CHEMICAL BONDS Chapter 20. BONDING - journal 1. Draw the BOHR ATOM & Lewis Dots for Hydrogen, Carbon, Chlorine, and Neon 2. How many valence electrons

CHEMICAL BONDSCHEMICAL BONDS

Chapter 20Chapter 20

BONDING - journalBONDING - journal

1.1. Draw the BOHR ATOM & Lewis Dots for Draw the BOHR ATOM & Lewis Dots for Hydrogen, Carbon, Chlorine, and NeonHydrogen, Carbon, Chlorine, and Neon

2.2. How many valence electrons does each have?How many valence electrons does each have?3.3. How many more electrons does each need to How many more electrons does each need to

be full in its valence shell?be full in its valence shell?4.4. Are atoms stable when their valence shells Are atoms stable when their valence shells

are partially empty?are partially empty?

BONDINGBONDING

Chemical PROPERTIES depend on the number Chemical PROPERTIES depend on the number of valence electrons.of valence electrons.

BONDINGBONDING

Therefore, chemical BONDING and Therefore, chemical BONDING and REACTIVITY (how an element REACTIVITY (how an element reacts) depend on an element’s reacts) depend on an element’s electron configuration.electron configuration.

BONDINGBONDINGWhich families on the Periodic Table are UNSTABLE Which families on the Periodic Table are UNSTABLE

because of their electron configurations?because of their electron configurations?CIRCLE THEM.CIRCLE THEM.

BONDINGBONDING STABLE ELECTRON CONFIGURATION: STABLE ELECTRON CONFIGURATION:

Which group does this describe?Which group does this describe?

BONDINGBONDING

What do elements with What do elements with UNSTABLE ELECTRON UNSTABLE ELECTRON CONFIGURATIONSCONFIGURATIONS do? do?

BONDINGBONDING

They CHEMICALLY BOND and form compoundsThey CHEMICALLY BOND and form compounds IONIC BONDINGIONIC BONDING

BONDINGBONDING IONIC BONDING – the forming of a stable IONIC BONDING – the forming of a stable

electron configuration through electron electron configuration through electron transfertransfer

Both Sodium and Chlorine are now STABLE Both Sodium and Chlorine are now STABLE (FULL) in their highest energy levels(FULL) in their highest energy levels


electron configuration through electron electron configuration through electron transfertransfer

What types of elements are Sodium and What types of elements are Sodium and Chlorine?Chlorine?

BONDINGBONDING

IONIC BONDING – the forming of a stable IONIC BONDING – the forming of a stable electron configuration through electron electron configuration through electron

transfer between a metal and a nonmetal.transfer between a metal and a nonmetal.


electron configuration through electron electron configuration through electron transfer between a metal and a nonmetal.transfer between a metal and a nonmetal.

When an atom gains or loses electrons, what When an atom gains or loses electrons, what does it get? does it get?

A CHARGE.A CHARGE.


electron configuration through electron electron configuration through electron transfer between a metal and a nonmetaltransfer between a metal and a nonmetal

ION:ION: An atom with a positive or negative An atom with a positive or negative CHARGE from electron transfer.CHARGE from electron transfer.



In the bond, one becomes positive (loses In the bond, one becomes positive (loses electrons) and one becomes negative (gains electrons) and one becomes negative (gains

electrons).electrons).



WHAT DO OPPOSITE CHARGES DO?WHAT DO OPPOSITE CHARGES DO?



ATTRACT. ATTRACT. This is HOW the IONIC BOND forms.This is HOW the IONIC BOND forms.

BONDINGBONDING HOW can you predict which elements will HOW can you predict which elements will

make positive ions and which will make make positive ions and which will make negative ions?negative ions?

IONIC BONDINGIONIC BONDINGIonization EnergyIonization Energy: the ability to PULL ON : the ability to PULL ON

ELECTRONS.ELECTRONS.

Which side GIVES UP electrons more easily?Which side GIVES UP electrons more easily?Which side has the MOST PULL?Which side has the MOST PULL?

IONIC BONDINGIONIC BONDINGIonization EnergyIonization Energy: the ability to PULL ON ELECTRONS.: the ability to PULL ON ELECTRONS.

TELLS YOU THE TELLS YOU THE OXIDATION NUMBEROXIDATION NUMBER

Take out your Periodic Table.Take out your Periodic Table.Predict the OXIDATION NUMBERS for A GroupsPredict the OXIDATION NUMBERS for A Groups

IONIC BONDINGIONIC BONDING

PROPERTIES OF IONIC COMPOUNDSPROPERTIES OF IONIC COMPOUNDS1.1. Form between a metal and a nonmetalForm between a metal and a nonmetal

2.2. Brittle/crystallineBrittle/crystalline3.3. High melting/boiling pointsHigh melting/boiling points

4.4. Dissolve (ions come apart) in water & conduct electricityDissolve (ions come apart) in water & conduct electricity

IONIC BONDINGIONIC BONDING NAMING IONIC COMPOUNDSNAMING IONIC COMPOUNDS

The metal (positive ion) goes first in the formulaThe metal (positive ion) goes first in the formulaThe nonmetal (negative ion) goes last in the formulaThe nonmetal (negative ion) goes last in the formula

1.1. NaCl – Sodium ChlorideNaCl – Sodium Chloride2.2. HF – Hydrogen FluorideHF – Hydrogen Fluoride

3.3. MgIMgI22 – Magnesium Iodide – Magnesium Iodide4.4. KBr - ???KBr - ???

Potassium BromidePotassium Bromide

This is Binary NomenclatureThis is Binary NomenclatureIonic Bonding ChallengeIonic Bonding Challenge

IONIC BONDINGIONIC BONDING

BONDING – Journal 3BONDING – Journal 3

Show ALL THE STEPS of an IONIC BOND Show ALL THE STEPS of an IONIC BOND between a Family 1A element and a Family 7A between a Family 1A element and a Family 7A element, between a Family 2A and Family 6A, element, between a Family 2A and Family 6A,

and a Family 3A and a Family 5A.and a Family 3A and a Family 5A.

CHEMICAL CHEMICAL BONDS – BONDS – CovalentCovalent

Chapter 20Chapter 20

BONDING – JournalBONDING – Journal

Show all of the steps needed to bond Show all of the steps needed to bond Sodium and Bromine.Sodium and Bromine.

Show all of the steps needed to bond Show all of the steps needed to bond Magnesium and Fluorine.Magnesium and Fluorine.

What is the full definition of an ionic What is the full definition of an ionic bond?bond?

Why do elements bond?Why do elements bond? Answer the question for Figure 10 on Answer the question for Figure 10 on

page 166 of your book.page 166 of your book.

BONDINGBONDING

Chemical PROPERTIES depend on the Chemical PROPERTIES depend on the number of valence electrons.number of valence electrons.

BONDINGBONDING

Therefore, chemical bonding Therefore, chemical bonding and reactivity depend on an and reactivity depend on an element’s electron element’s electron configuration.configuration.

BONDINGBONDING

STABLE ELECTRON CONFIGURATION: STABLE ELECTRON CONFIGURATION: Which group does this describe?Which group does this describe?

BONDINGBONDING

What do elements with What do elements with UNSTABLE UNSTABLE ELECTRON CONFIGURATIONSELECTRON CONFIGURATIONS do? do?

BONDINGBONDING

They BONDThey BOND COVALENT BONDINGCOVALENT BONDING

BONDINGBONDING

COVALENT BONDING – the forming COVALENT BONDING – the forming of a stable electron configuration of a stable electron configuration

through electron SHARINGthrough electron SHARING

Both Hydrogens are now STABLE in Both Hydrogens are now STABLE in their highest energy levelstheir highest energy levels

BONDINGBONDING


through electron SHARINGthrough electron SHARING

What type of element is Hydrogen?What type of element is Hydrogen?

BONDINGBONDING


through electron SHARING between through electron SHARING between NONMETALSNONMETALS

What element is this?What element is this?

BONDINGBONDING



How many electrons are How many electrons are shared in each picture?shared in each picture?

BONDINGBONDING



Two = A PAIRTwo = A PAIR This is called a SINGLE This is called a SINGLE

COVALENT BONDCOVALENT BOND

BONDINGBONDING



Each atom shares AN EQUAL numberEach atom shares AN EQUAL numberof electrons to fill its outer shellof electrons to fill its outer shell

BONDINGBONDING



This is how you DRAW a This is how you DRAW a SINGLE COVALENT BONDSINGLE COVALENT BOND

BONDINGBONDING



A single line means each atom sharedA single line means each atom sharedone electron each to get full.one electron each to get full.

BONDINGBONDING



How would you show the bond between Carbon and How would you show the bond between Carbon and Hydrogen?Hydrogen?

BREAK FOR THE BONDING BASICS SHEETBREAK FOR THE BONDING BASICS SHEET

BONDINGBONDING



How would you show the bond between How would you show the bond between Carbon and Hydrogen?Carbon and Hydrogen?

BONDINGBONDING



How would you DRAW the bond between How would you DRAW the bond between Carbon and Hydrogen?Carbon and Hydrogen?

BONDINGBONDING



What kind of bond would 2 oxygen What kind of bond would 2 oxygen atoms form?atoms form?

COVALENTCOVALENT

BONDINGBONDING



How many electrons does each atom How many electrons does each atom need?need?

TWOTWO

BONDINGBONDING



How many TOTAL electrons are shared?How many TOTAL electrons are shared? FOURFOUR

BONDINGBONDING

COVALENT BONDING – the forming of COVALENT BONDING – the forming of a stable electron configuration a stable electron configuration


How would you draw this?How would you draw this?

This is a DOUBLE COVALENT BOND. 2 pairs This is a DOUBLE COVALENT BOND. 2 pairs sharedshared

BONDINGBONDING



What kind of bond would 2 nitrogen What kind of bond would 2 nitrogen atoms form?atoms form?

COVALENTCOVALENT

BONDINGBONDING



How many electrons does each atom How many electrons does each atom need?need?

ThreeThree

BONDINGBONDING



How many total electrons are shared?How many total electrons are shared? Six (three pairs)Six (three pairs)

BONDINGBONDING



How would you draw this?How would you draw this? This is a TRIPLE COVALENT BOND 3 pairs This is a TRIPLE COVALENT BOND 3 pairs

sharedshared

BONDINGBONDING



Sometimes electrons are NOT SHARED Sometimes electrons are NOT SHARED EQUALLYEQUALLY

BONDINGBONDING



This is called a POLAR COVALENT This is called a POLAR COVALENT MOLECULEMOLECULE

BONDINGBONDING



The molecule has a negative side and The molecule has a negative side and positive sidepositive side

BONDINGBONDING



The molecule has a negative side and The molecule has a negative side and positive sidepositive side

BONDINGBONDING



Whenever electrons are SHARED, the Whenever electrons are SHARED, the thing that is formed is called a MOLECULE.thing that is formed is called a MOLECULE.

BONDINGBONDING



How do you write the Chemical Formula How do you write the Chemical Formula for a MOLECULE?for a MOLECULE?

BONDINGBONDING

How do you write the Chemical Formula for How do you write the Chemical Formula for a MOLECULE?a MOLECULE?

HH22

OO22

CHCH44

FF22

NN22

BONDINGBONDINGHOW DO YOU NAME A MOLECULE?HOW DO YOU NAME A MOLECULE?

HH22OODihydrogen oxideDihydrogen oxide

COCO22

Carbon dioxideCarbon dioxideCHCH44

Carbon tetrahydrideCarbon tetrahydrideHClHCl

Hydrogen ChlorideHydrogen ChlorideSOSO33

Sulfur trioxideSulfur trioxide

Building Covalent Building Covalent MoleculesMolecules

Number of shared

electrons

Name of bond Shown in a structural formula by what symbol?

Shown in a model by how many of what item?

2 SINGLE ----- ONE STICK

4 DOUBLE === TWO SPRINGS

6 TRIPLE === THREE SPRINGS


3BLUEN

2SILVERS

2REDO

1YELLOWH4BLACKC

Number of covalent bonds needed to get a full outer shell = number of holes

Lewis DotColorElement


Suppose you need to make three Suppose you need to make three covalent bonds to get a full outer covalent bonds to get a full outer shell. What are three ways of shell. What are three ways of covalent bonding involving covalent bonding involving combinations of single, double, and combinations of single, double, and triple bonds that you could use?triple bonds that you could use?


When you build a good model what When you build a good model what happens to the holes in the atomic happens to the holes in the atomic models?models?

THEY ARE FULLTHEY ARE FULL

CO2

Clear, gas, low boiling pointcarbon dioxide

NH3

Liquid, clear, used for cleaning & manufacturingammonia

H2SStinks, toxic, clearrotten egg gas

C4H10Flammable, clear, gasbutane

C3H8Flammable, clear, gaspropane

CH4

Flammable, clear, gas

methane

N2Gas, clear, low boiling point, 78% of atmospherenitrogen

O2

Gas, clear, low boiling point,18% of atmosphereoxygen

H2OLiquid, clear, high boiling point

water

Structural formulaChemical FormulaPHYSICAL PROPERTIESMolecule’s name

Documents

CHEMICAL BONDS Chapter 20. BONDING - journal 1. Draw the BOHR ATOM & Lewis Dots for Hydrogen, Carbon, Chlorine, and Neon 2. How many valence electrons