8/9/2019 Characteristics of Plant Pathogenic Nematodes

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II.

CHARACTERISTICSOF PLANT

PATHOGENIC

NEMATODES

CECIRLY G. PUIGAssistant Professor

University of Southeastern Philippines Tagum!a"ini Campus

College of Agri#ulture an$ Relate$ S#ien#es

!a"ini% Com&al Provin#e

Email A$$ress' #e#irly(gon)ales*hotmail.#om

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Morphology

Plant-parasitic nematoes

are small! "## to $!###micrometers! %it& some 'pto ( millimeters lon)! *+

$,", micrometers %ie.

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Fi). .Morp&olo)+

an mainc&aracteristics o/t+pical male an/emale plantparasiticnematoes.

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T&eir small iameter ma1es t&emin2isi*le to t&e na1e e+e! *'t t&e+can *e o*ser2e easil+ 'ner t&emicroscope.

Nematoes are! in )eneral! eel s&ape

an ro'n in cross section! %it&smoot&! 'nse)mente *oies! %it&o'tle)s or ot&er appena)es.

T&e /emales o/ some species! &o%e2er!*ecome s%ollen at mat'rit+ an &a2epear-s&ape or sp&eroi *oies

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AnatomyT&e nematoe *o+ is more or lesstransparent.It is co2ere *+ a colorless c'ticle! %&ic&is 's'all+ mar1e *+ striations or ot&er

mar1in)s.T&e c'ticle molts %&en a nematoe)oes t&ro')& t&e s'ccessi2e3'2enile sta)es.T&e c'ticle is pro'ce *+ t&e

&+poermis! %&ic& consists o/ li2in)cells an e4tens into t&e *o+ ca2it+ as/o'r c&ors separatin) /o'r *ans o/lon)it'inal m'scles.T&e m'scles ena*le t&e nematoe to

mo2e.

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T&e repro'cti2e s+stems o/ nematoesare %ell e2elope.

Females &a2e one or t%o o2aries!/ollo%e *+ an o2i'ct an 'ter'sterminatin) in a 2'l2a.

T&e male repro'cti2e str'ct're issimilar to t&at o/ t&e /emale! *'t t&ere isa testis! seminal 2esicle! an a termin'sin a common openin) %it& t&e intestine.

A pair o/ protr'si*le! cop'lator+ spic'lesare also present in t&e male.

Repro'ction in plant parasiticnematoes is t&ro')& e))s an ma+ *ese4'al or part&eno)enetic.

Man+ species lac1 males.

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Fi). (a. Sta)es in a li/e c+cle an t&e in/ection process o/ plant parasitic nematoes.

7A8 Nematoe e))s. 798. Nematoe e))s an &atc&in) secon-sta)e 3'2enile.7C8 T+pical plant parasitic nematoe rea+ to in/ect plant. 7D8 :'2enile

an a'lt ectoparasitic rin) nematoes /eein) on root.

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All nematoes &a2e /o'r 3'2enile

sta)es! %it& t&e 6rst molt 's'all+occ'rrin) in t&e e)).

A/ter t&e 6nal molt t&e nematoes

i;erentiate into males an/emales.

T&e /emale can t&en pro'ce

/ertile e))s eit&er a/ter matin)%it& a male or! in t&e a*sence o/males! part&eno)eneticall+.

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Fi). (*. 7E8Aphelenchus nematoes present insie plant cells.7F8 Radopholus nematoes /eein) insie plant root.[Photographs courtesy of (A, C, E, and F) University of

Florida, (B) U !un"e, (#) $ % %estcott &&&'

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A li/e c+cle /rom e)) to e)) ma+ *e

complete %it&in to ( %ee1s 'neroptim'm en2ironmental! especiall+temperat're! conitions *'t %ill ta1elon)er in cooler temperat'res.

In some species o/ nematoes t&e 6rstor secon 3'2enile sta)es cannot in/ectplants an epen on t&e ener)+ store

in t&e e)) /or t&eir meta*olic /'nctions.

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Ecology and #pread

Almost all plant pat&o)enic nematoesli2e part o/ t&eir li2es in t&e soil.

Man+ li2e /reel+ in t&e soil! /eein)s'per6ciall+ on roots an 'ner)ro'nstems! an in all! e2en in t&e speciali0e

seentar+ parasites! t&e e))s! t&epreparasitic 3'2enile sta)es! an t&emales are /o'n in t&e soil /or all or parto/ t&eir li2es.

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Soil temperat're! moist're! an aerationa;ect s'r2i2al an mo2ement o/nematoes in t&e soil.

Nematoes occ'r in )reatest a*'nance

in t&e top $, to "# centimeters o/ soil.

T&e istri*'tion o/ nematoes in

c'lti2ate soil is 's'all+ irre)'lar an is)reatest in or aro'n t&e roots o/s'scepti*le plants! %&ic& t&e+ /ollo%sometimes to consiera*le ept&s 7"#

$,# centimeters or more8.

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T&e )reater concentration

o/ nematoes in t&e re)iono/ &ost plant roots is 'e

primaril+ to t&eir more rapirepro'ction on t&e /oos'ppl+ a2aila*le an also to

attraction o/ nematoes *+s'*stances release intot&e r&i0osp&ere.

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To t&ese m'st *e ae t&e so-

calle &atc&in) /actor e;ect o/s'*stances ori)inatin) /rom t&e roott&at i;'se into t&e s'rro'nin)soil! mar1el+ stim'latin) t&e

&atc&in) o/ e))s o/ certain species.

Most nematoe e))s! &o%e2er!

&atc& /reel+ in %ater in t&e a*senceo/ an+ special stim'l's.

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Farm e='ipment! irri)ation! 5oo orraina)e %ater! animal /eet! *irs! an

'st storms sprea nematoes in localareas! %&ereas o2er lon) istancesnematoes are sprea primaril+ %it& /armpro'ce an n'rser+ plants.

A /e% nematoes t&at attac1 t&ea*o2e)ro'n parts o/ plants not onl+

sprea t&ro')& t&e soil as escri*eearlier! *'t t&e+ are also splas&e to t&eplants *+ /allin) rain or o2er&ea %aterin).

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T%o )enera o/ t&e /amil+

Ap&elenc&oiiae! namel+Aphelenchoides 7*' an lea/nematoes8 an Bursaphelenchus7t&e pine %ilt an re-rin)

nematoes8! selom! i/ e2er! entert&e soil.

T&e+ s'r2i2e instea in t&e tiss'eso/ t&e plants t&e+ in/ect an! /or t&elatter! in its insect 2ectors.

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Classi$cation

All plant parasitic nematoes*elon) to t&e p&+l'm Nematoa.

Most o/ t&e important parasitic)enera *elon) to t&e orer

T+lenc&ia! *'t a /e% *elon) to t&eorer Dor+laimia.

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P&+l'm> NematoaOrer> T+lenc&ia

S'*orer> T+lenc&ina

S'per/amil+> T+lenc&oiea

Famil+> An)'iniae Gen's>Anguina! %&eat or see-)all nematoe

#itylenchus! stem or *'l* nematoe o/

al/al/a! onion! narciss's! etc.

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Famil+> 9elonolaimiae Gen's> Belonolaius! stin) nematoe o/

cereals! le)'mes! c'c'r*its! etc. ylenchorhynchus! st'nt nematoe o/

to*acco! corn! cotton! etc.

Famil+> Prat+lenc&iae Gen's> Pratylenchus! lesion nematoe o/

almost all crop plants an trees Radopholus! *'rro%in) nematoe o/

*anana! citr's! co;ee! s')arcane! etc. *aco++us! /alse root-1not nematoe

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Famil+> Heteroeriae

Gen's> -lo+odera! ro'n c+stnematoe o/ potato

eterodera! c+st nematoe o/

to*acco! so+*ean!s')ar *eets! cereals

.eloidogyne! root-1not

nematoe o/almost all crop plants

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S'per/amil+> Criconematoiea

Famil+> Criconematiae Gen's> Criconeella! /ormerl+

Criconea an Criconeoides! rin)

nematoe o/ %oo+ plants! ca'se o/peac& tree s&ort li/e

eicycliophora! s&eat& nematoe o/2ario's plants

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Famil+> Parat+lenc&iae

Gen's> Paratylenchus! pin nematoeo/ 2ario's plants

Famil+> T+lenc&'liae Gen's> ylenchulus! citr's nematoeo/ citr's! )rapes! oli2e! lilac! etc.

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S'*orer> Ap&elenc&ina

Famil+> Ap&elenc&oiiae

Gen's>Aphelenchoides! /oliar nematoe

o/ c&r+sant&em'm! stra%*err+! *e)onia!

rice! cocon't! etc. Bursaphelenchus! t&e pine %ilt an t&ecocon't palm or re rin) nematoes

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In terms o/ &a*itat! pat&o)enic

nematoes are eit&erectoparasites! i.e.! species t&ato not normall+ enter

root tiss'e *'t /ee onl+ /rom t&eo'tsie on t&e cells near t&e roots'r/aces! or endoparasites! i.e.!

species t&at enter t&e &ost an/ee /rom %it&in.

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9ot& o/ t&ese can *e eit&ermigratory! i.e.! t&e+ li2e /reel+ int&e soil an /ee on plants %it&o't*ecomin) attac&e or mo2e aro'ninsie t&e plant! or sedentary! i.e.!

species t&at! once %it&in a root! onot mo2e a*o't.

Ectoparasitic nematoes incl'e t&e

rin) nematoes 7seentar+8 an t&ea))er! st'**+ root! an stin)nematoes 7all mi)rator+8.

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Enoparasitic nematoes incl'e t&e

root 1not! c+st! an citr's nematoes7all seentar+8! an t&e lesion! steman *'l*! *'rro%in)! lea/! st'nt!lance! an spiral nematoes 7all

some%&at mi)rator+8.

O/ t&ese! t&e c+st! lance! an spiralnematoes ma+ *e some%&at

ectoparasitic! at least 'rin) part o/t&eir li2es.