Chemical bonding

Combining of elements to form NEW SUBSTANCES

1.

Nucleus

• Center of the atom.• Contains protons and neutrons.

2.

Proton

• Positive charge• Mass of 1 amu.

• Located in the nucleus.

3.

Neutron

• No charge• Mass of 1 amu.

• Located in the nucleus.

4.

Electron

• Negative charge• Mass of nearly 0.

• Located outside of the nucleus.

5.

Energy levels

2-8-18

6.

nucleus

Electron energy levels

Bonding is a sharing of

• electrons in order to fill the outer (valence) energy level.

7.

Molecule

• Compound formed by covalent bonds.

8.

Crystal

• Compound formed by ionic bonds.

9.

Covalent bond

• Electrons are shared in order to fill the outer (valence) energy level.

• Between two nonmetals.

10.

Ionic bond

• Electrons are transferred from one atom to another.

• Between metals and nonmetals.

11.

Metallic bond

• A “sea of electrons”.

• Between metal atoms only.

12.

Balanced Chemical Equation

• Atoms are conserved (neither lost nor gained) on both sides of the

arrow.

13.

Synthesis reaction

• Two or more substances combine to form one new substance

• A + B AB

14.

Decomposition reaction

• One substance breaks down to form two or more smaller

molecules.• AB A + B

15.

Single-replacement reaction

• AB + C A + BC

16.

Double-replacement reaction

• AB + CD AC + BD

17.

Activation energy

• Energy required for reactants to form products

18.

Reactant

• Substances present before a reaction occurs

• Written on the left side of the arrow

19.

Product

• Substances present after a reaction occurs• Written on the right side of the arrow

20.

Coefficient

• Number written to the left of a molecule or atom to show how many are present in a

balanced equation.

21.

Subscript

• Number written to the lower right of an atom to show how many are present in a

molecule.• Cannot be changed to balance an equation.

22.

Valence electrons

• Outermost energy level that determines an element’s ability to undergo a reaction

23.

How to increase reaction rate:

• Increase concentration (add more reactant)• Increase the surface area (crush it)

• Increase the temperature• Add a catalyst

24.

Catalyst

• A substance that increases the rate of reaction, but is not actually involved in the

reaction• Lowers the activation energy required for

that reaction

25.

Electrolyte

• A solution that conducts electric current• Inorganic compounds, acids, bases, and

salts are electrolytes

26.

Non-electrolyte

• A solution that does not conduct electric current

• organic compounds

27.

How to increase rate of solution(solid dissolving into a liquid)

• Crush (powder) the solid• Heat the solution• Stir the solution

28.

Saturated solution

Contains all the solute it can hold at a specific temperature

29.

Saturated solution

Contains all the solute it can hold at a specific temperature

30.

Unsaturated solution

• A solution that can hold more solid at that temperature • Dilute

31.

Supersaturated solution

• A solution that is forced to hold more solid than it could under normal conditions• Usually under high pressure

32.

H+

• Ion present in acids• Dissociated (pops off) from the molecule

when dissolved in water.

33.

OH-

• Ion present in bases• Dissociated (pops off) from the molecule

when dissolved in water.

34.

Organic cmpds always contain

• C and H• Covalent bonds

35.

pH of acids < 7

pH of bases > 7

pH of neutralization = 7

36.

hydrocarbon

• Molecule that contains only carbon and hydrogen

37.

benzene

• Simplest aromatic (ring shaped) hydrocarbon• Symbol is

• toxic

38.

Functional groups:

39.

• Alcohol --OH• Organic acid –COOH

• OHEster

COOH

• Halogen derivative –F, --Cl, -- Br

Properties of acids:

40.

• Sour taste• H+ ion

• Litmus is red• Phenolphthalein is colorless

Properties of bases:

41.

• Bitter taste• OH- ion

• Litmus is blue• Phenolphthalein is pink

Endings for hydrocarbons:

42.

• -ane means all single bonds between carbons• -ene means at least one double bond between

carbons• -yne means at least one triple bond between

carbons

Properties of crude oil (petroleum)

43.

• NONRENEWABLE RESOURCE• Exists as a liquid beneath Earth’s surface• Exists as a solid in some rocks and sand• Can be black, brown, green, red, yellow, or

colorless• Can have high viscosity (flow slowly) or low

viscosity (flow freely)• Mixture that can be separated based on the

boiling point of each component

Property used to separate (refine) petroleum into its parts

44.

boiling point

Highest temperature in fractionating tower

45.

• Higher than boiling point of most fractions

Fraction that does not vaporize in the fractionating tower

46.

• Asphalt (stays at the bottom)

Process of distillation

47.

• First vaporization then condensation

Polymer

48.

• Large chain-like molecule made from smaller monomers.

Monomer

49.

• Smaller molecule that bonds together to form polymers

Polymerization

50.

• Process of chemically bonding monomers into polymers

• Synthesis rxn

Examples of natural polymers

51.

• Cotton• Silk

• Protein

Examples of synthetic polymers / polymer products

52.

• Plastic• Paint• Nylon• Polyester• Rayon

Alpha particle

53.

• Helium nucleus given off by an unstable nucleus

• Two protons and two neutrons (mass = 4)• Low penetrating power

Beta particle

54.

• Electron given off by an unstable nucleus• Negative charge (mass nearly 0)

• More penetrating power than alpha but less than gamma

Gamma ray

55.

• Energy given off by an unstable nucleus• No charge and no mass

• Very high penetrating power

Result of alpha decay

56.

• New element (transmutation) with atomic number two lower and mass number 4 lower

than original element

Result of beta decay

57.

• New element (transmutation) with atomic number one higher but same mass as original

element

Result of gamma decay

58.

• Same element with less energy in its nucleus

Fission

59.

• Atomic nucleus splits into two smaller, equal sized nuclei, releasing large amount of energy

Fusion

60.

• Two atomic nuclei join together to form one larger nucleus, releasing even more energy

than fission

Date of Japan earthquake and tsunami

61

• 3/11/11

Type of nuclear reactor that does not require electricity for safety features

62.

• Generation III

Type of nuclear reactor that uses thorium instead of uranium

63.

• Generation IV

Country that uses nuclear power plants to generate MOST of its electricity

64.

• FRANCE