Chemical Engineering Drawing Symbols

D. G. Austin

George Godwin Limited - London

John Wiley & Sons - New York

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First 'published in Great Britain 1979by George Godwin LimitedThe book publishing subsidiary ofThe Builder Group1-3 Pemberton Row, Fleet StreetLondon EC4P 4H L

Copyright © 1979 by D.G. Austin

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

Austln, D GChemical engineering drawing symbols.1. Engineering drawings 2. Signs andsymbols 3. Chemical .engineeringI. Title604'.2'66020148 . T357

ISBN 0-7114-3318-6 (George Godwin Ltd)ISBN 0-470-26601-5 (Halsted Press)

Published in the U.S.A. and Canadaby Halsted Press, a Division ofJohn Wiley & Sons Inc., New York.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any mean's,electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, withoutthe prior permission of the publisher and copyright owner.

Printed in Great Britain byTonbridge Printers Limited

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Foreword

Throughout all stages of the design of a chemical plant, engineers of manydisciplines communicate by reference to diagrams ranging from the simple blockdiagram, where process alternatives are screened and developed, to thecomprehensive engineering line diagrams from which the plant is planned andfabricated. The graphic symbols employed in these diagrams need to be relativelysimple and versatile, so that they may be easily modified to suit the particulardesign requirement; also their form should be representative of the equipmentthey describe.

This useful "reference book hascollected together graphic symbols from manystandard documents and other sources and these have been arranged so that theselection of the appropriate symbol for-formulation or interpretation of themany different flowsheets is easily accomplished. The existence of alternativesymbols for the same item emphasises the need for further standar.disation in thisarea and it is hoped that this publication has made a valuable contribution in thisrespect.

This book is recommended for undergraduate chemical engineering students,especially those embarking on design project work, and it is believed that it willalso be useful to draughtsmen and process engineers employed in plant designoffices in the chemical industry.

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Department. of Chemical EngineeringThe University ofAston in Birmingham

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G. v. Jeffreys

Preface

Process flow (PFD) and engineering line (ELD) diagrams are the chemical andprocess engineer's basic means of communication during the development. processand project engineering of plants. However. difficulties are frequently encounteredin interpreting or formulating these diagrams. Such problems are primarilyassociated with the layout and use of graphic symbols employed to representplant items and ancillary equipment, including control and instrumentationfeatures of the process.

The types of question that arise are:What does this symbol represent?Which type of internals is employed in this distillation column?Does a recognised symbol exist for a plate heat exchanger?Two symbols are available for a diaphragm valve: which is preferred. and

why?Can it be shown graphically how the valve is actuated. with the type of

fittings for connection to pipelines?

Frequent reference to the various different published systems of symbols toanswer these questions distracts the designer from the continuity of the f1owsheet.Moreover. confusion over symbol use and interpretation. as well as being time­consuming. can lead to serious mistakes which may be costly to rectify and. ifthey remain undetected. can result in inefficient or even unsafe plant.

Although flowsheets fulfil diverse functions. their chief use is to communicate aprocess design clearly and accurately with the minimum of effort on the part ofthose engaged in producing and interpreting them. The principal objective incompiling this book has been to ease these tasks by providing a comprehensivelist of graphic symbols with examples to illustrate the way they are used.

BirminghamOctober. 1978

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DGA

Acknowledgements

I wish to acknowledge the cooperation of the following companies in preparationof this text:

APV·Mitchellltd .Foster-Wheeler ltdHumphreys and Glasgow ltdPullman KelloggLurgi (UK) ltdGeorge Wimpey M E & C ltd

I would also like to thank the Institution of Chemical Engineers for permission toinclude the process flow diagram for a plant design to produce MEK from2-Butanol.

D.G. Austin

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Contents

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.Foreword by G. V. Jeffreys, MSc, PhD, FRIC, CEng, MIChemE,

Professor of Chemical Engineering, University ofAston InBirmingham

Introduction

Preface

Acknowledgements

How.to Use this Book

Abbreviations .

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PART ONE · GENERAL EQUIPMENT

Heat Transfer Equipment 3

Process Equipment 17

Solids Reduction and Materials Handling 28

Physical Separation Equipment 39

Prime Movers, Pumps and Compressors 45

PART TWO PIPING SYSTEMS

Pipework 57

Pipework Ancillaries 67

Pipework Description 74

Valves 77 .

PART THREE INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL

Process Instrumentation 85

Valve Actuation and Automatic Control 89

References

Index

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93

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Introduction

To keep this compilation within manageable size it has been necessary to restrictthe sources to existing British and American standards, together with a selectionof symbols used by major industrial design offices. The use of standard symbols isrecommended wherever possible, but the alternatives may be used in the absenceof a standard symbol or where there is a need to convey more detailedinformation.

Although standards are periodically revised, the continuous introduction of anincreasing variety of chemical plant equipment results in a time-lag in theformulation of acceptable symbols. The British Standards-Institution has recentlypublished BS 1553: Part 1 : 1977 Graphical symbols for general engineering:piping systems and plant. I This supersedes three earlier standards, 1,3,6 withadditions to update the existing symbols together with some minor changes, andshould be used wherever possible.

However, symbols derived from the superseded standards are included in thisbook to aid interpretation of diagrams formulated before the new standard wasissued. Symbols for heating and ventilating installations are not included, sincethey do not feature regularly in process flow and engineering line diagrams;again, the designer is referred to BS 1553; Part 1: 1977 which provides acomprehensive listing.

Inevitably, some symbols are omitted: industrial concerns often have their own'standard' symbols which exhibit differences depending on personal preferenceand on the intended function of a particular drawing. Common experience is thatcontractors and manor manufacturers, while in favour of standardisation, arereluctant to change the ir established practice. Where symbols have not beenstandardised for equipment of recent design, Hill 8 presents a method of creatingeffective symbols which may be usefully employed.

The information that a symbol should convey depends on the purpose of thedrawing and it is thus an advantage if detail can be added progressively as theapplication commands: Figures 1 and 2 take the basicsymbols for a valve and fora distillation column as they would appear in a PFO and illustrate in logical stepshow the symbols may be developed for incorporation into an ElO.

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Valve - bas ic symbol

Wedge gale valve

Gale valve used Wilh an automaticactiVllII"ll element, wilh inlegral manualaCliVllllnll element

Similar valve wh ich relains hIposition on failure of Ihe operatingmedium

The valve is shown connected to thepipeline by flanged/boltlld , jninlll

Th. directlon 0' fluid flow is shownand the lIBle valve Is incorporatedinto a feedback control loop consist ingof an orifice plate and a flow indicator Icontroller which applies correctiveaction to the valve via a pneumatic line

Figure 1 Example of progressive addition ofdetail to a basic symbol

The PFD should depict the major equipment together with the principal flowroutes from raw material feed to final product. Key temperatures and pressurescorresponding to anticipated normal operation are indicated throughout.Material flows and compositions, basic control systems and the design duties ofmajor equipment may be included to give a comprehensive representation of theprocess in readily usablefonn. Figure 3 (facing page 70) provides an example ofa PFD for a gas/liquid processing plant which has been drawn to the recommenda­tions of the Institution of Chemical Engineers21 and the specifications of BS5070: 1974.22 It has the following features:

Major plant items are drawn to scale.Plant items are positioned in correct elevation relative to each other.The type of equipment is clearly indicated.Service headers are shown together at the top of the drawing.Service branch lines to items are drawn firmly but thinly, whereas all process

flow lines are of the heavy type.Only the more important valves are shown and in this connection only the

sizes of the more important pipelines need be indicated .The drawing is completed with an item list (of which there are several

types).

ELDs are of fundamental importance in all phases of the life of the plant andserve as working documents in the engineering design and construction stage.Wells,Seagrave and Whiteway23 have listed the minimum information that anELD should convey as follows:

1. All process equipment and piping required for start-up, shutdown,emergency and normal operation of the plant, including valves, blindsand removable spools.

2. An identification number, an identifier of the material of construction,diameter and insulation requirements for each line.

3. Direction of flow.4. Identification of main process and start-up lines.5. All instrumentation, control and interlock facilities with indication of

action on instrument air failure.6. Key dimensions or duties of all equipment.7. Operating and design pressures and temperatures for vessels and .

reactors.8. Equipment elevations.9. Set pressures for relief valves.

10. Drainage requirements.11. Special notes on piping configuration as necessary (e.g. 'no pockets',

'gravity drainage', etc.]

The designer will appreciate that the ELD is developed using the PFD as a basisdrawing with subsequent addition of the necessary detail. Taking the PFO (Figure3) for the 2-butanone (MEK) process which is described by Austin and Jeffreys,24this procedure has been adopted to produce the ELO for the solvent recovery partof the plant (Figure 4, page 73).

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I Abbreviations

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IAce accessory MIN minimum

I AOV air-operated valve MP medium pressure

ATM atmosphere NOZ nozzle

IBL battery limit OA overload alarm

BW butt weld OS overspeed

ICL centre line OVHD overhead

COMPR compressor PLGD plugged

CONN connection RD roof drain

I CPLG coupling RF raised face

CSC car sealed closed RO restriction orifice

I CSO car sealed open RTJ ring-type joint

DIA diameter SCH schedule

DIAG diagram SID shutdown

DR drain SO steam out

DWG drawing SP spool piece

EL elevation STD standard

EOV electric motor operated valve STM steam

FLG flanged SW socket weld

FF flat faced THD threaded

HC hose connection TL tangent line

HDR header TURB turbine

HOV hydraulic operated valve TYP typical

HP high pressure VAC vacuum

INST instrument VT vent

INT interface WDO water draw-off

LC locked closed WN weld neck

LO locked open WT wall thickness

LP low pressure XS extra strong

MAX maximum XXS double extra strong

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How to Use this Book

The text is divided into three arts:

General equipmentPiping systemsInstrumentation and control

The principal categories of plant items appear as subheadings, and within eachsection the symbols are arranged alphabetically. Symbols in the first column arederived from British Standards and in the second from the American NationalStandards Institute; the last two columns list the symbols employed by selectedindustrial design offices.

Where the words 'basic' and 'general' appear beside symbols they have quitedifferent implications. A basic symbol is one to which further graphic additionsmay be made to indicate the required detail, whereas a general symbol may beemployed to represent all types of equipment in the particular category. Thesource of each symbol is given by a circled number referring to the referenceson page 92.

The size of symbols is not governed by standard specifications except for thoserelating to instrumentation diagrams. However, the main plant items in PFDs andELDs should be drawn to convenient scale and designers should ensure thatsymbols are of sufficient size to avoid loss of detail if the diagrams are to bereduced.

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PART ONEGeneral Equipment

PART TWOPiping Systems

PART THREEInstrumentation and Control

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References

1. BS 1553: Part 1: 1977. Graphical symbols for general engineering, Part 1, Pipingsystems and plant. .

2. BS 974: 1953. Symbols for use on flow diagrams of chemicals and petroleum plant

3. BS 1553: Part 1: 1949. Graphical symbols lor pipes and valves. .

4. BS 1553: Part 2: 1950. Graphical symbols for power generating plant.

5. BS 1553: Part 3: 1950. Graphical symbols for compressing plant

6. BS 1553: Part 4: 1956. Graphical symbols for heating and ventilating installations.

7. BS 3553: 1962. Graphical symbols for coal preparation plant.

8. ASA Y32. 11·1961. Graphical symbols for process flow diagrams, ASME9. ASA Y32.2.6·1962. Grephicst symbols for compression plant, ASME.

10. ASA Z32.2.3·1949. Graphical symbols for pipe fittings, valves and piping, ASME.

11. ASA Z32.2.6-1950. Graphical symbols for heat - power apparatus, ASME.

12. Diagrammatic standard symbols, APV -Mitchell Ltd, 1977.

13. Flow sheet symbols - equipment, Foster Wheeler Ltd, Process Plants Division, 1968.

14. Line Symbols, Humphreys and Glasgow Ltd, 1977.

15. Flowsheet Symbols, Project Engineering Division. Pullman Kellogg, 1967.

16. Plant symbols, Lurgi (UK) Ltd (based upon DIN Standards including DIN 30600i,1977.

17. Flow di~ram·standard symbols, George Wimpey ME & C Ltd, 1968.

18. Hill, R.G. 'Drawing effective Ilowsheet symbols', Chemical Engineering, 1 January,p.84,1968.

19. BS 1646: 1964. Graphical symbols for process measurement and control functions.

20. DIN 40716. Graphical symbols for measuring, indicating and recording instruments.November, 1961.

21. The Institution of Chemical Engineers, pamphlet on the Part 3 Examination Drawing- notes for the guidance of candidates, London, 1969.

22. BS 5070: 1974. Drawing practice for engineering diagrams.

23. Wells, G.L., Seagrave, C.J. and Whiteway, R.M.C. Flowsheeting for Safety, TheInstitution of Chemical Engineers, Rugby, 1976.

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24. Austin, D.G. and JeHreys, G.V. A problem in chemical engineering design - themanufacture ofmethyl ethyl ketone from 2·butanol, The Institution of ChemicalEngineers, Rugby, in association with George Godwin Ltd, London, 1979,

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Index

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A-frame furnace 12Absorption vessel 21Accumulator 18,19,73Adjustable hanger 60Adjustable support 60AeriaJ rope way 36Agitator 24Air bottle 27Air classifier 30Air cock 81Air conditioning line 75Air-cooled condenser 6Air-cooled exchanger 6Air cooler 8Air-cooling evaporator 11Air lift 36,48Air preheater 15Air receiver 25Analyser 87 . '.Anchor 60Anchor agitator 24Angle check valve 80Angle cross 63Angle relief valve 80Angle tee 66Angle valve 77

. Annular-type exchanger 3Attemperator 15Autoclave 20Automatic air release valve 81Automatic stoker 13Auxiliary line 57Axial fan 52Axial flow compressor 51

Bame separator 39Bag filter 42Bagger 32Ball float level meter 87Ball mill 28Ball valve 78Bank exchanger 3Barometric condenser 6Barrel 27Basket centrifuge 41Basket strainer 67Batch tray dryer 9Battery limit 58Bell-mouth 69Bellows seal valve 78

Bellows-type joint 62Belt conveyor 34 .Belt dryer 9Belt weigher 37Blade agitator 24Blender 23Blind 63Blower 52,53Blowing egg 20Blow-off valve 81Bogey 38Boiler 14 .Boom loader 34Bottom hopper wagon 38Doundary line 58Box cooler 8Box-type furnace 12Bradford breaker 28Breaker 28Breather 70Briquetting machine ' 33Bubble cap tray 22Bucket elevator 35Bull plug 65Bunker 25,40Bunker-type stoker 13Burner 13Bursting disc 19,71,73Bushing 63Butt welded end cap 65Butt welded joint 61Butterfly valve 77. 78

Cabin heater '5Calciner 10Calender 33

. Calibrated pipe run 86Cap 65Capillary line 88Cascade deflector 22Case 27Cask 27Catalyst chamber 22Catalytic reactor 21Centrifugal compressor 51Centrifugal fan 52,53Centrifugal pump 48Centrifuge 41Chain conveyor 34Chain-operated valve 89

Characterized port valve 79Check valve 80Chemical sewer 69Chimney 43

. Classifier 30,31Classifying screen 29Closed tank 26 'Clutch 47Cock 79Column 16,18-19Combustion chamber 13Comminution equipment 28-29Compression joint 61Compressor 51-52Concentrating table 30Concentric tube exchanger 3Condenser 6,18,19,73Condensing tu rbine 47Cone crusher 28Cone-type strainer 67Conical settling tank 39Constant load hanger 60 .Control valve 2,19,73,90Conveyor 34Cooled pipe 59Cooler 7-8Cooling coil 4Cooling tower 7Correcting element 2,19,73,89Correcting unit 2,19,73,90Coupling 47Coupling, 'Viking Johnson' 62Crane 36Cross 63Crossing 57Crusher 28-29Crystallizer .2 1Cyclone 39,43Cyclone classifier 30Cyclone thickener 40

Dall tube 85Damperier65Damper valve 78Dashpot checked valve 89De-aerator 17Decanter 39De-duster 43Dehumidifier 44Demisting pad 44

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Oesslcant 10Desoperheater 15Dewatering screen 40Diaphragm meter 85Diaphragm pump 48Diaphragm valve 77,78,89Diesel engine 45Direction of flow 57

. Disc bowl centrifuge 41Discdryer 9Discharge to atmosphere 70Disintegrator 28Distillation column 16- 19Double branch elbow 64Double cone blender 23Double-deck screen 29Double-effect evaporator 11Double pipe exchanger 4Double sweep tee 66Drain 69Drain cock 80Drain ring 69Drainage bunker 40Driver 45Drum 20,27,39,41 ·

. Dry classifier 30. Dry cleaner 30

Dryer 9-10Drying oven 9'Durion.' mixer 23Oust aspiration point 43Dust collector 43

Economizer 14Ejector 48Elbow 64Electric arc furnace 13Electric motor 46

. Electrical heater 5Electrical instrument line 19,73,88Electrical weigher 37Electrically bonded joint 61Electrically insulated joint 62Electricity traced line 59Electrolysis cell 21Electrostatic precipitator 43Elevator 35End cap 65Engine 45Evaporative condenser 6Evaporator 1 1Exhaust head 70Expansion joint 62Expansion loop 62Extractor (liquid/liquid) 20Extrusion press 33Eyewash fountain 72

Fan 52-53Feed water healer 15

Feeder 32 .Figure-Brtype blind 63Fillet welded end cap 65Film dryer 9Filter 42Filter press 42Finger agitator .24Finned lube exchanger 4Fire tube boiler 14Fired heater 12,13Fittings, pipe 63-66Fixed lu be heat exchanger 5Flaker 9,33Flame arrester 19, 71,73Flange, orifice 65Flange, reducing 66Flanged and bolted end cap 65Flanged and bolted joint 61,73Flare stack 43Flash box 17Flexible joint 61Flexible pipe 58Float-operated valve 89Floating head exchanger 5Floating roof tank 26Flow direction 57Flow measurement 2,85Flow rcstrictor 65Fluid contacting vessel 17Fluidizcd bed 22Fluidized bed dryer 9Flush bottom tank valve 78Foot valve ·81Fork lift truck 38Forming equipment 33Four-way valve 77Froth flotation cell 31Furnace 12·13Fusible plug 71

Gas cleaning 43Gas conditioning 44Gas engine 45Gas-fired furnace 12Gas holder 25 .Gas turbine 46Gale valve 78Gauge agitator 24Gauge glass 87Gauge, level 87Gear-operated valve 89Gear pump 48Gearing 47Globe valve 73,77,78Governor-operated valve 90Grease trap 70Grid agitator 24Grinder 29Guide 60Gyratory breaker 28

Hairpin tube exchanger 4Hanger 60Heap of material 25Heal exchanger 3-5Heated pipe 59Heater, cabin 5.Heater, electrical 5Healer, feed water 15Heater, fired 12, 13Heater, im mersio n 3,4Heater, tank 5Heater, upshot 14Healing coil 4Heating line 75Hoist 35,36Hole disc blind 63Hood 40,42Hook conveyor 34Hopper 25,32Hopper-type stoker 13Hopper wagon 38Horseshoe expansion joint 62Hose 58Hose connection 62Hot gas dryer 9Humidifier 44Hydrant 71Hydraulic coupling 47Hydraulic pump 49Hydraulic turbine 46 .Hydrocyclone 39Hydrocxtractor 41

Immersion heater 3, 4Impeller 24Inclination of pipeline 57,58,59Inclined conveyor 34Injector 48

. In-line pump 48In-line valve 77Instrument line 88Instruments 19,73,85-88Internal dlsplacement levet meter 87Internal equipment (for columns) 22

Jacketed pipe 59Jacketcd vessel 20Jet condenser 6Jig washer 31Jo int 61Junction (pipeline) 57

Kettle 20Kettle rebo iler 11

. Kettle-type exchanger 4Kiln, rotary 10Kneader 23Knock-out drum 20

L-port plug valve 80Lagged pipe (lagging) 59,73

lateral 65Leaf filter 42Level gauge 81LIft 35,36Lifting trap 70Lines 57 ·Link belt conveyor 34Liquid level meter 87liquid seal 69liquid separator 39Loader 34'

· Lockshleld valve 78Loop, expansion 62Lubricated plug valve 80Lubrotite valve 78

Magnetic meter 85Manual actuating element 2,91·Measurement devices 84-88Mechanical classifier 30Mechanical coupling 41Meter 85-87Metering pump 48·MiII, ball 28Mill, pug 23

· Mill, rod 29Mill, shredding 29Mill, tube 28

. .. . Mist eliminator 44Mixer 23Mixing nozzle 23Mixing valve 79

.. Moisture eliminator plates 44Mono pump 49Montejus 20Motor 46

· Motor element 90Multl-way valve 71

Needle valve 77,79Nozzle, mixing 23Nuclear reactor 21

.'Nulsch' 40

Oil bath filter 42Oil cooler 8Oil-fired furnace 12Oil separator 40Open drain 69Open-ended screen 29Orifice carrier 86Orifice flange 65Orifice plate 2,19,73,86Orifice run 86Overhead conveyor 35

Packed column 16,17,18,19,22,13Paddle stirrer 24Peeler-type centrifuge 41Perforated pipe 58Personnelsafety 72

Picking belt 30Picking table 30Pipe fittings 63-66Pipe hanger 60Pipe joint 61Pipe plug 65Pipe sizes 19,57,59,73Pipe support 60Pipeline identification 73,75,76Pipeline inclination 57,58,59Pipelines 57-59Piston valve 77,89Pitot tube 86Pitot venturi 86Plant safety 71Plate heat exchanger 4Platform scale 37Platform truck 38Plug 65Plug, fusible 71Plug valve 79Plumbing line 76Pneumatic instrument line 2,19,73,88Pneumatic tube 76Point of change (in pipeline) 59Positioner 90Positive disptacernent compressor 51Positive displacement meter 86Positive displacement pump 49Precipitator 43Preheater 15Press 33,42Pressure filter 42Pressure vessel 17Prill tower 33Prime movcr 45Process fluid 73,74Process line 58Process vessel l7Program control actuation 91Propeller agitator 24Propeller fan 53Proportioning pump 49Pug mill 23Pulsation dampener 65Pulverizer 29Pump 48-50Pump sump 40Pumping trap 70'Puritan Hat' strainer 67

Quick-dosing valve 89Quick-opening valve 89Quick-release end closure 65

Rack exchanger 3Radiant-type furnace 12Rail tanker 38Rak~ thickener 40Random-packed tray 22Reaction vessel 21

Reboiler 11,18,19,73Receiver 25Reciprocating compressor 51 ·Reciprocating engine 45Reciprocating pump 49Reciprocating screen 29Recording device 85Reducer 66Reducing cross 63Reducing elbow 64Reducing flange 66Reducing tee 66Reducing valve 19,73,79Reel valve 79 .Refrigeration exchanger 8Reheater 15Relief valve 19,73,80Resilient hanger 60Resilient support 60Restricted orifice 65Restrictor, flow 65Reversible elbow 64Ribbon blender 23Ring, drain 69Road tanker 38'Rockwell' desuperheater 15Rod mill 29Roll blender 23Roll crusher 28Roller conveyor 34Roller support 60Roof drain 69'Rootes-tvpe blower S3Ropeway 36Rotameter 87Rotary blower 52Rotary compressor 52Rotary cooled shredder 33Rotary displacement meter 86Rotary dryer 9,10Rotary pump 49Rotary screen 30Rotary table feeder 32Rotary tipper 38 .Rotary vacuum filter 42Rotary valve 77Rotary valve feeder 32

Sack 27Sack truck 38Sack weigher 37Safety devices 71,72,76,80Safely valve 80Sample connection 73,88Sample cooler 88·Sand filter 42

- Sale 37Scraper agitator 24Scraper chain conveyor 34Scraper conveyor 34Scraper feeder 32

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Screen 29,30,40Screw conveyor 34Screw feeder 32 .Screw pump 49

. Screwdown valve 77. Screwed end cap 65

Screwed joint 61Scroll centrifuge 41Seal 69Seal welded [oint 61Sealed drain 69Sealed tan k 26Sectional-type boiler 14Sectioned (packed) bed 22Self-draining valve 81Separation t ray 22Separator 39-44,69Settling pond 39

, Settling tank 39 ,Shaping equipment·33Shelf dryer 10Shell and tube exchanger 4Shell and tube surface condenser 6,1 B,. 19,73Ship 38Shower 72Shredder 33 .Shredding mill 29Shuttle conveyor 34Sieve plate tray 22Sight now meter 86Sight glass 87Silencer 71Silo 25Simple hanger 60Simple support 60Single sweep tee 66Size of pipes 57,59Skip holst 3SSleeve joint 61Sleeved pipe 59Slide valve 77,81Sliding joint 62 .Sluice valve 77Slurry-type strainer 67Snubber 6SSocket and spigot end cap 65Socket and splgot joint 61Socketwelded joint 61Solenoid valve 89Solid feeders 32Solid fuel furnace 12Solvent welded joint 61

. Spade-type blind 63Sparger 24 .Special piping material 58Spectacle-plate-type blind 63Spiral-type exchanger 5'Spltzkasten" 31Spool piece 66..Spray 44,73

Spray dryer 10Spray separator 39Spray-type exchanger 5Spring-loaded valve 90Sprinkler 76Stack 43Stack of material 25Sucked tray 22Standpipe for instrument 85Statically loaded valve 90Steam dryer 10Steam engine 4SSteam jacket 59Steam piston 45Steam receiver 25Steam separator 40Steam-traced line 59Steam trap 70Steam turbine 46St irrer 24Stoker 13Stop check valve 80Storage vessel 25-27Straightway valve 77,79Strainer 67,68Street elbow 64 'Submerged suction pump 49,50Suction filter 42

pump 49Sump 40Sump strainer 67Supercharger 45Superheater 15Support 60Surface condenser 6,18,19,73Surge chamber 39Swaged orifice run 86Sweep cross 63Swing elbow 64Swivel joint 61Syphon drain 69

T-port plug valve 79T-type strainer 67Tank 26,39 ·Tank breather vent 70Tank heater 5Tank wagon 38Tank weigher 37Tanker 38Target meter 86Tee 66 .Temporary blind 63Thermal dryer 1oThermosyphon reboiler 11Thickener 40Thiefhole cover 72Three-way valve 77,79 .TIme cycle actuation 91TIpper 38Traced line 59

Transportation 38Trap.19,7·O,73Trap, drain 69Tray 22Tray column 17Tray dryer 9Tripper conveyor 35Trough washer 31Truck 38Tub 38 .Tub mine car 38Tube coil exchanger 5Tube mill 28Tundish 69Tunnel dryer 9Turbine 46 .Turbine agitator 24Turbine compressor 52Turbine meter 87Turbo-generator. 49

U-tube exchanger 4UnlonSfUpshot heater 14

Vacuum breaker 80Vacuum filter 42Valve tray 22Valves 19,73,77-81,89-91Vane compressor 52Vane pump 50Variable area meter 87Vent 19,70,73Venturi dryer 10Venturi meler 87Vessel 17,20,21Vessel internals 22Vessel mixing 23Vessel storage 25-27Vibrating conveyor 35Vibrating feeder 32Vibrating screen 30'Viking Johnson' coupling 62

Wagon 38Water-chilling evaporator 1,.Water-cooled condenser 6Water-cooled exchanger 8Waler cooler 7Water spray 44Weigh bridge 37

Weigh feeder 32Weighing machine 37Weight-loaded valve 90Welded joints 61Wet classifier 31Worm press 33

Y.type strainer 68Y-valve 81