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“Advanced characterization: the key factor for standardization atnm-scale”
Olha [email protected]
Copyright 2017 CSEM | Material Science & Component Reliability | Page 2
Our mission
Development and transfer of microtechnologies to the industrial sector in order to
reinforce its competitive advantage.
Cooperation agreements with established companies
Creation of start-ups
about CSEM
Copyright 2017 CSEM | Material Science & Component Reliability | Page 3
Technology platforms to foster innovation
MEMS
Surface Engineering
Systems
Ultra-low-power integrated
systems
PV-center & energy management
about CSEM
Copyright 2017 CSEM | Material Science & Component Reliability | Page 4
Outlook
Nanotechnology and why do we care about it?
What are the benefits of using nanomaterials for aeronautic
application?
Link between standardization and characterization
Example: Nanocoatings for improved anti-icing properties
SAE Aerospace Standards Summit Spring 2017
Copyright 2017 CSEM | Material Science & Component Reliability | Page 5
Nanotechnology
• Nanotechnology is the understanding and control of matter at
dimensions between approximately 1 and 100 nm or nanoscale.
SAE Aerospace Standards Summit Spring 2017
https://www.sciencecenter.org
Copyright 2017 CSEM | Material Science & Component Reliability | Page 6
Why do we care?
• Things behave differently at this scale:
unusual physical, chemical, and biological properties
can emerge in materials at the nanoscale.
• Quantum mechanics plays a much more
important role
• Surface area: nanomaterials behave differently from
bulk materials of the same chemical
SAE Aerospace Standards Summit Spring 2017
http://www.webexhibits.org/causesofcolor/9.html
Volume:
1m x 1m x 1m = 1 m3
Surface Area:
(1m x 1m) x 6 sides = 6 m2
Volume:
(0.1m x 0.1m x 0.1m) x
1000 cubes = 1 m3
Surface Area:
(0.1m x 0.1m) x 6 sides x
1000 cubes = 60 m2
This increased surface area allows chemical reactions to go much faster
Copyright 2017 CSEM | Material Science & Component Reliability | Page 7
What are the benefits for aerospace?
The drive for lighter and more efficient air vehicles has led to the
rapid adoption of nanotechnology in aerospace manufacturing.
Substituting stronger material of the same weight can increase the
impact resistance of aircraft skin material.
Visionary ideas include fault tolerant and self-healing materials
SAE Aerospace Standards Summit Spring 2017
• The main roadblock: is caused by uncertainty over the
environmental and health and safety implications of these
materials.
Copyright 2017 CSEM | Material Science & Component Reliability | Page 8
Link: standards & characterisations
• The aerospace material
standards allow industry to test
these materials in order to
evaluate their:
Structural,
thermal,
optical,
mechanical,
chemical,
electrical properties
SAE Aerospace Standards Summit Spring 2017
Aerospace
Nanomaterials Characterization
Standards
Copyright 2017 CSEM | Material Science & Component Reliability | Page 9
Nanotechnology in aerospace materials
• Nanotube-Reinforced
Composites: improvement of the
mechanical properties of CNT-
reinforced composites
• Nanostructured metals &
nanocoatings: greater strength and
hardness
• Polymer Nanocomposites: superb
weight-to-strength ratios, and enhanced
resilience to vibration, fire and EMS
SAE Aerospace Standards Summit Spring 2017
http://aerospaceengineeringblog.com
http://www.azonano.com
Copyright 2017 CSEM | Material Science & Component Reliability | Page 10
Polymer-based NanoClay Composites
SAE Aerospace Standards Summit Spring 2017
http://imi.cncr-nrc.gc.ca
Conventional composite
Intercalated nanocomposite
Exfoliated nanocomposite
Copyright 2017 CSEM | Material Science & Component Reliability | Page 11
Techniques for Particle Sizing
SAE Aerospace Standards Summit Spring 2017
source: www.malvern.com
Nano Microns
Copyright 2017 CSEM | Material Science & Component Reliability | Page 12
Average
diameter
9.8 ± 1 (nm)
Spherical Nanoparticles of 10nm (powder)
SAE Aerospace Standards Summit Spring 2017
Copyright 2017 CSEM | Material Science & Component Reliability | Page 13
Can SAXS provide information about
bimodal & tri-modal particle
mixtures?
Bi- and trimodal systems
SAE Aerospace Standards Summit Spring 2017
Copyright 2017 CSEM | Material Science & Component Reliability | Page 14
0.00%
20.00%
40.00%
60.00%
80.00%
100.00%
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Dv
(R)
[nm
-1]
25nm : 50nm : 80nm
[ 3 : 1 : 1 ]
Colloidal silica @ 0.8 Vol.%
Trimodal Size Distribution from SAXS Data
Copyright 2017 CSEM | Material Science & Component Reliability | Page 16
Nanocoatings for improved anti-icing properties
• GOAL: ACHIEVE OPTIMUM
AERODYNAMIC PERFORMANCE
BY MEANS OF SURFACE
MODIFICATION
• To increase safety by avoiding icing
• To reduce weight and lower fuel
consumption by use of new
generation of low-energy consuming
active de-icing system
• To reduce pollution by reduced fuel
consumption
SAE Aerospace Standards Summit Spring 2017
Copyright 2017 CSEM | Material Science & Component Reliability | Page 17
Anti-icing surfaces: CSEM Technologies
• Two biomimetic approaches
• Combination of surface structuration and hydrophobic chemistry –
Superhydrophobic/lotus effect
• Minimise the contact area between surface and water
• Delay ice crystallisation and reduce ice adhesion
• Grafting of freeze depressant agents
• Delay ice crystallisation and inhibit crystal growth
• Keep water liquid at the surface
SAE Aerospace Standards Summit Spring 2017
Copyright 2017 CSEM | Material Science & Component Reliability | Page 18
Approach #1: Structuration of polymeric coatings
• Selected structuration process: Replication with microstructured mould
• Two families of coatings have been mainly investigated
• Thermoset resins: structuration remains challenging
• UV-cureable resins: good results on PnP or commercial formulations
SAE Aerospace Standards Summit Spring 2017
Copyright 2017 CSEM | Material Science & Component Reliability | Page 19
Superhydrophobic surfaces https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8IgRbcRRLy0
SAE Aerospace Standards Summit Spring 2017
:
o High speed video recordings of water drops impacts on superhydrophobic surfaces:
Structure 2Flat Structure 1
Copyright 2017 CSEM | Material Science & Component Reliability | Page 20
Approach #1: Lab testing performances
• Long freezing delays measured with embossed
pillars+F-MVD (~1 min, 10 times longer than
solution fluorinated sol-gel coatings) (CSEM
structures)
• Low shear stress obtained with MVD™ treated
samples (< 0.02 MPa) (intrinsec roughness of
commercial coatings)
• High power reduction achieved with MVD™
treated surfaces (up to 66%!), compared to
commercial hydrophobic paints (anodised metallic
surface)
SAE Aerospace Standards Summit Spring 2017
Copyright 2017 CSEM | Material Science & Component Reliability | Page 21
Approach #2: Freezing point depressant agents?
• Observation of polar fishes in the 60s/70s: their blood should have frozen
• From blood analysis: anti-freeze (glyco)proteins
• Mechanism:
• Tight binding to ice crystal and water
• Ice growth and freezing point reduction
• Possible to reproduce these effects with synthetic polymers?
SAE Aerospace Standards Summit Spring 2017
Copyright 2017 CSEM | Material Science & Component Reliability | Page 22
Approach #2: Wind tunnel testing
• CSEM technology: polymer grafting on aeronautical resin
• Test in Icing wind tunnel (CIRA) coupled with an electrothermal
deicer
• Principle: decrease surface temperature up to the limit of ice-free conditions
• Much lower power consumption to get ice-free surfaces (heating down to 25°C
only!)
SAE Aerospace Standards Summit Spring 2017
Copyright 2017 CSEM | Material Science & Component Reliability | Page 23
Sensitive mesoporous layers for aeronautic
• Pressure-Sensitive Paintings (PSP) for aero-dynamic testing in wind tunnel: meso-
porous sol-gel coatings are used to measure fast pressure variations observed in an
unsteady aerodynamic flow
• Higher sensibility when compared to standard PSP, better performances in
luminescence (10x) and responsiveness (Facq. up to 10KHz vs Facq.< 1KHz for std
PSP).
• Technology patented, will be transfered to ONERA (2017-18) for commercialization –
CCIFS Innovation Trophy awarded to CSEM
SAE Aerospace Standards Summit Spring 2017
Thank you for your attention!
Follow us on
www.csem.ch
Copyright 2017 CSEM | Material Science & Component Reliability | Page 25
Nano-consumer products
• There are over 1’300 consumer products around the world that are
manufacturer - identified as nanotechnology based.
• Touch screens (iPhone)
• Sunscreens
• Cosmetics
• Tennis rackets
• Bicycles
• Fabric
• Computer memory
• Also in aerospace…
SAE Aerospace Standards Summit Spring 2017
http://www.economist.com