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CHARACTERISTICSOF

LIVING THINGS

COMPOSEDOF

CELL(S)

RESPONDTO

STIMULI

METABOLIZE REPRODUCE GROWAND DEVELOP

HIGHLYORGANIZED

BASIC UNITOF

LIVINGTHINGS

REACTTO

CHANGE

BUIDLING UP(ANABOLIC)

ANDBREAKING

DOWN(CATABOLIC)PROCESSES

MAKE MORE INCREASE INSIZEAND

CHANGE INSHAPE/FORM

CERTAINSPECIFIC

STRUCTURESPERFORM

SPECFIC JOBS

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QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor

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NEEDS OF LIVING THINGS

ENERGY AIR LIVING SPACE PROPERTEMPERATURE

H2ONUTRIENTS

HOMEOSTASIS=

STABLE INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT

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ATOM

LEVELS OF ORGANIZTION IN LIVING THINGS

MOLECULE COMPOUNDELEMENT

=NITROGEN, OXYGEN, ETC…

ORGANELLE =NUCLEUS, CELL MEMBRANE

CELL

TISSUE

ORGAN

ORGANSYSTEM

ORGANISM

= BONE CELL, MUSCLE CELLBASIC UNIT OF LIFE

=

FIRST THING THAT IS LIVING

=NERVE TISSUE, MUSCLE TISSUE

=BRAIN, BICEP

=NERVOUS + MUSCLUAR SYSTEM

=OAK TREE, HUMAN, WORMBACTERIA=

O2= =H2O

CELL THEORY

CELLSARE THE

BASICUNIT OF

LIFE

ALLORGANISMS

ARE MADE OF ONEOR MORE

CELLS

ALL CELLSCOMEFROM

PREEXISTINGCELLS

Lysosome

TYPES OF CELLREPRODUCTION

MEIOSIS MITOSIS

-PRODUCES 4 CELLS

-NOT IDENTICAL TO PARENTCELL

-1/2 # OF CHROMOSOMES

-OCCURS IN SEXCELLS/GAMETES

-OCCURS IN 2 STAGES(2 DIVISIONS)

PROPHASE I & PROPHASE IIMETAPHASE I & METAPHSE IIANAPHASE I & ANAPHASE II

TELOPHASE I & TELOPHASE II

-PRODUCES 2 CELLS

-IDENTICAL

-SAME # OF CHROMOSOMESAS PARENT CELL

-OCCURS IN BODY CELLS

-OCCURS IN 1 STAGES(1 DIVISIONS)

PROPHASE I METAPHASE I ANAPHASE I TELOPHASE I

46

46x2

4646

46

46x2

46

46

Elk antler cells undergo Mitosis every 4-5 minutes(quickest one known)

INTERPHASE

G1 S G2

CELL GROWTH &ROUTINE FUNCTIONS

DNA SYNTHESIS(COPIED)

GROWTH AND PREPARATIONFOR CELL REPRODUCTION

CELLS THATDON’T DIVIDE

REMAIN INTHIS PHASE

ALL THE TIME

ORGANELLSREPLICATE

CELLS SPENDS 80% OF ITS TIME IN THESE 3 PHASES

AFTER THESE 3 PHASES OCCUR THE CELL UNDERGOESMIITOSIS

CYTOKINESIS IS WHEN THE CYTOMPLAMS DIVIDES ANDTHE CELL MEMBRANE ENCLOSEES EACH NEWW CELL

MITOSIS, CYTOKINESIS AND INTERPHASE MAKE UP THE CELL CYLCE

TYPES OF CANCER

CARCINOMAS SARCOMAS LEUKEMIAS LYMPHOMAS

SKIN ANDSKIN-LIKETISSUES

BONE, MUSCLE,CARTILAGE &

FAT

WHITE BLOODCELLS

LYMPHATICSYSTEM

Chemical Exposure

• Small, wiry boys were selected as chimney sweeps, because they could go places an adult could not.

• Working to remove soot from chimneys, they got covered with grime.

• Hygiene standards were low, so soot remained on their skin, particularly in obscure places.

18th Century Early Observation

• Percivall Pott 1775, London.

• Traced relationship between exposure to soot (collecting under scrotum) and increased incidence of scrotal cancer in chimney sweeps.

Tobacco and Lung Cancer• Lung cancer was uncommon until the 20th Century.• Many observed the rise in lung cancer rates and rise in

popularity of cigarette smoking.• Finally came experiments showing that tobacco smoke

caused cancer in laboratory animals.• Epidemiologic studies followed

– Found that lung cancer death rate is dose dependent (directly related to the total number of cigarettes smoked).

Tumor-initiating Agents in the Particulate Phase of Tobacco Smoke

Confirmed Carcinogenic Agents in the Gas Phase of Cigarette Smoke

Tobacco Use in the US, 1900-2002

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

5000

190019051910191519201925193019351940194519501955196019651970197519801985199019952000Year

Per Capita Cigarette Consumption

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Age-Adjusted Lung Cancer Death

Rates*

*Age-adjusted to 2000 US standard population. Source: Death rates: US Mortality Public Use Tapes, 1960-2002, US Mortality Volumes, 1930-1959, National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2005. Cigarette consumption: US Department of Agriculture, 1900-2002.

Per capita cigarette consumption

Male lung cancer death rate

Female lung cancer death rate

Diffusion

HIGH co ncentratio n LOW concentration of dye of dye

CELLS &

SOLUTIONS

HYPERTONIC

WATER CONCENTRATIONIS HIGHER INSIDE OF CELLTHAN OUTSIDE THE CELL

WATER CONCENTRATIONIS LOWER INSIDE OF CELLTHAN OUTSIDE THE CELL

HYPOTONIC

ISOTONIC

WATER CONCENTRATIONINSIDE OF CELL IS THE

SAME AS OUTSIDE OF CELL

WATER EXITS WATER ENTERS WATER CONCENTRATIONSTAYS THE SAME

SOLUTE (SALT) CONCENTRATION EFFECTS SOLVENT(H2O) CONCENTRATION

Animal Cell

Plan t Ce ll

PASSIVE=

NO ENERGY INPUT

FROM THE CELL

CELL MEMBRANETRANSPORT

DIFFUSION=

MOVEMENT OF STUFF FROM AREA

OF GREATERCONCENTRATIONTO AN AREA OF

LESSER

FACILITATED DIFFUSION=

CARRIER PROTIENSINCREASE THE RATE

AT WHICH STUFF MOVESACROSS THE MEMBRANE

OSMOSIS=

MOVEMENT OF WATER FROM AN AREA OF

GREATER CONCENTRATION TO AN AREA OF LESSER

CONCENTRATIONTHROUGH A SELECTIVELYPERMEABLE MEMBRANE

ACTIVE=

CELL MUST EXPEND ENERGY

MEMBRANE PUMPS=

MOVES THINGS "UP"OR AGAINST A

CONCENTRATIONGRADIENT

CELL MEMBRANE MOVEMENT

EXOCYTOSIS=

RELEASES STUFF TO

THE EXTERIOR

ENDOCYTOSIS=

MATERIAL IS TAKENINTO THE CELL

CONCENTRATION GRADIENTS

CONC.

CONC. CONC.

CONC.

CONC.

CONC.

Transport through

cell membrane

Can be Can be

Active

Which Requires Which Requires

No energy such as in

Example Example Example

Which move materialsfrom a region of

To a region of

and

Transportproteins

To move materialsfrom a region of

To a region of