Book Reviews 391

The respiratory system is often one of the limiting factors in exercise. This book deals with thoracic movements; dynamics of breathing; breathing patterns; ventilation- perfusion relationships; diffusive gas exchange; cyanotic congenital heart disease; pulmonary circulation; car- dio-pulmonary interactions; lung water and solute move- ments; coupling of ventilation to pulmonary gas exchange; neural control of breathing; peripheral chemoreceptors; acid-base regulation; dyspnea; breathing and exercise requirements in the work place. These reviews will be of interest to all those concerned with respiration, circulation and exercise.

Chemical Communication; The Language of Pheromones- By W. C. ACXXTA. 179 pp. 1992. Scientific American/W. H. Freeman. New York. $32.95.

Pheromones (Greek “pherein” to carry; “hormone” excit- ing) are widely found in the animal kingdom. This book deals with the molecular chemistry of pheromones; navigat- ing by pheromones; alarms and allurements; cooperation and deception; shifting function and chemical masquerades; mammalian complexities; human attraction. Pheromones can cause abortion in mice, sexual arousal in pigs, menstrual synchrony in humans. The social environment contains many chemicals that provide signals that are received and detected at very low concentrations subconsciously and consciously. It is the basis of the billion dollar perfume industry. This excellently produced book will interest and delight most readers and could be a first rate birthday present.

Lives in the Balance; The Ethics of Using Animals in Biomedical Research-Edited by J. A. SMITH and K. M. Bovo. 352 pp. 1991. Oxford University Press, Oxford. S39.95.

This is the report of a working party of the Institute of Medical Ethics. It deals with: aims and methods of biomed- ical research; benefits of biomedical research; pain, stress and anxiety in animals; animals as experimental subjects; ethical considerations; alternatives to animal experiments; costs and benefits; toxicology and toxicity testing; animals in education and training; control of biomedical research using animals; the philosophical and moral debate. Readers will find much useful information such as the use of modified LDM tests so that fewer animals are used, the use of in vitro studies, and the use of invertebrates.

Morphometric Tools for Landmark Data; Geometry and Biology-By F. L. BOCKWEIN. 435 pp. 1991. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

A landmark is a data point such as the bridge of the nose from which other data points (middle of lips, chin, centre of eyebrow, nasal, etc.) can be related and calculated. Phenytoin, an anti-epileptic, is suspected of being terato- genie to fetuses when administered through the mother. The teratogenic child’s face looks “different”; similarly children born with fetal alcohol syndrome can look differ- ent. An analysis of 16 measured points on the face relative to the bridge of the nose landmark allows a statistical analysis of a child’s face providing an objective basis for “phenytoin face”. Other examples are changes in the shapes of bones in the head; picture (image) averaging; random walk; growing children; Apert syndrome. Themes from planar and solid geometry are linked to multivariate statistics to analyse form and shape in a quantitative manner.

The Thynma-By M. A. Rrrrnrt and I. N. CRISP. 85 pp. 1992. IRL Press, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Paperback S13.95.

This short “in focus” review provides an up-to-date account of the thymus. The thymus provides the milieu within which cells of the T lymphocyte lineage can develop, proliferate, mature, generate their antigen receptor repertoire and at a population level, become major histocompatability complex restricted and tolerant to self. The review deals with struc- ture and development; thymocyte populations and dynam- ics; the T cell repertoire; thymic microenvironment; unresolved questions (commitment of progenitor cells; con- trol of T cell receptor gene arrangements; role of lymphoki- nes; function of stromal cells; timing of clonal deletion; positive selection). A very useful review.

Physiological Adaptations in Vertebrates; Respiration, Circu- lation and MetaboBwEdited by S. C. Woo;, R. E. WEBER, A. R. HARCENS and R. W. MILLARD. 419 DO. 1992. Marcel Dekker, New York. $150 U.S.A. and Canada; $172.50 elsewhere.

This volume commemorates the life and work of Kjell Johansen who died 4 March 1987. The topics reviewed are: adaptational physiology; high altitude adaptation; myocar- dial function during hypoxia; the cost of running springs (bounding); gas exchange in lungs, gills and skin; ventilatory responses to hypoxia; control of breathing in hibernating mammals; gas exchange in reptiles and the origin of the avian lung; gas exchange, circulation and energy metabolism in arachnids; cardiorespiratory variables; developmental adaptations to gravity; amphibian cardiology; vertebrate haemoglobin function; crustacean homocysteine; behavioral hypothermia; circulation in the giant earthworm Glos- soscolex; August Krogh and his work on capillaries; crocodile cardiovascular anatomy and function; shunting of blood flow in the Cuimm; coronary circulation in seals; cardiovascular control in lungfish.

Progress in Hydra-Geochemistry; Organics, Carbonate Sys- tems, Silicate systems, Microbiology, Models-Edited by-G. MATNFZ.. F. H. FRIMMEL, P. HIRSCH, H. D. SCHILZ and E. USDOWSKI. 544 pp. 1991. Springer Verlag, Berlin. DM 198.

The research projects ran from 1982 till 1989. They surveyed polar organic substances and their role in water saturated and unsaturated zones; interactions of organic with humic substances; characterization of some organic acids (40 or- ganic acids have been identified in a soil sample extracted with 0.01 M NaOH); the carbonate system; the silicate system; redox reactions; rock-water interaction; ground water micro-organisms; microbial activities. The book con- tains material of interest to physiologists working on fresh water animals in relation to the nature and properties of fresh water.

The Bronchial CircuIatIoeEdited by J. BUTLER. 806~~. 1991. Marcel Dekker, New York. S185 U.S.A. and Canada; $212.75 elsewhere.

All the major topics concerning bronchial circulation are reviewed in this book; historical introduction; bronchial circulation anatomy in humans and animals; histology and electron microscopy; measurement of blood flow; regulation of bronchial circulation; neuroregulation and pharma- cology; respiratory air conditioning; heat and water loss by lung; nutrition and ischaemic injury; pleural fluid and protein balance; airways gas exchange; plasma exudation from trachea-bronchial microvessels in health and disease;