO2 + energy

PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis

6H2O + 6CO2 + light C6H12O6 + 6O26H2O + 6CO2 + light C6H12O6 + 6O2

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Autotrophs• Organisms that make their own food (like

plants, some protists, and some bacteria)• Plants capture energy from the sun, use water

and carbon dioxide to make sugars and starches

Photosynthesis Chemosynthesis

Heterotrophs• Organisms that take

in food to meet their energy needs

• Animals must consume autotrophs (plants), and other heterotrophs to meet their energy needs

HomeostasisRelatively stable internal environment

http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Image:Man_as_machine_high_res.jpg

All organisms must maintain a constant internal environment to function properly• Temperature• pH• Ions• Water• Hormones

HomeostasisHomeostasis

Negative Feedback vs

Positive Feedback

Body Temperature RegulationNegative Feedback

Blood Sugar LevelsNegative Feedback

Positive Feedback










– Living things interact with each other and with the environment

– Ecology – the study of these interactions• Hawaiian Monk seals eat fish• Humans eat fish• What if something happened to the fish?

Interaction with the environment










EvolutionEvolution

Change in the genetic composition of a population

through time

Change in the genetic composition of a population

through time

– Inherited change in the characteristics of organisms over time

– Living things are slowly changing– Process of natural selection results

in change over time– Organisms with favorable genes are

more likely to survive, reproduce, and pass on those favorable genes

Evolution

Mechanisms Contributing to Evolutionary Change

Mechanisms Contributing to Evolutionary Change

• Production of heritable variations

• Natural Selection

• Chance

–Transmission of characteristics from parent to offspring

–Instructions from parent to offspring are passed on in the form of genes

Heredity

Heritable variations

Blood type

Dwarfism

Beak Depth

Banding pattern

Eye color

AdaptationsAdaptations

The structural, functional, and behavioral features that contribute

to the success of a species.

Natural Selection

Peppered Moths: study in England 1800’s More light than dark moths• Industrial pollution turned trees dark• Population shifted to mostly dark moths

Natural Selection

INQUIRY

1. In the equation for photosynthesis and respiration which is the organic molecule?

2. List 3 mechanisms for genetic change.3. Why did the population of dark moths

proliferate?4. Define homeostasis.5. Why is positive feedback not always

beneficial for the body?6. Which process produces genetic

change: asexual reproduction or sexual reproduction?

7. Compare plant versus animal cell.

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Characteristics of Life Monachus schauinslandi `Ilio-holo-i-ka-uaua